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(2005)
We propose two principles that facilitate integration of two relational premises in spatial reasoning. Integration is easier if the anaphor in the second premise, P2, bears the role of the relatum (relatum = given). Moreover, integration is easier if, in P2, the anaphor is mentioned before the new element (given-new). In premises with canonical word order (grammatical subjects mentioned first), these principles always conflict with one another. In topicalized statements mentioning the prepositional phrase first, the two principles work in tandem. By varying word order, we tested the two principles by measuring P2 comprehension times. Comprehension times indicated that integration was easiest when P2 obeyed both principles and most difficult when both principles were violated. Canonical premises were of intermediate difficulty. This pattern emerged regardless of whether the anaphor was a definite description or a pronoun
Background: Several studies have reported higher smoking rates among adolescents with externalizing disorders (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder) as compared to healthy controls. Objective: To follow the association between childhood externalizing disorders and smoking during development, to determine the type of problems most strongly related to later tobacco use, and to control for the influence of covarying factors. Methods: Participants were from a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 384 children born with different perinatal and psychosocial risks. Standardized assessments of behavioral disorders between 2 and 11 years and of tobacco use at age 15 were obtained. Results: 15-year-olds with externalizing disorders between 2 and 11 years reported higher tobacco use than those without a history of disorder. This association could be followed back into early childhood and held up even after controlling for covariates. Conclusions: The findings suggest that childhood externalizing disorders may represent an independent risk factor for elevated tobacco use in adolescence
We resolve a controversy about reading fixations before word-skipping saccades which were reported as longer or shorter than control fixations in earlier studies. Our statistics are based on resampling of matched sets of fixations before skipped and nonskipped words, drawn from a database of 121,321 single fixations contributed by 230 readers of the Potsdam sentence corpus. Matched fixations originated from single-fixation forward-reading patterns and were equated for their positions within words. Fixations before skipped words were shorter before short or high-frequency words and longer before long or low-frequency words in comparison with control fixations. Reasons for inconsistencies in past research and implications for computational models are discussed
When participants judge the parity of visually presented digits, left-hand responses are faster for numerically small numbers, whereas right-hand responses are faster for large numbers [SNARC effect; S. Dehaene, S. Bossini, P. Giraux, The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 122, (1993) 371-396]. The present study aimed to find more direct evidence for the functional locus of this effect by recording brain waves while participants performed speeded parity judgments giving manual responses. Our results show clear and robust SNARC effects in the response-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) compared to the stimulus-locked ERPs, confirming that the SNARC effect arises during response-related rather than stimulus-related processing stages. Further analyses of lateralized readiness potentials strongly suggest that the SNARC effect begins to emerge in a response-related stage prior to response preparation and execution, more specifically, in a response selection stage. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved
This paper describes the current findings concerning efficacy from randomized controlled trials of family-based interventions for children and adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. To date, parents have only been included in controlled trials of cognitive-behavioral interventions. Efficacy trials for anxiety disorders have only been carried out in 6- to 14-year olds, but have shown that younger children (7 to 10 years old) benefited when the family was involved. By contrast, the existing efficacy trials for depressive disorders have been limited to adolescents (13 to 18 years old), and have shown that family-based interventions are not superior to pure adolescent therapy
Objectives: Prevalence rates and sex differences in depression, anxiety, and eating disorders and associations with recalled childrearing practices. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on self-report scales: Questionnaire of Recalled Parental Rearing Behavior (German version of EMBU), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Fragebogen zur Depressionsdiagnostik nach DSM-IV (German version of the Inventory to Diagnose Depression), and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). 707 university entrants with an average age of 20 years were tested. Results: Point prevalence rates of 6.2 % for depression, 5.2 % for anxiety disorders, and 6.9 % for eating disorders. Higher rates in females for all of the three disorders. Significant associations of sociodemographic and biographical factors with the recalled parental rearing behavior and mental disorders was found. After controlling the impact of factors such as sex, parental divorce, or the occurrence of chronic physical disease the recalled parental rearing behavior proved to be a significant variable especially for depression (lack of warmth by the father, rejection/punishment and control/overprotection by the mother), but also for anxiety (control/overprotection by the father and rejection/punishment by the mother) and eating disorders (control/overprotection by the mother)
This editorial stresses the great importance of family-oriented assessment and psychotherapy for mental disorders in children and adolescents. Further systematic evaluation of family-based intervention programs and family- oriented assessment scales in controlled trials is suggested. This could decrease the existing discrepancy between clinical practice and empirical research in the field of child and adolescent psychotherapy
Fixational eye movements occur involuntarily during visual fixation of stationary scenes. The fastest components of these miniature eye movements are microsaccades, which can be observed about once per second. Recent studies demonstrated that microsaccades are linked to covert shifts of visual attention. Here, we generalized this finding in two ways. First, we used peripheral cues, rather than the centrally presented cues of earlier studies. Second, we spatially cued attention in vision and audition to visual and auditory targets. An analysis of microsaccade responses revealed an equivalent impact of visual and auditory cues on microsaccade-rate signature (i.e. an initial inhibition followed by an overshoot and a final return to the pre-cue baseline rate). With visual cues or visual targets, microsaccades were briefly aligned with cue direction and then opposite to cue direction during the overshoot epoch, probably as a result of an inhibition of an automatic saccade to the peripheral cue. With left auditory cues and auditory targets microsaccades oriented in cue direction. We argue that microsaccades can be used to study crossmodal integration of sensory information and to map the time course of saccade preparation during covert shifts of visual and auditory attention