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We have synthesized mesoporous silica (monoliths) with defined surface chemistry by means of a number of addition reactions: (i) coupling of an isocyanate to a surface-immobilized thiol, (ii) addition of an epoxide to a surface-immobilized thiol, (iii) cross-metathesis between two olefins, and (iv) Huisgen [2+3] cycloaddition of an alkyne-functionalized silica monolith with an azide. Functionalization of the mesopores was observed, but there are significant differences between individual approaches. Isocyanate and epoxide additions lead to high degrees of functionalization, whereas olefin metathesis and [2+3] cycloaddition are less effective. We further show that the efficiency of the modification is about twice as high in mesoporous silica particles than in macroscopic silica monoliths.
Ionogels (IGs), also termed ion gels, are functional hybrid materials based on an ionic liquid (IL) and a polymeric, hybrid, or inorganic matrix. IGs combine the properties of the matrix such as mechanical strength with IL properties like high ionic conductivity, high thermal stability, or catalytic activity. IGs are thus attractive for many applications, but the vast majority of IGs made and published so far are bulk materials or dense films. Applications like sensing or catalysis, however, would benefit from IGs with high surface areas or defined surface morphologies or architectures. In spite of this, only relatively few examples of high-surface-area IGs have been made so far; this has mostly been achieved by electrospinning, which has proven to be a promising strategy towards advanced IGs. The current review discusses first developments and outlines the future potential of electrospun ionogels, predominantly from a materials and inorganic chemistry perspective.