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”Thanks in Advance”
(2019)
This paper studies the effect of the commonly used phrase “thanks in advance” on compliance with a small request. In a controlled laboratory experiment we ask participants to give a detailed answer to an open question. The treatment variable is whether or not they see the phrase “thanks in advance.” Our participants react to the treatment by exerting less effort in answering the request even though they perceive the phrase as polite.
Inhalt 1. Öffentliche Unternehmen als ordnungspolitisches Problem 2. Positive Analyse und Neue Politische Ökonomik 2.1. Empirische Befunde zur Effizienzalternativer Produktion 2.2. Bürokratietheoretische Erklärungsansätze undModellerweiterungen 3. Normative Analyse und aktuelle Entwicklungen 3.1. Ordnungspolitische Konsequenzen:Privatisierung staatlicher Monopole undwettbewerbliche Marktöffnung 3.2. Natürliche Monopole als Liberalisierungshindernisse? 3.3. Liberalisierungsprozesse in einzelnen Sektoren 3.4. Ausblick und Perspektiven öffentlicher Unternehmen
Inhalt I. Einführung: Marktstruktur und Marktergebnisse II. Die Ausgestaltung der deutschen Rundfunkordnung durch dasBundesverfassungsgericht III. Gutseigenschaften und Marktbesonderheiten 1. Totales Marktversagen infolge öffentlicher Güter? 2. Externe Effekte des Rundfunkkonsums? 3. Rundfunk als meritorisches Gut? 4. Intransitive Präferenzen beim Rundfunkkonsum? 5. Asymmetrische Informationen im Rundfunkbereich? 6. Zwischenergebnis IV. Finanzierungsalternativen 1. Gebührenfinanzierung 2. Werbefinanzierung 3. Pay-TV 4. Zwischenergebnis V. Reformvorschläge zur deutschen Rundfunkordnung 1. Neubestimmung des öffentlich-rechtlichen Funktionsauftrages? 2. Finanzierung des öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks durch die privaten Veranstalter? 3. Verzicht auf den öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunk? VI. Resümee
Dieses Papier thematisiert die völkerstrafrechtliche Einordnung rein störender, also nicht zerstörender Cyberoperationen. Nach der erforderlichen Begriffsklärung werden die einzelnen Fragen der Anwendbarkeit des Völkerstrafrechts erörtert und geprüft, welche Tatbestände durch solche Aktionen verwirklicht werden können.
Against the background of the increasingly discussed “Linguistic Saving Hypothesis” (Chen, 2013), I studied whether the targeted use of a present tense (close tense) and a future tense (distant tense) within the same language have an impact on intertemporal decision-making. In a monetarily incentivized laboratory experiment in Germany, I implemented two different treatments on intertemporal choices. The treatments differed in the tense in which I referred to future rewards. My results show that individuals prefer to a greater extent rewards which are associated with a present tense (close tense). This result is in line with my prediction and the first empirical support for the Linguistic Saving Hypothesis within one language. However, this result holds exclusively for males. Females seem to be unaffected by the linguistic manipulation. I discuss my findings in the context of “gender-as-culture” as well as their potential policy-implications.
Die vorliegende Publikation umfasst einen Teil der Dissertation „Wortstellungsvariation aus informationsstruktureller Perspektive. Eine Untersuchung der linken Satzperipherie im gesprochenen Deutsch“ von Sören Schalowski. In diesen Kapiteln wird aus synchroner Perspektive auf die Wortstellungsvariation in der linken Satzperipherie, also die Besetzungs- und Linearisierungsvarianten der syntaktischen Domäne vor dem finiten Verb, genauer eingegangen. Dabei werden die für das Standarddeutsche bekannten und in der Literatur diskutierten (oberflächlichen)
Abweichungen von der V2-Stellung in Aussagesätzen des Deutschen genauer diskutiert.
Leveraging two cohort-specific pension reforms, this paper estimates the forward-looking effects of an exogenous increase in the working horizon on (un)employment behaviour for individuals with a long remaining statutory working life. Using difference-in-differences and regression discontinuity approaches based on administrative and survey data, I show that a longer legal working horizon increases individuals’ subjective expectations about the length of their work life, raises the probability of employment, decreases the probability of unemployment, and increases the intensity of job search among the unemployed. Heterogeneity analyses show that the demonstrated employment effects are strongest for women and in occupations with comparatively low physical intensity, i.e., occupations that can be performed at older ages.
We analyze the impact of women’s managerial representation on the gender pay gap among employees on the establishment level using German Linked-Employer-Employee-Data from the years 2004 to 2018. For identification of a causal effect we employ a panel model with establishment fixed effects and industry-specific time dummies. Our results show that a higher share of women in management significantly reduces the gender pay gap within the firm. An increase in the share of women in first-level management e.g. from zero to above 33 percent decreases the adjusted gender pay gap from a baseline of 15 percent by 1.2 percentage points, i.e. to roughly 14 percent. The effect is stronger for women in second-level than first-level management, indicating that women managers with closer interactions with their subordinates have a higher impact on the gender pay gap than women on higher management levels. The results are similar for East and West Germany, despite the lower gender pay gap and more gender egalitarian social norms in East Germany. From a policy perspective, we conclude that increasing the number of women in management positions has the potential to reduce the gender pay gap to a limited extent. However, further policy measures will be needed in order to fully close the gender gap in pay.
Wie verhandelt die Praxis?
(2015)
Kurz vor ihrem sechzigsten Geburtstag ist die europäische Union mit inneren und äußeren Herausforderungen konfrontiert und befindet sich in einer tiefen Krise. Am 1. März 2017 legte Kommissionspräsident Juncker das „Weißbuch über die Zukunft der Europäischen Union“ vor, in dem er verschiedene Szenarien darlegt und zur Diskussion über die anste-henden Entscheidungen einlädt. Diese Papier versteht sich als ein solcher Diskussionsbei-trag.
What Makes an Employer?
(2019)
As the policy debate on entrepreneurship increasingly centers on firm growth in terms of job creation, it is important to better understand which variables influence the first hiring decision and which ones influence the subsequent survival as an employer. Using the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP), we analyze what role individual characteristics of entrepreneurs play in sustainable job creation. While human and social capital variables positively influence the hiring decision and the survival as an employer in the same direction, we show that none of the personality traits affect the two outcomes in the same way. Some traits are only relevant for survival as an employer but do not influence the hiring decision, other traits even unfold a revolving door effect, in the sense that employers tend to fail due to the same characteristics that positively influenced their hiring decision.
What is it good for?
(2023)
Military conflicts and wars affect a country’s development in various dimensions. Rising inflation rates are a potentially important economic effect associated with conflict. High inflation can undermine investment, weigh on private consumption, and threaten macroeconomic stability. Furthermore, these effects are not necessarily restricted to the locality of the conflict, but can also spill over to other countries. Therefore, to understand how conflict affects the economy and to make a more comprehensive assessment of the costs of armed conflict, it is important to take inflationary effects into account. To disentangle the conflict-inflation-nexus and to quantify this relationship, we conduct a panel analysis for 175 countries over the period 1950–2019. To capture indirect inflationary effects, we construct a distance based spillover index. In general, the results of our analysis confirm a statistically significant positive direct association between conflicts and inflation rates. This finding is robust across various model specifications. Moreover, our results indicate that conflict induced inflation is not solely driven by increasing money supply. Furthermore, we document a statistically significant positive indirect association between conflicts and inflation rates in uninvolved countries.
The COVID-19 pandemic created the largest experiment in working from home. We study how persistent telework may change energy and transport consumption and costs in Germany to assess the distributional and environmental implications when working from home will stick. Based on data from the German Microcensus and available classifications of working-from-home feasibility for different occupations, we calculate the change in energy consumption and travel to work when 15% of employees work full time from home. Our findings suggest that telework translates into an annual increase in heating energy expenditure of 110 euros per worker and a decrease in transport expenditure of 840 euros per worker. All income groups would gain from telework but high-income workers gain twice as much as low-income workers. The value of time saving is between 1.3 and 6 times greater than the savings from reduced travel costs and almost 9 times higher for high-income workers than low-income workers. The direct effects on CO₂ emissions due to reduced car commuting amount to 4.5 millions tons of CO₂, representing around 3 percent of carbon emissions in the transport sector.
Weathering the storm?
(2023)
Democratization scholars are currently debating if we are indeed witnessing a third wave of autocratization. While this has led to an extensive debate about the future of the liberal international order, we still know relatively little about the consequences of autocratization for international organizations (IOs). In this article, we explore to what extent autocratization has led to changes in the composition of IO membership. We propose three different ways of conceptualizing autocratization of IO membership. We argue that we should move away from a dichotomous understanding of regime type and regime change, but rather focus on composition of subregime types to understand current developments. We build on updated membership data for 73 IOs through 2020 to map membership configurations based on the V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index. Contrary to current debates on the crisis of the liberal order, we find that many IOs are not (yet) affected by broad autocratization of their membership that would endanger democratic majorities or overall democratic densities. However, we also observe the disappearance of formerly homogenous democratic clubs due to democratic backsliding in a number of European and Latin American IO member states, as well as a return of autocratic clubs in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa. These findings have important implications for the broader research agenda on international democracy promotion and human right protection as well as the study of legitimacy and the effectiveness of international organizations.