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Privatisation in Central and Eastern Europe can be defined as the transfer of property rights from the State to private owners. The transfers are carried out so as to vest the new private owners with the full property rights of use and disposal over their property, these rights being guaranteed by the legal framework established by the rule of law. In Bulgaria, one can distinguish between three main stages in the process of privatisation. Each was shaped by the conflicting resolutions of frequently changing governments and meant to serve different political goals. The first stage (1990-1993) is characterised by the blockade of legal privatisation, as ‘spontaneous privatisation’ was accorded high priority. As in other former socialist countries, great emphasis was placed on the so-called commercialisation of state-owned enterprises. This did not involve the actual transfer of State property into private hands, but rather the independent transformation of state-owned enterprises into joint-stock companies, as well as the establishment of subsidiary companies.1 The goals of introducing more efficient structures and applying modern methods of production by transferring property to a more suitable management were not achieved. The second stage (1993-1995) is a cash privatisation, which laid the foundation for an employee/management buy-out, aided by the legal provisions granting concessions in the payment of instalments. The most important factor in the third stage of the process of privatisation in Bulgaria was the adoption of the mass privatisation model as an alternative method of procedure. In 1996, legal regulations for mass privatisation were introduced and a privatisation fund was established. In the meantime, the process has evolved into its fourth stage, during which a strategy of privatisation has been formulated under the supervision of a monetary council, and various agreements with the IMF and the World Bank are being adhered to. Privatisation is the decisive factor in the structural reforms of East European countries. The problem of converting State property into more effective forms of property management has been exacerbated by the additional demand of carrying out the far-reaching structural changes as swiftly as possible. The expectation that a large part of State property would be privatised within a short time in Bulgaria, has not been met for a number of reasons. When the reforms began, the private sector was too weakly developed to become a catalyst for structural changes. Until 1995 there were no laws regulating the stock exchange or securities and bonds - the capital market was practically non-existent. Moreover, the various political parties could not agree upon the various models and objectives of privatisation. The population itself had no capital. The restitution of private ownership which will not be discussed in further detail was limited to the smallest businesses, traders and workshops. Furthermore, the Privatisation Agency and State authorities employed to initiate the privatisation process lacked experience. Another problem hindering privatisation was that the laws passed lacked precision and were constantly subject to change.
After promising beginnings towards transformation, in 1991 the Bulgarian economy fell into deep crisis in the period from 1995 to 1997. Social policy, already overstrained due to the demands of transition, was unable to cope effectively with the rapidly spreading state of emergency. The following essay analyses the development of the social indicators and instruments of social security in the years 1990 to 1998. In addition to unemployment and unemployment insurance, the issue of pensions and poverty will also be examined.
All countries of Central and Eastern Europe had to bear and are still bearing tremendous costs of the economic and political transformation. This paper deals with the case of Bulgaria. We describe the social situation and the most important social security institutions in Bulgaria (unemployment benefits, the pension system and family support) over the period of the last seven years.
Industrial policy measures can be a reasonable supplement to economic and social policy actions during the period of transformation of centrally planned economies. This paper shows the interplay between industrial and social policy. Special attention is given to the timing and sequencing of the transformation process. This approach is closely modeled on the example of New Zealand.
This volume contains the articles and papers which predominately have been published in international journals or edited volumes in the period from 1979 to 2009. The single articles reflect the main research areas of the editor and his co-authors who were engaged at the Kiel Institute of World Economics, the Johannes-Kepler-University Linz/Austria, the Justus- Liebig-University Giessen, the University of Potsdam, and the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin).
Aus der Einleitung: Die revolutionären Veränderungen, die seit sechs Jahren in den Ländern des ehemaligen Ostblocks stattfinden, überraschten sowohl die politischen Kräfte in den westlichen Industrienationen als auch die Gesellschaftswissenschaftler. Eine Theorie der Transformation existierte nicht, weil wohl niemand ernsthaft daran geglaubt hat, daß sich die zentralplanorganisierten Volkswirtschaften irgendwann für den schwierigen Weg in die Marktwirtschaft entscheiden werden. Erst nach dem Beginn der Transformationsprozesse in Polen und Ungarn erwachten die Politiker und Wissenschaftler. Das steigende Interesse an der Umwandlung von Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsordnung resultiert seitdem in einer Flut von Aufsätzen und Konferenzen, gut gemeinten, aber oft kaum durchdachten Ratschlägen und Empfehlungen für die Länder Mittel- und Osteuropas. Die sich nach und nach entwickelnde Theorie der Transformation läuft dem wirtschaftspolitischen Geschehen jedoch ständig hinterher.
Inhalt: Polnische Staatsverschuldung vor 1990 - Auslandsverschuldung - Inlandsverschuldung Die Entwicklung der Staatsverschuldung in der Transformationsphase - Entwicklung der Auslandsverschuldung in den Jahren 1990 - 1994 - Entwicklung der Inlandsverschuldung in den Jahren 1990 - 1994 Szenarien für die Entwicklung des Schuldendienstes - Die Gesamtverschuldungsprognose in Inlandswährung - Szenarien für die Staatseinnahmenentwicklung - Gegenüberstellung der Staatseinnahmen und des Gesamtschuldendienstes - Entwicklung des Auslandsschuldendienstes in Auslandswährung Zur Realitätsnähe der Szenarien
Inhalt: Gutachten im Auftrag des Ministeriums der Finanzen des Landes Brandenburg (beinhaltet den Text des Gutachtens - Teil a) Mischfinanzierungstatbestände -Allgemeine Probleme der Mischfinanzierung -Gemeinschaftsaufgaben -Finanzhilfen nach Art. 104a Abs. 4 GG -Geldleistungsgesetze nach Art. 104a Abs. 3 GG Lösungsmöglichkeiten -Verteilungsschlüssel und Mischfinanzierung -Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten -Neuverteilung der Mittelzuweisungen am Beispiel der Gemeinschaftsaufgabe "Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur" -Kompensationsmodelle für Mischfinanzierungstatbestände
Inhalt: Wieviel Staat braucht der Markt? -Markt und Staatsversagen -Markt- und Staatsversagen im Versicherungsbereich -Der Markt braucht den Staat nur beschränkt Wieviel Staat braucht die Gerechtigkeit? -Gerechtigkeit -Solidarität und Einkommensumverteilung in der Sozialversicherung -"Soziale Gerechtigkeit"- ein tauglicher Begriff? Deutsche Erfahrungen mit der gesetzlichen Sozialversicherung und die polnischen Reformprojekte -Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung -Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung