Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (573) (remove)
Language
- English (573) (remove)
Keywords
- Answer set programming (10)
- answer set programming (8)
- Answer Set Programming (6)
- Computer Science Education (4)
- Competence Measurement (3)
- Machine learning (3)
- Secondary Education (3)
- Theory (3)
- formal languages (3)
- monitoring (3)
- Analytical models (2)
- Automata systems (2)
- Big Data (2)
- Competence Modelling (2)
- Computational thinking (2)
- E-learning (2)
- Equilibrium logic (2)
- Event mapping (2)
- Fault tolerance (2)
- Informatics Education (2)
- Informatics Modelling (2)
- Informatics System Application (2)
- Informatics System Comprehension (2)
- Lindenmayer systems (2)
- Non-monotonic reasoning (2)
- Parameterized complexity (2)
- Process mining (2)
- ResNet (2)
- bioinformatics (2)
- computational thinking (2)
- computer science education (2)
- cooperating systems (2)
- education (2)
- knowledge representation and nonmonotonic reasoning (2)
- online learning (2)
- radhard design (2)
- relevance (2)
- security (2)
- tools (2)
- (FPGA) (1)
- (SET) count rate (1)
- 2-tag system (1)
- 21st century skills, (1)
- 3D modeling (1)
- 3D visualization (1)
- ABRACADABRA (1)
- AODV (1)
- ASIC (1)
- Absorbed dose (1)
- Abstraction (1)
- Access control (1)
- Achievement (1)
- Active evaluation (1)
- Activity Theory (1)
- Activity-orientated Learning (1)
- Ad hoc routing (1)
- Adaptivity (1)
- Advanced Video Codec (AVC) (1)
- Aggregates (1)
- Algorithm configuration (1)
- Algorithm portfolios (1)
- Algorithms (1)
- Android hybrid apps (1)
- Animal building (1)
- Anti-cancer drugs (1)
- Arduino (1)
- Argumentation structure (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Augmentation (1)
- Augmented and virtual reality (1)
- Austria (1)
- Automated Theorem Proving (1)
- Automated parallelization (1)
- Automatically controlled windows (1)
- Automatisches Beweisen (1)
- Backdoors (1)
- Batch processing (1)
- Bean (1)
- Benchmark testing; (1)
- Blind users (1)
- Bloom’s Taxonomy (1)
- Boolean logic models (1)
- Business process intelligence (1)
- CP-Logic (1)
- CS concepts (1)
- Campus (1)
- Capability approach (1)
- Challenges (1)
- Circuit faults (1)
- Clause Learning (1)
- Clock tree (1)
- Cloud (1)
- Cluster Computing (1)
- Cluster computing (1)
- Code generation (1)
- Cognitive Skills (1)
- Coherent phonons (1)
- Combinatorial multi-objective optimization (1)
- Competences (1)
- Competencies (1)
- Complex optimization (1)
- Complexity (1)
- Computational Thinking (1)
- Computational complexity (1)
- Computational grid (1)
- Computer Science (1)
- Computer Science in Context (1)
- Computer security (1)
- Computing (1)
- Computing with DNA (1)
- Conformant Planning (1)
- Conrad Hal Waddington (1)
- Constraint satisfaction (1)
- Contest (1)
- Context awareness (1)
- Contextualisation (1)
- Contextualized learning (1)
- Continuous Testing (1)
- Continuous Versioning (1)
- Contradictions (1)
- Convolution (1)
- Course timetabling (1)
- Curriculum (1)
- Curriculum Development (1)
- Customer ownership (1)
- D-galactosamine (1)
- DMR (1)
- DNA hairpin formation (1)
- DPLL (1)
- DRMAA (1)
- DRMS (1)
- Data Analysis (1)
- Data Management (1)
- Data Privacy (1)
- Data federation (1)
- Database (1)
- Databases (1)
- Deal of the Day (1)
- Debugging (1)
- Decidability (1)
- Declare (1)
- Deep learning (1)
- Defining characteristics of physical computing (1)
- Denotational semantics (1)
- Design (1)
- Design for testability (DFT) (1)
- Digital Competence (1)
- Digital Education (1)
- Digital Revolution (1)
- Digital image analysis (1)
- Digitalization (1)
- Dose rate (1)
- Double cell upsets (DCUs) (1)
- Dynamic assessment (1)
- Dynamical X-ray theory (1)
- E-teaching (1)
- EDC (1)
- EEG (1)
- Early Literacy (1)
- Educational Standards (1)
- Educational game (1)
- Educational software (1)
- Educational timetabling (1)
- Embedded Systems (1)
- Encoding (1)
- Engines (1)
- Entity Linking (1)
- Epigenetic landscape (1)
- Epistemic Logic Programs (1)
- Euclid’s algorithm (1)
- Evaluation (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Experimentation (1)
- Explicit negation (1)
- Explore-first Programming (1)
- Extensibility (1)
- Extreme Model-Driven Development (1)
- FEDC (1)
- FPGA (1)
- Facebook (1)
- Fault Localization (1)
- Fault tolerant systems (1)
- Feature extraction (1)
- Fibonacci numbers (1)
- Field programmable gate arrays (1)
- Finite automata (1)
- Flip-flops (1)
- Forgetting (1)
- Freshmen (1)
- Function (1)
- Fundamental Ideas (1)
- GERBIL (1)
- Gesture input (1)
- Graphensuche (1)
- Green computing (1)
- Grounded theory (1)
- H.264 (1)
- Hairpin completions (1)
- Hairpin reductions (1)
- Hardware accelerator (1)
- Heat diffusion (1)
- Hierarchically configurable mask register (1)
- Histograms (1)
- Https traffic (1)
- Human Factors (1)
- Hurricane Sandy (1)
- ICT Competence (1)
- ICT competencies (1)
- ICT skills (1)
- IaaS (1)
- Identifiers (1)
- Image and video stylization (1)
- Image resolution (1)
- Imperative calculi (1)
- Improving classroom (1)
- Incoherent phonons (1)
- Incremental answer set programming (1)
- Inference (1)
- Informatics (1)
- Information federation (1)
- Information integration (1)
- Information retrieval (1)
- Information security (1)
- Inquiry-based Learning (1)
- Insurance industry (1)
- Integrated circuit modeling (1)
- Interface design (1)
- Internet of Things (1)
- Job monitoring (1)
- Job submission (1)
- Kernel (1)
- Kernelization (1)
- Key Competencies (1)
- Key input (1)
- Klausellernen (1)
- Knowledge representation (1)
- L systems (1)
- LBA problem (1)
- Landmark visibility (1)
- Learners (1)
- Learning Fields (1)
- Learning ecology (1)
- Learning interfaces development (1)
- Learning with ICT (1)
- Literature mining (1)
- Liver neoplasms (1)
- Load Balancing (1)
- Localization (1)
- Location awareness (1)
- Logarithm (1)
- Logic programming (1)
- Loss (1)
- Low Latency (1)
- Lower Secondary Level (1)
- Loyalty (1)
- MOOCs (1)
- MQTT (1)
- Machine Learning (1)
- Markov processes (1)
- Masking of X-values (1)
- Massive Open Online Courses (1)
- Measurement (1)
- Media in education (1)
- Meta-Programming (1)
- Metric learning (1)
- Minimal perturbation problems (1)
- Mobile application (1)
- Mobile devices (1)
- Mobile learning (1)
- Model checking (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Multi-objective optimization (1)
- Multi-sided platforms (1)
- Multiple interpretation scheme (1)
- Music Technology (1)
- N-temperature model (1)
- NUI (1)
- Nash equilibrium (1)
- Natural Science Education (1)
- Natural language processing (1)
- Natural ventilation (1)
- Network (1)
- Network security (1)
- Neural networks (1)
- NoSQL (1)
- Non-Monotonic (1)
- Nonmonotonic reasoning (1)
- Norway (1)
- Novice programmers (1)
- OCCI (1)
- OSSE (1)
- Operation problem (1)
- Optimization (1)
- Parallel SAT solving (1)
- Parallel job execution time estimation (1)
- Particle detector (1)
- Pedagogical content knowledge (1)
- Pedagogical issues (1)
- Pedestrian navigation (1)
- Performance Evaluation (1)
- Personalization (1)
- Pervasive computing (1)
- Pervasive game (1)
- Pervasive learning (1)
- Phantoms (1)
- Physical Science (1)
- Planar tactile display (1)
- Plant identification (1)
- Polarization (1)
- Preference Handling (1)
- Preprocessing (1)
- Problem Solving (1)
- Process model analysis (1)
- Product lifecycle management (1)
- Programming (1)
- Programming by optimization (1)
- Prototyping (1)
- RADFET (1)
- RADFETs (1)
- REST (1)
- RSA triangle (1)
- Radiation hardness (1)
- Random access memory (1)
- Ranking (1)
- Reasoning (1)
- Recommendations for CS-Curricula in Higher Education (1)
- Region of Interest (1)
- Relevanz (1)
- Reproducibility of results (1)
- Reversibility (1)
- SAT (1)
- SET pulsewidth distribution (1)
- SOA (1)
- SWOT (1)
- Scalability (1)
- Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) (1)
- Scientific images (1)
- Screen reader (1)
- Seamless learning (1)
- Search problems (1)
- Security (1)
- Self-adaptive MPSoC (1)
- Semantic data (1)
- Semantic web (1)
- Semilinearity property (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Sequence embeddings (1)
- Service orientation (1)
- Sharing (1)
- Signal processing (1)
- Signaling transduction networks (1)
- Simulations (1)
- Single event effect (1)
- Single event upsets (1)
- Single-event transient (SET) (1)
- Small Private Online Courses (1)
- Social (1)
- Splicing (1)
- Splicing processor (1)
- Statistical relational learning (1)
- Stochastic relational process (1)
- Strong equivalence (1)
- Structural equation modeling (1)
- Systems biology (1)
- Systems of parallel communicating (1)
- TMR (1)
- Tasks (1)
- Teacher perceptions (1)
- Teachers (1)
- Teaching information security (1)
- Technology proficiency (1)
- Terminology (1)
- Tests (1)
- Theorembeweisen (1)
- Theory formation (1)
- Thermoelasticity (1)
- Time series (1)
- Tomography (1)
- Tools (1)
- Tracking (1)
- Traffic data (1)
- Tree decomposition (1)
- Treewidth (1)
- Treewidth-aware reductions (1)
- Triple modular redundancy (TMR) (1)
- Tumor types (1)
- Turing machine (1)
- Type and effect systems (1)
- UAV imagery (1)
- UX (1)
- Ubiquitous learning (1)
- Ultrafast dynamics (1)
- Unary languages (1)
- Unifikation (1)
- Uniform Access Principle (1)
- Usability testing (1)
- User submission pattern (1)
- User-centred design (1)
- VGG16 (1)
- Value network (1)
- Verification (1)
- Visual metaphor (1)
- Vocational Education (1)
- Wireless Sensor Networks (1)
- Word embeddings (1)
- X-masking (1)
- X-ray computed (1)
- X-values (1)
- Young People (1)
- abstraction (1)
- accepting grammars (1)
- action and change (1)
- activity (1)
- acute liver failure (1)
- acyclicity properties (1)
- adversarial classification (1)
- algorithm schedules (1)
- algorithms (1)
- analogical thinking (1)
- analysis (1)
- annealing (1)
- anti-cancer drugs (1)
- anxiety (1)
- approximate model counting (1)
- architecture (1)
- argument mining (1)
- arousal (1)
- artistic rendering (1)
- asynchrounous design (1)
- autism (1)
- automata (1)
- automated guided vehicle routing (1)
- automated planning (1)
- automatic feedback (1)
- behavioral abstraction (1)
- belief merging (1)
- belief revision (1)
- benchmark (1)
- bibliometric analysis (1)
- binary representation (1)
- binary search (1)
- block representation (1)
- bootstrapping (1)
- brain-computer interface (1)
- bundled data (1)
- camera sensor (1)
- car assembly operations (1)
- cellular automata (1)
- circuit Faults (1)
- citation analysis (1)
- classroom language (1)
- click controller (1)
- clocks (1)
- co-citation analysis (1)
- co-occurrence analysis (1)
- code generation (1)
- cognitive modifiability (1)
- coherence relation (1)
- collaborative learning (1)
- combinatorial optimization problems (1)
- combined task and motion planning (1)
- common spatial patterns (1)
- competence (1)
- competencies (1)
- competency (1)
- competition (1)
- complexity (1)
- compliance (1)
- comprehension (1)
- computer science teachers (1)
- computer vision (1)
- concession (1)
- concurrent checking (1)
- conductive argument (1)
- connective (1)
- consistency (1)
- consistency checking (1)
- consistency measures (1)
- context-free grammar (1)
- context-sensitive (1)
- contrast (1)
- controlled vocabularies (1)
- corpus analysis (1)
- correlated errors (1)
- course timetabling (1)
- craters (1)
- crop (1)
- cs4fn (1)
- curriculum theory (1)
- decidability questions (1)
- declarative problem solving (1)
- deep learning (1)
- deep neural networks (1)
- deep residual networks (1)
- degree of non-context-freeness (1)
- degree of non-regularity (1)
- degree of non-regulation (1)
- depression (1)
- design flow (1)
- determinism (1)
- detrending (1)
- developmental systems (1)
- diagnosis (1)
- digitally-enabled pedagogies (1)
- divide and conquer (1)
- domain-specific APIs (1)
- drug discovery (1)
- drug-sensitivity prediction (1)
- dynamic service binding (1)
- e-learning (1)
- e-mentoring (1)
- eLectures (1)
- economic ripples (1)
- edge computing (1)
- education and public policy (1)
- educational programming (1)
- educational systems (1)
- educational timetabling (1)
- edutainment (1)
- embedded systems (1)
- emission factor (1)
- endothelin (1)
- endothelin-converting enzyme (1)
- ensemble kalman filter (1)
- ensemble methods (1)
- environments (1)
- error propagation (1)
- evaluation (1)
- event-related desynchronization (1)
- evolution (1)
- exponentiation (1)
- external ambiguity (1)
- extreme weather (1)
- face tracking (1)
- facial expression (1)
- fading (1)
- fault tolerance (1)
- field-programmable gate array (1)
- finite model computation (1)
- finite state sequential transducers (1)
- firmware update (1)
- formal (1)
- formal argumentation systems (1)
- fun (1)
- functions (1)
- gap-filling (1)
- geovisualization (1)
- governance (1)
- gradient boosting (1)
- grammar (1)
- graph-search (1)
- greenhouse gas (1)
- hardware accelerator (1)
- hardware architecture (1)
- high school (1)
- higher (1)
- higher education (1)
- hybrid solving (1)
- ice harboring (1)
- image classification (1)
- image processing (1)
- image recognition (1)
- imaging (1)
- impacts (1)
- incremental SVM (1)
- informal and formal learning (1)
- informal logic (1)
- informatics education (1)
- information and communication technologies (1)
- information flow control (1)
- innovation (1)
- interactive course (1)
- interactive workshop (1)
- internal ambiguity (1)
- intrusion detection (1)
- irradiation (1)
- key competences in physical computing (1)
- key competencies (1)
- kidney cancer (1)
- kinaesthetic teaching (1)
- knowledge representation and reasoning (1)
- latches (1)
- learning (1)
- leftmost derivations (1)
- lesson planning (1)
- lesson preparation (1)
- linear programming (1)
- logic programming (1)
- logic programming methodology and applications (1)
- logic-based modeling (1)
- loop formulas (1)
- loose programming (1)
- loss propagation (1)
- lunar exploration (1)
- machine learning (1)
- machine learning algorithms (1)
- manipulation planning (1)
- measure development (1)
- media (1)
- mediated learning experience (1)
- metabolic network (1)
- metabolism (1)
- metabolomics (1)
- metadata (1)
- metastasis (1)
- mobile learning (1)
- mobile technologies and apps (1)
- natural disasters (1)
- natural language generation (1)
- neighborhood (1)
- networks (1)
- neural networks (1)
- neutral endopeptidase (1)
- nonphotorealistic rendering (NPR) (1)
- o-ambiguity (1)
- on-farm evaluation (1)
- operating system (1)
- organisational evolution (1)
- pMOS radiation dosimeter (1)
- paper prototyping (1)
- parallel processing (1)
- parallel rewriting (1)
- parameter (1)
- parity aggregate operator (1)
- parsing (1)
- pdf forms (1)
- pedagogy (1)
- perception (1)
- perception differences (1)
- personal (1)
- personal response systems (1)
- philosophical foundation of informatics pedagogy (1)
- physical computing (1)
- physical computing tools (1)
- planning (1)
- platform (1)
- plug-ins (1)
- policy evaluation (1)
- policy making (1)
- portfolio-based solving (1)
- pre-primary level (1)
- predictive models (1)
- premise acceptability (1)
- preprocessing (1)
- primary education (1)
- primary level (1)
- problem-solving (1)
- process model alignment (1)
- process modeling (1)
- professional development (1)
- program encodings (1)
- programmed grammars (1)
- programming (1)
- programming in context (1)
- projection (1)
- proof complexity (1)
- pruritus (1)
- pulse stretching inverters (1)
- quality of life (1)
- quantum (1)
- random forest (1)
- real arguments (1)
- real-time (1)
- real-time mapping (1)
- reference (1)
- referential effectiveness (1)
- regression (1)
- regular language (1)
- regulation (1)
- reliability (1)
- reliability analysis (1)
- resources (1)
- restricted parallelism (1)
- satisfiability (1)
- secondary computer science education (1)
- secondary education (1)
- selective fault tolerance (1)
- self-adaptive multiprocessing system (1)
- self-checking (1)
- self-efficacy (1)
- semantic web (1)
- sensitivity (1)
- simplicity (1)
- single event upset (1)
- single event upsets (1)
- single-event transient (1)
- single-trial-analysis (1)
- site-specific weed management (1)
- sleep quality (1)
- smart farming (1)
- social media (1)
- soft errors (1)
- solar particle event (1)
- space missions (1)
- stable model semantics (1)
- state complexity (1)
- static analysis (1)
- static prediction games (1)
- strong equivalence (1)
- student activation (1)
- student experience (1)
- student perceptions (1)
- students’ conceptions (1)
- students’ knowledge (1)
- sufficiency (1)
- suicidal ideations (1)
- supply chains (1)
- support system (1)
- support vector machines (1)
- tableau calculi (1)
- teacher competencies (1)
- teacher training (1)
- teaching (1)
- teaching informatics in general education (1)
- technical notes and rapid communications (1)
- tele-teaching (1)
- test response compaction (1)
- theorem (1)
- theory (1)
- theory of computation (1)
- timing (1)
- tracing (1)
- transient Faults (1)
- transient analysis (1)
- triangulated irregular networks (1)
- triple modular redundancy (1)
- unfounded sets (1)
- unification (1)
- user experience (1)
- user-centred (1)
- verification (1)
- video annotation (1)
- virtual mobility (1)
- virtual reality (1)
- wheat crops (1)
- work productivity (1)
- yellow rust (1)
- ‘unplugged’ computing (1)
Institute
- Institut für Informatik und Computational Science (573) (remove)
Deep metric learning employs deep neural networks to embed instances into a metric space such that distances between instances of the same class are small and distances between instances from different classes are large. In most existing deep metric learning techniques, the embedding of an instance is given by a feature vector produced by a deep neural network and Euclidean distance or cosine similarity defines distances between these vectors. This paper studies deep distributional embeddings of sequences, where the embedding of a sequence is given by the distribution of learned deep features across the sequence. The motivation for this is to better capture statistical information about the distribution of patterns within the sequence in the embedding. When embeddings are distributions rather than vectors, measuring distances between embeddings involves comparing their respective distributions. The paper therefore proposes a distance metric based on Wasserstein distances between the distributions and a corresponding loss function for metric learning, which leads to a novel end-to-end trainable embedding model. We empirically observe that distributional embeddings outperform standard vector embeddings and that training with the proposed Wasserstein metric outperforms training with other distance functions.
Parsing of argumentative structures has become a very active line of research in recent years. Like discourse parsing or any other natural language task that requires prediction of linguistic structures, most approaches choose to learn a local model and then perform global decoding over the local probability distributions, often imposing constraints that are specific to the task at hand. Specifically for argumentation parsing, two decoding approaches have been recently proposed: Minimum Spanning Trees (MST) and Integer Linear Programming (ILP), following similar trends in discourse parsing. In contrast to discourse parsing though, where trees are not always used as underlying annotation schemes, argumentation structures so far have always been represented with trees. Using the ‘argumentative microtext corpus’ [in: Argumentation and Reasoned Action: Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Argumentation, Lisbon 2015 / Vol. 2, College Publications, London, 2016, pp. 801–815] as underlying data and replicating three different decoding mechanisms, in this paper we propose a novel ILP decoder and an extension to our earlier MST work, and then thoroughly compare the approaches. The result is that our new decoder outperforms related work in important respects, and that in general, ILP and MST yield very similar performance.
In this work we tackle the problem of checking strong equivalence of logic programs that may contain local auxiliary atoms, to be removed from their stable models and to be forbidden in any external context. We call this property projective strong equivalence (PSE). It has been recently proved that not any logic program containing auxiliary atoms can be reformulated, under PSE, as another logic program or formula without them – this is known as strongly persistent forgetting. In this paper, we introduce a conservative extension of Equilibrium Logic and its monotonic basis, the logic of Here-and-There, in which we deal with a new connective ‘|’ we call fork. We provide a semantic characterisation of PSE for forks and use it to show that, in this extension, it is always possible to forget auxiliary atoms under strong persistence. We further define when the obtained fork is representable as a regular formula.
The highly structured nature of the educational sector demands effective policy mechanisms close to the needs of the field. That is why evidence-based policy making, endorsed by the European Commission under Erasmus+ Key Action 3, aims to make an alignment between the domains of policy and practice. Against this background, this article addresses two issues: First, that there is a vertical gap in the translation of higher-level policies to local strategies and regulations. Second, that there is a horizontal gap between educational domains regarding the policy awareness of individual players. This was analyzed in quantitative and qualitative studies with domain experts from the fields of virtual mobility and teacher training. From our findings, we argue that the combination of both gaps puts the academic bridge from secondary to tertiary education at risk, including the associated knowledge proficiency levels. We discuss the role of digitalization in the academic bridge by asking the question: which value does the involved stakeholders expect from educational policies? As a theoretical basis, we rely on the model of value co-creation for and by stakeholders. We describe the used instruments along with the obtained results and proposed benefits. Moreover, we reflect on the methodology applied, and we finally derive recommendations for future academic bridge policies.
A survey has been carried out in the Computer Science (CS) department at the University of Baghdad to investigate the attitudes of CS students in a female dominant environment, showing the differences between male and female students in different academic years. We also compare the attitudes of the freshman students of two different cultures (University of Baghdad, Iraq, and the University of Potsdam).
Instruments for measuring the absorbed dose and dose rate under radiation exposure, known as radiation dosimeters, are indispensable in space missions. They are composed of radiation sensors that generate current or voltage response when exposed to ionizing radiation, and processing electronics for computing the absorbed dose and dose rate. Among a wide range of existing radiation sensors, the Radiation Sensitive Field Effect Transistors (RADFETs) have unique advantages for absorbed dose measurement, and a proven record of successful exploitation in space missions. It has been shown that the RADFETs may be also used for the dose rate monitoring. In that regard, we propose a unique design concept that supports the simultaneous operation of a single RADFET as absorbed dose and dose rate monitor. This enables to reduce the cost of implementation, since the need for other types of radiation sensors can be minimized or eliminated. For processing the RADFET's response we propose a readout system composed of analog signal conditioner (ASC) and a self-adaptive multiprocessing system-on-chip (MPSoC). The soft error rate of MPSoC is monitored in real time with embedded sensors, allowing the autonomous switching between three operating modes (high-performance, de-stress and fault-tolerant), according to the application requirements and radiation conditions.
This study investigates the use of pulse stretching (skew-sized) inverters for monitoring the variation of count rate and linear energy transfer (LET) of energetic particles. The basic particle detector is a cascade of two pulse stretching inverters, and the required sensing area is obtained by connecting up to 12 two-inverter cells in parallel and employing the required number of parallel arrays. The incident particles are detected as single-event transients (SETs), whereby the SET count rate denotes the particle count rate, while the SET pulsewidth distribution depicts the LET variations. The advantage of the proposed solution is the possibility to sense the LET variations using fully digital processing logic. SPICE simulations conducted on IHP's 130-nm CMOS technology have shown that the SET pulsewidth varies by approximately 550 ps over the LET range from 1 to 100 MeV center dot cm(2) center dot mg(-1). The proposed detector is intended for triggering the fault-tolerant mechanisms within a self-adaptive multiprocessing system employed in space. It can be implemented as a standalone detector or integrated in the same chip with the target system.