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We have used techniques of nonlinear dynamics to compare a special model for the reversals of the Earth's magnetic field with the observational data. Although this model is rather simple, there is no essential difference to the data by means of well-known characteristics, such as correlation function and probability distribution. Applying methods of symbolic dynamics we have found that the considered model is not able to describe the dynamical properties of the observed process. These significant differences are expressed by algorithmic complexity and Renyi information.
In the modern industrialized countries every year several hundred thousands of people die due to the sudden cardiac death. The individual risk for this sudden cardiac death cannot be defined precisely by common available, non-invasive diagnostic tools like Holter-monitoring, highly amplified ECG and traditional linear analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). Therefore, we apply some rather unconventional methods of nonlinear dynamics to analyse the HRV. Especially, some complexity measures that are basing on symbolic dynamics as well as a new measure, the renormalized entropy, detect some abnormalities in the HRV of several patients who have been classified in the low risk group by traditional methods. A combination of these complexity measures with the parameters in the frequency domain seems to be a promising way to get a more precise definition of the individual risk. These findings have to be validated by a representative number of patients.
We have studied bifurcation phenomena for the incompressable Navier-Stokes equations in two space dimensions with periodic boundary conditions. Fourier representations of velocity and pressure have been used to transform the original partial differential equations into systems of ordinary differential equations (ODE), to which then numerical methods for the qualitative analysis of systems of ODE have been applied, supplemented by the simulative calculation of solutions for selected initial conditions. Invariant sets, notably steady states, have been traced for varying Reynolds number or strength of the imposed forcing, respectively. A complete bifurcation sequence leading to chaos is described in detail, including the calculation of the Lyapunov exponents that characterize the resulting chaotic branch in the bifurcation diagram.
Aus dem Inhalt: 1. Einführung 2. Motivation für die nichtlineare Dynamik 3. Logistische Abbildung (Parabel-Abbildung) 4. Lorenz-Gleichungen 5. Fraktale Selbstähnlichkeit 6. Die Brownsche Bewegung 7. Stöße & Billards 8. Körper mit gravitativer Wechselwirkung 9. Glossar 10. Turbo-Pascal-Texte 11. IDL-Texte 12. Reduce-Texte
Strange nonchaotic attractors typically appear in quasiperiodically driven nonlinear systems. Two methods of their characterization are proposed. The first one is based on the bifurcation analysis of the systems, resulting from periodic approximations of the quasiperiodic forcing. Secondly, we propose th characterize their strangeness by calculating a phase sensitivity exponent, that measures the sensitivity with respect to changes of the phase of the external force. It is shown, that phase sensitivity appears if there is a non-zero probability for positive local Lyapunov exponents to occur.
Two deterministic processes leading to roughening interfaces are considered. It is shown that the dynamics of linear perturbations of turbulent regimes in coupled map lattices is governed by a discrete version of the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation. The asymptotic scaling behavior of the perturbation field is investigated in the case of large lattices. Secondly, the dynamics of an order-disorder interface is modelled with a simple two-dimensional coupled map lattice, possesing a turbulent and a laminar state. It is demonstrated, that in some range of parameters the spreading of the turbulent state is accompanied by kinetic roughening of the interface.
The Voyager 2 Photopolarimeter experiment has yielded the highest resolved data of Saturn's rings, exhibiting a wide variety of features. The B-ring region between 105000 km and 110000 km distance from Saturn has been investigated. It has a high matter density and contains no significance features visible by eye. Analysis with statistical methods has let us to the detection of two significant events. These features are correlated with the inner 3:2 resonances of the F-ring shepherd satellites Pandora and Prometheus, and may be evidence of large ring paricles caught in the corotation resonances.
The present paper is related to the problem of approximating the exact solution to the magnetohydrodynamic equations (MHD). The behaviour of a viscous, incompressible and resistive fluid is exemined for a long period of time. Contents: 1 The magnetohydrodynamic equations 2 Notations and precise functional setting of the problem 3 Existence, uniqueness and regularity results 4 Statement and Proof of the main theorem 5 The approximate inertial manifold 6 Summary
Projection methods based on wavelet functions combine optimal convergence rates with algorithmic efficiency. The proofs in this paper utilize the approximation properties of wavelets and results from the general theory of regularization methods. Moreover, adaptive strategies can be incorporated still leading to optimal convergence rates for the resulting algorithms. The so-called wavelet-vaguelette decompositions enable the realization of especially fast algorithms for certain operators.
We report on bifurcation studies for the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations in three space dimensions with periodic boundary conditions and a temporally constant external forcing. Fourier reprsentations of velocity, pressure and magnetic field have been used to transform the original partial differential equations into systems of ordinary differential equations (ODE), to which then special numerical methods for the qualitative analysis of systems of ODE have been applied, supplemented by the simulative calculation of solutions for selected initial conditions. In a part of the calculations, in order to reduce the number of modes to be retained, the concept of approximate inertial manifolds has been applied. For varying (incereasing from zero) strength of the imposed forcing, or varying Reynolds number, respectively, time-asymptotic states, notably stable stationary solutions, have been traced. A primary non-magnetic steady state loses, in a Hopf bifurcation, stability to a periodic state with a non-vanishing magnetic field, showing the appearance of a generic dynamo effect. From now on the magnetic field is present for all values of the forcing. The Hopf bifurcation is followed by furhter, symmetry-breaking, bifurcations, leading finally to chaos. We pay particular attention to kinetic and magnetic helicities. The dynamo effect is observed only if the forcing is chosen such that a mean kinetic helicity is generated; otherwise the magnetic field diffuses away, and the time-asymptotic states are non-magnetic, in accordance with traditional kinematic dynamo theory.
We report on bifurcation studies for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in two space dimensions with periodic boundary conditions and an external forcing of the Kolmogorov type. Fourier representations of velocity and pressure have been used to approximate the original partial differential equations by a finite-dimensional system of ordinary differential equations, which then has been studied by means of bifurcation-analysis techniques. A special route into chaos observed for increasing Reynolds number or strength of the imposed forcing is described. It includes several steady states, traveling waves, modulated traveling waves, periodic and torus solutions, as well as a period-doubling cascade for a torus solution. Lyapunov exponents and Kaplan-Yorke dimensions have been calculated to characterize the chaotic branch. While studying the dynamics of the system in Fourier space, we also have transformed solutions to real space and examined the relation between the different bifurcations in Fourier space and toplogical changes of the streamline portrait. In particular, the time-dependent solutions, such as, e.g., traveling waves, torus, and chaotic solutions, have been characterized by the associated fluid-particle motion (Lagrangian dynamics).
The bifurcation behaviour of the 3D magnetohydrodynamic equations has been studied for external forcings of varying degree of helicity. With increasing strength of the forcing a primary non-magnetic steady state loses stability to a magnetic periodic state if the helicity exceeds a threshold value and to different non-magnetic states otherwise.
It is shown that the ff effect of mean-field magnetohydrodynamics, which consists in the generation of a mean electromotive force along the mean magnetic field by turbulently fluctuating parts of velocity and magnetic field, is equivalent to the simultaneous generation of both turbulent and mean-field magnetic helicities, the generation rates being equal in magnitude and opposite in sign. In the particular case of statistically stationary and homogeneous fluctuations this implies that the ff effect can increase the energy in the mean magnetic field only under the condition that also magnetic helicity is accumulated there.
We demonstrate the occurrence of regimes with singular continuous (fractal) Fourier spectra in autonomous dissipative dynamical systems. The particular example in an ODE system at the accumulation points of bifurcation sequences associated to the creation of complicated homoclinic orbits. Two different machanisms responsible for the appearance of such spectra are proposed. In the first case when the geometry of the attractor is symbolically represented by the Thue-Morse sequence, both the continuous-time process and its descrete Poincaré map have singular power spectra. The other mechanism owes to the logarithmic divergence of the first return times near the saddle point; here the Poincaré map possesses the discrete spectrum, while the continuous-time process displays the singular one. A method is presented for computing the multifractal characteristics of the singular continuous spectra with the help of the usual Fourier analysis technique.
The dynamics of tail-like current sheets under the influence of small-scale plasma turbulence
(1999)
A 2D-magnetohydrodynamic model of current-sheet dynamics caused by anomalous electrical resistivity as result of small-scale plasma turbulence is proposed. The anomalous resistivity is assumed to be proportional to the square of the gradient of the magnetic pressure as may be valid for instance in the case of lower-hybrid-drift turbulence. The initial resistivity pulse is given. Then the temporal and spatial evolution of the magnetic and electric fields, plasma density, pressure, convection and resistivity are considered. The motion of the induced electric field is discussed as indicator of the plasma disturbances. The obtained results found using much improved numerical methods show a magnetic field evolution with x-line formation and plasma acceleration. Besides, in the current sheet, three types of magnetohydrodynamic waves occur, fast magnetoacoustic waves of compression and rarefaction as well as slow magnetoacoustic waves.
We investigate numerically the appearance of heteroclinic behavior in a three-dimensional, buoyancy-driven fluid layer with stress-free top and bottom boundaries, a square horizontal periodicity with a small aspect ratio, and rotation at low to moderate rates about a vertical axis. The Prandtl number is 6.8. If the rotation is not too slow, the skewed-varicose instability leads from stationary rolls to a stationary mixed-mode solution, which in turn loses stability to a heteroclinic cycle formed by unstable roll states and connections between them. The unstable eigenvectors of these roll states are also of the skewed-varicose or mixed-mode type and in some parameter regions skewed-varicose like shearing oscillations as well as square patterns are involved in the cycle. Always present weak noise leads to irregular horizontal translations of the convection pattern and makes the dynamics chaotic, which is verified by calculating Lyapunov exponents. In the nonrotating case, the primary rolls lose, depending on the aspect ratio, stability to traveling waves or a stationary square pattern. We also study the symmetries of the solutions at the intermittent fixed points in the heteroclinic cycle.
A numerical bifurcation analysis of the electrically driven plane sheet pinch is presented. The electrical conductivity varies across the sheet such as to allow instability of the quiescent basic state at some critical Hartmann number. The most unstable perturbation is the two-dimensional tearing mode. Restricting the whole problem to two spatial dimensions, this mode is followed up to a time-asymptotic steady state, which proves to be sensitive to three-dimensional perturbations even close to the point where the primary instability sets in. A comprehensive three-dimensional stability analysis of the two-dimensional steady tearing-mode state is performed by varying parameters of the sheet pinch. The instability with respect to three-dimensional perturbations is suppressed by a sufficiently strong magnetic field in the invariant direction of the equilibrium. For a special choice of the system parameters, the unstably perturbed state is followed up in its nonlinear evolution and is found to approach a three-dimensional steady state.
This paper deals with the Mie scattering kernels for multi-spectral data. The kernels may be represented in form of power series. Furthermore, the singular-value spectrum and the degree of ill-posedness in dependence on the refractive index of the particles are numerically approximated. A special hybrid regularization technique allows us to determine via inversion the particle distributions of different types.
A numerical MHD model is developed to investigate acceleration and heating of both thermal and auroral plasma. This is done for magnetospheric flux tubes in which intensive field aligned currents flow. To give each of these tubes, the empirical Tsyganenko model of the magnetospheric field is used. The parameters of the background plasma outside the flux tube as well as the strength of the electric field of magnetospheric convection are given. Performing the numerical calculations, the distributions of the plasma densities, velocities, temperatures, parallel electric field and current, and of the coefficients of thermal conductivity are obtained in a self-consistent way. It is found that EIC turbulence develops effectively in the thermal plasma. The parallel electric field develops under the action of the anomalous resistivity. This electric field accelerates both the thermal and the auroral plasma. The thermal turbulent plasma is also subjected to an intensive heating. The increase of the plasma of the Earth's ionosphere. Besides, studying the growth and dispersion properties of oblique ion cyclotron waves excited in a drifting magnetized plasma, it is shown that under non-stationary conditions such waves may reveal the properties of bursts of polarized transverse electromagnetic waves at frequencies near the patron gyrofrequency.
Basing on recent solar models, the excitation of ion-acoustic turbulence in the weaklycollisional, fully and partially-ionized regions of the solar atmosphere is investigated. Within the frame of hydrodynamics, conditions are found under which the heating of the plasma by ion-acoustic type waves is more effective than the Joule heating. Taking into account wave and Joule heating effects, a nonlinear differential equation is derived, which describes the evolution of nonlinear ion-acoustic waves in the collisional plasma.