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Previous studies suggested that electric and/or magnetic field fluctuations observed in the nighttime topside ionosphere at midlatitudes generally originate from quiet time nocturnal medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). However, decisive evidences for the connection between the two have been missing. In this study we make use of the multispacecraft observations of midlatitude magnetic fluctuations (MMFs) in the nighttime topside ionosphere by the Swarm constellation. The analysis results show that the area hosting MMFs is elongated in the NW-SE (NE-SW) direction in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. The elongation direction and the magnetic field polarization support that the area hosting MMFs is nearly field aligned. All these properties of MMFs suggest that they have close relationship with MSTIDs. Expectation values of root-mean-square field-aligned currents associated with MMFs are up to about 4nA/m(2). MMF coherency significantly drops for longitudinal distances of 1 degrees.
Patentpools
(2015)
Elisabeth Eppinger erforscht in diesem Buch aktuelle Patentpools, ihre Eigenschaften und alternative Lösungen zur gemeinsamen Nutzung von Patenten. Patentpools haben das Potenzial, Patentblockaden zu lösen und Innovationen zu fördern. Die Autorin diskutiert die Rolle von Patentkooperationen im Rahmen des strategischen Technologie- und Innovationsmanagements sowie der Innovationsförderung. Es wird gezeigt, welche strukturellen Faktoren, Motive und Charakteristika von Akteuren unterschiedliche Patentpools begünstigen
We propose a fibre-based approach for generation of optical frequency combs (OFCs) with the aim of calibration of astronomical spectrographs in the low and medium-resolution range. This approach includes two steps: in the first step, an appropriate state of optical pulses is generated and subsequently moulded in the second step delivering the desired OFC. More precisely, the first step is realised by injection of two continuous-wave (CW) lasers into a conventional single-mode fibre, whereas the second step generates a broad OFC by using the optical solitons generated in step one as initial condition. We investigate the conversion of a bichromatic input wave produced by two initial CW lasers into a train of optical solitons, which happens in the fibre used as step one. Especially, we are interested in the soliton content of the pulses created in this fibre. For that, we study different initial conditions (a single cosine-hump, an Akhmediev breather, and a deeply modulated bichromatic wave) by means of soliton radiation beat analysis and compare the results to draw conclusion about the soliton content of the state generated in the first step. In case of a deeply modulated bichromatic wave, we observed the formation of a collective soliton crystal for low input powers and the appearance of separated solitons for high input powers. An intermediate state showing the features of both, the soliton crystal and the separated solitons, turned out to be most suitable for the generation of OFC for the purpose of calibration of astronomical spectrographs.
The genetic integrity of each organism depends on the faithful segregation of its genome during mitosis. To meet this challenge, a cellular surveillance mechanism, termed the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), evolved that monitors the correct attachment of chromosomes and blocks progression through mitosis if corrections are needed. While the central role of the SAC for genome integrity is well established, its functional dissection has been hampered by the limited availability of appropriate small molecule inhibitors. Using a fluorescence polarization-based screen, we identify Mad2 inhibitor-1 (M2I-1), the first small molecule inhibitor targeting the binding of Mad2 to Cdc20, an essential protein-protein interaction (PPI) within the SAC. Based on computational and biochemical analyses, we propose that M2I-1 disturbs conformational dynamics of Mad2 critical for complex formation with Cdc20. Cellular studies revealed that M2I-1 weakens the SAC response, indicating that the compound might be active in cells. Thus, our study identifies the SAC specific complex formation between Mad2 and Cdc20 as a protein-protein interaction that can be targeted by small molecules.
Spatio-temporal control of cellular uptake achieved by photoswitchable cell-penetrating peptides
(2015)
The selective uptake of compounds into specific cells of interest is a major objective in cell biology and drug delivery. By incorporation of a novel, thermostable azobenzene moiety we generated peptides that can be switched optically between an inactive state and an active, cell-penetrating state with excellent spatio-temporal control.
Zweimal Kyros
(2015)
«Kyros» taucht als Fürstenname dreimal in der Überlieferung des Perserreiches auf. Der Historiker Xenophon von Athen (427–ca. 355 v. Chr.) hat in seinen Schriften über zwei Träger dieses Namens berichtet und sie durchaus unterschiedlich bewertet: Kyros II. («der Große»), Mehrer des Reiches, sowie ein Jahrhundert später Kyros, Sohn des Dareios und jüngerer Bruder des Perserkönigs Artaxerxes II. Der ältere Kyros ist namengebender Protagonist eines Fürstenspiegels (der Kyropädie), wird also grundsätzlich positiv und als ein Vorbild für andere dargestellt. Am erfolglosen Kampf des jüngeren Kyros um die Krone des Perserreichs hatte Xenophon als Offizier griechischer Söldner selbst teilgenommen. Aus dem Vergleich von Darstellung und Bewertung der beiden Fürsten lassen sich die Ansprüche Xenophons an einen idealen Herrscher ableiten, was hier unternommen werden soll. Zugleich ermöglichen diese Ergebnisse, Xenophon als Historiker und politischen Denker in der zeitgenössischen Debatte um die beste Staatsform einzubetten.
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the most important multilateral institutions having the ambition to shape global governance and the only organ of the global community that can adopt legally binding resolutions for the maintenance of international peace and security and, if necessary, authorize the use of force. Created in the aftermath of World War II by its victors, the UNSC’s constellation looks increasingly anachronistic, however, in light of the changing global distribution of power. Adapting the institutional structure and decision-making procedures of the UNSC has proven to be one of the most difficult challenges of the last decades, while it is the institution that has probably been faced with the most vociferous calls for reform. Although there have been changes to the informal ways in which outside actors are drawn into the UNSC’s work and activities, many of the major players in the current international system seem to be deprived from equal treatment in its core patterns of decision-making. Countries such as Brazil, Germany, India and Japan, alongside emerging African nations such as Nigeria and South Africa, are among the states eager to secure permanent representation on the Council. By comparison, selected BRICS countries, China and Russia - in contrast to their role in other multilateral institutions - are permanent members of the UNSC and with this, have been “insiders” for a long time. This renders the situation of the UNSC different from global institutions, in which traditionally, Western powers have dominated the agenda.
Prozessorientierte Didaktik
(2015)
n diesem Beitrag finden Sie ein von mir entwickeltes Konzept zum Lehren und Lernen in der Schule1. Ich nenne dieses Konzept prozessorientierte Didaktik. Ich habe die Hoffnung, gemeinsam mit Ihnen als Lehrer oder Lehramtsstudierende, aber auch mit Eltern, Wissenschaftlern, Experten für Bildung und Schülern, einen Beitrag zur Verbesserung unserer Schulpraxis zu leisten. Dass Schule sich bereits im Wandel befindet und wunderbar gelingen kann, sieht man beispielsweise an den Preisträgern des Deutschen Schulpreises. Leider sind diese Schulen immer noch in der Minderheit. Dieses Verhältnis umzukehren ist eine unserer größten Bildungsaufgaben für die nächsten Jahrzehnte.
It is well established in language acquisition research that monolingual children and adult second language learners misinterpret sentences with the universal quantifier every and make quantifier-spreading errors that are attributed to a preference for a match in number between two sets of objects. The present Visual World eye-tracking study tested bilingual heritage Russian-English adults and investigated how they interpret of sentences like Every alligator lies in a bathtub in both languages. Participants performed a sentence-picture verification task while their eye movements were recorded. Pictures showed three pairs of alligators in bathtubs and two extra objects: elephants (Control condition), bathtubs (Overexhaustive condition), or alligators (Underexhaustive condition). Monolingual adults performed at ceiling in all conditions. Heritage language (HL) adults made 20% q-spreading errors, but only in the Overexhaustive condition, and when they made an error they spent more time looking at the two extra bathtubs during the Verb region. We attribute q-spreading in HL speakers to cognitive overload caused by the necessity to integrate conflicting sources of information, i.e. the spoken sentences in their weaker, heritage, language and attention-demanding visual context, that differed with respect to referential salience.
Permafrost inundated since the last glacial maximum is degrading, potentially releasing trapped or stabilized greenhouse gases, but few observations of the depth of ice-bonded permafrost (IBP) below the seafloor exist for most of the arctic continental shelf. We use spectral ratios of the ambient vibration seismic wavefield, together with estimated shear wave velocity from the dispersion curves of surface waves, for estimating the thickness of the sediment overlying the IBP. Peaks in spectral ratios modeled for three-layered 1-D systems correspond with varying thickness of the unfrozen sediment. Seismic receivers were deployed on the seabed around Muostakh Island in the central Laptev Sea, Siberia. We derive depths of the IBP between 3.7 and 20.7m15%, increasing with distance from the shoreline. Correspondence between expected permafrost distribution, modeled response, and observational data suggests that the method is promising for the determination of the thickness of unfrozen sediment.
Many foresight studies concentrate on technological foresight and its impact at the organizational level. However, often these studies overlook the soft factor of employee competences which is critical to adopting technological and organizational changes and to developing the necessary innovation capabilities. This study investigates the theoretical and methodological underdeveloped relationship between technological innovation and social initiated change and the impact on individual competences in a dynamic sector. The setting of our study is the turbulent creative industries as a whole, where creative and artistic expression merges with changing technological progress. In a scenario study we mainly conducted in 2010, we developed a scenario model for competences to combine individual competences with a scenario approach to investigate how competences are important to the sector shift or need to be enhanced in the future. We use primary qualitative data from expert interviews and workshops and secondary data from industry reports to identify thirty-seven influence factors. An influence matrix calculation and a cluster analysis are used to project three different scenarios presenting how future developments of the creative industries will influence the competences needed for creative occupations. Now, five years later, we reflect the accuracy of the developed scenarios via a comparison of today's situation with the situation in the scenarios. We discuss theoretical contributions for the foresight literature and practical implementations for the future of work in general, and in particular for the creative industries case. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.