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"Come together in Rostock"
(2023)
"Ein Brandenburger Weg"?
(2023)
"Il Gattopardo" nella DDR
(2023)
Sulla base di materiale d'archivio inedito si ripercorre l'avvincente storia della prima edizione del Gattopardo nella DDR (1961). È qui analizzata la corsa ad ostacoli del romanzo tra congruenze ed eccezioni che assume i tratti di un giallo letterario. L'opera di un principe defunto scavalca il Muro grazie ad Alfred Kurella, potente funzionario della SED. Nella sua postfazione Il Gattopardo non è canto della decadenza, ma preannuncio di una nuova epoca, manifesto dello Stato in procinto di entrare nell'era socialista. La chiave di lettura è un unicum con una marcata impronta ideologica che ne determina prima la fortuna e poi l'isolamento. Al Gattopardo nella Germania Est Bernardina Rago dà per la prima volta voce.
"Rock gegen Kommunismus"
(2023)
#Gesellschaftslehre 9/10
(2023)
#WAT 5/6
(2023)
Im Sinne einer „Meta-Reflexivität“ zielt dieser Beitrag darauf ab, den strukturtheoretischen und kompetenzorientierten Professionalisierungsansatz im Konstrukt der adaptiven Lehrkompetenz zusammenzuführen, was vor allem für inklusionsorientierte Ansätze vielversprechend erscheint: Anhand der Konstruktfacetten adaptiver diagnostischer, didaktischer sowie Sach- und Klassenführungskompetenz werden mögliche Herangehensweisen für eine inklusionsorientierte Lehrkräftebildung formuliert, die sowohl konkrete Kompetenzbereiche benennen als auch die Reflexion entsprechender Spannungsverhältnisse im strukturtheoretischen Sinne voraussetzen. So soll der Beitrag einen knappen theoretischen Aufriss zur Zusammenführung der unterschiedlichen Professionalisierungsansätze unter der Prämisse (mehr) Reflexion für (mehr) Inklusion leisten.
1933
(2023)
The emerging threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a global challenge in the last decades, leading to a rising demand for alternative treatments for bacterial infections. One approach is to target the bacterial cell envelope, making understanding its biophysical properties crucial. Specifically, bacteriophages use the bacterial envelope as an entry point to initiate infection, and they are considered important building blocks of new antibiotic strategies against drug-resistant bacteria.. Depending on the structure of the cell wall, bacteria are classified as Gram-negative and Gram-positive. Gram-negative bacteria are equipped with a complex cell envelope composed of two lipid membranes enclosing a rigid peptidoglycan layer. The synthesis machinery of the Gram-negative cell envelope is the target of antimicrobial agents, including new physical sanitizing procedures addressing the outer membrane (OM). It is therefore very important to study the biophysical properties of the Gram-negative bacterial cell envelope. The high complexity of the Gram-negative OM sets the demand for a model system in which the contribution of individual components can be evaluated separately. In this respect, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are promising membrane systems to study membrane properties while controlling parameters such as membrane composition and surrounding medium conditions.
The aim of this work was to develop methods and approaches for the preparation and characterization of a GUV-based membrane model that mimics the OM of the Gram-negative cell envelope. A major component of the OM is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the outside of the OM heterobilayer. The vesicle model was designed to contain LPS in the outer leaflet and lipids in the inner leaflet. Furthermore, the interaction of the prepared LPS-GUVs with bacteriophages was tested. LPS containing GUVs were prepared by adapting the inverted emulsion technique to meet the challenging properties of LPS, namely their high self-aggregation rate in aqueous solutions. Notably, an additional emulsification step together with the adaption of solution conditions was employed to asymmetrically incorporate LPS containing long polysaccharide chains into the artificial membranes. GUV membrane asymmetry was verified with a fluorescence quenching assay. Since the necessary precautions for handling the quenching agent sodium dithionite are often underestimated and poorly described, important parameters were tested and identified to obtain a stable and reproducible assay. In the context of varied LPS incorporation, a microscopy-based technique was introduced to determine the LPS content on individual GUVs and to directly compare vesicle properties and LPS coverage. Diffusion coefficient measurements in the obtained GUVs showed that increasing LPS concentrations in the membranes resulted in decreased diffusivity.
Employing LPS-GUVs we could demonstrate that a Salmonella bacteriophage bound with high specificity to its LPS receptor when presented at the GUV surface, and that the number of bound bacteriophages scaled with the amount of presented LPS receptor. In addition to binding, the bacteriophages were able to eject their DNA into the vesicle lumen. LPS-GUVs thus provide a starting platform for bottom-up approaches for the generation of more complex membranes, in which the effects of individual components on the membrane properties and the interaction with antimicrobial agents such as bacteriophages could be explored.
Successful sentence comprehension requires the comprehender to correctly figure out who did what to whom. For example, in the sentence John kicked the ball, the comprehender has to figure out who did the action of kicking and what was being kicked. This process of identifying and connecting the syntactically-related words in a sentence is called dependency completion. What are the cognitive constraints that determine dependency completion? A widely-accepted theory is cue-based retrieval. The theory maintains that dependency completion is driven by a content-addressable search for the co-dependents in memory. The cue-based retrieval explains a wide range of empirical data from several constructions including subject-verb agreement, subject-verb non-agreement, plausibility mismatch configurations, and negative polarity items.
However, there are two major empirical challenges to the theory: (i) Grammatical sentences’ data from subject-verb number agreement dependencies, where the theory predicts a slowdown at the verb in sentences like the key to the cabinet was rusty compared to the key to the cabinets was rusty, but the data are inconsistent with this prediction; and, (ii) Data from antecedent-reflexive dependencies, where a facilitation in reading times is predicted at the reflexive in the bodybuilder who worked with the trainers injured themselves vs. the bodybuilder who worked with the trainer injured themselves, but the data do not show a facilitatory effect.
The work presented in this dissertation is dedicated to building a more general theory of dependency completion that can account for the above two datasets without losing the original empirical coverage of the cue-based retrieval assumption. In two journal articles, I present computational modeling work that addresses the above two empirical challenges.
To explain the grammatical sentences’ data from subject-verb number agreement dependencies, I propose a new model that assumes that the cue-based retrieval operates on a probabilistically distorted representation of nouns in memory (Article I). This hybrid distortion-plus-retrieval model was compared against the existing candidate models using data from 17 studies on subject-verb number agreement in 4 languages. I find that the hybrid model outperforms the existing models of number agreement processing suggesting that the cue-based retrieval theory must incorporate a feature distortion assumption.
To account for the absence of facilitatory effect in antecedent-reflexive dependencies, I propose an individual difference model, which was built within the cue-based retrieval framework (Article II). The model assumes that individuals may differ in how strongly they weigh a syntactic cue over a number cue. The model was fitted to data from two studies on antecedent-reflexive dependencies, and the participant-level cue-weighting was estimated. We find that one-fourth of the participants, in both studies, weigh the syntactic cue higher than the number cue in processing reflexive dependencies and the remaining participants weigh the two cues equally. The result indicates that the absence of predicted facilitatory effect at the level of grouped data is driven by some, not all, participants who weigh syntactic cues higher than the number cue. More generally, the result demonstrates that the assumption of differential cue weighting is important for a theory of dependency completion processes. This differential cue weighting idea was independently supported by a modeling study on subject-verb non-agreement dependencies (Article III).
Overall, the cue-based retrieval, which is a general theory of dependency completion, needs to incorporate two new assumptions: (i) the nouns stored in memory can undergo probabilistic feature distortion, and (ii) the linguistic cues used for retrieval can be weighted differentially. This is the cumulative result of the modeling work presented in this dissertation.
The dissertation makes an important theoretical contribution: Sentence comprehension in humans is driven by a mechanism that assumes cue-based retrieval, probabilistic feature distortion, and differential cue weighting. This insight is theoretically important because there is some independent support for these three assumptions in sentence processing and the broader memory literature. The modeling work presented here is also methodologically important because for the first time, it demonstrates (i) how the complex models of sentence processing can be evaluated using data from multiple studies simultaneously, without oversimplifying the models, and (ii) how the inferences drawn from the individual-level behavior can be used in theory development.
National Action Plans (NAPs) have been increas-ingly adopted world-wide after the Vienna Dec-laration in 1993, where it was urged to consider the improvement and promotion of Human Rights. In this paper, we discuss their usefulness and success by analysing the challenges present-ed during NAP processes as well as the benefits this set of actions entails: The challenges for their implementation outweigh its actual benefits. Nevertheless, NAPs have great potential. Based on new research, we elaborate a set of recom-mendations for improving the design and imple-mentation of national action planning. In order to effectively bring NAP into practice, we consider it crucial to plan and analyse every state local circumstances in detail. The latter is important, since the implementation of a concrete set of actions is intended to directly transform and improve the local living conditions of the people. In a long-term perspective, we defend the benefit of NAP’s implementation for complying obliga-tions set up by HR treaties.
The last years have been affected by Covid-19 and the international emergency mecha-nism to deal with health-related threats. The effects of this period manifested differ-ently worldwide, depending on matters such as international relations, national policies, power dynamics etc. Additionally, the impact of this time will likely have long-term effects which are yet to be known. This paper gives a critical overview of the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) mechanism in the context of Covid-19. It does so by explaining the legal framework for states of emergency, specifically in the context of a PHEIC, while considering its restrictions and limitations on human rights. It further outlines issues in the manifestation of global protections and limitations on human rights during Covid-19. Lastly, considering the likelihood of future PHEICs and the known systemic obstructions, this paper offers ways to im-prove this mechanism from a holistic, non-zero-sum perspective.
The MOOChub is a joined web-based catalog of all relevant German and Austrian MOOC platforms that lists well over 750 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). Automatically building such a catalog requires that all partners describe and publicly offer the metadata of their courses in the same way. The paper at hand presents the genesis of the idea to establish a common metadata standard and the story of its subsequent development. The result of this effort is, first, an open-licensed de-facto-standard, which is based on existing commonly used standards and second, a first prototypical platform that is using this standard: the MOOChub, which lists all courses of the involved partners. This catalog is searchable and provides a more comprehensive overview of basically all MOOCs that are offered by German and Austrian MOOC platforms. Finally, the upcoming developments to further optimize the catalog and the metadata standard are reported.
The CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1) extract of Zanthoxylum holstzianum stem bark showed good antiplasmodial activity (IC50 2.5 +/- 0.3 and 2.6 +/- 0.3 mu g/mL against the W2 and D6 strains of Plasmodium falciparum, respectively). From the extract five benzophenanthridine alkaloids [8-acetonyldihydrochelerythrine (1), nitidine (2), dihydrochelerythine (3), norchelerythrine (5), arnottianamide (8)]; a 2-quinolone alkaloid [N-methylflindersine (4)]; a lignan [4,4 '-dihydroxy-3,3 '-dimethoxylignan-9,9 '-diyl diacetate (7)] and a dimer of a benzophenanthridine and 2-quinoline [holstzianoquinoline (6)] were isolated. The CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1) extract of the root bark afforded 1, 3-6, 8, chelerythridimerine (9) and 9-demethyloxychelerythrine (10). Holstzianoquinoline (6) is new, and is the second dimer linked by a C-C bond of a benzophenanthridine and a 2-quinoline reported thus far. The compounds were identified based on spectroscopic evidence. Amongst five compounds (1-5) tested against two strains of P. falciparum, nitidine (IC50 0.11 +/- 0.01 mu g/mL against W2 and D6 strains) and norchelerythrine (IC50 value of 0.15 +/- 0.01 mu g/mL against D6 strain) were the most active.
Pichia pastoris (syn. Komagataella phaffi) is a distinguished expression system widely used in industrial production processes. Recent molecular research has focused on numerous approaches to increase recombinant protein yield in P. pastoris. For example, the design of expression vectors and synthetic genetic elements, gene copy number optimization, or co-expression of helper proteins
(transcription factors, chaperones, etc.). However, high clonal variability of transformants and low screening throughput have hampered significant success.
To enhance screening capacities, display-based methodologies inherit the potential for efficient isolation of producer clones via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Therefore, this study focused on developing a novel clone selection method that is based on the non-covalent attachment of Fab fragments on the P. pastoris cell surface to be applicable for FACS.
Initially, a P. pastoris display system was developed, which is a prerequisite for the surface capture of secreted Fabs. A Design of Experiments approach was applied to analyze the influence of various genetic elements on antibody fragment display. The combined P. pastoris formaldehyde dehydrogenase promoter (PFLD1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase 2 signal peptide (ScSUC2), - agglutinin (ScSAG1) anchor protein, and the ARS of Kluyveromyces lactis (panARS) conferred highest display levels.
Subsequently, eight single-chain variable fragments (scFv) specific for the constant part of the Fab heavy or light chain were individually displayed in P. pastoris. Among the tested scFvs, the anti-human CH1 IgG domain scFv allowed the most efficient Fab capture detected by flow cytometry.
Irrespective of the Fab sequence, exogenously added as well as simultaneously secreted Fabs were successfully captured on the cell surface. Furthermore, Fab secretion capacities were shown to correlate to the level of surface-bound Fabs as demonstrated for characterized producer clones.
Flow-sorted clones presenting high amounts of Fabs showed an increase in median Fab titers (factor of 21 to 49) compared to unsorted clones when screened in deep-well plates. For selected candidates, improved functional Fab yields of sorted cells vs. unsorted cells were confirmed in an upscaled shake flask production. Since the scFv capture matrix was encoded on an episomal plasmid with inherently unstable autonomously replicating sequences (ARS), efficient plasmid curing was observed after removing the selective pressure. Hence, sorted clones could be immediately used for production without the need to modify the expression host or vector. The resulting switchable display/secretion system provides a streamlined approach for the isolation of Fab producers and subsequent Fab production.
The integration of MOOCs into the Moroccan Higher Education (MHE) took place in 2013 by developing different partnerships and projects at national and international levels. As elsewhere, the Covid-19 crisis has played an important role in accelerating distance education in MHE. However, based on our experience as both university professors and specialists in educational engineering, the effective execution of the digital transition has not yet been implemented. Thus, in this article, we present a retrospective feedback of MOOCs in Morocco, focusing on the policies taken by the government to better support the digital transition in general and MOOCs in particular. We are therefore seeking to establish an optimal scenario for the promotion of MOOCs, which emphasizes the policies to be considered, and which recalls the importance of conducting a delicate articulation taking into account four levels, namely environmental, institutional, organizational and individual. We conclude with recommendations that are inspired by the Moroccan academic contex that focus on the major role that MOOCs plays for university students and on maintaining lifelong learning.