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This essay revisits Ian McEwan’s extremely successful novel Saturday, and interrogates its exemplary assessment of the British cultural climate after 9/11. The particular focus is on McEwan’s extensive recourse to the writings of Matthew Arnold, whose melancholy outlook on culture and anarchy McEwan basically translates into the 21st century without much ideological fraction. This relapse into Victorian liberal humanism as consolation for a Western world besieged by the contingencies of terrorism is extremely problematic. Not only does it wilfully ignore the transcultural realities of modern Britain, it also promotes an ahistorical and apolitical mode of critical inquiry which may be called reductive at best in view of the global challenges that the novel addresses.
Saccades move objects of interest into the center of the visual field for high-acuity visual analysis. White, Stritzke, and Gegenfurtner (Current Biology, 18, 124–128, 2008) have shown that saccadic latencies in the context of a structured background are much shorter than those with an unstructured background at equal levels of visibility. This effect has been explained by possible preactivation of the saccadic circuitry whenever a structured background acts as a mask for potential saccade targets. Here, we show that background textures modulate rates of microsaccades during visual fixation. First, after a display change, structured backgrounds induce a stronger decrease of microsaccade rates than do uniform backgrounds. Second, we demonstrate that the occurrence of a microsaccade in a critical time window can delay a subsequent saccadic response. Taken together, our findings suggest that microsaccades contribute to the saccadic facilitation effect, due to a modulation of microsaccade rates by properties of the background.
Rohstoffpoker
(2011)
Die Einsätze erhöhen sich. Player wie China mischen die Karten am Tisch des globalen Rohstoffpokers neu. Deutschland nimmt die Herausforderung an und verändert seine Strategie. Experten und Kritiker dieser Neuausrichtung kommen zu Wort. Ohne die Einbeziehung der geopolitisch entscheidenden Mitspieler Zentralasien und Russland können die Karten aber nicht aufgedeckt werden.
Background
In many species males face a higher predation risk than females because males display elaborate traits that evolved under sexual selection, which may attract not only females but also predators. Females are, therefore, predicted to avoid such conspicuous males under predation risk. The present study was designed to investigate predator-induced changes of female mating preferences in Atlantic mollies (Poecilia mexicana). Males of this species show a pronounced polymorphism in body size and coloration, and females prefer large, colorful males in the absence of predators.
Results
In dichotomous choice tests predator-naïve (lab-reared) females altered their initial preference for larger males in the presence of the cichlid Cichlasoma salvini, a natural predator of P. mexicana, and preferred small males instead. This effect was considerably weaker when females were confronted visually with the non-piscivorous cichlid Vieja bifasciata or the introduced non-piscivorous Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). In contrast, predator experienced (wild-caught) females did not respond to the same extent to the presence of a predator, most likely due to a learned ability to evaluate their predators' motivation to prey.
Conclusions
Our study highlights that (a) predatory fish can have a profound influence on the expression of mating preferences of their prey (thus potentially affecting the strength of sexual selection), and females may alter their mate choice behavior strategically to reduce their own exposure to predators. (b) Prey species can evolve visual predator recognition mechanisms and alter their mate choice only when a natural predator is present. (c) Finally, experiential effects can play an important role, and prey species may learn to evaluate the motivational state of their predators.
Polen regiert Europa
(2011)
Am 1. Juli übernimmt Polen die EU-Ratspräsidentschaft. Es ist eine Chance, sich als europapolitischer Akteur zu profilieren. Im Thema werden Prioritäten und Herausforderungen der polnischen Ratspräsidentschaft - das künftige EU-Budget, die Östliche Partnerschaft und die Beziehungen zu Russland - klar benannt und analysiert. Japan nach der Atomkatastrophe, die panarabische Revolution und die Lage in Israel sind weitere Schwerpunkte dieser Ausgabe.
The use of nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) for environmental remediation is a promising new technique for in situ remediation. Due to its high surface area and high reactivity, nZVI is able to dechlorinate organic contaminants and render them harmless. Limited mobility, due to fast aggregation and sedimentation of nZVI, limits the capability for source and plume remediation. Carbo-Iron is a newly developed material consisting of activated carbon particles (d50 = 0,8 µm) that are plated with nZVI particles. These particles combine the mobility of activated carbon and the reactivity of nZVI. This paper presents the first results of the transport experiments.
We study pattern-forming instabilities in reaction-advection-diffusion systems. We develop an approach based on Lyapunov-Bloch exponents to figure out the impact of a spatially periodic mixing flow on the stability of a spatially homogeneous state. We deal with the flows periodic in space that may have arbitrary time dependence. We propose a discrete in time model, where reaction, advection, and diffusion act as successive operators, and show that a mixing advection can lead to a pattern-forming instability in a two-component system where only one of the species is advected. Physically, this can be explained as crossing a threshold of Turing instability due to effective increase of one of the diffusion constants.
Dutch allows for variation as to whether the first position in the sentence is occupied by the subject or by some other constituent, such as the direct object. In particular situations, however, this commonly observed variation in word order is ‘frozen’ and only the subject appears in first position. We hypothesize that this partial freezing of word order in Dutch can be explained from the dependence of the speaker’s choice of word order on the hearer’s interpretation of this word order. A formal model of this interaction between the speaker’s perspective and the hearer’s perspective is presented in terms of bidirectional Optimality Theory. Empirical predictions of this model regarding the interaction between word order and definiteness are confirmed by a quantitative corpus study.
Eye fixation durations during normal reading correlate with processing difficulty but the specific cognitive mechanisms reflected in these measures are not well understood. This study finds support in German readers’ eyefixations for two distinct difficulty metrics: surprisal, which reflects the change in probabilities across syntactic analyses as new words are integrated, and retrieval, which quantifies comprehension difficulty in terms of working memory constraints. We examine the predictions of both metrics using a family of dependency parsers indexed by an upper limit on the number of candidate syntactic analyses they retain at successive words. Surprisal models all fixation measures and regression probability. By contrast, retrieval does not model any measure in serial processing. As more candidate analyses are considered in parallel at each word, retrieval can account for the same measures as surprisal. This pattern suggests an important role for ranked parallelism in theories of sentence comprehension.
Using the notion of an elementary loop, Gebser and Schaub (2005. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning (LPNMR’05 ), 53–65) refined the theorem on loop formulas attributable to Lin and Zhao (2004) by considering loop formulas of elementary loops only. In this paper, we reformulate the definition of an elementary loop, extend it to disjunctive programs, and study several properties of elementary loops, including how maximal elementary loops are related to minimal unfounded sets. The results provide useful insights into the stable model semantics in terms of elementary loops. For a nondisjunctive program, using a graph-theoretic characterization of an elementary loop, we show that the problem of recognizing an elementary loop is tractable. On the other hand, we also show that the corresponding problem is coNP-complete for a disjunctive program. Based on the notion of an elementary loop, we present the class of Head-Elementary-loop-Free (HEF) programs, which strictly generalizes the class of Head-Cycle-Free (HCF) programs attributable to Ben-Eliyahu and Dechter (1994. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 12, 53–87). Like an HCF program, an HEF program can be turned into an equivalent nondisjunctive program in polynomial time by shifting head atoms into the body.
Neues deutsches Gedenken?
(2011)
Bedarf es eines neuen Gedenktages der Vertriebenen in Deutschland? Die deutsche Regierung meint Ja. Auf ihre Initiative hin wurde die Entschließung "60 Jahre Charta der deutschen Heimatvertriebenen – Aussöhnung vollenden" im Februar 2011 angenommen. Dieser Gedenktag soll der 5. August sein, also jener Tag, an dem 1950 die "Charta der deutschen Heimatvertriebenen" in Stuttgart angenommen wurde. Der Entschluss traf im Bundestag auf den Widerstand der Opposition – aber auch auf scharfe Kritik in Polen.
Russland sieht in der Shanghai-Gruppe ein wichtiges außen- und sicherheitspolitisches Instrument. Damit sollen sowohl das internationale Profil verbessert als auch militärische Interessen (Waffenexporte) umgesetzt werden. Obwohl sich das Verhältnis zu China deutlich verbesserte, ist es russisches Interesse, mittels der SCO Chinas Einfluss in Zentralasien zu begrenzen. Angesichts der strategischen Differenzen zwischen Moskau und Peking stellt sich das Problem des möglichen Bruchs der Shanghai-Gruppe.
Due to their optical and electro-conductive attributes, carbazole derivatives are interesting materials for a large range of biosensor applications. In this study, we present the synthesis routes and fluorescence evaluation of newly designed carbazole fluorosensors that, by modification with uracil, have a special affinity for antiretroviral drugs via either Watson–Crick or Hoogsteen base pairing. To an N-octylcarbazole-uracil compound, four different groups were attached, namely thiophene, furane, ethylenedioxythiophene, and another uracil; yielding four different derivatives. Photophysical properties of these newly obtained derivatives are described, as are their interactions with the reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as abacavir, zidovudine, lamivudine and didanosine. The influence of each analyte on biosensor fluorescence was assessed on the basis of the Stern–Volmer equation and represented by Stern–Volmer constants. Consequently we have demonstrated that these structures based on carbazole, with a uracil group, may be successfully incorporated into alternative carbazole derivatives to form biosensors for the molecular recognition of antiretroviral drugs.
Mit dem Amtsantritt von Präsident Santos 2010 hat sich das politische Klima in Kolumbien spürbar verändert. Der ehemalige Verteidigungsminister Uribes distanziert sich von seinem einstigen Vorgesetzten: Außenpolitisch sucht Santos Kontakt zu den Nachbarstaaten, im Land selbst darf wieder über den bewaffneten Konflikt mit der Guerilla diskutiert werden. An der neoliberalen Wirtschaftspolitik hält jedoch auch Präsident Santos fest.
Der Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die neue einheitliche Behördenrufnummer D115, als aktuelles, innovatives eGovernment-Projekt der deutschen Verwaltungsmodernisierung. Als theoretische Grundlage der hier vorliegenden empirischen verwaltungswissen schaftlichen Analyse sekundiert der Multilevel-Governance-Ansatz, welcher die Mehrebenenverflechtung der politisch-administrativen Strukturen, die Vielschichtigkeit und die besondere Governancestruktur des Reformvorhabens am besten erfassen dürfte. Die Analyse der Funktionsweise der Behördenrufnummer D115, der beteiligten Akteure und deren institutionell bedingter Motivation kommt insgesamt zum Ergebnis, dass der Ansatz für das Modernisierungsprojekt als geradezu exemplarisch zu betrachten ist. Die Berücksichtigung des Mehrebenencharakters sowie der dabei zur Anwendung kommen den Netzwerk- und Steuerungsmechanismen sind bei einem solchen Projekt und künftigen eGovernment-Projekten unverzichtbar.
Japan in der Katastrophe
(2011)
Die verheerenden Erdbeben im März dieses Jahres erschütterten nicht nur Japan, sie erschütterten die Welt. Das Reaktorunglück von Fukushima weckte düstere Erinnerungen an Tschernobyl. Wie geht das asiatische Land mit der Katastrophe um? Das Thema zeigt deutlich, dass die Krise noch lange nicht Überwunden ist. Weitere Themen: Europa macht die Eurokrise zu schaffen. Werner Weidenfeld kritisiert die Verengung und plädiert für ein politisches Projekt Europa. Berlins Große Politik im Fall Libyen analysiert Gunther Hellmann. Zudem ein aktuelles Interview mit dem Generaldelegierten Palästinas in Deutschland: Palästinas Antrag auf UN-Vollmitgliedschaft im September 2011 – Lösung des Knotens oder Verschärfung der Auseinandersetzung?
Die Konsequenzen des Grollens in der arabischen Welt seit Anfang 2011 werden sich möglicherweise als weniger hilfreich für die Lösung des Nahostkonflikts erweisen als erhofft. Zumindest auf kurze Sicht hat sich die Nachbarschaft Israels in einen noch unberechenbareren und instabileren Ort verwandelt. Israel würde die Entstehung guten und repräsentativen Regierens in der arabischen Welt willkommen heißen. Doch sind die weiteren Entwicklungen in der Region kaum abzuschätzen.
There has been a substantial increase in the percentage for publications with co-authors located in departments from different countries in 12 major journals of psychology. The results are evidence for a remarkable internationalization of psychological research, starting in the mid 1970s and increasing in rate at the beginning of the 1990s. This growth occurs against a constant number of articles with authors from the same country; it is not due to a concomitant increase in the number of co-authors per article. Thus, international collaboration in psychology is obviously on the rise.