Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (325) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (325) (remove)
Keywords
- Fernerkundung (15)
- climate change (13)
- remote sensing (13)
- Anden (12)
- Andes (12)
- Klimawandel (12)
- Erdbeben (11)
- Tektonik (10)
- Erosion (9)
- Geomorphologie (9)
- Seismologie (9)
- erosion (9)
- numerische Modellierung (9)
- tectonics (9)
- Argentina (8)
- Argentinien (8)
- Himalaya (8)
- Klima (8)
- Paläoklima (8)
- climate (8)
- geomorphology (8)
- thermochronology (8)
- Holozän (7)
- Neotektonik (7)
- Subduktion (7)
- earthquake (7)
- Geologie (6)
- Geophysik (6)
- Modellierung (6)
- Naturgefahren (6)
- Seesedimente (6)
- Thermochronologie (6)
- stable isotopes (6)
- Biomarker (5)
- Bodenfeuchte (5)
- Central Andes (5)
- Geochemie (5)
- Holocene (5)
- InSAR (5)
- Magnetotellurik (5)
- Monsun (5)
- Paläoklimatologie (5)
- Permafrost (5)
- Zeitreihenanalyse (5)
- Zentralanden (5)
- biomarker (5)
- geology (5)
- kosmogene Nuklide (5)
- lake sediments (5)
- neotectonics (5)
- soil moisture (5)
- subduction (5)
- Arktis (4)
- Chile (4)
- Deformation (4)
- Erdmantel (4)
- Geochronologie (4)
- Geodynamik (4)
- Geothermie (4)
- Himalaja (4)
- Hochwasser (4)
- Rheologie (4)
- Sedimentologie (4)
- Seismology (4)
- Spektroskopie (4)
- Subduktionszone (4)
- Tibetan Plateau (4)
- geochemistry (4)
- geochronology (4)
- geophysics (4)
- induced seismicity (4)
- monsoon (4)
- numerical modeling (4)
- palaeoclimate (4)
- permafrost (4)
- seismic noise (4)
- seismology (4)
- stabile Isotope (4)
- subduction zone (4)
- Africa (3)
- Afrika (3)
- Arctic (3)
- Carbonate (3)
- Central Asia (3)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (3)
- East African Rift (3)
- East African Rift System (3)
- Erdrutsch (3)
- Hydrologie (3)
- Inversion (3)
- Kosmogene Nuklide (3)
- Lake sediments (3)
- Landschaftsentwicklung (3)
- Nachbeben (3)
- Optische Fernerkundung (3)
- PHREEQC (3)
- Paläolimnologie (3)
- Pollen (3)
- Rheology (3)
- Schadensmodellierung (3)
- Seismotektonik (3)
- Simulation (3)
- South America (3)
- Standorteffekte (3)
- Strukturgeologie (3)
- Südamerika (3)
- Vegetation (3)
- Zentralasien (3)
- arctic (3)
- carbon dioxide (3)
- cosmogenic nuclides (3)
- deformation (3)
- faults (3)
- floods (3)
- foreland basin (3)
- geodynamics (3)
- hydrologische Modellierung (3)
- hydrology (3)
- inversion (3)
- landslides (3)
- machine learning (3)
- magnetotellurics (3)
- modeling (3)
- modelling (3)
- monitoring (3)
- natural hazards (3)
- numerical modelling (3)
- numerical simulation (3)
- paleoclimate (3)
- seismic hazard (3)
- simulation (3)
- site effects (3)
- soil organic carbon (3)
- spectroscopy (3)
- time series analysis (3)
- varved lake sediments (3)
- warvierte Seesedimente (3)
- Abbildende Spektroskopie (2)
- Alpen (2)
- Alps (2)
- Anpassung (2)
- Antarktis (2)
- Arava Fault (2)
- Arava-Störung (2)
- Arctic tundra (2)
- Argon (2)
- Black Sea (2)
- Boden (2)
- Bodenbewegungsmodelle (2)
- Bodenhydrologie (2)
- Climate change (2)
- Colombia (2)
- Dead Sea (2)
- Dead Sea Transform (2)
- Deformationsmechanismen (2)
- Denudation (2)
- Diatomeen (2)
- Dichtemodellierung (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- Earth's magnetic field (2)
- East Antarctica (2)
- Eastern Cordillera (2)
- Elbe (2)
- Erdbebenvorhersage (2)
- Erdmagnetfeld (2)
- Europa (2)
- Fluid (2)
- GIS (2)
- GNSS (2)
- GPS (2)
- Gashydrate (2)
- Georadar (2)
- Gewässerfernerkundung (2)
- Gletscher (2)
- Helium (2)
- Hochdruck (2)
- Hyperspektral (2)
- Indien (2)
- Karbonat (2)
- Karbonate (2)
- Klimarekonstruktion (2)
- Kohlenstoff (2)
- Kolumbien (2)
- Küstenerosion (2)
- Lagerstätte (2)
- Landnutzung (2)
- Landnutzungswandel (2)
- Landslide (2)
- Lithosphäre (2)
- Menderes Massif (2)
- Menderes Massiv (2)
- Miocene (2)
- Miozän (2)
- Momententensor (2)
- Monsoon (2)
- Neon (2)
- Oberflächenprozesse (2)
- Opalinus Clay (2)
- Opalinuston (2)
- Orogen (2)
- Ostafrikanisches Grabensystem (2)
- Ostantarktis (2)
- Paleoclimatology (2)
- Paleoseismologie (2)
- Paläogeographie (2)
- Paläomagnetik (2)
- Paläoökologie (2)
- Pamir (2)
- Patagonia (2)
- Perm (2)
- Permian (2)
- Photogrammetrie (2)
- Photogrammetry (2)
- Pirquitas (2)
- Plateau (2)
- Puna (2)
- Quartär (2)
- Reflexionsseismik (2)
- Remote sensing (2)
- Rift (2)
- Riss (2)
- SAR (2)
- Sanierung (2)
- Schwarzes Meer (2)
- Sedimentology (2)
- Sedimenttransport (2)
- Seen (2)
- Seesediment (2)
- Seitenverschiebung (2)
- Spannungsfeld (2)
- Stratigraphy (2)
- Subduction (2)
- Tectonics (2)
- Thermokarst (2)
- Tibet Plateau (2)
- Tien Shan (2)
- Totes Meer Störungssystem (2)
- Tropen (2)
- Tsunami (2)
- Unsicherheiten (2)
- Unsicherheitsanalyse (2)
- Verwerfungen (2)
- Vorlandbecken (2)
- Vulkan (2)
- Vulnerabilität (2)
- Warven (2)
- Wasser (2)
- Wasserhaushalt (2)
- Wetterlagen (2)
- Wärmeleitfähigkeit (2)
- arktische Tundra (2)
- attenuation tomography (2)
- carbon (2)
- coastal erosion (2)
- damage modeling (2)
- deep learning (2)
- diffusion (2)
- displacement (2)
- event synchronization (2)
- exhumation (2)
- extension (2)
- extreme events (2)
- flood risk (2)
- fluid flow (2)
- geothermal energy (2)
- hydraulic fracturing (2)
- hyperspectral (2)
- hyporheic zone (2)
- hyporheische Zone (2)
- imaging spectroscopy (2)
- inverse theory (2)
- isotopes (2)
- komplexes Netzwerk (2)
- lake-level change (2)
- land use change (2)
- landscape evolution (2)
- landslide (2)
- lithosphere (2)
- local structure (2)
- lokale Struktur (2)
- mantle plumes (2)
- marine Terrassen (2)
- maschinelles Lernen (2)
- microbial communities (2)
- moment tensor (2)
- numerische Simulation (2)
- paleoclimatology (2)
- paleoecology (2)
- paleomagnetism (2)
- paleoseismology (2)
- plateau (2)
- reactive transport (2)
- reaktiver Transport (2)
- seismic risk (2)
- seismic tomography (2)
- seismische Gefährdung (2)
- seismisches Rauschen (2)
- seismisches Risiko (2)
- soil (2)
- stress field (2)
- strike-slip fault (2)
- structural geology (2)
- surface heat flow (2)
- surface processes (2)
- suspended sediment (2)
- tectonic geomorphology (2)
- tektonische Geomorphologie (2)
- thermal modeling (2)
- thermische Modellierung (2)
- thermokarst (2)
- trace elements (2)
- tropics (2)
- uplift (2)
- varves (2)
- vegetation (2)
- vulnerability (2)
- water (2)
- water balance (2)
- wavelet (2)
- (Alters-) Datierungen (1)
- 26Al/10Be cosmogenic radionuclides (1)
- 26Al/10Be kosmogene Radionuklide (1)
- 2D Numerical Modelling (1)
- 2D tomography (1)
- 3-D Modellierung (1)
- 3-D outcrop modeling (1)
- 3D Finite Element (1)
- 3D geomechanical numerical model (1)
- 3D geomechanisch-nummerische Modellierung (1)
- 3D numerical models (1)
- 3D numerische Modelle (1)
- 40Ar-39Ar Datierungsmethode (1)
- 40Ar/39Ar (1)
- ASM (1)
- ASPECT (1)
- ASTER Satellitendaten (1)
- ASTER satellite images (1)
- Abbaufrontkartierung (1)
- Abschiebungshorizonte (1)
- Abschätzung der Unsicherheiten (1)
- Absorptionseigenschaften (1)
- Adana Basin (1)
- Adana Becken (1)
- Aeromagnetik (1)
- African climate (1)
- Afrikanisches Klima (1)
- Akkumulationsraten (1)
- Alaunschiefer (1)
- Alborz (1)
- Alkenone (1)
- AlpArray (1)
- Alpine Fault (1)
- Alterationsgeochemie (1)
- Altersdatierung mit kosmogenen Nukliden (1)
- Altersmodelierung (1)
- Altiplano (1)
- Altlasten (1)
- Alum shale (1)
- Amery Oasis (1)
- Amery-Oase (1)
- Amplifier Lakes (1)
- Analogmodell (1)
- Analogue Model (1)
- Analyse komponentenspezifischer Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Anatolia (1)
- Anatolien (1)
- Anden / Störung <Geologie> / Strukturgeologie / Magnetotellurik / Chile <Nord> (1)
- Andenplateau Puna (1)
- Andes Centrales (1)
- Angewandte Geophysik (1)
- Anisotrope Inversion (1)
- Anisotropie (1)
- Anisotropie der Leitfähigkeit (1)
- Antarctica (1)
- Antwortspektren (1)
- Apatit-(U-Th)/He Datierung (1)
- Apatit-Spaltspurendatierung (1)
- Apatite (U-Th)/He, apatite fission track dating (1)
- Applied Geophysics (1)
- Ar-Ar geochronology (1)
- Arabian Plate (1)
- Arabische Platte (1)
- Aral Sea (1)
- Aralsee (1)
- Archaeolithoporella (1)
- Archetyp (1)
- Archäomagnetismus (1)
- Arctic nearhore zone (1)
- Arktik (1)
- Array-Entwurf (1)
- Asia (1)
- Asian Summer Monsoon (1)
- Asian monsoon (1)
- Asiatischer Sommermonsun (1)
- Asien (1)
- Asthenosphäre (1)
- Attribut-Analysen (1)
- Attributanalyse (1)
- Auenbereich (1)
- Aufenthaltsdauer (1)
- Aufschluss-Modellierung (1)
- Auftretensrate (1)
- Auslösemechanismus (1)
- Australia (1)
- Australien (1)
- BRDF (1)
- Bachstufen (1)
- Baikalsee (1)
- Baryt (1)
- Basalt-Vulkane (1)
- Bay of Bengal (1)
- Bayes (1)
- Bayes'sche Netze (1)
- Bayesian networks (1)
- Bayesische Statistik (1)
- Beckenentwicklung (1)
- Beckenstruktur (1)
- Beobachtung von Erdbebenquellen (1)
- Bergsturz (1)
- Bergstürze (1)
- Beton (1)
- Beweidung (1)
- Bildbearbeitung (1)
- Biodiversität (1)
- Biogeochemie (1)
- Biogeochemistry (1)
- Biogeowissenschaften (1)
- Blattverschiebung (1)
- Blattwachse (1)
- Blei (1)
- Blockgletscher (1)
- Bodenbewegung (1)
- Bodenbewegungsmodellierung (1)
- Bodenfeuchtigkeit (1)
- Bodenheterogenität (1)
- Bodenkohlenstoff (1)
- Bodenparameter (1)
- Bodenunruhe (1)
- Bodenwasser (1)
- Bodenwassergehalt (1)
- Bohrlochmessungen (1)
- Bohrlochrandausbrüche (1)
- Bolivian tin belt (1)
- Bor (1)
- Bor-isotopen (1)
- Borisotope; Zentrale Anden; kontinentaler Arc-Vulkanismus; Across-arc Variation; Borisotopenfraktionierung; krustale Kontamination (1)
- Boron isotopes (1)
- Boron isotopes; Central Andes; continental arc volcanism; across-arc variation; boron isotope fractionation; crustal contamination (1)
- Boundary element method (1)
- Brandenburg (1)
- Braunsbach Sturzflut (1)
- Braunsbach flash flood (1)
- Bruchausbreitung (1)
- Bruchflaechenstruktur (1)
- Bruchmechanik (1)
- Bruchmodel (1)
- Bruchzähigkeit (1)
- Bucht von Bengalen (1)
- Buntsandstein (1)
- CRS (1)
- Caimancito oil field (1)
- Caimancito-Ölfeld (1)
- Calderas (1)
- Campo petrolero Caimancito (1)
- Canada (1)
- Carbo-Iron (1)
- Carbo-Iron® (1)
- Carbonate-Silicate reactions (1)
- Carbonates (1)
- Carrara marble (1)
- Carrara-marmor (1)
- Causal structure (1)
- Cenozoic aridification (1)
- Cenral Andes (1)
- Central Mediterranean (1)
- Cerrado (1)
- Chaco-Paraná Becken (1)
- Chaco-Paraná basin (1)
- Channel Transmission Losses (1)
- Charnockit (1)
- Chile Rücken (1)
- Chile ridge (1)
- Chilean Andes (1)
- Chirete (1)
- Cimmerian orogeny (1)
- Cinética de fases (1)
- Cinética del querógeno (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate reconstruction (1)
- Colorado (1)
- Common-Reflection-Surface (1)
- Compound dislocation models (CDMs) (1)
- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) (1)
- Congo Air Boundary (1)
- Contamination Control (1)
- Continental Rifts (1)
- Core-mantle baundary (1)
- Cosmogenic Nuclides (1)
- Coulomb stress (1)
- Coulombspannung (1)
- Cretaceous (1)
- Cretaceous basin (1)
- Cuenca Cretácica (1)
- Cuenca intramontana (1)
- Cyclostratigraphy (1)
- Cyprus arc (1)
- D” Schicht (1)
- D” layer (1)
- DANSER (1)
- Dabie Shan (1)
- Data-Mining (1)
- Datenanalyse (1)
- Datenbearbeitung (1)
- Datenfilter (1)
- Dauer der Bodenbewegung (1)
- Dauerfrostboden (1)
- Deep Learning (1)
- Deformación cuaternaria (1)
- Deformationsquellenmodellierung (1)
- Dehnungsdeformation (1)
- Dendrobaena veneta (1)
- Dendroklimatologie (1)
- Denitrifikation (1)
- Density modelling (1)
- Denudationsraten (1)
- Deuterium Exzesses (1)
- Diagenese (1)
- Diagenesis (1)
- Diaguita (1)
- Diamantstempelzelle (1)
- Diamantstempelzellen (1)
- Diatoms (1)
- Dichteheterogenitäten im oberen Mantel (1)
- Digitale Gesteinsphysik (1)
- Dike (1)
- Dinoflagellatenzyste (1)
- Discrete Element Method (1)
- Diskrete-Elemente-Methode (1)
- Dispersionskurven (1)
- Distally steepened ramps (1)
- Distribution functions with upper bound (1)
- Drohnen-Fernerkundung (1)
- Druck-Temperatur Bedingungen (1)
- Drucklösungsprozesse (1)
- Dryland Rivers (1)
- Dyke (1)
- Dämpfungstomographie (1)
- ENSO (1)
- ETAS (1)
- ETAS Modell (1)
- ETAS model (1)
- EXAFS (1)
- Early Earth (1)
- Earth's mantle (1)
- Earthquake (1)
- Earthquake forecasting (1)
- Earthquake magnitude (1)
- Earthquakes (1)
- East African Plateau (1)
- Eastern Karoo Basin (1)
- Edelgase (1)
- Edelgasisotope (1)
- Eifel (1)
- Eifel Depression (1)
- Eifeler Nord-Süd-Zone (1)
- Einengungsraten (1)
- Einzugsgebiet (1)
- Einzugsgebietshydrologie (1)
- Einzugsgebietsklassifizierung (1)
- Eisdamm (1)
- Eisdynamik (1)
- Eisenbahninfrastruktur (1)
- Eisenia fetida (1)
- Eismodell (1)
- Eklogite (1)
- Elastische Gesteinseigenschaften (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Elbe estuary (1)
- Elbe Ästuar (1)
- Elburs (1)
- Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- Elektrische Widerstandstomographie (ERT) (1)
- EnMAP (1)
- EnMAP Satellit (1)
- EnMAP satellite (1)
- Endlagerung nuklearer Abfälle (1)
- Enhanced Geothermal Systems (1)
- Ensemble analysis (1)
- Ensemble-Analyse (1)
- Entwicklungsländer (1)
- Eocene (1)
- Eozän (1)
- Epithermal Ag-Sn deposits (1)
- Erdbeben Modellierung (1)
- Erdbeben-Magnitude (1)
- Erdbebengefährdungsabschätzungen (1)
- Erdbebenkatalogdaten (1)
- Erdbebenquellen-Array (1)
- Erdbebenschwärme (1)
- Erdbebenschäden (1)
- Erdbebenwechselwirkung (1)
- Erdbeeben (1)
- Erdbeobachtung (1)
- Erdfälle (1)
- Erdrutsche (1)
- Ereignissynchronisation (1)
- Erz (1)
- Erzgebirge (1)
- Etendeka (1)
- Eulerian grid (1)
- Eulerische Gitter (1)
- Eurasian active margin (1)
- Eurasischer aktiver Kontinentalrand (1)
- Europe (1)
- European Alps (1)
- Europäische Alpen (1)
- Event Koinzidenz Analyse (1)
- Exhumationsprozesse (1)
- Exhumationsraten (1)
- Exhumierung (1)
- Expositionsaltersdatierung (1)
- Expositionsmodellen (1)
- Extension (1)
- Extremereignisse (1)
- Extremniederschläge (1)
- Falten (1)
- FastScape (1)
- Fault Healing (1)
- Fault architecture (1)
- Fault interaction (1)
- Fe-Mg-carpholite (1)
- Fehlerquellen der Modellierung (1)
- Feinsedimente (1)
- Feld (1)
- Feldarbeit (1)
- Feldspat (1)
- Felsmechanik (1)
- Fernerkundung an Vulkanen (1)
- Ferroperiklas (1)
- Festigkeit (1)
- Festigkeit des Schiefer (1)
- Finnmark Platform (1)
- Flache Subduktion (1)
- Flachwassercarbonate (1)
- Flat subduction (1)
- Flood Forecasting (1)
- Flood frequency analysis (1)
- Flood regionalisation (1)
- Fluid inclusions (1)
- Fluid-Gesteins-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Fluid-Gesteinswechselwirkungen (1)
- Fluid-Schmelze Wechselwirkung (1)
- Fluid-strömungen (1)
- Fluide (1)
- Fluidströmung (1)
- Fluoreszenzbildgebung (1)
- Flussbettmorphologie (1)
- Flussprozesse (1)
- Flussterrassen (1)
- Flutbasalt (1)
- Flüsse (1)
- Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse (1)
- Flüssigkeitsinklusionen (1)
- Folgenabschätzung (1)
- Foraminifera (1)
- Fore-Arc (1)
- Foreland (1)
- Foreland basin (1)
- Foreland basins (1)
- Formación Yacoraite (1)
- Formationsschaden (1)
- Forstwirtschaft (1)
- Fotogrammetrie (1)
- Fourier spectra (1)
- Fourier-Spektren (1)
- Fracture mechanics (1)
- Freeze-Thaw-Cycles (1)
- Frost-Tau-Wechsel (1)
- Frühdiagenese (1)
- Frühe Erdgeschichte (1)
- Fundament (1)
- GDGT (1)
- GITEWS (1)
- GMPE adjustment (1)
- Gabbro-Eklogit (1)
- Gangschwarm (1)
- Gasgeochemie (1)
- Gaylussite (1)
- Gebietszustand (1)
- Gebirgsbildung (1)
- Gebirgsbäche (1)
- Gebirgshydrologie (1)
- Gebäudenergiebedarf (1)
- Gefahrenanalyse (1)
- Geochronology (1)
- Geodynamic Modeling (1)
- Geodynamic Modelling (1)
- Geodynamiche Modellierung (1)
- Geodynamics (1)
- Geodynamische Modellierung (1)
- Geology (1)
- Geomagnetic activity (1)
- Geomagnetic index (1)
- Geomagnetic observatory (1)
- Geomagnetische Aktivität (1)
- Geomagnetischer Index (1)
- Geomagnetisches Observatorium (1)
- Geomechanical Modelling (1)
- Geomechanik (1)
- Geomechanische Modellierung (1)
- Geomicrobiology (1)
- Geomikrobiologie (1)
- Geomorphology (1)
- Geophysics (1)
- Georgia (1)
- Georgien (1)
- Geosciences (1)
- Geothermal monitoring (1)
- Geothermisches Monitoring (1)
- Geowissenschaften (1)
- Gerinne-Hang-Kopplung (1)
- Gerinnemorphologie (1)
- Germany (1)
- Geschiebetransport (1)
- Gestein-Wasser-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Gesteinsmagnetik (1)
- Glaciers (1)
- Glasstruktur (1)
- Glazialisostasie (1)
- Gletschervorfeld (1)
- Global change (1)
- Global earthquake data (1)
- Global inversion (1)
- Globale Erdbebenkatalogdaten (1)
- Globale Inversion (1)
- Gläser (1)
- Gondwana (1)
- Grabenbrüche (1)
- Gravimetrie (1)
- Gravity (1)
- Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE) (1)
- Groundwater (1)
- Grundgestein (1)
- Grundgesteinshöhe (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Grundwasserentwicklung (1)
- Grundwasserneubildung (1)
- HDAC (1)
- HP-HT Experimente (1)
- HP-HT experiments (1)
- HP/LT metamorphism (1)
- HP/LT-Metamorphose (1)
- Halophile (1)
- Hangerosion (1)
- Hanghydrologie (1)
- Hangrutsch (1)
- Hangrutschungen (1)
- Hauptspannungsachse (1)
- Haushalte (1)
- Hawaii (1)
- Hebung (1)
- Hebung des Plateaus (1)
- Hebungsgeschichte (1)
- Hebungsraten (1)
- Hercynian orogeny (1)
- Herdmechanismen (1)
- Herdzeit Parameter Abschätzung (1)
- Heterogenität (1)
- Heterozoan (1)
- Heterozoikum (1)
- Hidden Markov Model (HMM) (1)
- High-pressure/low-temperature rocks (1)
- Himalaja (Kaghan) (1)
- Himalaya (Kaghan Valley) (1)
- Himalaya-Tibet Orogen (1)
- Himalaya-Tibet orogen (1)
- Hochdruck/Niedrigtemperatur Gesteine (1)
- Hochdruckrelikte (1)
- Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung (1)
- Hochland von Tibet (1)
- Hochplateau (1)
- Hochtemperatur Gesteinsdeformtion (1)
- Hochwasserregionalisierung (1)
- Hochwasserrekonstruktion (1)
- Hochwasserrisiko (1)
- Hochwasserrisikoanalysen (1)
- Hochwasserrisikokette (1)
- Hochwasserstatistik (1)
- Hochwassertypen (1)
- Hochwasservorhersage (1)
- Hohlzylinderversuche (1)
- Holzkompost (1)
- Home (1)
- Horizontal flux (1)
- Hotspot (1)
- Hydratbildung (1)
- Hydrogenase (1)
- Hydrogeophysics (1)
- Hydrogeopyhsik (1)
- Hydrogravimetrie (1)
- Hydrological Modelling (1)
- Hydrological extremes (1)
- Hämmerlein (1)
- IHPV (1)
- Ice model (1)
- Iceland (1)
- Imaging spectroscopy (1)
- Impakt (1)
- In-Situ-Analyse (1)
- InSAR Datenanalyse (1)
- InSAR- Techniken (1)
- India (1)
- Indian Monsoon (1)
- Indian Monsoon Circulation (1)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (1)
- Indian summer monsoon (1)
- Indische Monsunzirkulation (1)
- Indische Sommer Monsun (1)
- Indischer Sommermonsun (1)
- Indonesia (1)
- Indonesien (1)
- Induzierte Seismizität (1)
- Injektion (1)
- Injektionsschema (1)
- Interaktion zwischen sich ausbreitenden Riftsegmenten (1)
- Interferometrie (1)
- Interseismic strain rates (1)
- Interseismiche Dehnungsraten (1)
- Intramontane basin (1)
- Intramontanes Becken (1)
- Inverse modelling (1)
- Inversions-Theorie (1)
- Inversionstheorie (1)
- Ionosphäre (1)
- Iran (1)
- Island (1)
- Isotope (1)
- Isotopen (1)
- Isotopenfraktionierung (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Isábena Einzugsgebiet (1)
- Isábena catchment (1)
- Isótopos de Boro (1)
- Kalahari (1)
- Kanada (1)
- Karakoram (1)
- Karakorum (1)
- Karbonat-Silikat-Reaktionen (1)
- Karbonat-Stabilität (1)
- Karbonatplattformen (1)
- Karbonatrampen (1)
- Karbonatschmelze (1)
- Karpholithe (1)
- Karst (1)
- Kausalstruktur (1)
- Kenia (1)
- Kenya (1)
- Kerguelen (1)
- Kern-Mantel Grenze (1)
- Kerogenkinetik (1)
- Klimatologie (1)
- Klimavariabilität (1)
- Klimaveränderung (1)
- Klimaänderung (1)
- Klimaänderungen (1)
- Knickpoint (1)
- Knickpoint retreat (1)
- Knickpunkt (1)
- Knickpunkt-Rückzug (1)
- Kohlendioxid (1)
- Kohlengrubenabraum (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Budget (1)
- Kohlenstoffdioxid (1)
- Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Kohlenstoffkreislauf (1)
- Kohlenstoffspeicher (1)
- Kolloidtransport (1)
- Kongo Luftmassengrenze (1)
- Konin region (1)
- Kontaminationskontrolle (1)
- Kontinentale Kollision (1)
- Kontinentalrand (1)
- Koppelung (1)
- Korallen (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Kreide (1)
- Kreidebecken (1)
- Kriecheigenschaften (1)
- Kruste (1)
- Krustenstruktur der Süd-Türkei (1)
- Krustenstruktur des Eratosthenes Seeberges (1)
- Krustenverformungen (1)
- Kugelflächenfunktionen (1)
- Kultivierung (1)
- Kumamoto Erdbeben (1)
- Kumamoto earthquake (1)
- Kupfer (1)
- Känozoische Aridifizierung (1)
- Küste (1)
- Küstenlinien (1)
- LA-ICP-MS (1)
- LGM (1)
- Lake Baikal (1)
- Lake Challa (1)
- Lake Naivasha (1)
- Lake Van (1)
- Land use change (1)
- Landformen (1)
- Landnutzungsänderung (1)
- Landsat. (1)
- Landscape Evolution (1)
- Landschaftseffekte (1)
- Landschaftspräferenzen (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Laser ablation (1)
- Laserheizsystem (1)
- Last Glacial (1)
- Late Quaternary (1)
- Lateglacial (1)
- Lava dome (1)
- Lavadom (1)
- Lavafontänen (1)
- Lawinen (1)
- Lena Delta (1)
- Letztes Glazial (1)
- Lichenometrie (1)
- Limnologie (1)
- Liquiñe-Ofqui Störungszone (1)
- Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone (1)
- Lithium (1)
- Lithospheric Deformation (1)
- Lithospheric strength (1)
- Lithosphärenfestigkeit (1)
- Lithosphärische Deformation (1)
- Llaima Vulkan (1)
- Llaima volcano (1)
- Lokalisierte Deformation (1)
- Lokalisierung von Deformation (1)
- Lokalisierung von Verformung (1)
- Lonar lake (1)
- Lonarsee (1)
- Loppa High (1)
- Lower Devonian (1)
- Lusatia (1)
- Luxembourg (1)
- Luxemburg (1)
- Lycian Nappes (1)
- Lykischen Decken (1)
- Lysimeter (1)
- MC-ICP-MS (1)
- Mackenzie Delta (1)
- Mackenzie-Delta (1)
- Magma-Entgasung (1)
- Magmagänge (1)
- Magmatismus (1)
- Magnesit (1)
- Magnetostratigraphie (1)
- Magnetotelluric (1)
- Mahalanobis distance (1)
- Mahalanobis-Distanz (1)
- Malta (1)
- Mantel (1)
- Mantel Plume (1)
- Mantelplumes (1)
- Mantle (1)
- Mantle Plume (1)
- Mantleplumes (1)
- Marmarameer (1)
- Martinez del Tineo (1)
- Massenaussterben (1)
- Massenversatzprozesse (1)
- Mediterranes Tiefdrucksystem (1)
- Meditteranean sea (1)
- Meeressedimente (1)
- Melilitit (1)
- Melt inclusions (1)
- Merapi (1)
- Mesozoic (1)
- Mesozoikum (1)
- Metamorphism (1)
- Metamorphose (1)
- Metasomatism (1)
- Metasomatose (1)
- Methan (1)
- Methanhydrat (1)
- Mexico (1)
- Mexiko (1)
- Middle East (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mikro-CT (1)
- Mikrobieller Abbau von organischen Material (1)
- Mikroplatte (1)
- Mikrostruktur (1)
- Mikrostrukturelle (1)
- Mikrostrukturen (1)
- Mineralogie (1)
- Mineralreaktion (1)
- Mineralverwitterungsreaktionen (1)
- Mineralzusammensetzung (1)
- Mittelmeer (1)
- Mittelmeerraum (1)
- Mixmodelle (1)
- Model (1)
- Modell (1)
- Modellanpassung (1)
- Modellierung der Wassertrübung (1)
- Modellierung des seismischen Zyklus (1)
- Molybdän (1)
- Moment tensor inversion (1)
- Momententensoren (1)
- Momententensorinversion (1)
- Monazit (1)
- Mondsee (1)
- Mongolei (1)
- Mongolia (1)
- Morphometrie (1)
- Morphometry (1)
- Multi-Hazard (1)
- Multiproxy-Untersuchung (1)
- Multiskalen Netzwerk (1)
- Multivariate Analyse (1)
- Multivariate statistic (1)
- Muscovit (1)
- Muster der Bodenfeuchte (1)
- Mustererkennung (1)
- NAO (1)
- NW Himalaja (1)
- NW Himalaya (1)
- Naher Osten (1)
- Naivasha See (1)
- Namche Barwa (1)
- Namibia (1)
- Nanoeisen (1)
- Natural Hazards (1)
- Naturrisiken (1)
- Natürliche Staudämme (1)
- Near-surface geophysics (1)
- Neotectonics (1)
- Nettorotation der Lithosphäre (1)
- Neutronen (1)
- Nicht-Einmaligkeit (1)
- Niederschlag (1)
- Niedrigwasser (1)
- Niger (1)
- Non-uniqueness (1)
- Nordanatolische Störungszone (1)
- Nordostdeutsches Becken (1)
- Nordostdeutsches Tiefland (1)
- North Anatolian Fault Zone (1)
- North-East German Plain (1)
- Northeast German Basin (1)
- Numerische 2D Modellierung (1)
- Nährstoffe (1)
- Nährstoffeinträge (1)
- Nährstoffretention (1)
- ODP Leg 194 (1)
- Oberfläche (1)
- Oberflächenexpositionsdatierung (1)
- Oberflächennahe Geophysik (1)
- Oberflächenwärmefluss (1)
- Oberflächenwärmefluß (1)
- Ocean Colour satellite data (1)
- Oligo-Miocene (1)
- Oligozän-Miozän-Grenze (1)
- OpenStreetMap (1)
- Optical remote sensing (1)
- Optical sensor (1)
- Optische Sensoren (1)
- Organic matter mineralization (1)
- Organofazies (1)
- Ostafrika (1)
- Ostafrikanisches Rift (1)
- Ostafrikanisches Riftsystem (1)
- Ostafrikansches Rift (1)
- Ostkordillere (1)
- PM10, PM2, PM1 (1)
- PPGIS (1)
- Palaeoklima (1)
- Paleoclimate (1)
- Paleoclimate dynamics (1)
- Paleofloods (1)
- Paleogeography (1)
- Paleolimnology (1)
- Paleomagnetism (1)
- Paleomagnetismus (1)
- Paläo-See Mweru (1)
- Paläo-Strain-Berechnung (1)
- Paläoaltimetrie (1)
- Paläohochwasser (1)
- Paläohydrologie (1)
- Paläointensität (1)
- Paläoklimadynamik (1)
- Paläomagnetismus (1)
- Paläosekularvariation (1)
- Paläotektonik (1)
- Paläotopographie (1)
- Pamir-Tien Shan (1)
- Panasqueira (1)
- Parallel Seismik (1)
- Paris Basin (1)
- Pariser Becken (1)
- Particle swarm optimization (1)
- Partikel Swarm Optimierung (1)
- Partikelschwarm-Optimierung (1)
- Passive Kontinentalränder (1)
- Passive margins (1)
- Patagonien (1)
- Patagonien ; Neogen ; Hebung ; Subduktion ; Anden (1)
- Pattern Recognition (1)
- Periglazial (1)
- Periglazialgeomorphologie (1)
- Permafrost-Taustörungen (1)
- Permafrostdegradation (1)
- Permafrostlandschaften (1)
- Permafrostsedimente (1)
- Permeabilität (1)
- Permeabilitätsentwicklung (1)
- Petrologie (1)
- Petrology (1)
- Pfahl (1)
- Pflanzen-Habitat Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzenwachs (1)
- Pflanzenwachstum (1)
- Pflanzenwasserzustand (1)
- Pflaume (1)
- PhaseKinetics (1)
- Phasenkinetik (1)
- Photozoan (1)
- Photozoikum (1)
- Phytoplankton (1)
- Plattenbewegungen (1)
- Playa (1)
- Plume-Rücken Interaktion (1)
- Poland (1)
- Polarimetrie (1)
- Polarimetry (1)
- Polen (1)
- Pollenanalyse (1)
- Pollenproduktivitätsschätzungen (1)
- Polynia (1)
- Pontiden (1)
- Pontides (1)
- Porentypen in Karbonate (1)
- Porphyrische Kupferlagerstätte (1)
- Posidonia shale (1)
- Posidonienschiefer (1)
- Probabilistic regional envelope curves (1)
- Probabilistische Regionale Hüllkurven (1)
- Probenahmestrategie (1)
- Procrustes rotation analysis (1)
- Prokrustes Analyse (1)
- Prozessidentifikation (1)
- Präzision Gartenbau (1)
- Prüfköpfe (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Puna plateau (1)
- Quantitative Daten (1)
- Quartäre Deformation (1)
- Quaternary (1)
- Quaternary deformation (1)
- Quell-Array optimales Design (1)
- Quelle Inversion (1)
- Quellenparameter (1)
- Quellenumkehr (1)
- REVEALS (1)
- Radiokarbondatierung (1)
- Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Ramos X-11 (1)
- Randelementmethode (1)
- Rauheit (1)
- Raumwellen (1)
- Reaktionspfadmodellierung (1)
- Reaktivierung von Störungszonen (1)
- Receiver Function (1)
- Regensturm (1)
- Region Konin (1)
- Regional Climate Model (1)
- Regressionsanalyse (1)
- Regularisierung (1)
- Reibung an Plattengrenzen (1)
- Reifegradbezogene Biomarker (1)
- Remote Sensing (1)
- Rhenohercynian Zone (1)
- Rhenohercynische Zone (1)
- Rheological modeling (1)
- Rheologische Modellierung (1)
- Rhizosphere (1)
- Riff (1)
- Ringstörungen (1)
- Risikoanalyse (1)
- Risikobewertung von Vulkanausbrüchen (1)
- Risikokommunikation (1)
- Rissmechanik (1)
- Risstransmissivität (1)
- Russian Arctic (1)
- Réunion (1)
- Río Pescado (1)
- Röntgenabsorptionspektroskopie (1)
- Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- Rückenkollision (1)
- Rückensubduktion (1)
- SEC (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SWIM (1)
- Sachsengängerei (1)
- Salt pan (1)
- Salta Rift (1)
- Salta basin (1)
- Salta-Becken (1)
- Salzgestein (1)
- Salzpfanne (1)
- San Andreas Fault (1)
- San Andreas Verwerfung (1)
- Sandstein (1)
- Santa Cruz formation (1)
- Saprolit (1)
- Sardinia (1)
- Sardinien (1)
- Satelliten-Fernerkundung (1)
- Satellitenbilder (1)
- Satellitenmission Swarm (1)
- Sauerstoff (1)
- Sauerstoffisotope (1)
- Savannen-Ökologie (1)
- Saxo-Thuringia (1)
- Scaling (1)
- Schaden (1)
- Schallemissionen (1)
- Scherzonen (1)
- Schmelzeinschlüsse (1)
- Schmelzstruktur (1)
- Schnee (1)
- Schwarmbeben (1)
- Schwerkraft (1)
- Sea of Marmara (1)
- SeaWiFS Ocean-Colour Satellitendaten (1)
- Sediment Fingerprinting (1)
- Sedimentationsdynamik (1)
- Sedimentbecken (1)
- Sedimente (1)
- Sedimentenabfolge (1)
- Sedimentfalle (1)
- Sedimentfazies (1)
- Sedimentfracht (1)
- Sedimentmächtigkeit (1)
- Sedimentquellenidentifizierung (1)
- Sedimenttransportsystem (1)
- Sedimentvolumen (1)
- Seeausbrüche (1)
- Seedurchmischung (1)
- Seespiegelschwankungen (1)
- Seestandsänderung (1)
- Seesystemreaktionen (1)
- Seewasserhaushalt (1)
- Seismic Array Methods (1)
- Seismic arrays (1)
- Seismik (1)
- Seismische Arrays (1)
- Seismische Geschwindigkeiten (1)
- Seismische Interferometrie (1)
- Seismische Tomographie (1)
- Seismizität und Tektonik (1)
- Seismizitätsmodellierung (1)
- Seltenerdelemente (1)
- Shortening (1)
- Shortening rates (1)
- Shyok Fluss (1)
- Shyok River (1)
- Siberia (1)
- Sibirien (1)
- Sibirien <Nord> (1)
- Sibirienhoch (1)
- Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Signalbildung (1)
- Signalweiterleitung (1)
- Silikatschmelze (1)
- Silikatverwitterung (1)
- Sinkholes (1)
- Skala (1)
- Skalierung (1)
- Skarn (1)
- Sn (1)
- Software (1)
- Soil hydrology (1)
- Soil moisture (1)
- Solar irradiation (1)
- Solare Austrahlung (1)
- Sorption (1)
- South Chile (1)
- South Eifel (1)
- Southatlantic (1)
- Space climate (1)
- Space weather (1)
- Spalt Spuren (1)
- Spalteneruption (1)
- Spannung (1)
- Spannungsfeld des späten Känozoikums (1)
- Spannungsmessung (1)
- Spannungsmuster (1)
- Spannungsänderungen (1)
- Spektralanalyse (1)
- Spiti valley (1)
- Spitsbergen (1)
- Spity Valley (1)
- Spitzbergen (1)
- Spread F (1)
- Spröde Vorläufer (1)
- Spurenelement-Partitionierung (1)
- Spurenelementverteilung (1)
- Spätglazial (1)
- Spätquartär (1)
- Sri Lanka (1)
- Stabile Isotope (1)
- Stabile Isotopen (1)
- Stabile Sauerstoff- und Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Stalagmiten (1)
- Standort des Streuers (1)
- Statistical seismology (1)
- Statistische Seismologie (1)
- Stochastischer Algorithmus (1)
- Strahlung und chemische Eigenschaften (1)
- Strain Localisation (1)
- Strain Localization (1)
- Stratigrafie (1)
- Stratigraphie (1)
- Stream Power Law (1)
- Stressmodellierung (1)
- Strike-Slip Störungen (1)
- Strike-slip fault (1)
- Stromsektor (1)
- Strukturmodellierung (1)
- Sturzfluten (1)
- Städe (1)
- Städte Effizienz (1)
- Störungen (1)
- Störungsbau (1)
- Störungsinteraktion (1)
- Störungszonenarchitektur (1)
- Subduktionsbeben (1)
- Subsidenzgeschichte (1)
- Subsurface Biosphere (1)
- Suguta Tal (1)
- Suguta Valley (1)
- Suigetsu (1)
- Sulfatreduktion (1)
- Sumatra Störung (1)
- Sumatra fault (1)
- Superconducting gravimetry (1)
- Supraleit-Gravimetrie (1)
- Supraleitender Gravimeter (SG) (1)
- Suspendsionsfracht (1)
- Sweet (1)
- Synchronisation von Ereignissen (1)
- Syntaxe (1)
- Synthetic Aperture Radar (1)
- Synthetische Sandsteine (1)
- Süd Chile (1)
- Süd-Türkei (1)
- Südatlantik (1)
- Südeifel (1)
- TDR (1)
- Taifune (1)
- Tarutung (1)
- Tasas de acortamiento (1)
- Tectona grandis (1)
- Tectonic geomorphology (1)
- Tektonische Geomorphologie (1)
- Temperatur (1)
- Temperaturfeld (1)
- Tendürek Vulkan (1)
- Tendürek volcano (1)
- Thermal (1)
- Thermal modeling (1)
- Thermal-conductivity (1)
- Thermisch (1)
- Thermische Modellierung (1)
- Thermokarstprozesse (1)
- Tian Shan (1)
- Tian-Shan (1)
- Tibet (1)
- Tiefendeformation (1)
- Tiefenversickerung (1)
- Tiefer See (1)
- Tien-Shan (1)
- Tiltmeter (1)
- Time series analysis (1)
- Tomographie (1)
- Tomographie des elektrischen Widerstands (1)
- Tonmineralien (1)
- Topographie (1)
- Torsion Experiments (1)
- Torsionsexperimente (1)
- Tote Meer (1)
- Totes Meer (1)
- Transferverluste in Flüssen (1)
- Transformation (1)
- Transformation hydrologischer Signale (1)
- Transformstörung (1)
- Transnationalismus (1)
- Treibhausgase (1)
- Trendanalysen (1)
- Triangular dislocations (TDs) (1)
- Trier-Luxembourg Basin (1)
- Trier-Luxembourg Embayment (1)
- Trier-Luxemburger Becken (1)
- Trier-Luxemburger Bucht (1)
- Tritium Assay (1)
- Tritium Versuchsanordnung (1)
- Trockenflüsse (1)
- Tsunami-Frühwarnsystem (1)
- Tsunami-Risiko (1)
- Turbidite (1)
- Turbidites (1)
- Turmalin (1)
- U-Pb Geochronologie (1)
- U-Pb geochronology (1)
- UHI (1)
- UHP (1)
- UV fs laser ablation (1)
- UV-Lasermikrodissektion (1)
- UV-laser microdissection (1)
- Ultraschall (1)
- Umweltmonitoring (1)
- Umweltrekonstruktion (1)
- Uncertainty Analysis (1)
- Unsupervised Learning (1)
- Unterdevon (1)
- Untergrund (1)
- Untergrunduntersuchung der Biosphäre (1)
- Untertage-Kohlevergasung (1)
- Unüberwachtes Lernen (1)
- Uplift Rates (1)
- Uran (1)
- Uran-Blei-Datierung (1)
- Vansee (1)
- Variabilität (1)
- Variabilität von Bodenbewegung (1)
- Vegetationsbedeckung (1)
- Verarbeitung seismischer Daten (1)
- Verdichtung (1)
- Verformungslokalisierung (1)
- Verkürzung (1)
- Verschüttungsaltersdatierung (1)
- Verteilungsfunktionen mit einer oberen Grenze (1)
- Vertical flux (1)
- Vertreibung (1)
- Verwitterungsfeedback (1)
- Videoanalyse (1)
- Viskositätsstruktur im oberen Mantel (1)
- Vogtland (1)
- Volcano (1)
- Volcano deformation modelling (1)
- Vorelandbecken (1)
- Vorhersage (1)
- Vorland (1)
- Vorlandbeckenentwicklung (1)
- Vorlanddeformation (1)
- Vs Profile (1)
- Vs profiles (1)
- Vulcano (1)
- Vulkan Verformung (1)
- Vulkaniklastika (1)
- Vulkanismus (1)
- Vulkanologie (1)
- Vulkanverformungsmodellierung (1)
- Vulkanüberwachung (1)
- Waldbewirtschaftung (1)
- Waldumbau (1)
- Warve (1)
- Warves (1)
- Wasser-Gesteins-Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Wasser-Monitoring (1)
- Wasserdampf (1)
- Wassergütemodellierung (1)
- Wasserpflanzen (1)
- Wasserqualität (1)
- Wasserspeicheränderungen (1)
- Water resources (1)
- Wavelet (1)
- Weilerbach-Mulde (1)
- Well-log analysis (1)
- Wellenausbreitung (1)
- Wellenbrechung und Diffraktion (1)
- Wellengeschwindigkeit (1)
- Wellenleiter (1)
- Weltraumklima (1)
- Weltraumwetter (1)
- West Bohemia (1)
- West Fault Zone (1)
- West Turkey (1)
- West Türkei (1)
- Windböen (1)
- Winddynamik (1)
- Winderosion (1)
- Wirtsgesteinsskala (1)
- Wittlicher Senke (1)
- Wofram-Zinn Lagerstätte (1)
- Wuchiapingian (1)
- Wuchiapingium (1)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- XANES (1)
- XAS (1)
- XRF (1)
- Yacoraite Formation (1)
- Yarlung-Tsangpo Gorge (1)
- Yarlung-Tsangpo Schlucht (1)
- Yatta (1)
- Young's modulus (1)
- Zeitanhängig (1)
- Zeitserie (1)
- Zeitskala (1)
- Zentral Asien (1)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (1)
- Zink (1)
- Zinn (1)
- Zusammengesetztes Dislokationsmodel (CDM) (1)
- Zustands-Übergangs-Modelle (1)
- Zyklostratigraphie (1)
- Zypernbogen (1)
- accumulation rates (1)
- acoustic emissions (1)
- activ continental margin (1)
- active faulting (1)
- active seismic (1)
- active source data (1)
- adapation (1)
- adaptation (1)
- aero (1)
- aftershock (1)
- aftershock sequence (1)
- aftershocks (1)
- age modeling (1)
- age-related biomarkers (1)
- agriculture (1)
- aktive Quelldaten (1)
- aktive Seismik (1)
- aktive Verwerfungen (1)
- aktive Weitewinkel-Seismik (1)
- aktiver Kontinentalrand (1)
- alkenones (1)
- allochthon (1)
- alluvial channel morphology (1)
- alteration geochemistry (1)
- anaerobe Inkubationensexperimente (1)
- anaerobic incubation experiments (1)
- anisotropic inversion (1)
- anisotropy (1)
- antecedent conditions (1)
- aquatic ecosystems (1)
- aquatischen Ökosystemen (1)
- archeomagnetism (1)
- archetype (1)
- arctic water bodies (1)
- argon (1)
- arktische Gewässer (1)
- arktischer Nahküstenbereich (1)
- array design (1)
- artificial mixtures (1)
- artificial neural networks (1)
- asthenosphere (1)
- asthenospheric slab-window (1)
- asthenospherisches "slab-window" (1)
- asymmetric pair distribution function (1)
- attribute analysis (1)
- authigene Mineralbildung (1)
- authigenic mineral formation (1)
- autochthon (1)
- automatic classification (1)
- automatische Klassifizierung (1)
- b-Wert Kartierung (1)
- b-value map (1)
- barite (1)
- basaltic volcanoes (1)
- basement rock (1)
- basin evolution (1)
- basin structure (1)
- bedload transport (1)
- bedrock elevation (1)
- beginnende Kontinent-Kontinent Kollision (1)
- beobachtende Seismologie (1)
- biodegradación (1)
- biodegradation (1)
- biodiversity (1)
- biogeoscience (1)
- biologischer Abbau (1)
- biomarcadores diagnósticos de edad (1)
- biomarcadores diagnósticos de madurez (1)
- body waves (1)
- bolivianischen Zinngürtels (1)
- borehole breakouts (1)
- boron (1)
- bottom water (1)
- brittle deformation (1)
- brittle precursors (1)
- burial dating (1)
- campo de esfuerzo del Cenozoico tardío (1)
- carbon budget (1)
- carbon cycling (1)
- carbon isotopes (1)
- carbonate (1)
- carbonate melt (1)
- carbonate platforms (1)
- carbonate pore types (1)
- carbonate ramps (1)
- carbonate stability (1)
- carbonate systems (1)
- carbonates (1)
- carpholite (1)
- catchment (1)
- catchment classification (1)
- catchment hydrology (1)
- catchment state (1)
- central Andes (1)
- central-eastern Beringia (1)
- channel steps (1)
- channel-hillslope coupling (1)
- charnockite (1)
- chemical dating (1)
- chemical weathering (1)
- chemische Datierung (1)
- chemische Verwitterung (1)
- chilenische Anden (1)
- circular statistics (1)
- cities (1)
- classification (1)
- clay mineral (1)
- clima (1)
- climate dynamics (1)
- climate extreme events (1)
- climate global and local patterns (1)
- climate impacts (1)
- climate reconstruction (1)
- climate variability (1)
- climatic change (1)
- climatolgoy (1)
- closed chamber method (1)
- coal mine waste (1)
- coast (1)
- coesite (1)
- coherence (1)
- colloid transport (1)
- combinatorial inverse modelling (1)
- complex network (1)
- complex networks (1)
- compound-specific stable carbon isotope analyses (1)
- compression (1)
- computational seismology (1)
- computergestützte Seismologie (1)
- concrete (1)
- conductivity anisotropy (1)
- continental breakup (1)
- continental collision (1)
- continental margins (1)
- controlled source wide angle seismic (1)
- controlo estrutural (1)
- copper (1)
- corals (1)
- correlation (1)
- cosmic rays (1)
- cosmic-ray (1)
- cosmogenic nuclide dating (1)
- cosmogenic radionuclide-based dating (1)
- cosmogenic radionuclides (1)
- counterclockwise block rotation between overlapping rift segments (1)
- coupled fluid and heat transport (1)
- coupling (1)
- crack (1)
- creep properties (1)
- critical zone (1)
- crop modeling (1)
- crust (1)
- crustal deformations (1)
- crustal stress (1)
- crustal structure of south central Turkey (1)
- crustal structure of the Eratosthenes Seamount (1)
- cuenca intermontana (1)
- cultivation (1)
- d-excess (1)
- damage (1)
- damage modelling (1)
- data analysis (1)
- data filtering (1)
- data processing (1)
- data-mining (1)
- deep carbon (1)
- deep convection (1)
- deep seepage (1)
- deforestation (1)
- deformation mechanisms (1)
- deformation source modeling (1)
- dendroclimatology (1)
- denitrification (1)
- density modeling (1)
- density-driven flow (1)
- denudation (1)
- denudation processes (1)
- denudation rates (1)
- deposits (1)
- depósitos de volfrâmio-estanho (1)
- der Städtische Wärmeinseleffekt (1)
- der Urbane Hitzeinsel Effekt (1)
- der Urbane Hitzeinsel Effekt basierend auf Landoberflächentemperatur (1)
- developing countries (1)
- diagenesis (1)
- diagenetische Prozesse (1)
- diamond anvil cell (1)
- diamond anvil cells (1)
- diatoms (1)
- dichtegetriebene Strömung (1)
- die Stadtform (1)
- digital image analysis (1)
- digital rock physics (1)
- digitale Bildanalyse (1)
- dike pathways (1)
- dispersion curves (1)
- distal steil ansteigende Rampen (1)
- dreieckige Dislokationen (TDs) (1)
- duration (1)
- dynamic topography (1)
- dynamische Topographie (1)
- décollement (1)
- early diagenesis (1)
- early earth tectonics (1)
- earth mantle (1)
- earth's mantle (1)
- earthquake bulletin data (1)
- earthquake damage (1)
- earthquake forecasting (1)
- earthquake interaction (1)
- earthquake location (1)
- earthquake modeling (1)
- earthquake source array (1)
- earthquake source observations (1)
- earthquake swarm (1)
- earthquake swarms (1)
- earthquakes (1)
- eastern south–central Andes (1)
- eclogite (1)
- eclogite (UHP) (1)
- eco-hydrological modelling (1)
- ecohydrology (1)
- ecological modelling (1)
- economic impacts (1)
- effective porosity (1)
- effektive Porosität (1)
- elastic rock properties (1)
- electric and magnetic fields (1)
- electrical conductivity (1)
- elektrische Leitfähigkeit (1)
- elektrische und magnetische Felder (1)
- energy demand (1)
- enhanced geothermal system (1)
- enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) (1)
- environmental monitoring (1)
- environmental reconstruction (1)
- epithermale Zinn-Silber-lagerstätte (1)
- equatorial electrojet (1)
- equatorial plasma depletions (1)
- ererbte Strukturen (1)
- estuary (1)
- event coincidence analysis (1)
- exhumation processes (1)
- exhumation rates (1)
- exposure (1)
- exposure age dating (1)
- extreme Ereignisse (1)
- extreme Klimaereignisse (1)
- extreme hydro-meteorologische Ereignisse (1)
- extreme hydrometeorological events (1)
- extreme rainfall (1)
- failed rift (1)
- fallamiento activo (1)
- fault healing (1)
- fault plane structure (1)
- fault reactivation (1)
- fault zone architecture (1)
- feldspar (1)
- ferropericlase (1)
- fieldwork (1)
- finite Differenzen (1)
- finite Elemente (1)
- finite difference simulation (1)
- finite differences (1)
- finite elements (1)
- fission track (1)
- fissure eruption (1)
- flash floods (1)
- flood (1)
- flood events (1)
- flood reconstruction (1)
- flood risk analysis (1)
- flood types (1)
- flood volcanism (1)
- flooding (1)
- floodplain inundation (1)
- fluid (1)
- fluid inclusions (1)
- fluid rock interaction (1)
- fluid-melt interaction (1)
- fluid-rock interactions (1)
- fluorescence imaging (1)
- fluvial fill terraces (1)
- fluvial incision (1)
- fluviale Einschneidung (1)
- fluxo de fluidos (1)
- focal mechanisms (1)
- folds (1)
- foraminifera (1)
- fore-arc (1)
- forecast (1)
- foreland deformation (1)
- forest conversion (1)
- forest management (1)
- forestry (1)
- formation damage (1)
- foundation (1)
- fracture growth (1)
- fracture mechanics (1)
- fracture toughness (1)
- fracture transmissivity (1)
- fracture-controlled (1)
- gas geochemistry (1)
- gas hydrates (1)
- geführte Wellen (1)
- gegen den Uhrzeigersinn gerichtete Rotation von Krustenblöcken zwischen zwei überlappenden Riftsegmenten (1)
- gekoppelter Fluid-und Wärmetransport (1)
- geodynamic modeling (1)
- geodynamic models (1)
- geodynamische Modelle (1)
- geodynamische Modellierung (1)
- geohazards (1)
- geologic fault (1)
- geologische Störungen (1)
- geologische Verwerfung (1)
- geomagnetic excursions (1)
- geomagnetische Exkursionen (1)
- geomechanical modelling (1)
- geomechanics (1)
- geomechanische Modellierung (1)
- geophyics (1)
- geophysical methods (1)
- geophysikalische Methoden (1)
- geoquímica da alteração hidrotermal (1)
- geothermal (1)
- geothermal exploration (1)
- geothermal monitoring (1)
- geothermics (1)
- geothermische Exploration (1)
- geothermische Überwachung (1)
- geothermischer Reservoire (1)
- geschlossene Haubenmessmethode (1)
- gestreute Phasen (1)
- glacial incision (1)
- glacial isostatic adjustment (1)
- glacier forefield (1)
- glaciers (1)
- glass structure (1)
- glasses (1)
- glaziale Einschneidung (1)
- global flood model (1)
- global inversion (1)
- global navigation satellite systems (1)
- globale Inversion (1)
- globale und lokale Muster des Klimas (1)
- globales Navigationssatellitensystem (1)
- globales Positionsbestimmungssystem (1)
- globales Überschwemmungsmodell (1)
- grandes movimientos en masa (1)
- gravimetry (1)
- grazing (1)
- greenhouse gases (1)
- ground motion modeling (1)
- ground motion variability (1)
- ground motions (1)
- ground penetrating radar (1)
- ground-motion models (1)
- ground-penetration radar (1)
- groundwater evolution (1)
- groundwater recharge (1)
- große Massenbewegungen (1)
- guided waves (1)
- halophiles (1)
- hazard assessments (1)
- helium (1)
- herzynische Orogenese (1)
- heterogeneity (1)
- heterozoan carbonates (1)
- heterozoisch (1)
- high pressure (1)
- high pressure relicts (1)
- high temperature rock deformation (1)
- high-pressure (1)
- high-pressure incubation system (1)
- high-pressure metasediments (1)
- hillslope diffusion (1)
- hillslope hydrology (1)
- historical earthquakes (1)
- historische Erdbeben (1)
- hochdruckmetamorphe Sedimente (1)
- hollow cylinder experiments (1)
- holocene (1)
- horizontaler Fluss (1)
- host rock scale (1)
- human impact (1)
- hydrate (1)
- hydrate formation (1)
- hydraulic simulation (1)
- hydraulische Risserzeugung (1)
- hydraulisches Aufbrechen (1)
- hydro-meteorological risk (1)
- hydro-meteorologische Risiken (1)
- hydrogravimetry (1)
- hydrological flow paths (1)
- hydrological modelling (1)
- hydrological monitoring and modelling (1)
- hydrologische Fließpfade (1)
- hydrologische Vorbedingungen (1)
- hydrothermal (1)
- hydrothermal systems (1)
- hydrothermale Alteration (1)
- hydrothermale Systeme (1)
- hyperspectral remote sensing (1)
- hyperspektral (1)
- hyperspektral Fernerkundung (1)
- ice dam (1)
- ice dynamics (1)
- image processing (1)
- impact (1)
- impact assessment (1)
- in-situ analysis (1)
- in-situ remediation (1)
- in-stream processes (1)
- incipient continent-continent collision (1)
- indischer Monsun (1)
- induzierte Seismizität (1)
- induzierten Seismizität (1)
- inherited structures (1)
- injection (1)
- injection scheme (1)
- instrumental seismology (1)
- instrumentelle Seismologie (1)
- inter- and intra-station variability (1)
- interferometry (1)
- intermontane Becken (1)
- intermontane Talverfüllungen (1)
- intermontane basin (1)
- intermontane valley fill (1)
- inverse Modellierung (1)
- inverse Modellirung (1)
- inverse modeling (1)
- ionosphere (1)
- isostatic uplift (1)
- isostatische Hebung (1)
- isotopic fractionation (1)
- kerogen kinetics (1)
- kimmerische Orogenese (1)
- kombinatorische inverse Modellierung (1)
- kontinuierlicher Simulationsansatz (1)
- kosmische Neutronenstrahlung (1)
- kosmische Strahlung (1)
- kosmogene Radionuklid-basierte Datierung (1)
- kritische Zone (1)
- krustale Spannungen (1)
- künstliche neurale Netzwerke (1)
- lacustrine record (1)
- lake (1)
- lake mixing (1)
- lake sediment (1)
- lake system responses (1)
- lakes (1)
- lakes water balance (1)
- lakustrine Abfolge (1)
- lamprophyre (1)
- land use (1)
- land-use change (1)
- landforms (1)
- landscape preferences (1)
- landscape effects (1)
- landscape hydrology (1)
- large mass movements (1)
- laser heating (1)
- laser-geheizte Diamantstempelzelle (1)
- laser-heated Diamond Anvil Cell (1)
- late cenozoic stress field (1)
- late holocene (1)
- lava fountains (1)
- lead (1)
- leaf wax (1)
- lichenometry (1)
- lineare spektrale Entmischung (1)
- lipid biomarkers (1)
- lithium (1)
- lithosphere net rotation (1)
- lithosphere stress field (1)
- lithosphärisches Spannungsfeld (1)
- local Seismicity (1)
- localized deformation (1)
- lokale Seismitität (1)
- low flow (1)
- low molecular weight organic acids (1)
- lower mantle (1)
- lunar tides (1)
- lunare Gezeiten (1)
- lysimeter (1)
- ländliche Entwicklung (1)
- macrophytes (1)
- magma assisted continental rifting (1)
- magma degassing (1)
- magmagestütztes kontinentales Rifting (1)
- magmatic (1)
- magmatic-hydrothermal systems (1)
- magmatisch (1)
- magmatisch-hydrothermale Systeme (1)
- magmatism (1)
- magnesite (1)
- magnetic polarisation direction (1)
- magnetische Polarisationsrichtung (1)
- magnetostratigraphy (1)
- magnetotelluric (1)
- manaderos de petróleo (1)
- mantle (1)
- marine sediments (1)
- marine terrace (1)
- marine terraces (1)
- mass extinction (1)
- mass wasting (1)
- matríz mineral (1)
- maturity-related biomarkers (1)
- mecanismos de disparo (1)
- mehrfache Stressfaktoren (1)
- melilitite (1)
- melt structure (1)
- menschliche Einflüsse (1)
- methane (1)
- methane hydrate (1)
- micro-CT (1)
- microbial activity (1)
- microbial methane oxidation (1)
- microplate (1)
- microseismicity (1)
- microsructure (1)
- microstructural deformation mechanisms (1)
- microstructures (1)
- middle Miocene (1)
- migration (1)
- mikrobielle Gemeinschaften (1)
- mikrobielle aerobe Methanoxidation (1)
- mine face mapping (1)
- mineral composition (1)
- mineral matrix (1)
- mineral reaction (1)
- mineral weathering reactions (1)
- mineralische Matrix (1)
- mitigation (1)
- mittleres Miozän (1)
- mixture models (1)
- modelling error sources (1)
- molecular biomarkers (1)
- molekulare Biomarker (1)
- molybdenum (1)
- monazite (1)
- mountain hydrology (1)
- mountain rivers (1)
- multi-equilibrium thermobarometry (1)
- multi-hazard (1)
- multi-proxy approach (1)
- multi-stage exhumation (1)
- multiple stress factors (1)
- multiscale network (1)
- multivariate Statistik (1)
- multivariate statistics (1)
- muscovite (1)
- music information retrieval (1)
- n-alkane (1)
- n-alkanes (1)
- nachaltige Städteentwicklung (1)
- nachhaltige Entwicklung (1)
- nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) (1)
- natural dams (1)
- natural hazard (1)
- natural risks (1)
- natürlichen Ölaustritten (1)
- near-vertical seismic reflection (1)
- neogene (1)
- neon (1)
- neutron field (1)
- neutrons (1)
- next generation sequencing (1)
- nicht-monetäre Bewertung (1)
- nichtisothermer Mehrphasenfluss (1)
- noble gas (1)
- noble gas isotopes (1)
- noise reduction (1)
- non-destructive testing (1)
- non-isothermal multiphase flow (1)
- non-monetary valuation (1)
- normal faulting (1)
- northern Andes (1)
- northern high latitudes (1)
- nuclear waste disposal (1)
- numerical (1)
- numerical model (1)
- numerical models (1)
- numerisch (1)
- numerische Modelle (1)
- numerische Strömungsmechanik (1)
- nutrient emissions (1)
- nutrient retention (1)
- nutrients (1)
- nördliche Anden (1)
- nördliche hohe Breitengrade (1)
- oberflächennahe Geophysík (1)
- object based image analysis (1)
- objektbasierte Bildanalyse (1)
- observational seismology (1)
- occurrence rate (1)
- ocean color remote sensing (1)
- oceanic crust (1)
- offene Daten (1)
- offener Tagebau (1)
- oil seeps (1)
- open data (1)
- open pit mining (1)
- optical properties (1)
- optimal array configuration (1)
- optimale Array-Konfiguration (1)
- optische Eigenschaften (1)
- ore (1)
- ore deposit (1)
- organic matter (1)
- organischer Kohlenstoff (1)
- organisches Material (1)
- organofacies (1)
- orogenic evolution (1)
- ostafrikanisches Riftsystem (1)
- outburst floods (1)
- oxygen (1)
- oxygen and carbon stable isotopes (1)
- oxygen isotopes (1)
- ozeanische Kruste (1)
- pH (1)
- palaeoclimatology (1)
- palaeointensity (1)
- palaeolimnology (1)
- palaeomagnetism (1)
- paleo-lake Mweru (1)
- paleo-strain calculation (1)
- paleo-topography (1)
- paleoaltimetry (1)
- paleofloods (1)
- paleogeography (1)
- paleohydrology (1)
- paleolimnology (1)
- paleosecular variations (1)
- panafrican orogeny (1)
- panafrikanische Orogenese (1)
- parallel seismic (1)
- participatory mapping (1)
- particle swarm optimisation (1)
- passive Seismik (1)
- passive seismic (1)
- pattern recognition (1)
- periglacial landscape evolution (1)
- periglacial landscapes (1)
- periglaziale Landschaften (1)
- periglaziale Landschaftsentwicklung (1)
- permafrost degradation (1)
- permafrost landscapes (1)
- permafrost sediments (1)
- permafrost thaw disturbances (1)
- permanent deformation (1)
- permanente Verformung (1)
- permeability (1)
- permeability evolution (1)
- petrothermal systems (1)
- petrothermale Systeme (1)
- petrothermales System (EGS) (1)
- photogrammetry (1)
- phytoplankton distribution (1)
- pile (1)
- plant waxes (1)
- plant-habitat interactions (1)
- plate boundary friction (1)
- plate motions (1)
- plateau uplift (1)
- plum (1)
- plume-ridge interaction (1)
- plötzliche stratosphärische Erwärmungsereignisse (1)
- polar ice (1)
- polares Eis (1)
- polarimetric decompositions (1)
- polarimetrische Dekompositionen (1)
- pollen (1)
- polymictic lakes (1)
- polymiktische Seen (1)
- polynya (1)
- porphyry copper deposit (1)
- precipitation (1)
- precision horticulture (1)
- pressure solution (1)
- probabilistic approach (1)
- probabilistischer Ansatz (1)
- process identification (1)
- psychology (1)
- quantitative data (1)
- quartäre Geochronologie (1)
- quaternary (1)
- radiación y propiedades químicas (1)
- radial flow (1)
- radiale Strömung (1)
- radiation and chemical properties (1)
- radiocarbon (1)
- radiocarbon age dating (1)
- radiogene Wärmeproduktion (1)
- radiogenic heat production (1)
- radiogenic isotopes (1)
- radiolyse (1)
- radiolysis (1)
- radiólisis (1)
- railway infrastructure (1)
- rainstorm (1)
- rapid earthquake impact assessment (1)
- rare earth elements (1)
- rate-state friction (1)
- reaction path modelling (1)
- reactive transport groundwater model (1)
- reactive transport simulation (1)
- reaktive Transportsimulation (1)
- reaktives Grundwassermodell (1)
- reef (1)
- reflection seismics (1)
- reflection seismology (1)
- regionale Hydrologie (1)
- regionales Klimamodell (1)
- regression analysis (1)
- regularization (1)
- residential buildings (1)
- resources (1)
- response spectra (1)
- retrogressive thaw slump (1)
- retrogressiven Auftaurutschungen (1)
- rheology (1)
- rhizosphere (1)
- ridge subduction (1)
- ridge-collision (1)
- rift (1)
- rift segments interaction (1)
- rifting (1)
- ring-fault (1)
- riparian zone (1)
- risk analysis (1)
- risk communication (1)
- risk model chain (1)
- rivers (1)
- rock fracture (1)
- rock glaciers (1)
- rock mechanics (1)
- rock-water interaction (1)
- rockmagnetism (1)
- rockslide (1)
- roughness (1)
- runoff (1)
- rural development (1)
- russische Arktis (1)
- räumlich explizit (1)
- räumliche Aggregation (1)
- räumliche Analyse (1)
- räumliche Kalibrierung (1)
- räumliche Variabilität (1)
- saisonale Arbeitsmigration (1)
- saline Seen (1)
- saline lakes (1)
- salt rock (1)
- sandstones (1)
- saprolite (1)
- satellite images (1)
- savanna ecology (1)
- scale (1)
- scattered phases (1)
- scatterer location (1)
- schnelle Einschätzung von Erdbebenauswirkungen (1)
- seasonal labor migration (1)
- sedaDNA (1)
- sediment fingerprinting (1)
- sediment source fingerprinting (1)
- sediment thickness (1)
- sediment transport (1)
- sediment transport modelling (1)
- sediment trap (1)
- sediment volume (1)
- sediment-routing system (1)
- sedimentary basin (1)
- sedimentary dynamics (1)
- sedimentary facies (1)
- sedimentary organic matter (1)
- sedimentary record (1)
- sedimentology (1)
- sediments (1)
- sedimentäre alte DNA (1)
- seismic (1)
- seismic array (1)
- seismic attenuation (1)
- seismic attributes (1)
- seismic cycle modeling (1)
- seismic event localization (1)
- seismic imaging (1)
- seismic interferometry (1)
- seismic interpretation (1)
- seismic sequence stratigraphy (1)
- seismic signal processing (1)
- seismic source inversion (1)
- seismic source-time function estimation (1)
- seismic velocities (1)
- seismic velocity (1)
- seismicity and tectonics (1)
- seismicity modelling (1)
- seismics (1)
- seismische Attribute (1)
- seismische Dämpfung (1)
- seismische Ereignislokalisierung (1)
- seismische Geschwindigkeit (1)
- seismische Geschwindigkeiten (1)
- seismische Interpretation (1)
- seismische Rauschen (1)
- seismische Sequenzstratigraphie (1)
- seismische Stapelungs-Methode (1)
- seismische Tomographie (1)
- seismisches Array (1)
- seismogene Kopplungszone (1)
- seismogenic coupling zone (1)
- seismology ; PKP caustic point B ; diffraction of PKP core phases ; decay spectra of waveform data ; transition zone to the earth's inner core ; Germa (1)
- seismotectonic (1)
- seismotectonics (1)
- seltene Erden (1)
- sensors (1)
- shale strength (1)
- shallow geophysics (1)
- shallow-water carbonates (1)
- shear zones (1)
- shorelines (1)
- signal formation (1)
- signal propagation (1)
- silicate melt (1)
- silicate melts (1)
- silicate weathering (1)
- silikatische Schmelzen (1)
- simulation on a day-to-day-basis (1)
- simulações numéricas (1)
- sistemas magmático-hidrotermais (1)
- skarn (1)
- snow (1)
- snow avalanches (1)
- soil constituents mapping (1)
- soil heterogeneity (1)
- soil hydrology (1)
- soil moisture patterns (1)
- soil water content (1)
- sorption (1)
- source array optimal design (1)
- source duration (1)
- source inversion (1)
- source model (1)
- source parameters (1)
- southern Turkey (1)
- spatial aggregation (1)
- spatial analyses (1)
- spatial calibration (1)
- spatial variability (1)
- spatially explicit (1)
- spectral analysis (1)
- spectral unmixing (1)
- spectro-directional (1)
- spektro-direktional (1)
- spherical harmonics (1)
- spread F (1)
- spröde Deformation (1)
- spätes Holozän (1)
- stabilen Isotopen (1)
- stable isotope (1)
- stalagmites (1)
- starker Konvektion (1)
- state-transition models (1)
- statistical seismology (1)
- statistische Seismologie (1)
- stochastic algorithms (1)
- strain localization (1)
- stratigraphic forward modelling (1)
- stratigraphische Vorwärtsmodellierung (1)
- streambed morphology (1)
- strength (1)
- stress (1)
- stress changes (1)
- stress measurement (1)
- stress modeling (1)
- stress partitioning (1)
- stress pattern (1)
- strike-slip (1)
- strike-slip faults (1)
- structural inheritance (1)
- structural modelling (1)
- strukturelle Kontrolle (1)
- subduction earthquake (1)
- subduction-accretionary complexes (1)
- subduktions-akkretions Komplexe (1)
- subsidence history (1)
- subsurface (1)
- sudden stratospheric warming (1)
- sulphate reduction (1)
- superconducting gravimeter (SG) (1)
- surface (1)
- surface evolution (1)
- surface exposure dating (1)
- surface urban heat island effect (1)
- susceptibility of the European electricity sector (1)
- suspended sediments (1)
- sustainable development (1)
- sustainable urban development (1)
- swarm mission (1)
- syntaxis (1)
- synthetic array beam power (1)
- synthetic sandstone (1)
- synthetic seismograms (1)
- synthetische Array-Strahlleistung (1)
- synthetische Seismogramme (1)
- tagesaktuelle Simulation (1)
- tectonic stress (1)
- tectonic uplift (1)
- tektonische Hebung (1)
- tektonische Spannungen (1)
- temperature (1)
- temperature field analysis (1)
- temporal gravity variations (1)
- tensile Anteile (1)
- tensile earthquakes (1)
- terrigenous input (1)
- thermal conductivity (1)
- thermal field (1)
- thermal model (1)
- thermal modelling (1)
- thermisches Feld (1)
- thermisches Modell (1)
- thermo-mechanical modeling (1)
- thermo-mechanics (1)
- thermo-mechanische Modellierung (1)
- thermobarometry (1)
- thermochemical mantle convection (1)
- thermochemischer Mantelkonvektion (1)
- thermodynamic and kinetic properties (1)
- thermodynamische und kinetische Eigenschaften (1)
- thermoerosion (1)
- thermokarst processes (1)
- tiefer Kohlenstoff (1)
- tiefes Lernen (1)
- time dependent (1)
- time scale (1)
- time series (1)
- time-series analysis (1)
- tin (1)
- tomography (1)
- topography (1)
- tourmaline (1)
- trace element partitioning (1)
- transform fault (1)
- transformation of hydrological signals (1)
- transient earthquake patterns (1)
- transiente Erdbebenmuster (1)
- transnational migration (1)
- transnationale Migration (1)
- transnationalism (1)
- tree water status (1)
- trend analyses (1)
- triaxial deformation experiments (1)
- triaxiale Deformationsexperimente (1)
- trigger mechanism (1)
- tsunami early warning (1)
- tsunami risk (1)
- tungsten-tin deposits (1)
- turbidity modelling (1)
- turmalina (1)
- typhoons (1)
- ultrasound (1)
- uncertainties (1)
- uncertainty (1)
- uncertainty analysis (1)
- uncertainty estimation (1)
- unconventional shale (1)
- underground coal gasification (1)
- unkonventionelle Schiefer (1)
- unterer Mantel (1)
- upper mantle density heterogeneities (1)
- upper mantle viscosity structure (1)
- uranium (1)
- uranium-lead-dating (1)
- urban efficiency (1)
- urban form (1)
- urban heat island effect (1)
- variability (1)
- varve (1)
- vegetation cover (1)
- velocity structure (1)
- verbesserte geothermische Systeme (1)
- verstärkende Seen (1)
- vertical coupling (1)
- vertikale Kuppelung (1)
- vertikaler Fluss (1)
- video analysis (1)
- virtual active seismic (1)
- virtuelle aktive Seismik (1)
- volcanic glass (1)
- volcanic hazard assessment (1)
- volcanic hydrothermal systems (1)
- volcanic seismology (1)
- volcaniclastics (1)
- volcanism (1)
- volcano deformation (1)
- volcano remote sensing (1)
- volcano seismology (1)
- volcanology (1)
- vulkanische Entgasungs-und Hydrothermalsysteme (1)
- vulkanische Entgasungssysteme (1)
- vulkanischer Gläser (1)
- water monitoring (1)
- water quality (1)
- water quality modelling (1)
- water rock interactions (1)
- water storage changes (1)
- water vapour (1)
- wave scattering and diffraction (1)
- wave velocities (1)
- weather pattern (1)
- weather patterns (1)
- weathering feedback (1)
- wind gusts (1)
- winderosion (1)
- wood compost (1)
- x-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- zeitabhängige Gravitationsvariation (1)
- zentral-östliches Beringia (1)
- zentrale Anden (1)
- zentralen Anden (1)
- zinc (1)
- zirkulare Statistik (1)
- Ästuar (1)
- Ökohydrologie (1)
- Östliches Karoo-Becken (1)
- Überschwemmungen (1)
- Überschwemmungsflächen (1)
- Überwachung (1)
- Þeistareykir Iceland (1)
- Þeistareykir Island (1)
- äquatorialen Plasma-Verarmungen (1)
- äquatorialer Elektrojet (1)
- ökohydrologische Modellierung (1)
- ökologische Modellierung (1)
- ökonomische Auswirkungen (1)
- östlich-südzentrale Anden (1)
- östliche Kordillere (1)
- δ18O and δ13C stabile Isotope (1)
- δ18O and δ13C stable isotopes (1)
Institute
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (325) (remove)
Lamprophyre sind porphyrische, aus Mantelschmelzen gebildete Gesteine, die meist in Form von Gängen auftreten. Sie zeichnen sich durch auffällige und charakteristische texturelle, chemische und mineralogische Eigenschaften aus. Als ehemalige Mantelschmelzen liefern sie Information sowohl über Bedingungen der Schmelzbildung im Mantel als auch über geodynamische Prozesse, die zu metasomatischer Veränderung des Mantels geführt haben. Im Saxothuringikum Mitteleuropas, am Nordrand des Böhmischen Massivs, gibt es zahlreiche Lamprophyrvorkommen, die hier zur Charakterisierung der Mantelentwicklung während der variszischen Orogenese dienen. Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit den mineralogischen, geochemischen und isotopischen (Sr-Nd-Pb) Signaturen von spätvariszischen kalkalkalischen Lamprophyren, von postvariszischen ultramafischen Lamprophyren, von Alkalibasalten der Lausitz und, zum Vergleich, von prävariszischen Gabbros. Darüberhinaus nutzt die Arbeit Lithium-Isotopensignaturen kombiniert mit Sr-Nd-Pb–Isotopendaten spätvariszischer kalkalkalischer Lamprophyre aus drei variszischen Domänen (Erzgebirge, Lausitz, Sudeten) zur Erkundung der lokalen Mantelüberprägungen während der variszischen Orogenese.
Metabolically active microbial communities are present in a wide range of subsurface environments. Techniques like enumeration of microbial cells, activity measurements with radiotracer assays and the analysis of porewater constituents are currently being used to explore the subsurface biosphere, alongside with molecular biological analyses. However, many of these techniques reach their detection limits due to low microbial activity and abundance. Direct measurements of microbial turnover not just face issues of insufficient sensitivity, they only provide information about a single specific process but in sediments many different process can occur simultaneously. Therefore, the development of a new technique to measure total microbial activity would be a major improvement. A new tritium-based hydrogenase-enzyme assay appeared to be a promising tool to quantify total living biomass, even in low activity subsurface environments. In this PhD project total microbial biomass and microbial activity was quantified in different subsurface sediments using established techniques (cell enumeration and pore water geochemistry) as well as a new tritium-based hydrogenase enzyme assay. By using a large database of our own cell enumeration data from equatorial Pacific and north Pacific sediments and published data it was shown that the global geographic distribution of subseafloor sedimentary microbes varies between sites by 5 to 6 orders of magnitude and correlates with the sedimentation rate and distance from land. Based on these correlations, global subseafloor biomass was estimated to be 4.1 petagram-C and ~0.6 % of Earth's total living biomass, which is significantly lower than previous estimates. Despite the massive reduction in biomass the subseafloor biosphere is still an important player in global biogeochemical cycles. To understand the relationship between microbial activity, abundance and organic matter flux into the sediment an expedition to the equatorial Pacific upwelling area and the north Pacific Gyre was carried out. Oxygen respiration rates in subseafloor sediments from the north Pacific Gyre, which are deposited at sedimentation rates of 1 mm per 1000 years, showed that microbial communities could survive for millions of years without fresh supply of organic carbon. Contrary to the north Pacific Gyre oxygen was completely depleted within the upper few millimeters to centimeters in sediments of the equatorial upwelling region due to a higher supply of organic matter and higher metabolic activity. So occurrence and variability of electron acceptors over depth and sites make the subsurface a complex environment for the quantification of total microbial activity. Recent studies showed that electron acceptor processes, which were previously thought to thermodynamically exclude each other can occur simultaneously. So in many cases a simple measure of the total microbial activity would be a better and more robust solution than assays for several specific processes, for example sulfate reduction rates or methanogenesis. Enzyme or molecular assays provide a more general approach as they target key metabolic compounds. Since hydrogenase enzymes are ubiquitous in microbes, the recently developed tritium-based hydrogenase radiotracer assay is applied to quantify hydrogenase enzyme activity as a parameter of total living cell activity. Hydrogenase enzyme activity was measured in sediments from different locations (Lake Van, Barents Sea, Equatorial Pacific and Gulf of Mexico). In sediment samples that contained nitrate, we found the lowest cell specific enzyme activity around 10^(-5) nmol H_(2) cell^(-1) d^(-1). With decreasing energy yield of the electron acceptor used, cell-specific hydrogenase activity increased and maximum values of up to 1 nmol H_(2) cell^(-1) d^(-1) were found in samples with methane concentrations of >10 ppm. Although hydrogenase activity cannot be converted directly into a turnover rate of a specific process, cell-specific activity factors can be used to identify specific metabolism and to quantify the metabolically active microbial population. In another study on sediments from the Nankai Trough microbial abundance and hydrogenase activity data show that both the habitat and the activity of subseafloor sedimentary microbial communities have been impacted by seismic activities. An increase in hydrogenase activity near the fault zone revealed that the microbial community was supplied with hydrogen as an energy source and that the microbes were specialized to hydrogen metabolism.
The climate is a complex dynamical system involving interactions and feedbacks among different processes at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Although numerous studies have attempted to understand the climate system, nonetheless, the studies investigating the multiscale characteristics of the climate are scarce. Further, the present set of techniques are limited in their ability to unravel the multi-scale variability of the climate system. It is completely plausible that extreme events and abrupt transitions, which are of great interest to climate community, are resultant of interactions among processes operating at multi-scale. For instance, storms, weather patterns, seasonal irregularities such as El Niño, floods and droughts, and decades-long climate variations can be better understood and even predicted by quantifying their multi-scale dynamics. This makes a strong argument to unravel the interaction and patterns of climatic processes at different scales. With this background, the thesis aims at developing measures to understand and quantify multi-scale interactions within the climate system.
In the first part of the thesis, I proposed two new methods, viz, multi-scale event synchronization (MSES) and wavelet multi-scale correlation (WMC) to capture the scale-specific features present in the climatic processes. The proposed methods were tested on various synthetic and real-world time series in order to check their applicability and replicability. The results indicate that both methods (WMC and MSES) are able to capture scale-specific associations that exist between processes at different time scales in a more detailed manner as compared to the traditional single scale counterparts.
In the second part of the thesis, the proposed multi-scale similarity measures were used in constructing climate networks to investigate the evolution of spatial connections within climatic processes at multiple timescales. The proposed methods WMC and MSES, together with complex network were applied to two different datasets.
In the first application, climate networks based on WMC were constructed for the univariate global sea surface temperature (SST) data to identify and visualize the SSTs patterns that develop very similarly over time and distinguish them from those that have long-range teleconnections to other ocean regions. Further investigations of climate networks on different timescales revealed (i) various high variability and co-variability regions, and (ii) short and long-range teleconnection regions with varying spatial distance. The outcomes of the study not only re-confirmed the existing knowledge on the link between SST patterns like El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, but also suggested new insights into the characteristics and origins of long-range teleconnections.
In the second application, I used the developed non-linear MSES similarity measure to quantify the multivariate teleconnections between extreme Indian precipitation and climatic patterns with the highest relevance for Indian sub-continent. The results confirmed significant non-linear influences that were not well captured by the traditional methods. Further, there was a substantial variation in the strength and nature of teleconnection across India, and across time scales.
Overall, the results from investigations conducted in the thesis strongly highlight the need for considering the multi-scale aspects in climatic processes, and the proposed methods provide robust framework for quantifying the multi-scale characteristics.
In the last decade, the number and dimensions of catastrophic flooding events in the Niger River Basin (NRB) have markedly increased. Despite the devastating impact of the floods on the population and the mainly agriculturally based economy of the riverine nations, awareness of the hazards in policy and science is still low. The urgency of this topic and the existing research deficits are the motivation for the present dissertation.
The thesis is an initial detailed assessment of the increasing flood risk in the NRB. The research strategy is based on four questions regarding (1) features of the change in flood risk, (2) reasons for the change in the flood regime, (3) expected changes of the flood regime given climate and land use changes, and (4) recommendations from previous analysis for reducing the flood risk in the NRB.
The question examining the features of change in the flood regime is answered by means of statistical analysis. Trend, correlation, changepoint, and variance analyses show that, in addition to the factors exposure and vulnerability, the hazard itself has also increased significantly in the NRB, in accordance with the decadal climate pattern of West Africa. The northern arid and semi-arid parts of the NRB are those most affected by the changes.
As potential reasons for the increase in flood magnitudes, climate and land use changes are attributed by means of a hypothesis-testing framework. Two different approaches, based on either data analysis or simulation, lead to similar results, showing that the influence of climatic changes is generally larger compared to that of land use changes. Only in the dry areas of the NRB is the influence of land use changes comparable to that of climatic alterations.
Future changes of the flood regime are evaluated using modelling results. First ensembles of statistically and dynamically downscaled climate models based on different emission scenarios are analyzed. The models agree with a distinct increase in temperature. The precipitation signal, however, is not coherent. The climate scenarios are used to drive an eco-hydrological model. The influence of climatic changes on the flood regime is uncertain due to the unclear precipitation signal. Still, in general, higher flood peaks are expected. In a next step, effects of land use changes are integrated into the model. Different scenarios show that regreening might help to reduce flood peaks. In contrast, an expansion of agriculture might enhance the flood peaks in the NRB. Similarly to the analysis of observed changes in the flood regime, the impacts of climate- and land use changes for the future scenarios are also most severe in the dry areas of the NRB.
In order to answer the final research question, the results of the above analysis are integrated into a range of recommendations for science and policy on how to reduce flood risk in the NRB. The main recommendations include a stronger consideration of the enormous natural climate variability in the NRB and a focus on so called “no-regret” adaptation strategies which account for high uncertainty, as well as a stronger consideration of regional differences. Regarding the prevention and mitigation of catastrophic flooding, the most vulnerable and sensitive areas in the basin, the arid and semi-arid Sahelian and Sudano-Sahelian regions, should be prioritized. Eventually, an active, science-based and science-guided flood policy is recommended. The enormous population growth in the NRB in connection with the expected deterioration of environmental and climatic conditions is likely to enhance the region´s vulnerability to flooding. A smart and sustainable flood policy can help mitigate these negative impacts of flooding on the development of riverine societies in West Africa.
The Tibetan Plateau is the largest elevated landmass in the world and profoundly influences atmospheric circulation patterns such as the Asian monsoon system. Therefore this area has been increasingly in focus of palaeoenvironmental studies. This thesis evaluates the applicability of organic biomarkers for palaeolimnological purposes on the Tibetan Plateau with a focus on aquatic macrophyte-derived biomarkers. Submerged aquatic macrophytes have to be considered to significantly influence the sediment organic matter due to their high abundance in many Tibetan lakes. They can show highly 13C-enriched biomass because of their carbon metabolism and it is therefore crucial for the interpretation of δ13C values in sediment cores to understand to which extent aquatic macrophytes contribute to the isotopic signal of the sediments in Tibetan lakes and in which way variations can be explained in a palaeolimnological context. Additionally, the high abundance of macrophytes makes them interesting as potential recorders of lake water δD. Hydrogen isotope analysis of biomarkers is a rapidly evolving field to reconstruct past hydrological conditions and therefore of special relevance on the Tibetan Plateau due to the direct linkage between variations of monsoon intensity and changes in regional precipitation / evaporation balances. A set of surface sediment and aquatic macrophyte samples from the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau was analysed for composition as well as carbon and hydrogen isotopes of n-alkanes. It was shown how variable δ13C values of bulk organic matter and leaf lipids can be in submerged macrophytes even of a single species and how strongly these parameters are affected by them in corresponding sediments. The estimated contribution of the macrophytes by means of a binary isotopic model was calculated to be up to 60% (mean: 40%) to total organic carbon and up to 100% (mean: 66%) to mid-chain n-alkanes. Hydrogen isotopes of n-alkanes turned out to record δD of meteoric water of the summer precipitation. The apparent enrichment factor between water and n-alkanes was in range of previously reported ones (≈-130‰) at the most humid sites, but smaller (average: -86‰) at sites with a negative moisture budget. This indicates an influence of evaporation and evapotranspiration on δD of source water for aquatic and terrestrial plants. The offset between δD of mid- and long-chain n-alkanes was close to zero in most of the samples, suggesting that lake water as well as soil and leaf water are affected to a similar extent by those effects. To apply biomarkers in a palaeolimnological context, the aliphatic biomarker fraction of a sediment core from Lake Koucha (34.0° N; 97.2° E; eastern Tibetan Plateau) was analysed for concentrations, δ13C and δD values of compounds. Before ca. 8 cal ka BP, the lake was dominated by aquatic macrophyte-derived mid-chain n-alkanes, while after 6 cal ka BP high concentrations of a C20 highly branched isoprenoid compound indicate a predominance of phytoplankton. Those two principally different states of the lake were linked by a transition period with high abundances of microbial biomarkers. δ13C values were relatively constant for long-chain n-alkanes, while mid-chain n-alkanes showed variations between -23.5 to -12.6‰. Highest values were observed for the assumed period of maximum macrophyte growth during the late glacial and for the phytoplankton maximum during the middle and late Holocene. Therefore, the enriched values were interpreted to be caused by carbon limitation which in turn was induced by high macrophyte and primary productivity, respectively. Hydrogen isotope signatures of mid-chain n-alkanes have been shown to be able to track a previously deduced episode of reduced moisture availability between ca. 10 and 7 cal ka BP, indicated by a 20‰ shift towards higher δD values. Indications for cooler episodes at 6.0, 3.1 and 1.8 cal ka BP were gained from drops of biomarker concentrations, especially microbial-derived hopanoids, and from coincidental shifts towards lower δ13C values. Those episodes correspond well with cool events reported from other locations on the Tibetan Plateau as well as in the Northern Hemisphere. To conclude, the study of recent sediments and plants improved the understanding of factors affecting the composition and isotopic signatures of aliphatic biomarkers in sediments. Concentrations and isotopic signatures of the biomarkers in Lake Koucha could be interpreted in a palaeolimnological context and contribute to the knowledge about the history of the lake. Aquatic macrophyte-derived mid-chain n-alkanes were especially useful, due to their high abundance in many Tibetan Lakes and their ability to record major changes of lake productivity and palaeo-hydrological conditions. Therefore, they have the potential to contribute to a fuller understanding of past climate variability in this key region for atmospheric circulation systems.
Sinkholes and depressions are typical landforms of karst regions. They pose a considerable natural hazard to infrastructure, agriculture, economy and human life in affected areas worldwide. The physio-chemical processes of sinkholes and depression formation are manifold, ranging from dissolution and material erosion in the subsurface to mechanical subsidence/failure of the overburden. This thesis addresses the mechanisms leading to the development of sinkholes and depressions by using complementary methods: remote sensing, distinct element modelling and near-surface geophysics.
In the first part, detailed information about the (hydro)-geological background, ground structures, morphologies and spatio-temporal development of sinkholes and depressions at a very active karst area at the Dead Sea are derived from satellite image analysis, photogrammetry and geologic field surveys. There, clusters of an increasing number of sinkholes have been developing since the 1980s within large-scale depressions and are distributed over different kinds of surface materials: clayey mud, sandy-gravel alluvium and lacustrine evaporites (salt). The morphology of sinkholes differs depending in which material they form: Sinkholes in sandy-gravel alluvium and salt are generally deeper and narrower than sinkholes in the interbedded evaporite and mud deposits. From repeated aerial surveys, collapse precursory features like small-scale subsidence, individual holes and cracks are identified in all materials. The analysis sheds light on the ongoing hazardous subsidence process, which is driven by the base-level fall of the Dead Sea and by the dynamic formation of subsurface water channels.
In the second part of this thesis, a novel, 2D distinct element geomechanical modelling approach with the software PFC2D-V5 to simulating individual and multiple cavity growth and sinkhole and large-scale depression development is presented. The approach involves a stepwise material removal technique in void spaces of arbitrarily shaped geometries and is benchmarked by analytical and boundary element method solutions for circular cavities. Simulated compression and tension tests are used to calibrate model parameters with bulk rock properties for the materials of the field site. The simulations show that cavity and sinkhole evolution is controlled by material strength of both overburden and cavity host material, the depth and relative speed of the cavity growth and the developed stress pattern in the subsurface. Major findings are: (1) A progressively deepening differential subrosion with variable growth speed yields a more fragmented stress pattern with stress interaction between the cavities. It favours multiple sinkhole collapses and nesting within large-scale depressions. (2) Low-strength materials do not support large cavities in the material removal zone, and subsidence is mainly characterised by gradual sagging into the material removal zone with synclinal bending. (3) High-strength materials support large cavity formation, leading to sinkhole formation by sudden collapse of the overburden. (4) Large-scale depression formation happens either by coalescence of collapsing holes, block-wise brittle failure, or gradual sagging and lateral widening.
The distinct element based approach is compared to results from remote sensing and geophysics at the field site. The numerical simulation outcomes are generally in good agreement with derived morphometrics, documented surface and subsurface structures as well as seismic velocities. Complementary findings on the subrosion process are provided from electric and seismic measurements in the area.
Based on the novel combination of methods in this thesis, a generic model of karst landform evolution with focus on sinkhole and depression formation is developed. A deepening subrosion system related to preferential flow paths evolves and creates void spaces and subsurface conduits. This subsequently leads to hazardous subsidence, and the formation of sinkholes within large-scale depressions. Finally, a monitoring system for shallow natural hazard phenomena consisting of geodetic and geophysical observations is proposed for similarly affected areas.
The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is one of the largest climate systems on earth and impacts the livelihood of nearly 40% of the world’s population. Despite dedicated efforts, a comprehensive picture of monsoon variability has proved elusive largely due to the absence of long term high resolution records, spatial inhomogeneity of the monsoon precipitation, and the complex forcing mechanisms (solar insolation, internal teleconnections for e.g., El Niño-Southern Oscillation, tropical-midlatitude interactions). My work aims to improve the understanding of monsoon variability through generation of long term high resolution palaeoclimate data from climatically sensitive regions in the ISM and westerlies domain. To achieve this aim I have (i) identified proxies (sedimentological, geochemical, isotopic, and mineralogical) that are sensitive to environmental changes; (ii) used the identified proxies to generate long term palaeoclimate data from two climatically sensitive regions, one in NW Himalayas (transitional westerlies and ISM domain in the Spiti valley and one in the core monsoon zone (Lonar lake) in central India); (iii) undertaken a regional overview to generate “snapshots” of selected time slices; and (iv) interpreted the spatial precipitation anomalies in terms of those caused by modern teleconnections. This approach must be considered only as the first step towards identifying the past teleconnections as the boundary conditions in the past were significantly different from today and would have impacted the precipitation anomalies. As the Spiti valley is located in the in the active tectonic orogen of Himalayas, it was essential to understand the role of regional tectonics to make valid interpretations of catchment erosion and detrital influx into the lake. My approach of using integrated structural/morphometric and geomorphic signatures provided clear evidence for active tectonics in this area and demonstrated the suitability of these lacustrine sediments as palaleoseismic archives. The investigations on the lacustrine outcrops in Spiti valley also provided information on changes in seasonality of precipitation and occurrence of frequent and intense periods (ca. 6.8-6.1 cal ka BP) of detrital influx indicating extreme hydrological events in the past. Regional comparison for this time slice indicates a possible extended “break-monsoon like” mode for the monsoon that favors enhanced precipitation over the Tibetan plateau, Himalayas and their foothills. My studies on surface sediments from Lonar lake helped to identify environmentally sensitive proxies which could also be used to interpret palaeodata obtained from a ca. 10m long core raised from the lake in 2008. The core encompasses the entire Holocene and is the first well dated (by 14C) archive from the core monsoon zone of central India. My identification of authigenic evaporite gaylussite crystals within the core sediments provided evidence of exceptionally drier conditions during 4.7-3.9 and 2.0-0.5 cal ka BP. Additionally, isotopic investigations on these crystals provided information on eutrophication, stratification, and carbon cycling processes in the lake.
The study of outcrop modeling is located at the interface between two fields of expertise, Sedimentology and Computing Geoscience, which respectively investigates and simulates geological heterogeneity observed in the sedimentary record. During the last past years, modeling tools and techniques were constantly improved. In parallel, the study of Phanerozoic carbonate deposits emphasized the common occurrence of a random facies distribution along single depositional domain. Although both fields of expertise are intrinsically linked during outcrop simulation, their respective advances have not been combined in literature to enhance carbonate modeling studies. The present study re-examines the modeling strategy adapted to the simulation of shallow-water carbonate systems, based on a close relationship between field sedimentology and modeling capabilities. In the present study, the evaluation of three commonly used algorithms Truncated Gaussian Simulation (TGSim), Sequential Indicator Simulation (SISim), and Indicator Kriging (IK), were performed for the first time using visual and quantitative comparisons on an ideally suited carbonate outcrop. The results show that the heterogeneity of carbonate rocks cannot be fully simulated using one single algorithm. The operating mode of each algorithm involves capabilities as well as drawbacks that are not capable to match all field observations carried out across the modeling area. Two end members in the spectrum of carbonate depositional settings, a low-angle Jurassic ramp (High Atlas, Morocco) and a Triassic isolated platform (Dolomites, Italy), were investigated to obtain a complete overview of the geological heterogeneity in shallow-water carbonate systems. Field sedimentology and statistical analysis performed on the type, morphology, distribution, and association of carbonate bodies and combined with palaeodepositional reconstructions, emphasize similar results. At the basin scale (x 1 km), facies association, composed of facies recording similar depositional conditions, displays linear and ordered transitions between depositional domains. Contrarily, at the bedding scale (x 0.1 km), individual lithofacies type shows a mosaic-like distribution consisting of an arrangement of spatially independent lithofacies bodies along the depositional profile. The increase of spatial disorder from the basin to bedding scale results from the influence of autocyclic factors on the transport and deposition of carbonate sediments. Scale-dependent types of carbonate heterogeneity are linked with the evaluation of algorithms in order to establish a modeling strategy that considers both the sedimentary characteristics of the outcrop and the modeling capabilities. A surface-based modeling approach was used to model depositional sequences. Facies associations were populated using TGSim to preserve ordered trends between depositional domains. At the lithofacies scale, a fully stochastic approach with SISim was applied to simulate a mosaic-like lithofacies distribution. This new workflow is designed to improve the simulation of carbonate rocks, based on the modeling of each scale of heterogeneity individually. Contrarily to simulation methods applied in literature, the present study considers that the use of one single simulation technique is unlikely to correctly model the natural patterns and variability of carbonate rocks. The implementation of different techniques customized for each level of the stratigraphic hierarchy provides the essential computing flexibility to model carbonate systems. Closer feedback between advances carried out in the field of Sedimentology and Computing Geoscience should be promoted during future outcrop simulations for the enhancement of 3-D geological models.
The concept of hydrologic connectivity summarizes all flow processes that link separate regions of a landscape. As such, it is a central theme in the field of catchment hydrology, with influence on neighboring disciplines such as ecology and geomorphology. It is widely acknowledged to be an important key in understanding the response behavior of a catchment and has at the same time inspired research on internal processes over a broad range of scales. From this process-hydrological point of view, hydrological connectivity is the conceptual framework to link local observations across space and scales.
This is the context in which the four studies this thesis comprises of were conducted. The focus was on structures and their spatial organization as important control on preferential subsurface flow. Each experiment covered a part of the conceptualized flow path from hillslopes to the stream: soil profile, hillslope, riparian zone, and stream.
For each study site, the most characteristic structures of the investigated domain and scale, such as slope deposits and peat layers were identified based on preliminary or previous investigations or literature reviews. Additionally, further structural data was collected and topographical analyses were carried out. Flow processes were observed either based on response observations (soil moisture changes or discharge patterns) or direct measurement (advective heat transport). Based on these data, the flow-relevance of the characteristic structures was evaluated, especially with regard to hillslope to stream connectivity.
Results of the four studies revealed a clear relationship between characteristic spatial structures and the hydrological behavior of the catchment. Especially the spatial distribution of structures throughout the study domain and their interconnectedness were crucial for the establishment of preferential flow paths and their relevance for large-scale processes. Plot and hillslope-scale irrigation experiments showed that the macropores of a heterogeneous, skeletal soil enabled preferential flow paths at the scale of centimeters through the otherwise unsaturated soil. These flow paths connected throughout the soil column and across the hillslope and facilitated substantial amounts of vertical and lateral flow through periglacial slope deposits.
In the riparian zone of the same headwater catchment, the connectivity between hillslopes and stream was controlled by topography and the dualism between characteristic subsurface structures and the geomorphological heterogeneity of the stream channel. At the small scale (1 m to 10 m) highest gains always occurred at steps along the longitudinal streambed profile, which also controlled discharge patterns at the large scale (100 m) during base flow conditions (number of steps per section). During medium and high flow conditions, however, the impact of topography and parafluvial flow through riparian zone structures prevailed and dominated the large-scale response patterns.
In the streambed of a lowland river, low permeability peat layers affected the connectivity between surface water and groundwater, but also between surface water and the hyporheic zone. The crucial factor was not the permeability of the streambed itself, but rather the spatial arrangement of flow-impeding peat layers, causing increased vertical flow through narrow “windows” in contrast to predominantly lateral flow in extended areas of high hydraulic conductivity sediments.
These results show that the spatial organization of structures was an important control for hydrological processes at all scales and study areas. In a final step, the observations from different scales and catchment elements were put in relation and compared. The main focus was on the theoretical analysis of the scale hierarchies of structures and processes and the direction of causal dependencies in this context. Based on the resulting hierarchical structure, a conceptual framework was developed which is capable of representing the system’s complexity while allowing for adequate simplifications.
The resulting concept of the parabolic scale series is based on the insight that flow processes in the terrestrial part of the catchment (soil and hillslopes) converge. This means that small-scale processes assemble and form large-scale processes and responses. Processes in the riparian zone and the streambed, however, are not well represented by the idea of convergence. Here, the large-scale catchment signal arrives and is modified by structures in the riparian zone, stream morphology, and the small-scale interactions between surface water and groundwater. Flow paths diverge and processes can better be represented by proceeding from large scales to smaller ones. The catchment-scale representation of processes and structures is thus the conceptual link between terrestrial hillslope processes and processes in the riparian corridor.
The Central Andean region is characterized by diverse climate zones with sharp transitions between them. In this work, the area of interest is the South-Central Andes in northwestern Argentina that borders with Bolivia and Chile. The focus is the observation of soil moisture and water vapour with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) remote-sensing methodologies. Because of the rapid temporal and spatial variations of water vapour and moisture circulations, monitoring this part of the hydrological cycle is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that control the local climate. Moreover, GNSS-based techniques have previously shown high potential and are appropriate for further investigation. This study includes both logistic-organization effort and data analysis. As for the prior, three GNSS ground stations were installed in remote locations in northwestern Argentina to acquire observations, where there was no availability of third-party data.
The methodological development for the observation of the climate variables of soil moisture and water vapour is independent and relies on different approaches. The soil-moisture estimation with GNSS reflectometry is an approximation that has demonstrated promising results, but it has yet to be operationally employed. Thus, a more advanced algorithm that exploits more observations from multiple satellite constellations was developed using data from two pilot stations in Germany. Additionally, this algorithm was slightly modified and used in a sea-level measurement campaign. Although the objective of this application is not related to monitoring hydrological parameters, its methodology is based on the same principles and helps to evaluate the core algorithm. On the other hand, water-vapour monitoring with GNSS observations is a well-established technique that is utilized operationally. Hence, the scope of this study is conducting a meteorological analysis by examining the along-the-zenith air-moisture levels and introducing indices related to the azimuthal gradient.
The results of the experiments indicate higher-quality soil moisture observations with the new algorithm. Furthermore, the analysis using the stations in northwestern Argentina illustrates the limits of this technology because of varying soil conditions and shows future research directions. The water-vapour analysis points out the strong influence of the topography on atmospheric moisture circulation and rainfall generation. Moreover, the GNSS time series allows for the identification of seasonal signatures, and the azimuthal-gradient indices permit the detection of main circulation pathways.
The electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method is widely used to investigate geological, geotechnical, and hydrogeological problems in inland and aquatic environments (i.e., lakes, rivers, and seas). The objective of the ERT method is to obtain reliable resistivity models of the subsurface that can be interpreted in terms of the subsurface structure and petrophysical properties. The reliability of the resulting resistivity models depends not only on the quality of the acquired data, but also on the employed inversion strategy. Inversion of ERT data results in multiple solutions that explain the measured data equally well. Typical inversion approaches rely on different deterministic (local) strategies that consider different smoothing and damping strategies to stabilize the inversion. However, such strategies suffer from the trade-off of smearing possible sharp subsurface interfaces separating layers with resistivity contrasts of up to several orders of magnitude. When prior information (e.g., from outcrops, boreholes, or other geophysical surveys) suggests sharp resistivity variations, it might be advantageous to adapt the parameterization and inversion strategies to obtain more stable and geologically reliable model solutions. Adaptations to traditional local inversions, for example, by using different structural and/or geostatistical constraints, may help to retrieve sharper model solutions. In addition, layer-based model parameterization in combination with local or global inversion approaches can be used to obtain models with sharp boundaries.
In this thesis, I study three typical layered near-surface environments in which prior information is used to adapt 2D inversion strategies to favor layered model solutions. In cooperation with the coauthors of Chapters 2-4, I consider two general strategies. Our first approach uses a layer-based model parameterization and a well-established global inversion strategy to generate ensembles of model solutions and assess uncertainties related to the non-uniqueness of the inverse problem. We apply this method to invert ERT data sets collected in an inland coastal area of northern France (Chapter~2) and offshore of two Arctic regions (Chapter~3). Our second approach consists of using geostatistical regularizations with different correlation lengths. We apply this strategy to a more complex subsurface scenario on a local intermountain alluvial fan in southwestern Germany (Chapter~4). Overall, our inversion approaches allow us to obtain resistivity models that agree with the general geological understanding of the studied field sites. These strategies are rather general and can be applied to various geological environments where a layered subsurface structure is expected. The flexibility of our strategies allows adaptations to invert other kinds of geophysical data sets such as seismic refraction or electromagnetic induction methods, and could be considered for joint inversion approaches.
En el presente trabajo se realizó una investigación multidisciplinaria combinando métodos de geomorfología tectónica con estudios geofisicos y estructurales, focalizados principalmente en la caracterización neotectónica de ambos faldeos de la sierra de La Candelaria y del extremo sur de la cuenca de Metán. La zona de estudio se encuentra ubicada en la región limítrofe entre las provincias de Salta y Tucumán y pertenece a la provincia geológica del Sistema Santa Bárbara.
El principal objetivo consistió en contextualizar las evidencias de actividad tectónica cuaternaria de la región mediante la propuesta de un modelo estructural novedoso, con el propósito de incrementar la información disponible sobre estructuras neotectónicas y su potencial sismogénico. Con este fin, se aplicaron e integraron diversas técnicas tales como la interpretación de líneas sísmicas de reflexión, construcción de secciones estructurales balanceadas, y métodos geofísicos someros, para constatar el comportamiento en profundidad tanto de las estructuras geológicas identificadas en superficie como de las posibles fallas ciegas corticales involucradas.
En primer lugar, se realizó un relevamiento regional del área de estudio empleando imágenes satelitales multiespectrales LANDSAT y SENTINEL 2, que permitieron reconocer diferentes niveles de abanicos aluviales y terrazas fluviales cuaternarios. Mediante la determinación de diferentes indicadores morfométricos en modelos de elevación digital (MED), junto con observaciones de campo, fue posible identificar evidencias de deformación sobre dichos niveles cuaternarios que han sido relacionadas genéticamente con cuatro fallas neotectónicas. Tres de ellas (fallas Arias, El Quemado y Copo Quile) fueron seleccionadas para efectuar estudios de mayor detalle por medio de la aplicación de métodos de geofísica somera (tomografía eléctrica resistiva (ERT) y tomografía sísmica de refracción Sísmica (SRT)), que permitieron corroborar su existencia en profundidad, realizar inferencias geométricas y cinemáticas, y estimar la magnitud de la deformación reciente. Las fallas Arias y El Quemado fueron interpretadas como fallas inversas relacionadas con deslizamiento flexural interstratal, mientras que la falla Copo Quile se interpretó como una falla inversa ciega de bajo ángulo.También se realizó una interpretación conjunta de líneas sísmicas de reflexión y pozos exploratorios pertenecientes a áreas hidrocarburíferas de las cuencas de Choromoro y Metán con el fin de contextualizar las principales estructuras reconocidas en el marco estratigráfico y tectónico regional. Toda la información fue integrada en una sección estructural balanceada mediante técnicas de modelado cinemático. Dicho modelo permite inferir que la deformación cuaternaria reconocida está relacionada al desplazamiento del basamento a lo largo de un corrimiento ciego, responsable del levantamiento de la sierra de La Candelaria y el cerr Cantero. Asimismo, el modelo cinemático permite interpretar la ubicación aproximada de los principales niveles de despegue que controlan el estilo de deformación. El nivel de despegue más somero, que controla la deformación de la cobertura sedimentaria se encuentra a 4 km de profundidad, a 21 km se estima la presencia de otra zona de cizalla subhorizontal dentro del basamento.
Finalmente, a partir de la integración de todos los resultados obtenidos, se evaluó el potencial sismogénico de las fallas en la zona de estudio. Las fallas de primer orden que controlan la deformación en la zona son las responsables de los grandes terremotos. Mientras, las fallas Cuaternarias flexodeslizantes e inversas afectan solamente a la cobertura sedimentaria y serían estructuras de segundo orden que acomodan la deformación y fueron activadas durante el cuaternario con movimientos asísmicos y/o sísmicos de muy baja magnitud.
Estos resultados permiten inferir que el corrimiento La Candelaria constituye una fuente sismogénica potencial de importancia para la región, donde se ubican numerosas poblaciones y obras civiles de envergadura. Por otra parte, la sección estructural balanceada implica la presencia de otras fallas ciegas de distinto orden de magnitud que podrían ser posibles fuentes sismogénicas profundas adicionales, marcando la necesidad de continuar con el desarrollo de este tipo de estudios en esta región tectónicamente activa.
The Central Pontides is an accretionary-type orogenic area within the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt characterized by pre-collisional tectonic continental growth. The region comprises Mesozoic subduction-accretionary complexes and an accreted intra-oceanic arc that are sandwiched between the Laurasian active continental margin and Gondwana-derived the Kırşehir Block. The subduction-accretion complexes mainly consist of an Albian-Turonian accretionary wedge representing the Laurasian active continental margin. To the north, the wedge consists of slate/phyllite and metasandstone intercalation with recrystallized limestone, Na-amphibole-bearing metabasite (PT= 7–12 kbar and 400 ± 70 ºC) and tectonic slices of serpentinite representing accreted distal part of a large Lower Cretaceous submarine turbidite fan deposited on the Laurasian active continental margin that was subsequently accreted and metamorphosed. Raman spectra of carbonaceous material (RSCM) of the metapelitic rocks revealed that the metaflysch sequence consists of metamorphic packets with distinct peak metamorphic temperatures. The majority of the metapelites are low-temperature (ca. 330 °C) slates characterized by lack of differentiation of the graphite (G) and D2 defect bands. They possibly represent offscraped distal turbidites along the toe of the Albian accretionary wedge. The rest are phyllites that are characterized by slightly pronounced G band with D2 defect band occurring on its shoulder. Peak metamorphic temperatures of these phyllites are constrained to 370-385 °C. The phyllites are associated with a strip of incipient blueschist facies metabasites which are found as slivers within the offscraped distal turbidites. They possibly represent underplated continental metasediments together with oceanic crustal basalt along the basal décollement. Tectonic emplacement of the underplated rocks into the offscraped distal turbidites was possibly achieved by out-of-sequence thrusting causing tectonic thickening and uplift of the wedge. 40Ar/39Ar phengite ages from the phyllites are ca. 100 Ma, indicating Albian subduction and regional HP metamorphism.
The accreted continental metasediments are underlain by HP/LT metamorphic rocks of oceanic origin along an extensional shear zone. The oceanic metamorphic sequence mainly comprises tectonically thickened deep-seated eclogite to blueschist facies metabasites and micaschists. In the studied area, metabasites are epidote-blueschists locally with garnet (PT= 17 ± 1 kbar and 500 ± 40 °C). Lawsonite-blueschists are exposed as blocks along the extensional shear zone (PT= 14 ± 2 kbar and 370–440 °C). They are possibly associated with low shear stress regime of the initial stage of convergence. Close to the shear zone, the footwall micaschists consist of quartz, phengite, paragonite, chlorite, rutile with syn-kinematic albite porphyroblast formed by pervasive shearing during exhumation. These types of micaschists are tourmaline-bearing and their retrograde nature suggests high-fluid flux along shear zones. Peak metamorphic mineral assemblages are partly preserved in the chloritoid-micaschist farther away from the shear zone representing the zero strain domains during exhumation. Three peak metamorphic assemblages are identified and their PT conditions are constrained by pseudosections produced by Theriak-Domino and by Raman spectra of carbonaceous material: 1) garnet-chloritoid-glaucophane with lawsonite pseudomorphs (P= 17.5 ± 1 kbar, T: 390-450 °C) 2) chloritoid with glaucophane pseudomorphs (P= 16-18 kbar, T: 475 ± 40 °C) and 3) relatively high-Mg chloritoid (17%) with jadeite pseudomorphs (P= 22-25 kbar; T: 440 ± 30 °C) in addition to phengite, paragonite, quartz, chlorite, rutile and apatite. The last mineral assemblage is interpreted as transformation of the chloritoid + glaucophane assemblage to chloritoid + jadeite paragenesis with increasing pressure. Absence of tourmaline suggests that the chloritoid-micaschist did not interact with B-rich fluids during zero strain exhumation. 40Ar/39Ar phengite age of a pervasively sheared footwall micaschist is constrained to 100.6 ± 1.3 Ma and that of a chloritoid-micaschist is constrained to 91.8 ± 1.8 Ma suggesting exhumation during on-going subduction with a southward younging of the basal accretion and the regional metamorphism. To the south, accretionary wedge consists of blueschist and greenschist facies metabasite, marble and volcanogenic metasediment intercalation. 40Ar/39Ar phengite dating reveals that this part of the wedge is of Middle Jurassic age partly overprinted during the Albian. Emplacement of the Middle Jurassic subduction-accretion complexes is possibly associated with obliquity of the Albian convergence.
Peak metamorphic assemblages and PT estimates of the deep-seated oceanic metamorphic sequence suggest tectonic stacking within wedge with different depths of burial. Coupling and exhumation of the distinct metamorphic slices are controlled by decompression of the wedge possibly along a retreating slab. Structurally, decompression of the wedge is evident by an extensional shear zone and the footwall micaschists with syn-kinematic albite porphyroblasts. Post-kinematic garnets with increasing grossular content and pseudomorphing minerals within the chloritoid-micaschists also support decompression model without an extra heating.
Thickening of subduction-accretionary complexes is attributed to i) significant amount of clastic sediment supply from the overriding continental domain and ii) deep level basal underplating by propagation of the décollement along a retreating slab. Underplating by basal décollement propagation and subsequent exhumation of the deep-seated subduction-accretion complexes are connected and controlled by slab rollback creating a necessary space for progressive basal accretion along the plate interface and extension of the wedge above for exhumation of the tectonically thickened metamorphic sequences. This might be the most common mechanism of the tectonic thickening and subsequent exhumation of deep-seated HP/LT subduction-accretion complexes.
To the south, the Albian-Turonian accretionary wedge structurally overlies a low-grade volcanic arc sequence consisting of low-grade metavolcanic rocks and overlying metasedimentary succession is exposed north of the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture (İAES), separating Laurasia from Gondwana-derived terranes. The metavolcanic rocks mainly consist of basaltic andesite/andesite and mafic cognate xenolith-bearing rhyolite with their pyroclastic equivalents, which are interbedded with recrystallized pelagic limestone and chert. The metavolcanic rocks are stratigraphically overlain by recrystallized micritic limestone with rare volcanogenic metaclastic rocks. Two groups can be identified based on trace and rare earth element characteristics. The first group consists of basaltic andesite/andesite (BA1) and rhyolite with abundant cognate gabbroic xenoliths. It is characterized by relative enrichment of LREE with respect to HREE. The rocks are enriched in fluid mobile LILE, and strongly depleted in Ti and P reflecting fractionation of Fe-Ti oxides and apatite, which are found in the mafic cognate xenoliths. Abundant cognate gabbroic xenoliths and identical trace and rare earth elements compositions suggest that rhyolites and basaltic andesites/andesites (BA1) are cogenetic and felsic rocks were derived from a common mafic parental magma by fractional crystallization and accumulation processes. The second group consists only of basaltic andesites (BA2) with flat REE pattern resembling island arc tholeiites. Although enriched in LILE, this group is not depleted in Ti or P.
Geochemistry of the metavolcanic rocks indicates supra-subduction volcanism evidenced by depletion of HFSE and enrichment of LILE. The arc sequence is sandwiched between an Albian-Turonian subduction-accretionary complex representing the Laurasian active margin and an ophiolitic mélange. Absence of continent derived detritus in the arc sequence and its tectonic setting in a wide Cretaceous accretionary complex suggest that the Kösdağ Arc was intra-oceanic. This is in accordance with basaltic andesites (BA2) with island arc tholeiite REE pattern.
Zircons from two metarhyolite samples give Late Cretaceous (93.8 ± 1.9 and 94.4 ± 1.9 Ma) U/Pb ages. Low-grade regional metamorphism of the intra-oceanic arc sequence is constrained 69.9 ± 0.4 Ma by 40Ar/39Ar dating on metamorphic muscovite from a metarhyolite indicating that the arc sequence became part of a wide Tethyan Cretaceous accretionary complex by the latest Cretaceous. The youngest 40Ar/39Ar phengite age from the overlying subduction-accretion complexes is 92 Ma confirming southward younging of an accretionary-type orogenic belt. Hence, the arc sequence represents an intra-oceanic paleo-arc that formed above the sinking Tethyan slab and finally accreted to Laurasian active continental margin. Abrupt non-collisional termination of arc volcanism was possibly associated with southward migration of the arc volcanism similar to the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc system.
The intra-oceanic Kösdağ Arc is coeval with the obducted supra-subduction ophiolites in NW Turkey suggesting that it represents part of the presumed but missing incipient intra-oceanic arc associated with the generation of the regional supra-subduction ophiolites. Remnants of a Late Cretaceous intra-oceanic paleo-arc and supra-subduction ophiolites can be traced eastward within the Alp-Himalayan orogenic belt. This reveals that Late Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction occurred as connected event above the sinking Tethyan slab. It resulted as arc accretion to Laurasian active margin and supra-subduction ophiolite obduction on Gondwana-derived terranes.
Several mechanisms are proposed to be part of the earthquake triggering process, including static stress interactions and dynamic stress transfer. Significant differences of these mechanisms are particularly expected in the spatial distribution of aftershocks. However, testing the different hypotheses is challenging because it requires the consideration of the large uncertainties involved in stress calculations as well as the appropriate consideration of secondary aftershock triggering which is related to stress changes induced by smaller pre- and aftershocks. In order to evaluate the forecast capability of different mechanisms, I take the effect of smaller--magnitude earthquakes into account by using the epidemic type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model where the spatial probability distribution of direct aftershocks, if available, is correlated to alternative source information and mechanisms. Surface shaking, rupture geometry, and slip distributions are tested. As an approximation of the shaking level, ShakeMaps are used which are available in near real-time after a mainshock and thus could be used for first-order forecasts of the spatial aftershock distribution. Alternatively, the use of empirical decay laws related to minimum fault distance is tested and Coulomb stress change calculations based on published and random slip models. For comparison, the likelihood values of the different model combinations are analyzed in the case of several well-known aftershock sequences (1992 Landers, 1999 Hector Mine, 2004 Parkfield). The tests show that the fault geometry is the most valuable information for improving aftershock forecasts. Furthermore, they reveal that static stress maps can additionally improve the forecasts of off--fault aftershock locations, while the integration of ground shaking data could not upgrade the results significantly. In the second part of this work, I focused on a procedure to test the information content of inverted slip models. This allows to quantify the information gain if this kind of data is included in aftershock forecasts. For this purpose, the ETAS model based on static stress changes, which is introduced in part one, is applied. The forecast ability of the models is systematically tested for several earthquake sequences and compared to models using random slip distributions. The influence of subfault resolution and segment strike and dip is tested. Some of the tested slip models perform very good, in that cases almost no random slip models are found to perform better. Contrastingly, for some of the published slip models, almost all random slip models perform better than the published slip model. Choosing a different subfault resolution hardly influences the result, as long the general slip pattern is still reproducible. Whereas different strike and dip values strongly influence the results depending on the standard deviation chosen, which is applied in the process of randomly selecting the strike and dip values.
This thesis work describes a new experimental method for the determination of Mode II (shear) fracture toughness, KIIC of rock and compares the outcome to results from Mode I (tensile) fracture toughness, KIC, testing using the International Society of Rock Mechanics Chevron-Bend method.Critical Mode I fracture growth at ambient conditions was studied by carrying out a series of experiments on a sandstone at different loading rates. The mechanical and microstructural data show that time- and loading rate dependent crack growth occurs in the test material at constant energy requirement.The newly developed set-up for determination of the Mode II fracture toughness is called the Punch-Through Shear test. Notches were drilled to the end surfaces of core samples. An axial load punches down the central cylinder introducing a shear load in the remaining rock bridge. To the mantle of the cores a confining pressure may be applied. The application of confining pressure favours the growth of Mode II fractures as large pressures suppress the growth of tensile cracks.Variation of geometrical parameters leads to an optimisation of the PTS- geometry. Increase of normal load on the shear zone increases KIIC bi-linear. High slope is observed at low confining pressures; at pressures above 30 MPa low slope increase is evident. The maximum confining pressure applied is 70 MPa. The evolution of fracturing and its change with confining pressure is described.The existence of Mode II fracture in rock is a matter of debate in the literature. Comparison of the results from Mode I and Mode II testing, mainly regarding the resulting fracture pattern, and correlation analysis of KIC and KIIC to physico-mechanical parameters emphasised the differences between the response of rock to Mode I and Mode II loading. On the microscale, neither the fractures resulting from Mode I the Mode II loading are pure mode fractures. On macroscopic scale, Mode I and Mode II do exist.
Antarctic glacier forfields are extreme environments and pioneer sites for ecological succession. The Antarctic continent shows microbial community development as a natural laboratory because of its special environment, geographic isolation and little anthropogenic influence. Increasing temperatures due to global warming lead to enhanced deglaciation processes in cold-affected habitats and new terrain is becoming exposed to soil formation and accessible for microbial colonisation. This study aims to understand the structure and development of glacier forefield bacterial communities, especially how soil parameters impact the microorganisms and how those are adapted to the extreme conditions of the habitat. To this effect, a combination of cultivation experiments, molecular, geophysical and geochemical analysis was applied to examine two glacier forfields of the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. Culture-independent molecular tools such as terminal restriction length polymorphism (T-RFLP), clone libraries and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were used to determine bacterial diversity and distribution. Cultivation of yet unknown species was carried out to get insights in the physiology and adaptation of the microorganisms. Adaptation strategies of the microorganisms were studied by determining changes of the cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) inventory of an isolated bacterium in response to temperature and pH fluctuations and by measuring enzyme activity at low temperature in environmental soil samples. The two studied glacier forefields are extreme habitats characterised by low temperatures, low water availability and small oligotrophic nutrient pools and represent sites of different bacterial succession in relation to soil parameters. The investigated sites showed microbial succession at an early step of soil formation near the ice tongue in comparison to closely located but rather older and more developed soil from the forefield. At the early step the succession is influenced by a deglaciation-dependent areal shift of soil parameters followed by a variable and prevalently depth-related distribution of the soil parameters that is driven by the extreme Antarctic conditions. The dominant taxa in the glacier forefields are Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi. The connection of soil characteristics with bacterial community structure showed that soil parameter and soil formation along the glacier forefield influence the distribution of certain phyla. In the early step of succession the relative undifferentiated bacterial diversity reflects the undifferentiated soil development and has a high potential to shift according to past and present environmental conditions. With progressing development environmental constraints such as water or carbon limitation have a greater influence. Adapting the culturing conditions to the cold and oligotrophic environment, the number of culturable heterotrophic bacteria reached up to 108 colony forming units per gram soil and 148 isolates were obtained. Two new psychrotolerant bacteria, Herbaspirillum psychrotolerans PB1T and Chryseobacterium frigidisoli PB4T, were characterised in detail and described as novel species in the family of Oxalobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae, respectively. The isolates are able to grow at low temperatures tolerating temperature fluctuations and they are not specialised to a certain substrate, therefore they are well-adapted to the cold and oligotrophic environment. The adaptation strategies of the microorganisms were analysed in environmental samples and cultures focussing on extracellular enzyme activity at low temperature and PLFA analyses. Extracellular phosphatases (pH 11 and pH 6.5), β-glucosidase, invertase and urease activity were detected in the glacier forefield soils at low temperature (14°C) catalysing the conversion of various compounds providing necessary substrates and may further play a role in the soil formation and total carbon turnover of the habitat. The PLFA analysis of the newly isolated species C. frigidisoli showed that the cold-adapted strain develops different strategies to maintain the cell membrane function under changing environmental conditions by altering the PLFA inventory at different temperatures and pH values. A newly discovered fatty acid, which was not found in any other microorganism so far, significantly increased at decreasing temperature and low pH and thus plays an important role in the adaption of C. frigidisoli. This work gives insights into the diversity, distribution and adaptation mechanisms of microbial communities in oligotrophic cold-affected soils and shows that Antarctic glacier forefields are suitable model systems to study bacterial colonisation in connection to soil formation.
Foreland-basin systems are excellent archives to decipher the feedbacks between surface and tectonic processes in orogens. The sedimentary architecture of a foreland-basin system reflects the balance between tectonic subsidence causing long-term accommodation space and sediment influx corresponding to efficiency of erosion and mass-redistribution processes. In order to explore the effects of climatic and tectonic forcing in such a system, I investigated the Oligo-Miocene foreland-basin sediments of the southern Alborz mountains, an intracontinental orogen in northern Iran, related to the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision. This work includes absolute dating methods such as 40Ar/39Ar and zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronology, magnetostratigraphy, sedimentological analysis, sandstone and conglomerate provenance study, carbon and oxygen isotope analysis, and clay mineralogy study. Results show a systematic correlation between coarsening-upward cycles and sediment accumulation rates in the basin on 105 to 106yr time scales. During thrust loading phases, the coarse-grained fraction supplied by the uplifting range is stored in the proximal part of the basin (sedimentary facies retrogradation), while fine-grained sediments are deposited in distal sectors. Variations in sediment provenance during these phases of enhanced tectonic activity give evidence for erosional unroofing phases and/or drainage-reorganization events. In addition, enhanced tectonic activity promoted the growth of topography and associated orographic barrier effects, as demonstrated by sedimentologic indicators and the analysis of stable C and O isotopes from calcareous paleosols and lacustrine/palustrine samples. Extensive progradation of coarse-grained deposits occurs during phases of decreased subsidence, when the coarse-grained fraction supplied by the uplifting range cannot be completely stored in the proximal part of the basin. In this environment, a reduction in basin subsidence is associated with laterally stacked fluvial channel deposits, and is related to intra-foreland uplift, as documented by growth strata, tectonic tilting, and sediment reworking. Increase in sediment accumulation rate associated with progradation of vertically-stacked coarse-grained fluvial channels also occurs. Paleosol O-isotope data shows that this increase is related to wetter climatic phases, suggesting that surface processes are more efficient and exhumation rates increase, giving rise to a positive feedback. Furthermore, isotopic and sedimentologic data show that starting from 10-9 Ma, climate became less arid with an increase in seasonality of precipitation. Because important changes were also recorded in the Mediterranean Sea and Asia at that time, the evidence for climatic variability observed in the Alborz mountains most likely reflects changes in Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation patterns. This study has additional implications for the evolution of the Alborz mountains and the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone. At the orogenic scale, the locus of deformation did not move steadily southward, but stepped forward and backward since Oligocene time. In particular, from ~ 17.5 to 6.2 Ma the orogen grew by a combination of frontal accretion and wedge-internal deformation on time scales of ca. 0.7 to 2 m.y. Moreover, the provenance data suggest that prior to 10-9 Ma the shortening direction changed from NW-SE to NNE-SSW, in agreement with structural data. On the scale of the entire collision zone, the evolution of the studied basins and adjacent mountain ranges suggests a new geodynamic model for the evolution of the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone. Numerous sedimentary basins in the Alborz mountains and in other locations of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone record a change from a tensional (transtensional) to a compressional (transpressional) tectonic setting by ~ 36 Ma. I interpret this to reflect the onset of subduction of the stretched Arabian continental lithosphere beneath central Iran, leading to moderate plate coupling and lower- and upper-plate deformation (soft continental collision). The increase in deformation rates in the southern Alborz mountains from ~ 17.5 Ma suggests that significant upper-plate deformation must have started by the early Miocene most likely in response to an increase in degree of plate coupling. I suggest that this was related to the subduction of thicker Arabian continental lithosphere and the consequent onset of hard continental collision. This model reconciles the apparent lag time of 15-20 m.y between the late Eocene to early Oligocene age for the initial Arabia-Eurasia continental collision and the onset of widespread deformation across the collision zone to the north in early to late Miocene time.
Intracontinental deformation usually is a result of tectonic forces associated with distant plate collisions. In general, the evolution of mountain ranges and basins in this environment is strongly controlled by the distribution and geometries of preexisting structures. Thus, predictive models usually fail in forecasting the deformation evolution in these kinds of settings. Detailed information on each range and basin-fill is vital to comprehend the evolution of intracontinental mountain belts and basins. In this dissertation, I have investigated the complex Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the western Tien Shan in Central Asia, which is one of the most active intracontinental ranges in the world. The work presented here combines a broad array of datasets, including thermo- and geochronology, paleoenvironmental interpretations, sediment provenance and subsurface interpretations in order to track changes in tectonic deformation. Most of the identified changes are connected and can be related to regional-scale processes that governed the evolution of the western Tien Shan.
The NW-SE trending Talas-Fergana fault (TFF) separates the western from the central Tien Shan and constitutes a world-class example of the influence of preexisting anisotropies on the subsequent structural development of a contractile orogen. While to the east most of ranges and basins have a sub-parallel E-W trend, the triangular-shaped Fergana basin forms a substantial feature in the western Tien Shan morphology with ranges on all three sides. In this thesis, I present 55 new thermochronologic ages (apatite fission track and zircon (U-Th)/He)) used to constrain exhumation histories of several mountain ranges in the western Tien Shan. At the same time, I analyzed the Fergana basin-fill looking for progressive changes in sedimentary paleoenvironments, source areas and stratal geometrical configurations in the subsurface and outcrops.
The data presented in this thesis suggests that low cooling rates (<1°C Myr-1), calm depositional environments, and low depositional rates (<10 m Myr-1) were widely distributed across the western Tien Shan, describing a quiescent tectonic period throughout the Paleogene. Increased cooling rates in the late Cenozoic occurred diachronously and with variable magnitudes in different ranges. This rapid cooling stage is interpreted to represent increased erosion caused by active deformation and constrains the onset of Cenozoic deformation in the western Tien Shan. Time-temperature histories derived from the northwestern Tien Shan samples show an increase in cooling rates by ~25 Ma. This event is correlated with a synchronous pulse
iv
in the South Tien Shan. I suggest that strike-slip motion along the TFF commenced at the Oligo-Miocene boundary, facilitating CCW rotation of the Fergana basin and enabling exhumation of the linked horsetail splays. Higher depositional rates (~150 m Myr-1) in the Oligo-Miocene section (Massaget Fm.) of the Fergana basin suggest synchronous deformation in the surrounding ranges. The central Alai Range also experienced rapid cooling around this time, suggesting that the onset of intramontane basin fragmentation and isolation is coeval. These results point to deformation starting simultaneously in the late Oligocene – early Miocene in geographically distant mountain ranges. I suggest that these early uplifts are controlled by reactivated structures (like the TFF), which are probably the frictionally weakest and most-suitably oriented for accommodating and transferring N-S horizontal shortening along the western Tien Shan.
Afterwards, in the late Miocene (~10 Ma), a period of renewed rapid cooling affected the Tien Shan and most mountain ranges and inherited structures started to actively deform. This episode is widely distributed and an increase in exhumation is interpreted in most of the sampled ranges. Moreover, the Pliocene section in the basin subsurface shows the higher depositional rates (>180 m Myr-1) and higher energy facies. The deformation and exhumation increase further contributed to intramontane basin partitioning. Overall, the interpretation is that the Tien Shan and much of Central Asia suffered a global increase in the rate of horizontal crustal shortening. Previously, stress transfer along the rigid Tarim block or Pamir indentation has been proposed to account for Himalayan hinterland deformation. However, the extent of the episode requires a different and broader geodynamic driver.
The Southern Central Andes (33°-36°S) are an excellent natural laboratory to study orogenic deformation processes, where boundary conditions, such as the geometry of the subducted plate, impose an important control on the evolution of the orogen. On the other hand, the South American plate presents a series of heterogeneities that additionally impart control on the mode of deformation. This thesis aims to test the control of this last factor over the construction of the Cenozoic Andean orogenic system.
From the integration of surface and subsurface information in the southern area (34-36°S), the evolution of Andean deformation over the steeply dipping subduction segment was studied. A structural model was developed evaluating the stress state from the Miocene to the present-day and its influence in the migration of magmatic fluids and hydrocarbons. Based on these data, together with the data generated by other researchers in the northern zone of the study area (33-34°S), geodynamic numerical modeling was performed to test the hypothesis of the decisive role of upper-plate heterogeneities in the Andean evolution. Geodynamic codes (LAPEX-2D and ASPECT) which simulate the behavior of materials with elasto-visco-plastic rheologies under deformation, were used. The model results suggest that upper-plate contractional deformation is significantly controlled by the strength of the lithosphere, which is defined by the composition of the upper and lower crust, and by the proportion of lithospheric mantle, which in turn is determined by previous tectonic events. In addition, the previous regional tectono-magmatic events also defined the composition of the crust and its geometry, which is another factor that controls the localization of deformation. Accordingly, with more felsic lower crustal composition, the deformation follows a pure-shear mode, while more mafic compositions induce a simple-shear deformation mode. On the other hand, it was observed that initial lithospheric thickness may fundamentally control the location of deformation, with zones characterized by thin lithosphere are prone to concentrate it. Finally, it was found that an asymmetric lithosphere-astenosphere boundary resulting from corner flow in the mantle wedge of the eastward-directed subduction zone tends to generate east-vergent detachments.
Surface displacement at volcanic edifices is related to subsurface processes associated with magma movements, fluid transfers within the volcano edifice and gravity-driven deformation processes. Understanding of associated ground displacements is of importance for assessment of volcanic hazards. For example, volcanic unrest is often preceded by surface uplift, caused by magma intrusion and followed by subsidence, after the withdrawal of magma. Continuous monitoring of the surface displacement at volcanoes therefore might allow the forecasting of upcoming eruptions to some extent. In geophysics, the measured surface displacements allow the parameters of possible deformation sources to be estimated through analytical or numerical modeling. This is one way to improve the understanding of subsurface processes acting at volcanoes. Although the monitoring of volcanoes has significantly improved in the last decades (in terms of technical advancements and number of monitored volcanoes), the forecasting of volcanic eruptions remains puzzling. In this work I contribute towards the understanding of the subsurface processes at volcanoes and thus to the improvement of volcano eruption forecasting. I have investigated the displacement field of Llaima volcano in Chile and of Tendürek volcano in East Turkey by using synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR). Through modeling of the deformation sources with the extracted displacement data, it was possible to gain insights into potential subsurface processes occurring at these two volcanoes that had been barely studied before. The two volcanoes, although of very different origin, composition and geometry, both show a complexity of interacting deformation sources. At Llaima volcano, the InSAR technique was difficult to apply, due to the large decorrelation of the radar signal between the acquisition of images. I developed a model-based unwrapping scheme, which allows the production of reliable displacement maps at the volcano that I used for deformation source modeling. The modeling results show significant differences in pre- and post-eruptive magmatic deformation source parameters. Therefore, I conjecture that two magma chambers exist below Llaima volcano: a post-eruptive deep one and a shallow one possibly due to the pre-eruptive ascent of magma. Similar reservoir depths at Llaima have been confirmed by independent petrologic studies. These reservoirs are interpreted to be temporally coupled. At Tendürek volcano I have found long-term subsidence of the volcanic edifice, which can be described by a large, magmatic, sill-like source that is subject to cooling contraction. The displacement data in conjunction with high-resolution optical images, however, reveal arcuate fractures at the eastern and western flank of the volcano. These are most likely the surface expressions of concentric ring-faults around the volcanic edifice that show low magnitudes of slip over a long time. This might be an alternative mechanism for the development of large caldera structures, which are so far assumed to be generated during large catastrophic collapse events. To investigate the potential subsurface geometry and relation of the two proposed interacting sources at Tendürek, a sill-like magmatic source and ring-faults, I have performed a more sophisticated numerical modeling approach. The optimum source geometries show, that the size of the sill-like source was overestimated in the simple models and that it is difficult to determine the dip angle of the ring-faults with surface displacement data only. However, considering physical and geological criteria a combination of outward-dipping reverse faults in the west and inward-dipping normal faults in the east seem to be the most likely. Consequently, the underground structure at the Tendürek volcano consists of a small, sill-like, contracting, magmatic source below the western summit crater that causes a trapdoor-like faulting along the ring-faults around the volcanic edifice. Therefore, the magmatic source and the ring-faults are also interpreted to be temporally coupled. In addition, a method for data reduction has been improved. The modeling of subsurface deformation sources requires only a relatively small number of well distributed InSAR observations at the earth’s surface. Satellite radar images, however, consist of several millions of these observations. Therefore, the large amount of data needs to be reduced by several orders of magnitude for source modeling, to save computation time and increase model flexibility. I have introduced a model-based subsampling approach in particular for heterogeneously-distributed observations. It allows a fast calculation of the data error variance-covariance matrix, also supports the modeling of time dependent displacement data and is, therefore, an alternative to existing methods.