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Focus presuppositions
(2007)
This paper reviews notions related to focus and presupposition and addresses the hypothesis that focus triggers an existential presupposition. Presupposition projection behavior in certain examples appears to favor a presuppositional analysis of focus. It is argued that these examples are open to a different analysis using givenness theory. Overall, the analysis favors a weak semantics for focus not including an existential presupposition.
The aim of this work was the generation of carbon materials with high surface area, exhibiting a hierarchical pore system in the macro- and mesorange. Such a pore system facilitates the transport through the material and enhances the interaction with the carbon matrix (macropores are pores with diameters > 50 nm, mesopores between 2 – 50 nm). Thereto, new strategies for the synthesis of novel carbon materials with designed porosity were developed that are in particular useful for the storage of energy. Besides the porosity, it is the graphene structure itself that determines the properties of a carbon material. Non-graphitic carbon materials usually exhibit a quite large degree of disorder with many defects in the graphene structure, and thus exhibit inherent microporosity (d < 2nm). These pores are traps and oppose reversible interaction with the carbon matrix. Furthermore they reduce the stability and conductivity of the carbon material, which was undesired for the proposed applications. As one part of this work, the graphene structures of different non-graphitic carbon materials were studied in detail using a novel wide-angle x-ray scattering model that allowed precise information about the nature of the carbon building units (graphene stacks). Different carbon precursors were evaluated regarding their potential use for the synthesis shown in this work, whereas mesophase pitch proved to be advantageous when a less disordered carbon microstructure is desired. By using mesophase pitch as carbon precursor, two templating strategies were developed using the nanocasting approach. The synthesized (monolithic) materials combined for the first time the advantages of a hierarchical interconnected pore system in the macro- and mesorange with the advantages of mesophase pitch as carbon precursor. In the first case, hierarchical macro- / mesoporous carbon monoliths were synthesized by replication of hard (silica) templates. Thus, a suitable synthesis procedure was developed that allowed the infiltration of the template with the hardly soluble carbon precursor. In the second case, hierarchical macro- / mesoporous carbon materials were synthesized by a novel soft-templating technique, taking advantage of the phase separation (spinodal decomposition) between mesophase pitch and polystyrene. The synthesis also allowed the generation of monolithic samples and incorporation of functional nanoparticles into the material. The synthesized materials showed excellent properties as an anode material in lithium batteries and support material for supercapacitors.
Development and application of novel genetic transformation technologies in maize (Zea mays L.)
(2007)
Plant genetic engineering approaches are of pivotal importance to both basic and applied research. However, rapid commercialization of genetically engineered crops, especially maize, raises several ecological and environmental concerns largely related to transgene flow via pollination. In most crops, the plastid genome is inherited uniparentally in a maternal manner. Consequently, a trait introduced into the plastid genome would not be transferred to the sexually compatible relatives of the crops via pollination. Thus, beside its several other advantages, plastid transformation provides transgene containment, and therefore, is an environmentally friendly approach for genetic engineering of crop plants. Reliable in vitro regeneration systems allowing repeated rounds of regeneration are of utmost importance to development of plastid transformation technologies in higher plants. While being the world’s major food crops, cereals are among the most difficult-to-handle plants in tissue culture which severely limits genetic engineering approaches. In maize, immature zygotic embryos provide the predominantly used material for establishing regeneration-competent cell or callus cultures for genetic transformation experiments. The procedures involved are demanding, laborious and time consuming and depend on greenhouse facilities. In one part of this work, a novel tissue culture and plant regeneration system was developed that uses maize leaf tissue and thus is independent of zygotic embryos and greenhouse facilities. Also, protocols were established for (i) the efficient induction of regeneration-competent callus from maize leaves in the dark, (ii) inducing highly regenerable callus in the light, and (iii) the use of leaf-derived callus for the generation of stably transformed maize plants. Furthermore, several selection methods were tested for developing a plastid transformation system in maize. However, stable plastid transformed maize plants could not be yet recovered. Possible explanations as well as suggestions for future attempts towards developing plastid transformation in maize are discussed. Nevertheless, these results represent a first essential step towards developing chloroplast transformation technology for maize, a method that requires multiple rounds of plant regeneration and selection to obtain genetically stable transgenic plants. In order to apply the newly developed transformation system towards metabolic engineering of carotenoid biosynthesis, the daffodil phytoene synthase (PSY) gene was integrated into the maize genome. The results illustrate that expression of a recombinant PSY significantly increases carotenoid levels in leaves. The beta-carotene (pro-vitamin A) amounts in leaves of transgenic plants were increased by ~21% in comparison to the wild-type. These results represent evidence for maize to have significant potential to accumulate higher amounts of carotenoids, especially beta-carotene, through transgenic expression of phytoene synthases. Finally, progresses were made towards developing transformation technologies in Peperomia (Piperaceae) by establishing an efficient leaf-based regeneration system. Also, factors determining plastid size and number in Peperomia, whose species display great interspecific variation in chloroplast size and number per cell, were investigated. The results suggest that organelle size and number are regulated in a tissue-specific manner rather than in dependency on the plastid type. Investigating plastid morphology in Peperomia species with giant chloroplasts, plasmatic connections between chloroplasts (stromules) were observed under the light microscope and in the absence of tissue fixation or GFP overexpression demonstrating the relevance of these structures in vivo. Furthermore, bacteria-like microorganisms were discovered within Peperomia cells, suggesting that this genus provides an interesting model not only for studying plastid biology but also for investigating plant-microbe interactions.
Artikel: Manfred Voigts: Zur Emeritierung von Prof. Dr. Karl E. Grözinger Admiel Kosman / Anat Sharbat: “Two Women Who Were Sporting with Each Other”: A Re-examination of the Halakhic Approaches to Lesbianism as a Touchstone for Homosexuality in General Francesca Y. Albertini: Sterbehilfe aus jüdischer Sicht: Eine Einführung Rabbiner Dr. med. Verl. Israel M. Levinger: Schechita und Kaschrut – Jüdischer Standpunkt zum Schlachten von Tieren Wolfgang Wieshaider: Jüdischer Friedhof und staatliches Recht Chayim Schell-Apacik: Genetische Untersuchungen und Schwangerschaftsabbruch im Kontext jüdischer Ethik am Beispiel der Tay-Sachs-Erkrankung Manfred Voigts / Andreas Kennecke: Euchel, Mendelssohn, Herder und Andere Tagungsberichte: “I Will Sing and Make Music”. Jewish Music and Musicians Throughout the Ages. The Nineteenth Annual Klutznick-Harris Symposium. Creighton University, Omaha. Nebraska. 29.10. -30.10.2006. (Robert Jütte) Dr. Eleonora Bergman: Polish Wooden Synagogues: State of Research (Ulrich Knufinke) Rezensionen: Encyclopaedia Judaica. Second Edition. Hrsg. von Fred Skolnik (Alexander Dubrau/Nathanael Riemer) Menahem I. Kahana: Sifre Zuta Deuteronomy. Citations from a New Tannaitic Midrash (Alexander Dubrau) Carol Bakhos (Hg.): Current Trends in the Study of Midrash (Alexander Dubrau) Shmuel Safrai ז"ל /Zeev Safrai/Joshua Schwartz/Peter J. Tomson (Hg.): The Literature of the Sages. Second Part: Midrash and Targum, Liturgy, Poetry, Mysticism, Contracts, Inscriptions, Ancient Science and the Languages of Rabbinic Literature (Alexander Dubrau) Ronen Reichman (Hg.): Der Odem des Menschen ist eine Leuchte des Herrn (Tamara Or) Raphael Arnold: Spracharkaden. Die Sprache der sephardischen Juden in Italien im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert (Robert Jütte) Johann Lorenz Schmidlin: Pictura Docens. Hrsg. und übersetzt von Fritz Felgentreu und Widu-Wolfgang Ehlers (Daniel Jütte) Salomon Ibn Verga: Schevet Jehuda. Ein Buch über das Leiden des jüdischen Volkes im Exil. Hrsg., eingel. und mit einem Nachwort zur Geschichtsdeutung Salomo Ibn Vergas versehen von Sina Rauschenbach (Nathanael Riemer) Jutta Schumacher (Hg.): Sefer Mišlė Šu´olim (Buch der Fuchsfabeln) von Jakob Koppelmann. In Originalschrift und Transkription hrsg. und kommentiert von Jutta Schumacher (Nathanael Riemer) Glikl. Memoires 1691-1719. Edited and Translated [ins Hebräische] from the Yiddish by Chava Turniansky (Elvira Grözinger) Manfred Voigts: Die deutsch-jüdische Symbiose. Zwischen deutschem Sonderweg und Idee Europa (Elvira Grözinger) Gerhard Taddey (Hg.): Geschützt, geduldet, gleichberechtigt. Die Juden im baden-württembergischen Franken vom 17. Jahrhundert bis zum Ende des Kaiserreichs (Stefan Lang) Marion Linhardt: Residenzstadt und Metropole. Zu einer kulturellen Topographie des Wiener Unterhaltungstheaters (Daniel Jütte) Margarete Grandner/Edith Saurer (Hg.): Geschlecht, Religion und Engagement. Die jüdischen Frauenbewegungen im deutschsprachigen Raum (Rebekka Denz) Mariana Hausleitner: Deutsche und Juden in Bessarabien 1814-1941. Zur Minderheitenpolitik Russlands und Großrumäniens (Elvira Grözinger) Marline Otte: Jewish Identities in German Popular Entertainment 1890-1933 (Anat Feinberg) Doris A. Karner: Lachen unter Tränen. Jüdisches Theater in Ostgalizien und der Bukowina (Elvira Grözinger) Tazuko Takebayashi: Zwischen den Kulturen. Deutsches,Tschechisches und Jüdisches in der deutschsprachigen Literatur aus Prag (Manfred Voigts) Anna Shternshis: Soviet and Kosher. Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union 1923-1939 (Elvira Grözinger) Brigitte Mihok (Hg.): Ungarn und der Holocaust. Kollaboration, Rettung und Trauma (Joel Berger) Willy Cohn: Kein Recht, nirgends. Tagebuch vom Untergang des Breslauer Judentums 1933-1941 (Anat Feinberg) Natan Shahar: Shir Shir ale na. Toldot ha-Semer ha-ivri (Anat Feinberg)
Vor dem Hintergrund der Auffassung, dass ethnische Minderheiten eine Form so-zialer Organisation darstellen, verfolgt die Studie – unter Berücksichtigung der Mehr-deutigkeit des Raumbegriffs – das Ziel, anhand von Beispielen aus Rumänien ein Konzept zu entwickeln, mit dem sich die aktuelle Beziehung von Ethnizität und Raum im Transformationsprozess adäquat analysieren und beschreiben lässt.
Themenschwerpunkt: Bekämpfung des Menschenhandels im Straf- und Strafprozeßrecht • Heine – „Künstler, Tribun und Apostel“ im Zeichen der Menschenrechte • Die Grundrechteagentur der Europäischen Union • Bericht über die Arbeit des Menschenrechtsausschusses der Vereinten Nationen im Jahre 2006 – Teil I