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Eliminating empty categories : a radically minimalist view on their ontology and justification
(2013)
This collaborative book has a twofold purpose. On the one hand, the authors present a new framework - Radical Minimalism. The development of such a framework, with a strong basis on mathematics and physics, was born out of the conviction that, if language is really a natural object, there is no a priori reason to study it in isolation from other natural systems. On the other hand, this work represents a significant simplification of the theory of displacement and so-called «empty categories» within the latest development of Chomsky's Strong Minimalist Hypothesis, applying Occam's razor and fulfilling Lakatos' requirements for scientific evolution. Radical Minimalism thus accounts not only for the phenomena orthodox minimalism has explanations for, but also for empirical problems that have not yet been taken into consideration.
Art. Kategorie prázdná
(2002)
Art. Ovládání
(2002)
Art. Princip projekcní
(2002)
Art. Spell Out
(2002)
Art. Stopa
(2002)
The Focus Feature Revisited
(2007)
Peter Kosta/Madlena Norberg "Czech, German, and English Translations/Adaptations of Mato Kosyk's Poetry - Some Translatological Considerations" The article is devoted to the question of translation/adaptation of Mato Kosyk's poetry into Czech, German, and English. Our point of departure is the hypothesis that translators must decide between a straightforward translation of the Lower Sorbian original and a literary adaptation. If the translator opts for sticking to the original then he must strive to keep the rhythm, the metre, and also the rhyme, line or verse on the formal side of the linguistic sign (signifiant) but also to repeat figurative expressions, symbols, metaphors, and lexical idiosyncrasies that are part of the content side (signifié) of the original. The analysis concentrates on two poems by the foremost poet of Lower Sorbian literature, Mato Kosyk, written in his American period, viz. "Sledna roza" ((1893) in the translations by the two Czech poets, K. Sedlácek ("Poslední ruze" (1926)) and J. Pelísek (1935), and "Popajzony spiwarik" (1893) in the German translation by Pets Janas (2003) and in the adaptation by Kito Lorenc (1981), as well as the English translation by Roland Marti (2003).
The following article is concerned with the problem of language diversity within the framework of Radical Minimalism (Krivochen 2011, 2012). How can the diversity and variation of languages be explained? For Noam Chomsky, language faculty in the narrow sense (FLN) is nothing but an "organ of the body,' along with other cognitive systems. Our analysis of human language builds on Chomsky's (1995, 2005, 2010) minimalist assumption that the design of language is grounded in conceptual necessity. Adopting this idea, we expect to find three factors that interact to determine (I-) languages attained: genetic endowment (the topic of Universal Grammar), experience, and principles that are language- or even organism-independent." (Chomsky 2005:1). In the present article we provide some ideas about how generative research based on Radical Minimalism can contribute on a par with the typology of languages to a more profound and sound exploration of language variation. The scope of the paper is to compare the distribution of adverbs within the three domains of the clause in Czech and German. The aim of this paper is to show that the feature-based theory of adverb licensing is not able to handle the problem of adverb order variation. Instead, a more parsimonious approach based on the Theory of Radical Minimalism will be chosen. The paper is organized as follows: After some remarks on the role of Universal Grammar, Variation and Typology in section 1, section 2 introduces the theoretical background by introducing the principles and the core of Radical Minimalism, e.g. free unbounded merge, asymmetric c-command and the restrictions within the clause structure composition. In section 3, the distribution of adverbs in the middle field is discussed for Czech and German. In the last part, we introduce the so-called Late Adjunction Hypothesis that results in similar effects to the Early Spell-Out model argued for in our paper.
The present article ties in with an earlier study by Chomsky (1970) on nominalizations in English, which was then refined primarily in the influential work of Jane Grimshaw (1990) and is dealt with in detail in Borer (2013) and in Kosta (2020). In contrast to the English gerundives, which do not lose verbal behavior due to the derivation in the syntax and maintain all grammatical categories and characteristics of verbs, which is why one can speak of a real conversion while preserving the verbal semantics, the situation is somewhat different in Czech. In the deverbal, deadjective and other derivations, the Czech apparently made the transition to the noun with its critical properties, which is shown by certain restrictions in the aspectuality marking of deverbal noun phrases on -ni-, -ti-, which, e.g., do not pass the progression durativity test (Vendler 1967). In passive constructions, as is well known, a valence point in the position of the external argument is reduced compared to the corresponding active sentences, while the external argument position in anti-causatives is also not available in the deep structure. In addition to the syntactic restrictions that are evident in nominalizations in the context of simple sentences of different sentence types (causative, anti-causative, passive) and demonstrate the nominal character of certain types of deverbal noun phrases in the first part of this article, the second part of the essay deals with more complex structures and extends its analytical and theoretical part to the phenomenon of nominalizing subordinate clauses. The aim of the central part of this contribution is therefore to test the nominal properties of embedded conjunctional sentences and of embedded headless relative sentences on the basis of empirical data and thus contribute to the knowledge of whether certain types of relative sentences can (or must) be nominalized.
"Unaccusativity (Ergativity) and Unergativity in Czech, Polish and some other Slavic languages at the morpho- syntactic interface" Ergativity, or Unaccusativity, as a potential universal verbal class with idiosyncratic morphosyntactic properties, shows up in many languages of different genetic and typological origin. In Slavic, there have been only few approaches up to now that tried to show which tests and diagnostic criteria can confirm or reject the universal character of these phenomena. The following article tries to resolve the problem by assuming a new syntactic and semantic analysis on ergativity in Slavic including new theories within the Minimalist framework (Chomsky 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001ab). Keywords: Unaccusativity, Ergativity, Unergativity; Conflation, Argument Structure; UTAH, Aspectual Mapping Hypothesis, Visibility Condition, Case Assignment, Theta-Theory, Burzio's Generalization, Morphosyntax, Distributed Morphology, Late Insertion, Representation Theory.
Formal Slavic Linguistics is concerned with explicit description of prosody, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, information structure and language acquisition or impairments of language (aphasia) of Slavic languages within a certain theoretical framework of Principles and Parameters (Chomsky 1995 passim). But the two parts also illustrate the diversity of approaches we use in attempting to reflect the entire range of subfields within a given theoretical framework of cognitive science.
Im folgenden Beitrag, der an meine früheren Untersuchungen zu Aspektgebrauch beim verneinten Imperativ im Russischen, Tschechischen und den südslavischen Sprachen Bulgarisch und Serbisch/Kroatisch anknüpft (Kosta 1999), geht es mir um die eigentümliche - da eigentlich "unslavische" - Verwendung der Form des pf. Aspekts im analytischen Futur des Typs "Gaz buzotej swajzbarskej manzelskej po 50 letach k woltarju stupis (pf. Aspekt)" "Wenn die (beiden) Eheleute nach 50 Jahren zum Altar treten(pf.Aspekt) werden", einem Usus, der sich in beiden sorbischen Schriftsprachen (Nieder- und Obersorbisch) seit den ältesten Denkmäler der ns./os. Sprachen nachweisen lässt. Aufgrund eines synchron-diachronen Querschnitts durch verschiedene Texte, Textsorten und unter Einbeziehung von Sprechern verschiedener sozialer Bereiche bis hin zu jüngsten Tonbandaufzeichnungen von sorbischen Muttersprachlern aus dem sorbischen Rundfunk sowie Texten des Nowy Casnik 2001 ensteht ein objektives synchrones Bild,das die früheren Annahmen einer Interferenzerscheinung (eines "Fehlers"), bedingt durch den deutsch-sorbischen Sprachkontakt, obsolet erscheinen lässt. Wir versuchen, die Herausbildung dieses ungewöhnlichen Gebrauchs als eine idiosynkratische natürliche Weiterentwicklung des ns. Aspekt-/Aktionsartensystems zu deuten, die mit Lexikalisierung der Aspektkategorie zur Aktionsart und der Degrammatikalisierung und einem Abbau der synthetischen einfachen Vergangenheitstempora (Aorist und Imperfekt) einhergeht. Eine Form wie: "budu ten list napisas" (pf. Aspekt) hat eben in der deutschen Übersetzung die wörtliche Bedeutung "ich werde den Brief aufschreiben" und nicht "ich werde den Brief schreiben". In den anderen nordslavischen (= ost- und westslavischen) Sprachen könnte man einen solchen Satz nicht äußern. Im Russischen wäre es "ja napisu" (pf. Aspekt, Ganzheitlichkeit) oder "ja budu pisat'" (ipf. Aspekt mit analytischem Futur, Prozess in naher Zukunft).
Der Artikel gibt einen umfangreichen Überblick über die bisherige Forschung zur Theorie der Stereotypen- und Prototypensemantik und ihren zentralen Begriffen im slavischen und außerslavischen Sprachraum sowie zum Begriff des "nationalen Stereotyps". Anhand empirischer Untersuchungen polnischer und tschechischer Linguisten beleuchtet er das Tschechenbild bei den Polen und das Polenbild bei den Tschechen.