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Das Paper untersucht die geopolitische Konfrontation zwischen Iran und den USA sowie deren Auswirkung auf eine Veränderung der bestehenden Weltordnung. Es wird deutlich, dass die US-amerikanische Sanktionspolitik nicht nur auf das Nuklearprogramm abzielt, sondern grundsätzlich versucht, die Wirtschaftskraft der unabhängig von den Interessen der USA agierenden Regionalmacht zu brechen. Doch die Sanktionspolitik konnte weder eine Lösung des Nukleardossiers herbeiführen noch die Wirtschaftskraft Irans eindämmen. Es ist Zeit für eine fundamentale Kursänderung.
Weltweit brodelt es, Bürger gehen auf die Straße. In Chile will man sich die Ungerechtigkeiten des Bildungssystems nicht länger gefallen lassen. Nur wer zahlt, darf lernen – dagegen wehrt sich vor allem die Jugend mit aller Macht, auch mit der Macht der Neuen Medien. Öffentlichkeitswirksam werden die Proteste inszeniert. Wird die chilenische Regierung weiterhin mit Knüppeln auf Demonstranten einschlagen oder einlenken?
The closer the better
(2012)
A growing literature has suggested that processing of visual information presented near the hands is facilitated. In this study, we investigated whether the near-hands superiority effect also occurs with the hands moving. In two experiments, participants performed a cyclical bimanual movement task requiring concurrent visual identification of briefly presented letters. For both the static and dynamic hand conditions, the results showed improved letter recognition performance with the hands closer to the stimuli. The finding that the encoding advantage for near-hand stimuli also occurred with the hands moving suggests that the effect is regulated in real time, in accordance with the concept of a bimodal neural system that dynamically updates hand position in external space.
Aus dem Inhalt:
Vorwort der Herausgeber
Vorbemerkung
Einleitung
I. Abschnitt: Der Zweck des „Systems der Philosophie“
II. Abschnitt: Übergang zu den Grundlagen der Kultur
III. Abschnitt: Das Motiv der Menschheit als systematisches Grundproblem
IV. Abschnitt: Der Zusammenhang von Sittlichkeit und wissenschaftlicher Erfahrung als Leitproblem für die philosophische Entwicklung Cohens
V. Abschnitt: Die Aufgabe der Vernunft als Grundlegung für die Entwicklung der Kultur
Schluss: Cohens Bekenntnis der Vernunft
Nachwort
Education in knowledge society is challenged with a lot of problems in particular the interaction between the teacher and learner in social networking software as a key factor affects the learners’ learning and satisfaction (Prammanee, 2005) where “to teach is to communicate, to communicate is to interact, to interact is to learn” (Hefzallah, 2004, p. 48). Analyzing the relation between teacher-learner interaction from a side and learning outcome and learners’ satisfaction from the other side, some basic problems regarding a new learning culture using social networking software are discussed. Most of the educational institutions pay a lot of attentions to the equipments and emerging Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in learning situations. They try to incorporate ICT into their institutions as teaching and learning environments. They do this because they expect that by doing so they will improve the outcome of the learning process. Despite this, the learning outcome as reported in most studies is very limited, because the expectations of self-directed learning are much higher than the reality. Findings from an empirical study (investigating the role of teacher-learner interaction through new digital media wiki in higher education and learning outcome and learner’s satisfaction) are presented recommendations about the necessity of pedagogical interactions in support of teaching and learning activities in wiki courses in order to improve the learning outcome. Conclusions show the necessity for significant changes in the approach of vocational teacher training programs of online teachers in order to meet the requirements of new digital media in coherence with a new learning culture. These changes have to address collaborative instead of individual learning and ICT wiki as a tool for knowledge construction instead of a tool for gathering information.
Deepening Understanding
(2012)
Extract-Transform-Load (ETL) tools are used for the creation, maintenance, and evolution of data warehouses, data marts, and operational data stores. ETL workflows populate those systems with data from various data sources by specifying and executing a DAG of transformations. Over time, hundreds of individual workflows evolve as new sources and new requirements are integrated into the system. The maintenance and evolution of large-scale ETL systems requires much time and manual effort. A key problem is to understand the meaning of unfamiliar attribute labels in source and target databases and ETL transformations. Hard-to-understand attribute labels lead to frustration and time spent to develop and understand ETL workflows. We present a schema decryption technique to support ETL developers in understanding cryptic schemata of sources, targets, and ETL transformations. For a given ETL system, our recommender-like approach leverages the large number of mapped attribute labels in existing ETL workflows to produce good and meaningful decryptions. In this way we are able to decrypt attribute labels consisting of a number of unfamiliar few-letter abbreviations, such as UNP_PEN_INT, which we can decrypt to UNPAID_PENALTY_INTEREST. We evaluate our schema decryption approach on three real-world repositories of ETL workflows and show that our approach is able to suggest high-quality decryptions for cryptic attribute labels in a given schema.
We develop the method of Fischer-Riesz equations for general boundary value problems elliptic in the sense of Douglis-Nirenberg. To this end we reduce them to a boundary problem for a (possibly overdetermined) first order system whose classical symbol has a left inverse. For such a problem there is a uniquely determined boundary value problem which is adjoint to the given one with respect to the Green formula. On using a well elaborated theory of approximation by solutions of the adjoint problem, we find the Cauchy data of solutions of our problem.
Assignments, curriculum framework and background information as the base of developing lessons
(2012)
1. What are the general strengths of the assignments? 2. Structure of the assignment 3. Resources of the assignment 4. Fostering self-expression 5. How could you improve the assignment? 6. Lack of specific examples 7. Not relating the issue to the students 8. Language Problems 9. Infeasibility to adaptation 10. In what ways was the additional information useful ? How could this be improved? 11. Was the framework useful for you and in what way? 12. In what ways did the assignments reflect the steps identified in the framework?
The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is one of the largest climate systems on earth and impacts the livelihood of nearly 40% of the world’s population. Despite dedicated efforts, a comprehensive picture of monsoon variability has proved elusive largely due to the absence of long term high resolution records, spatial inhomogeneity of the monsoon precipitation, and the complex forcing mechanisms (solar insolation, internal teleconnections for e.g., El Niño-Southern Oscillation, tropical-midlatitude interactions). My work aims to improve the understanding of monsoon variability through generation of long term high resolution palaeoclimate data from climatically sensitive regions in the ISM and westerlies domain. To achieve this aim I have (i) identified proxies (sedimentological, geochemical, isotopic, and mineralogical) that are sensitive to environmental changes; (ii) used the identified proxies to generate long term palaeoclimate data from two climatically sensitive regions, one in NW Himalayas (transitional westerlies and ISM domain in the Spiti valley and one in the core monsoon zone (Lonar lake) in central India); (iii) undertaken a regional overview to generate “snapshots” of selected time slices; and (iv) interpreted the spatial precipitation anomalies in terms of those caused by modern teleconnections. This approach must be considered only as the first step towards identifying the past teleconnections as the boundary conditions in the past were significantly different from today and would have impacted the precipitation anomalies. As the Spiti valley is located in the in the active tectonic orogen of Himalayas, it was essential to understand the role of regional tectonics to make valid interpretations of catchment erosion and detrital influx into the lake. My approach of using integrated structural/morphometric and geomorphic signatures provided clear evidence for active tectonics in this area and demonstrated the suitability of these lacustrine sediments as palaleoseismic archives. The investigations on the lacustrine outcrops in Spiti valley also provided information on changes in seasonality of precipitation and occurrence of frequent and intense periods (ca. 6.8-6.1 cal ka BP) of detrital influx indicating extreme hydrological events in the past. Regional comparison for this time slice indicates a possible extended “break-monsoon like” mode for the monsoon that favors enhanced precipitation over the Tibetan plateau, Himalayas and their foothills. My studies on surface sediments from Lonar lake helped to identify environmentally sensitive proxies which could also be used to interpret palaeodata obtained from a ca. 10m long core raised from the lake in 2008. The core encompasses the entire Holocene and is the first well dated (by 14C) archive from the core monsoon zone of central India. My identification of authigenic evaporite gaylussite crystals within the core sediments provided evidence of exceptionally drier conditions during 4.7-3.9 and 2.0-0.5 cal ka BP. Additionally, isotopic investigations on these crystals provided information on eutrophication, stratification, and carbon cycling processes in the lake.
This paper develops a spatial model to analyze the stability of a market sharing agreement between two firms. We find that the stability of the cartel depends on the relative market size of each firm. Collusion is not attractive for firms with a small home market, but the incentive for collusion increases when the firm’s home market is getting larger relative to the home market of the competitor. The highest stability of a cartel and additionally the highest social welfare is found when regions are symmetric. Further we can show that a monetary transfer can stabilize the market sharing agreement.
Carbohydrate recognition is a ubiquitous principle underlying many fundamental biological processes like fertilization, embryogenesis and viral infections. But how carbohydrate specificity and affinity induce a molecular event is not well understood. One of these examples is bacteriophage P22 that binds and infects three distinct Salmonella enterica (S.) hosts. It recognizes and depolymerizes repetitive carbohydrate structures of O antigen in its host´s outer membrane lipopolysaccharide molecule. This is mediated by tailspikes, mainly β helical appendages on phage P22 short non contractile tail apparatus (podovirus). The O antigen of all three Salmonella enterica hosts is built from tetrasaccharide repeating units consisting of an identical main chain with a distinguished 3,6 dideoxyhexose substituent that is crucial for P22 tailspike recognition: tyvelose in S. Enteritidis, abequose in S. Typhimurium and paratose in S. Paratyphi. In the first study the complexes of P22 tailspike with its host’s O antigen octasaccharide were characterized. S. Paratyphi octasaccharide binds less tightly (ΔΔG≈7 kJ/mol) to the tailspike than the other two hosts. Crystal structure analysis of P22 tailspike co crystallized with S. Paratyphi octasaccharides revealed different interactions than those observed before in tailspike complexes with S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium octasaccharides. These different interactions occur due to a structural rearrangement in the S. Paratyphi octasaccharide. It results in an unfavorable glycosidic bond Φ/Ψ angle combination that also had occurred when the S. Paratyphi octasaccharide conformation was analyzed in an aprotic environment. Contributions of individual protein surface contacts to binding affinity were analyzed showing that conserved structural waters mediate specific recognition of all three different Salmonella host O antigens. Although different O antigen structures possess distinct binding behavior on the tailspike surface, all are recognized and infected by phage P22. Hence, in a second study, binding measurements revealed that multivalent O antigen was able to bind with high avidity to P22 tailspike. Dissociation rates of the polymer were three times slower than for an octasaccharide fragment pointing towards high affinity for O antigen polysaccharide. Furthermore, when phage P22 was incubated with lipopolysaccharide aggregates before plating on S. Typhimurium cells, P22 infectivity became significantly reduced. Therefore, in a third study, the function of carbohydrate recognition on the infection process was characterized. It was shown that large S. Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide aggregates triggered DNA release from the phage capsid in vitro. This provides evidence that phage P22 does not use a second receptor on the Salmonella surface for infection. P22 tailspike binding and cleavage activity modulate DNA egress from the phage capsid. DNA release occurred more slowly when the phage possessed mutant tailspikes with less hydrolytic activity and was not induced if lipopolysaccharides contained tailspike shortened O antigen polymer. Furthermore, the onset of DNA release was delayed by tailspikes with reduced binding affinity. The results suggest a model for P22 infection induced by carbohydrate recognition: tailspikes position the phage on Salmonella enterica and their hydrolytic activity forces a central structural protein of the phage assembly, the plug protein, onto the host´s membrane surface. Upon membrane contact, a conformational change has to occur in the assembly to eject DNA and pilot proteins from the phage to establish infection. Earlier studies had investigated DNA ejection in vitro solely for viruses with long non contractile tails (siphovirus) recognizing protein receptors. Podovirus P22 in this work was therefore the first example for a short tailed phage with an LPS recognition organelle that can trigger DNA ejection in vitro. However, O antigen binding and cleaving tailspikes are widely distributed in the phage biosphere, for example in siphovirus 9NA. Crystal structure analysis of 9NA tailspike revealed a complete similar fold to P22 tailspike although they only share 36 % sequence identity. Moreover, 9NA tailspike possesses similar enzyme activity towards S. Typhimurium O antigen within conserved amino acids. These are responsible for a DNA ejection process from siphovirus 9NA triggered by lipopolysaccharide aggregates. 9NA expelled its DNA 30 times faster than podovirus P22 although the associated conformational change is controlled with a similar high activation barrier. The difference in DNA ejection velocity mirrors different tail morphologies and their efficiency to translate a carbohydrate recognition signal into action.
Carlos Montúfar (1780-1816) war ab Quito das dritte ständige Mitglied der amerikanischen Humboldt-Expedition zusammen mit Aimé Bonpland. Das Tagebuch, das er vom 9. Juni bis zum 10. September 1802 kurz vor Cajamarca führte, ist von Interesse für Humboldt-Forscher, zumal Bonpland scheinbar keine Zeugnisse weder in Brief- noch in Tagebuchform überlieferte. Recherchen am Original des Montúfar-Tagebuchs ergaben, dass die 1888 veröffentlichte Transkription durch Marcos Jiménez de la Espada aus verschiedenen Gründen problematisch ist. Es muss deshalb ein Desiderat der Humboldt-Forschung sein, eine korrigierte und kommentierte Transkription vorzulegen. Das geschieht hier zusammen mit einer digitalisierten Kopie des Originals
Inhalt: Andress, Reinhard: Ein kurzer Brief Humboldts an den Hofmarschall Moritz, Brescius von: Connecting the new world : nets, mobility and progress in the age of Alexander von Humboldt Ette, Ottmar: Alexander von Humboldt in Daniel Kehlmanns Welt Ette, Ottmar: De cómicos e histéricos : una réplica a la sátira sobre eruditos de Daniel Kehlmann Holl, Frank:"Die zweitgrößte Beleidigung des Menschen sei die Sklaverei ..." : Daniel Kehlmanns neu erfundener Alexander von Humboldt Knobloch, Eberhard: Alexander von Humboldt und Carl Friedrich Gauß : im Roman und in Wirklichkeit
Asymptotic solutions of the Dirichlet problem for the heat equation at a characteristic point
(2012)
The Dirichlet problem for the heat equation in a bounded domain is characteristic, for there are boundary points at which the boundary touches a characteristic hyperplane t = c, c being a constant. It was I.G. Petrovskii (1934) who first found necessary and sufficient conditions on the boundary which guarantee that the solution is continuous up to the characteristic point, provided that the Dirichlet data are continuous. This paper initiated standing interest in studying general boundary value problems for parabolic equations in bounded domains. We contribute to the study by constructing a formal solution of the Dirichlet problem for the heat equation in a neighbourhood of a characteristic boundary point and showing its asymptotic character.
Program behavior that relies on contextual information, such as physical location or network accessibility, is common in today's applications, yet its representation is not sufficiently supported by programming languages. With context-oriented programming (COP), such context-dependent behavioral variations can be explicitly modularized and dynamically activated. In general, COP could be used to manage any context-specific behavior. However, its contemporary realizations limit the control of dynamic adaptation. This, in turn, limits the interaction of COP's adaptation mechanisms with widely used architectures, such as event-based, mobile, and distributed programming. The JCop programming language extends Java with language constructs for context-oriented programming and additionally provides a domain-specific aspect language for declarative control over runtime adaptations. As a result, these redesigned implementations are more concise and better modularized than their counterparts using plain COP. JCop's main features have been described in our previous publications. However, a complete language specification has not been presented so far. This report presents the entire JCop language including the syntax and semantics of its new language constructs.
PaRDeS. Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien e. V., möchte die fruchtbare und facettenreiche Kultur des Judentums sowie seine Berührungspunkte zur Umwelt in den unterschiedlichen Bereichen dokumentieren. Daneben dient die Zeitschrift als Forum zur Positionierung der Fächer Jüdische Studien und Judaistik innerhalb des wissenschaftlichen Diskurses sowie zur Diskussion ihrer historischen und gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung.