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Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (24)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (17)
- Institut für Chemie (16)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (12)
- Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und Geographie (6)
- Department Sport- und Gesundheitswissenschaften (5)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (5)
- Institut für Romanistik (4)
- Department Psychologie (2)
- Extern (2)
Gravity dictates the structure of the whole Universe and, although it is triumphantly described by the theory of General Relativity, it is the force that we least understand in nature. One of the cardinal predictions of this theory are black holes. Massive, dark objects are found in the majority of galaxies. Our own galactic center very contains such an object with a mass of about four million solar masses. Are these objects supermassive black holes (SMBHs), or do we need alternatives? The answer lies in the event horizon, the characteristic that defines a black hole. The key to probe the horizon is to model the movement of stars around a SMBH, and the interactions between them, and look for deviations from real observations. Nuclear star clusters harboring a massive, dark object with a mass of up to ~ ten million solar masses are good testbeds to probe the event horizon of the potential SMBH with stars. The channel for interactions between stars and the central MBH are the fact that (a) compact stars and stellar-mass black holes can gradually inspiral into the SMBH due to the emission of gravitational radiation, which is known as an “Extreme Mass Ratio Inspiral” (EMRI), and (b) stars can produce gases which will be accreted by the SMBH through normal stellar evolution, or by collisions and disruptions brought about by the strong central tidal field. Such processes can contribute significantly to the mass of the SMBH. These two processes involve different disciplines, which combined will provide us with detailed information about the fabric of space and time. In this habilitation I present nine articles of my recent work directly related with these topics.
This professorial dissertation thesis collects several empirical studies on tax distribution and tax reform in Germany. Chapter 2 deals with two studies on effective income taxation, based on representative micro data sets from tax statistics. The first study analyses the effective income taxation at the individual level, in particular with respect to the top incomes. It is based on an integrated micro data file of household survey data and income tax statistics, which captures the entire income distribution up to the very top. Despite substantial tax base erosion and reductions of top tax rates, the German personal income tax has remained effectively progressive. The distribution of the tax burden is highly concentrated and the German economic elite is still taxed relatively heavily, even though the effective tax rate for this group has significantly declined. The second study of Chapter 2 highlights the effective income taxation of functional income sources, such as labor income, business and capital income, etc. Using income tax micro data and microsimulation models, we allocate the individual income tax liability to the respective income sources, according to different apportionment schemes accounting for losses. We find that the choice of the apportionment scheme markedly affects the tax shares of income sources and implicit tax rates, in particular those of capital income. Income types without significant losses such as labor income or transfer incomes show higher tax shares and implicit tax rates if we account for losses. The opposite is true for capital income, in particular for income from renting and leasing. Chapter 3 presents two studies on business taxation, based on representative micro data sets from tax statistics and the microsimulation model BizTax. The first part provides a study on fundamental reform options for the German local business tax. We find that today’s high concentration of local business tax revenues on corporations with high profits decreases if the tax base is broadened by integrating more taxpayers and by including more elements of business value added. The reform scenarios with a broader tax base distribute the local business tax revenue per capita more equally across regional categories. The second study of Chapter 3 discusses the macroeconomic performance of business taxation against the background of corporate income. A comparison of the tax base reported in tax statistics with the macroeconomic corporate income from national accounts gives hints to considerable tax base erosion. The average implicit tax rate on corporate income was around 20 percent since 2001, and thus falling considerably short of statutory tax rates and effective tax rates discussed in the literature. For lack of detailed accounting data it is hard to give precise reasons for the presumptive tax base erosion. Chapter 4 deals with several assessment studies on the ecological tax reform implemented in Germany as of 1999. First, we describe the scientific, ideological, and political background of the ecological tax reform. Further, we present the main findings of a first systematic impact analysis. We employ two macroeconomic models, an econometric input-output model and a recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Both models show that Germany’s ecological tax reform helps to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions without having a substantial adverse effect on overall economic growth. It could have a slightly positive effect on employment. The reform’s impact on the business sector and the effects of special provisions granted to agriculture and the goods and materials sectors are outlined in a further study. The special provisions avoid higher tax burdens on the energy-intensive production. However, they widely reduce the marginal tax rates and thus the incentives to energy saving. Though the reform of special provisions 2003 increased the overall tax burden of the energy-intensive industry, the enlarged eligibility for tax rebates neutralizes the ecologic incentives. Based on the Income and Consumption Survey of 2003, we have analyzed the distributional impact of the ecological tax reform. The increased energy taxes show a clear regressive impact relative to disposable income. Families with children face a higher tax burden relative to household income. The reduction of pension contributions and the automatic adjustment of social security transfers widely mitigate this regressive impact. Households with low income or with many children nevertheless bear a slight increase in tax burden. Refunding the eco tax revenue by an eco bonus would make the reform clearly progressive.
This cumulative habilitation thesis presents new work on the systematics, paleoecology, and evolution of antelopes and other large mammals, focusing mainly on the late Miocene to Pleistocene terrestrial fossil record of Africa and Arabia. The studies included here range from descriptions of new species to broad-scale analyses of diversification and community evolution in large mammals over millions of years. A uniting theme is the evolution, across both temporal and spatial scales, of the environments and faunas that characterize modern African savannas today. One conclusion of this work is that macroevolutionary changes in large mammals are best characterized at regional (subcontinental to continental) and long-term temporal scales. General views of evolution developed on records that are too restricted in spatial and temporal extent are likely to ascribe too much influence to local or short-lived events. While this distinction in the scale of analysis and interpretation may seem trivial, it is challenging to implement given the geographically and temporally uneven nature of the fossil record, and the difficulties of synthesizing spatially and temporally dispersed datasets. This work attempts to do just that, bringing together primary fossil discoveries from eastern Africa to Arabia, from the Miocene to the Pleistocene, and across a wide range of (mainly large mammal) taxa. The end result is support for hypotheses stressing the impact of both climatic and biotic factors on long-term faunal change, and a more geographically integrated view of evolution in the African fossil record.
Biogene Amine sind kleine organische Verbindungen, die sowohl bei Wirbeltieren als auch bei Wirbellosen als Neurotransmitter, Neuromodulatoren und/oder Neurohormone wirken können. Sie bilden eine bedeutende Gruppe von Botenstoffen und entfalten ihre Wirkungen über die Bindung an eine bestimmte Klasse von Rezeptorproteinen, die als G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren bezeichnet werden. Bei Insekten gehören zur Substanzklasse der biogenen Amine die Botenstoffe Dopamin, Tyramin, Octopamin, Serotonin und Histamin. Neben vielen anderen Wirkung ist z.B. gezeigt worden, daß einige dieser biogenen Amine bei der Honigbiene (Apis mellifera) die Geschmacksempfindlichkeit für Zuckerwasser-Reize modulieren können. Ich habe verschiedene Aspekte der aminergen Signaltransduktion an den „Modellorganismen“ Honigbiene und Amerikanische Großschabe (Periplaneta americana) untersucht. Aus der Honigbiene, einem „Modellorganismus“ für das Studium von Lern- und Gedächtnisvorgängen, wurden zwei Dopamin-Rezeptoren, ein Tyramin-Rezeptor, ein Octopamin-Rezeptor und ein Serotonin-Rezeptor charakterisiert. Die Rezeptoren wurden in kultivierten Säugerzellen exprimiert, um ihre pharmakologischen und funktionellen Eigenschaften (Kopplung an intrazelluläre Botenstoffwege) zu analysieren. Weiterhin wurde mit Hilfe verschiedener Techniken (RT-PCR, Northern-Blotting, in situ-Hybridisierung) untersucht, wo und wann während der Entwicklung die entsprechenden Rezeptor-mRNAs im Gehirn der Honigbiene exprimiert werden. Als Modellobjekt zur Untersuchung der zellulären Wirkungen biogener Amine wurden die Speicheldrüsen der Amerikanischen Großschabe genutzt. An isolierten Speicheldrüsen läßt sich sowohl mit Dopamin als auch mit Serotonin Speichelproduktion auslösen, wobei Speichelarten unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung gebildet werden. Dopamin induziert die Bildung eines völlig proteinfreien, wäßrigen Speichels. Serotonin bewirkt die Sekretion eines proteinhaltigen Speichels. Die Serotonin-induzierte Proteinsekretion wird durch eine Erhöhung der Konzentration des intrazellulären Botenstoffs cAMP vermittelt. Es wurden die pharmakologischen Eigenschaften der Dopamin-Rezeptoren der Schaben-Speicheldrüsen untersucht sowie mit der molekularen Charakterisierung putativer aminerger Rezeptoren der Schabe begonnen. Weiterhin habe ich das ebony-Gen der Schabe charakterisiert. Dieses Gen kodiert für ein Enzym, das wahrscheinlich bei der Schabe (wie bei anderen Insekten) an der Inaktivierung biogener Amine beteiligt ist und im Gehirn und in den Speicheldrüsen der Schabe exprimiert wird.
Die klassische Physik/Chemie unterscheidet zwischen drei Bindungstypen: Der kovalenten Bindung, der ionischen Bindung und der metallischen Bindung. Moleküle untereinander werden hingegen durch schwache Wechselwirkungen zusammen gehalten, sie sind trotz ihrer schwachen Kräfte weniger verstanden, aber dabei nicht weniger wichtig. In zukunftsweisenden Gebieten wie der Nanotechnologie, der Supramolekularen Chemie und Biochemie sind sie von elementarer Bedeutung.
Um schwache, intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen zu beschreiben, vorauszusagen und zu verstehen, sind sie zunächst theoretisch zu erfassen. Hierzu gehören verschiedene quantenchemische Methoden, die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt, verglichen, weiterentwickelt und schließlich auch exemplarisch auf Problemstellungen in der Chemie angewendet werden. Aufbauend auf einer Hierarchie von Methoden unterschiedlicher Genauigkeit werden sie für diese Ziele eingesetzt, ausgearbeitet und kombiniert.
Berechnet wird die Elektronenstruktur, also die Verteilung und Energie von Elektronen, die im Wesentlichen die Atome zusammen halten. Da Ungenauigkeiten von der Beschreibung der Elektronenstruktur von den verwendeten Methoden abhängen, kann man die Effekte detailliert untersuchen, sie beschreiben und darauf aufbauend weiter entwickeln, um sie anschließend an verschiedenen Modellen zu testen. Die Geschwindigkeit der Berechnungen mit modernen Computern ist eine wesentliche, zu berücksichtigende Komponente, da im Allgemeinen die Genauigkeit mit der Rechenzeit exponentiell steigt, und die damit an die Grenzen der Möglichkeiten stoßen muss.
Die genaueste der verwendeten Methoden basiert auf der Coupled-Cluster-Theorie, die sehr gute Voraussagen ermöglicht. Für diese wird eine sogenannte spektroskopische Genauigkeit mit Abweichungen von wenigen Wellenzahlen erzielt, was Vergleiche mit experimentellen Daten zeigen. Eine Möglichkeit zur Näherung von hochgenauen Methoden basiert auf der Dichtefunktionaltheorie: Hier wurde das „Boese-Martin for Kinetics“ (BMK)-Funktional entwickelt, dessen Funktionalform sich in vielen nach 2010 veröffentlichten Dichtefunktionalen wiederfindet.
Mit Hilfe der genaueren Methoden lassen sich schließlich semiempirische Kraftfelder zur Beschreibung intermolekularer Wechselwirkungen für individuelle Systeme parametrisieren, diese benötigen weit weniger Rechenzeit als die Methoden, die auf der genauen Berechnung der Elektronenstruktur von Molekülen beruhen.
Für größere Systeme lassen sich auch verschiedene Methoden kombinieren. Dabei wurden Einbettungsverfahren verfeinert und mit neuen methodischen Ansätzen vorgeschlagen. Sie verwenden sowohl die symmetrieadaptierte Störungstheorie als auch die quantenchemische Einbettung von Fragmenten in größere, quantenchemisch berechnete Systeme.
Die Entwicklungen neuer Methoden beziehen ihren Wert im Wesentlichen durch deren Anwendung:
In dieser Arbeit standen zunächst die Wasserstoffbrücken im Vordergrund. Sie zählen zu den stärkeren intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen und sind nach wie vor eine Herausforderung. Im Gegensatz dazu sind van-der-Waals Wechselwirkungen relativ einfach durch Kraftfelder zu beschreiben. Deshalb sind viele der heute verwendeten Methoden für Systeme, in denen Wasserstoffbrücken dominieren, vergleichsweise schlecht.
Eine Untersuchung molekularer Aggregate mit Auswirkungen intermolekularer Wechselwirkungen auf die Schwingungsfrequenzen von Molekülen schließt sich an. Dabei wird auch über die sogenannte starrer-Rotor-harmonischer-Oszillator-Näherung hinausgegangen.
Eine weitreichende Anwendung behandelt Adsorbate, hier die von Molekülen auf ionischen/metallischen Oberflächen. Sie können mit ähnlichen Methoden behandelt werden wie die intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen, und sind mit speziellen Einbettungsverfahren sehr genau zu beschreiben. Die Resultate dieser theoretischen Berechnungen stimulierten eine Neubewertung der bislang bekannten experimentellen Ergebnisse.
Molekulare Kristalle sind ein äußerst wichtiges Forschungsgebiet. Sie werden durch schwache Wechselwirkungen zusammengehalten, die von van-der-Waals Kräften bis zu Wasserstoffbrücken reichen. Auch hier wurden neuentwickelte Methoden eingesetzt, die eine interessante, mindestens ebenso genaue Alternative zu den derzeit gängigen Methoden darstellen.
Von daher sind die entwickelten Methoden, als auch deren Anwendung äußerst vielfältig. Die behandelten Berechnungen der Elektronenstruktur erstrecken sich von den sogenannten post-Hartree-Fock-Methoden über den Einsatz der Dichtefunktionaltheorie bis zu semiempirischen Kraftfeldern und deren Kombinationen. Die Anwendung reicht von einzelnen Molekülen in der Gasphase über die Adsorption auf Oberflächen bis zum molekularen Festkörper.
Individuals differ in their tendency to perceive injustice and in their responses towards these perceptions. Those high in justice sensitivity tend to show intense negative affective, cognitive, and behavioral responses towards injustice that in part also depend on the perspective from which injustice is perceived. The present research project showed that inter-individual differences in justice sensitivity may already be measured and observed in childhood and adolescence and that early adolescence seems an important age-range and developmental stage for the stabilization of these differences. Furthermore, the different justice sensitivity perspectives were related to different forms of externalizing (aggression, ADHD, bullying) and internalizing problem behavior (depressive symptoms) both in children and adolescents as well as in adults in cross-sectional studies. Particularly victim sensitivity may apparently constitute an important risk factor for a broad range of both externalizing and internalizing maladaptive behaviors and mental health problems as shown in those studies using longitudinal data. Regarding aggressive behavior, victim justice sensitivity may even constitute a risk factor above and beyond other important and well-established risk factors for aggression and similar sensitivity constructs that had previously been linked to this kind of behavior. In contrast, observer and perpetrator sensitivity (perpetrator sensitivity in particular) tended to show negative links with externalizing problem behavior and instead predicted prosocial behavior in children and adolescents. However, there were also detached positive relations of perpetrator sensitivity with emotional problems as well as of observer sensitivity with reactive aggression and depressive symptoms. Taken together, the findings from the present research show that justice sensitivity forms in childhood at the latest and that it may have important, long-term influences on pro- and antisocial behavior and mental health. Thus, justice sensitivity requires more attention in research on the prevention and intervention of mental health problems and antisocial behavior, such as aggression.
Parsability approaches of several grammar formalisms generating also non-context-free languages are explored. Chomsky grammars, Lindenmayer systems, grammars with controlled derivations, and grammar systems are treated. Formal properties of these mechanisms are investigated, when they are used as language acceptors. Furthermore, cooperating distributed grammar systems are restricted so that efficient deterministic parsing without backtracking becomes possible. For this class of grammar systems, the parsing algorithm is presented and the feature of leftmost derivations is investigated in detail.
This habilitation thesis summarises the research work performed by the author during the last quindecennial period. The dissertation reflects his main research interests, which revolve around quantum dynamics of small-sized molecular systems, including their interactions with electromagnetic radiation or dissipative environments. This covers various dynamical processes that involve bound-bound, bound-free, and free-free molecular transitions. The latter encompass light-triggered rovibrational or rovibronic dynamics in bound molecules, molecular photodissociation induced by weak or strong laser fields, state-to-state reactive and/or inelastic molecular collisions, and phonon-driven vibrational relaxation of adsorbates at solid surfaces. Although the dissertation covers different topics of molecular reaction dynamics, most of these studies focus on nuclear quantum effects and their manifestations in experimental measures. The latter are assessed through comparison between quantum and classical predictions, and/or direct confrontation of theory and experiment. Most well known quantum concepts and effects will be encountered in this work. Yet, almost all these quantum notions find their roots in the central pillar of quantum theory, namely, the quantum superposition principle. Indeed, quantum coherence is the main source of most quantum effects, including interference, entanglement, and even tunneling. Thus, the common and predominant theme of all the investigations of this thesis is quantum coherence, and the survival or quenching of subsequent interference effects in various molecular processes. The lion's share of the dissertation is devoted to two associated quantum concepts, which are usually overlooked in computational molecular dynamics, viz. the Berry phase and identical nuclei symmetry. The importance of the latter in dynamical molecular processes and their direct fingerprints in experimental observables also rely very much on quantum coherence and entanglement. All these quantum phenomena are thoroughly discussed within the four main topics that form the core of this thesis. Each topic is described in a separate chapter, where it is briefly summarised and then illustrated with three peer-reviewed publications. The first topic deals with the relevance of quantum coherence/interference in molecular collisions, with a focus on the hydrogen-exchange reaction, H+H2 --> H2+H, and its isotopologues. For these collision processes, the significance of interference of probability amplitudes arises because of the existence of two main scattering pathways. The latter could be inelastic and reactive scattering, direct and time-delayed scattering, or two encircling reaction paths that loop in opposite senses around a conical intersection (CI) of the H3 molecular system. Our joint theoretical-experimental investigations of these processes reveal strong interference and geometric phase (GP) effects in state-to-state reaction probabilities and differential cross sections. However, these coherent effects completely cancel in integral cross sections and reaction rate constants, due to efficient dephasing of interference between the different scattering amplitudes. As byproducts of these studies, we highlight the discovery of two novel scattering mechanisms, which contradict conventional textbook pictures of molecular reaction dynamics. The second topic concerns the effect of the Berry phase on molecular photodynamics at conical intersections. To understand this effect, we developed a topological approach that separates the total molecular wavefunction of an unbound molecular system into two components, which wind in opposite senses around the conical intersection. This separation reveals that the only effect of the geometric phase is to change the sign of the relative phase of these two components. This in turn leads to a shift in the interference pattern of the molecular system---a phase shift that is reminiscient of the celebrated Aharonov-Bohm effect. This procedure is numerically illustrated with photodynamics at model standard CIs, as well as strong-field dissociation of diatomics at light-induced conical intersections (LICIs). Besides the fundamental aspect of these studies, their findings allow to interpret and predict the effect of the GP on the state-resolved or angle-resolved spectra of pump-probe experimental schemes, particularly the distributions of photofragments in molecular photodissociation experiments. The third topic pertains to the role of the indistinguishability of identical nuclei in molecular reaction dynamics, with an emphasis on dynamical localization in highly symmetric molecules. The main object of these studies is whether nuclear-spin statistics allow dynamical localization of the electronic, vibrational, or even rotational density on a specific molecular substructure or configuration rather than on another one which is identical (indistinguishable). Group-theoretic analysis of the symmetrized molecular wavefunctions of these systems shows that nuclear permutation symmetry engenders quantum entanglement between the eigenstates of the different molecular degrees of freedom. This subsequently leads to complete quenching of dynamical localization over indistinguishable molecular substructures---an observation that is in sharp contradiction with well known textbook views of iconic molecular processes. This is illustrated with various examples of quantum dynamics in symmetric double-well achiral molecules, such as the prototypical umbrella inversion motion of ammonia, electronic Kekulé dynamics in the benzene molecule, and coupled electron-nuclear dynamics in laser-induced indirect photodissociation of the dihydrogen molecular cation. The last part of the thesis is devoted to the development of approximate wavefunction approaches for phonon-induced vibrational relaxation of adsorbates (system) at surfaces (bath). Due to the so-called 'curse of dimensionality', these system-bath complexes cannot be handled with standard wavefunction methods. To alleviate the exponential scaling of the latter, we developed approximate yet quite accurate numerical schemes that have a polynomial scaling with respect to the bath dimensionality. The corresponding algorithms combine symmetry-based reductions of the full vibrational Hilbert space and iterative Krylov techniques. These approximate wavefunction approaches resemble the 'Bixon-Jortner model' and the more general 'quantum tier model'. This is illustrated with the decay of H-Si (D-Si) vibrations on a fully H(D)-covered silicon surface, which is modelled with a phonon-bath of more than two thousand oscillators. These approximate methods allow reliable estimation of the adsorbate vibrational lifetimes, and provide some insight into vibration-phonon couplings at solid surfaces. Although this topic is mainly computational, the developed wavefunction approaches permit to describe quantum entanglement between the system and bath states, and to embody some coherent effects in the time-evolution of the (sub-)system, which cannot be accounted for with the widely used 'reduced density matrix formalism'.
The direct conversion of light from the sun into usable forms of energy marks one of the central cornerstones of the change of our living from the use of fossil, non-renewable energy resources towards a more sustainable economy. Besides the necessary societal changes necessary, it is the understanding of the solids employed that is of particular importance for the success of this target. In this work, the principles and approaches of systematic-crystallographic characterisation and systematisation of solids is used and employed to allow a directed tuning of the materials properties. The thorough understanding of the solid-state forms hereby the basis, on which more applied approaches are founded.
Two material systems, which are considered as promising solar absorber materials, are at the core of this work: halide perovskites and II-IV-N2 nitride materials. While the first is renowned for its high efficiencies and rapid development in the last years, the latter is putting an emphasis on true sustainability in that toxic and scarce elements are avoided.
Continental rift systems open up unique possibilities to study the geodynamic system of our planet: geodynamic localization processes are imprinted in the morphology of the rift by governing the time-dependent activity of faults, the topographic evolution of the rift or by controlling whether a rift is symmetric or asymmetric. Since lithospheric necking localizes strain towards the rift centre, deformation structures of previous rift phases are often well preserved and passive margins, the end product of continental rifting, retain key information about the tectonic history from rift inception to continental rupture.
Current understanding of continental rift evolution is based on combining observations from active rifts with data collected at rifted margins. Connecting these isolated data sets is often accomplished in a conceptual way and leaves room for subjective interpretation. Geodynamic forward models, however, have the potential to link individual data sets in a quantitative manner, using additional constraints from rock mechanics and rheology, which allows to transcend previous conceptual models of rift evolution. By quantifying geodynamic processes within continental rifts, numerical modelling allows key insight to tectonic processes that operate also in other plate boundary settings, such as mid ocean ridges, collisional mountain chains or subduction zones.
In this thesis, I combine numerical, plate-tectonic, analytical, and analogue modelling approaches, whereas numerical thermomechanical modelling constitutes the primary tool. This method advanced rapidly during the last two decades owing to dedicated software development and the availability of massively parallel computer facilities. Nevertheless, only recently the geodynamical modelling community was able to capture 3D lithospheric-scale rift dynamics from onset of extension to final continental rupture.
The first chapter of this thesis provides a broad introduction to continental rifting, a summary of the applied rift modelling methods and a short overview of previews studies. The following chapters, which constitute the main part of this thesis feature studies on plate boundary dynamics in two and three dimension followed by global scale analyses (Fig. 1).
Chapter II focuses on 2D geodynamic modelling of rifted margin formation. It highlights the formation of wide areas of hyperextended crustal slivers via rift migration as a key process that affected many rifted margins worldwide. This chapter also contains a study of rift velocity evolution, showing that rift strength loss and extension velocity are linked through a dynamic feed-back. This process results in abrupt accelerations of the involved plates during rifting illustrating for the first time that rift dynamics plays a role in changing global-scale plate motions. Since rift velocity affects key processes like faulting, melting and lower crustal flow, this study also implies that the slow-fast velocity evolution should be imprinted in rifted margin structures.
Chapter III relies on 3D Cartesian rift models in order to investigate various aspects of rift obliquity. Oblique rifting occurs if the extension direction is not orthogonal to the rift trend. Using 3D lithospheric-scale models from rift initialisation to breakup I could isolate a characteristic evolution of dominant fault orientations. Further work in Chapter III addresses the impact of rift obliquity on the strength of the rift system. We illustrate that oblique rifting is mechanically preferred over orthogonal rifting, because the brittle yielding requires a lower tectonic force. This mechanism elucidates rift competition during South Atlantic rifting, where the more oblique Equatorial Atlantic Rift proceeded to breakup while the simultaneously active but less oblique West African rift system became a failed rift. Finally this Chapter also investigates the impact of a previous rift phase on current tectonic activity in the linkage area of the Kenyan with Ethiopian rift. We show that the along strike changes in rift style are not caused by changes in crustal rheology. Instead the rift linkage pattern in this area can be explained when accounting for the thinned crust and lithosphere of a Mesozoic rift event.
Chapter IV investigates rifting from the global perspective. A first study extends the oblique rift topic of the previous chapter to global scale by investigating the frequency of oblique rifting during the last 230 million years. We find that approximately 70% of all ocean-forming rift segments involved an oblique component of extension where obliquities exceed 20°. This highlights the relevance of 3D approaches in modelling, surveying, and interpretation of many rifted margins. In a final study, we propose a link between continental rift activity, diffuse CO2 degassing and Mesozoic/Cenozoic climate changes. We used recent CO2 flux measurements in continental rifts to estimate worldwide rift-related CO2 release, which we based on the global extent of rifts through time. The first-order correlation to paleo-atmospheric CO2 proxy data suggests that rifts constitute a major element of the global carbon cycle.
Und der Zukunft abgewandt
(2010)
Seit dem Ende der DDR, das den Zusammenbruch des Ostblocks und damit die Beendigung des »Kalten Kriegs« einleitete, wird verstärkt versucht, das Wesen dieses Staates zu definieren und damit seine Folgen auf wirtschaftlicher, sozialer, psychologischer und bildungspolitischer Ebene zu verstehen und einzuordnen. Alexandra Budke analysiert in diesem Band das Schulfach Geographie, das neben der Staatsbürgerkunde und der Geschichte ein zentrales Fach war und in dem die in den Lehrplänen definierte »staatsbürgerliche, weltanschauliche oder ideologische Erziehung« auf der Grundlage des Marxismus-Leninismus stattfinden sollte. Sie klärt, inwiefern Geographieunterricht in der DDR genutzt wurde, um geopolitische Interessen des Staates zu kommunizieren und zu verbreiten. Damit lässt sich durch die detaillierte Analyse des Fachunterrichts auch die Frage beantworten, ob SchülerInnen im Unterricht politisch manipuliert wurden und welche Handlungsmöglichkeiten die zentralen Akteure des Unterrichts, die LehrerInnen und die SchülerInnen, im Rahmen der durch die Bildungspolitik gesetzten curricularen Vorgaben wahrgenommen haben.
Controlling interactions in synthetic polymers as precisely as in proteins would have a strong impact on polymer science. Advanced structural and functional control can lead to rational design of, integrated nano- and microstructures. To achieve this, properties of monomer sequence defined oligopeptides were exploited. Through their incorporation as monodisperse segments into synthetic polymers we learned in recent four years how to program the structure formation of polymers, to adjust and exploit interactions in such polymers, to control inorganic-organic interfaces in fiber composites and induce structure in Biomacromolecules like DNA for biomedical applications.
Die Plastizität der Gefühle
(2021)
Das emotionale Leben wird zunehmend durch digitale Technologien ausgelesen, reguliert und produziert. Diese gleichermaßen von Hoffnungen und Ängsten begleitete Entwicklung ist die vorerst letzte Station einer bis in die Frühgeschichte zurückreichenden, tiefgehenden Verschränkung von Affekt und (Kultur-)Technik. Bernd Bösel eröffnet einen umfassenden genealogischen Blick auf die epochenmachenden Neujustierungen dieser Technisierung. Denn erst im Nachvollzug der verschiedenen Logiken des Verfügens über Affekte wird es möglich, die Verflechtung der Technisierungsformen zu verstehen, auf denen die Psychomacht der Gegenwart basiert.
Klinische Analyse der physiologischen und pathologischen Sehnenadaptation an sportliche Belastung
(2021)
Devotio malefica
(2021)
Antike Fluchrituale zielten darauf ab, die jeweilige Gerechtigkeitsvorstellung der Verfluchenden durchzusetzen – insbesondere wenn weder das öffentliche Justizsystem noch gesellschaftlich anerkannte Verhaltenskodize dem Anspruch gerecht werden konnten. In den Ritualen kamen sogenannte defixionis tabellae (Fluchtafeln) zur Anwendung, die hier devotiones maleficae genannt werden. Sie bestehen meistens aus eingeschriebenen Bleilamellen und wurden für die Beschädigung eines oder mehrerer Opfer angefertigt.
Sara Chiarini untersucht die dabei verwendete Fluchsprache, die durch ihre formelhaften Strukturen und Bestandteile auf eine Tradition des Fluchrituals hindeuten. Individuelle Ergänzungen bieten hingegen Hinweise auf die Bedingungen um die Entstehung des Rituals, die Gefühlslage der Verfluchenden und die Arten von Bestrafungen, die der rechtlichen Dimension des Rituals entsprechen. Chiarini ergänzt den bisherigen Forschungstand anhand der neu entdeckten und veröffentlichten Fluchtafeln und setzt sich umfassend mit diesem epigraphischen Material auseinander.