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Year of publication
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- Article (215)
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- English (248) (remove)
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- stars: massive (11)
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- stars: winds, outflows (7)
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- X-rays: stars (5)
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Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (248) (remove)
Chen, Zupeng ; Savateev, Aleksandr ; Pronkin, Sergey ; Papaefthimiou, Vasiliki ; Wolff, Christian Michael ; Willinger, Marc Georg ; Willinger, Elena ; Neher, Dieter ; Antonietti, Markus ; Dontsova, Dariya
Cost-efficient, visible-light-driven hydrogen production from water is an attractive potential source of clean, sustainable fuel. Here, it is shown that thermal solid state reactions of traditional carbon nitride precursors (cyanamide, melamine) with NaCl, KCl, or CsCl are a cheap and straightforward way to prepare poly(heptazine imide) alkali metal salts, whose thermodynamic stability decreases upon the increase of the metal atom size. The chemical structure of the prepared salts is confirmed by the results of X-ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopies, powder X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy studies, and, in the case of sodium poly(heptazine imide), additionally by atomic pair distribution function analysis and 2D powder X-ray diffraction pattern simulations. In contrast, reactions with LiCl yield thermodynamically stable poly(triazine imides). Owing to the metastability and high structural order, the obtained heptazine imide salts are found to be highly active photo-catalysts in Rhodamine B and 4-chlorophenol degradation, and Pt-assisted sacrificial water reduction reactions under visible light irradiation. The measured hydrogen evolution rates are up to four times higher than those provided by a benchmark photocatalyst, mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride. Moreover, the products are able to photocatalytically reduce water with considerable reaction rates, even when glycerol is used as a sacrificial hole scavenger.
Ran, Niva A. ; Roland, Steffen ; Love, John A. ; Savikhin, Victoria ; Takacs, Christopher J. ; Fu, Yao-Tsung ; Li, Hong ; Coropceanu, Veaceslav ; Liu, Xiaofeng ; Bredas, Jean-Luc ; Bazan, Guillermo C. ; Toney, Michael F. ; Neher, Dieter ; Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
A long standing question in organic electronics concerns the effects of molecular orientation at donor/acceptor heterojunctions. Given a well-controlled donor/acceptor bilayer system, we uncover the genuine effects of molecular orientation on charge generation and recombination. These effects are studied through the point of view of photovoltaics-however, the results have important implications on the operation of all optoelectronic devices with donor/ acceptor interfaces, such as light emitting diodes and photodetectors. Our findings can be summarized by two points. First, devices with donor molecules face-on to the acceptor interface have a higher charge transfer state energy and less non-radiative recombination, resulting in larger open-circuit voltages and higher radiative efficiencies. Second, devices with donor molecules edge-on to the acceptor interface are more efficient at charge generation, attributed to smaller electronic coupling between the charge transfer states and the ground state, and lower activation energy for charge generation.
Ortiz-Amezcua, Pablo ; Guerrero-Rascado, Juan Luis ; Jose Granados-Munoz, Maria ; Benavent-Oltra, Jose Antonio ; Böckmann, Christine ; Samaras, Stefanos ; Stachlewska, Iwona Sylwia ; Janicka, Lucja ; Baars, Holger ; Bohlmann, Stephanie ; Alados-Arboledas, Lucas
Strong events of long-range transported biomass burning aerosol were detected during July 2013 at three EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) stations, namely Granada (Spain), Leipzig (Germany) and Warsaw (Poland). Satellite observations from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) instruments, as well as modeling tools such as HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) and NAAPS (Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System), have been used to estimate the sources and transport paths of those North American forest fire smoke particles. A multiwavelength Raman lidar technique was applied to obtain vertically resolved particle optical properties, and further inversion of those properties with a regularization algorithm allowed for retrieving microphysical information on the studied particles. The results highlight the presence of smoke layers of 1-2 km thickness, located at about 5 km a.s.l. altitude over Granada and Leipzig and around 2.5 km a.s.l. at Warsaw. These layers were intense, as they accounted for more than 30% of the total AOD (aerosol optical depth) in all cases, and presented optical and microphysical features typical for different aging degrees: color ratio of lidar ratios (LR532/LR355) around 2, alpha-related angstrom exponents of less than 1, effective radii of 0.3 mu m and large values of single scattering albedos (SSA), nearly spectrally independent. The intensive microphysical properties were compared with columnar retrievals form co-located AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) stations. The intensity of the layers was also characterized in terms of particle volume concentration, and then an experimental relationship between this magnitude and the particle extinction coefficient was established.
Lechleitner, Franziska A. ; Breitenbach, Sebastian Franz Martin ; Rehfeld, Kira ; Ridley, Harriet E. ; Asmerom, Yemane ; Prufer, Keith M. ; Marwan, Norbert ; Goswami, Bedartha ; Kennett, Douglas J. ; Aquino, Valorie V. ; Polyak, Victor ; Haug, Gerald H. ; Eglinton, Timothy I. ; Baldini, James U. L.
The presence of a low-to mid-latitude interhemispheric hydrologic seesaw is apparent over orbital and glacial-interglacial timescales, but its existence over the most recent past remains unclear. Here we investigate, based on climate proxy reconstructions from both hemispheres, the inter-hemispherical phasing of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the low-to mid-latitude teleconnections in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 2000 years. A clear feature is a persistent southward shift of the ITCZ during the Little Ice Age until the beginning of the 19th Century. Strong covariation between our new composite ITCZ-stack and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) records reveals a tight coupling between these two synoptic weather and climate phenomena over decadal-to-centennial timescales. This relationship becomes most apparent when comparing two precisely dated, high-resolution paleorainfall records from Belize and Scotland, indicating that the low-to mid-latitude teleconnection was also active over annual-decadal timescales. It is likely a combination of external forcing, i.e., solar and volcanic, and internal feedbacks, that drives the synchronous ITCZ and NAO shifts via energy flux perturbations in the tropics.
We discuss generalized integro-differential diffusion equations whose integral kernels are not of a simple power law form, and thus these equations themselves do not belong to the family of fractional diffusion equations exhibiting a monoscaling behavior. They instead generate a broad class of anomalous nonscaling patterns, which correspond either to crossovers between different power laws, or to a non-power-law behavior as exemplified by the logarithmic growth of the width of the distribution. We consider normal and modified forms of these generalized diffusion equations and provide a brief discussion of three generic types of integral kernels for each form, namely, distributed order, truncated power law and truncated distributed order kernels. For each of the cases considered we prove the non-negativity of the solution of the corresponding generalized diffusion equation and calculate the mean squared displacement. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Kegelmann, Lukas ; Wolff, Christian Michael ; Awino, Celline ; Lang, Felix ; Unger, Eva L. ; Korte, Lars ; Dittrich, Thomas ; Neher, Dieter ; Rech, Bernd ; Albrecht, Steve
Solar cells made from inorganic organic perovskites have gradually approached market requirements as their efficiency and stability have improved tremendously in recent years. Planar low-temperature processed perovskite solar cells are advantageous for possible large-scale production but are more prone to exhibiting photocurrent hysteresis, especially in the regular n-i-p structure. Here, a systematic characterization of different electron selective contacts with a variety of chemical and electrical properties in planar n-i-p devices processed below 180 degrees C is presented. The inorganic metal oxides TiO2 and SnO2, the organic fullerene derivatives C-60, PCBM, and ICMA, as well as double-layers with a metal oxide/PCBM structure are used as electron transport materials (ETMs). Perovskite layers deposited atop, the different ETMs with the herein applied fabrication method show a similar morphology according to scanning electron microscopy. Further, surface photovoltage spectroscopy measurements indicate comparable perovskite absorber qualities on all ETMs, except TiO2, which shows a more prominent influence of defect states. Transient photoluminescence studies together with current voltage scans over a broad range of scan speeds reveal faster charge extraction, less pronounced hysteresis effects, and higher efficiencies for devices with fullerene compared to those with metal oxide ETMs. Beyond this, only double-layer ETM structures substantially diminish hysteresis effects for all performed scan speeds and strongly enhance the power conversion efficiency up to a champion stabilized value of 18.0%. The results indicate reduced recombination losses for a double-layer TiO2/PCBM contact design: First, a reduction of shunt paths through the fullerene to the ITO layer. Second, an improved hole blocking by the wide band gap metal oxide. Third, decreased transport losses due to an energetically more favorable contact, as implied by photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The herein demonstrated improvements of multilayer selective contacts may serve as a general design guideline for perovskite solar cells.
Jošt, Marko ; Albrecht, Steve ; Kegelmann, Lukas ; Wolff, Christian Michael ; Lang, Felix ; Lipovšek, Benjamin ; Krč, Janez ; Korte, Lars ; Neher, Dieter ; Rech, Bernd ; Topič, Marko
Inorganic-organic perovskites like methylammonium-lead-iodide have proven to be an effective class of 17 materials for fabricating efficient solar cells. To improve their performance, light management techniques using textured surfaces, similar to those used in established solar cell technologies, should be considered. Here, we apply a light management foil created by UV nanoimprint lithography on the glass side of an inverted (p-i-n) perovskite solar cell with 16.3% efficiency. The obtained 1 mA cm(-2) increase in the short-circuit current density translates to a relative improvement in cell performance of 5%, which results in a power conversion efficiency of 17.1%. Optical 3D simulations based on experimentally obtained parameters were used to support the experimental findings. A good match between the simulated and experimental data was obtained, validating the model. Optical simulations reveal that the main improvement in device performance is due to a reduction in total reflection and that relative improvement in the short-circuit current density of up to 10% is possible for large-area devices. Therefore, our results present the potential of light management foils for improving the device performance of perovskite solar cells and pave the way for further use of optical simulations in the field of perovskite solar cells.
Absorption Tails of Donor
(2017)
Vandewal, Koen ; Benduhn, Johannes ; Schellhammer, Karl Sebastian ; Vangerven, Tim ; Rückert, Janna E. ; Piersimoni, Fortunato ; Scholz, Reinhard ; Zeika, Olaf ; Fan, Yeli ; Barlow, Stephen ; Neher, Dieter ; Marder, Seth R. ; Manca, Jean ; Spoltore, Donato ; Cuniberti, Gianaurelio ; Ortmann, Frank
In disordered organic semiconductors, the transfer of a rather localized charge carrier from one site to another triggers a deformation of the molecular structure quantified by the intramolecular relaxation energy. A similar structural relaxation occurs upon population of intermolecular charge-transfer (CT) states formed at organic electron donor (D)-acceptor (A) interfaces. Weak CT absorption bands for D A complexes occur at photon energies below the optical gaps of both the donors and the C-60 acceptor as a result of optical transitions from the neutral ground state to the ionic CT state. In this work, we show that temperature-activated intramolecular vibrations of the ground state play a major role in determining the line shape of such CT absorption bands. This allows us to extract values for the relaxation energy related to the geometry change from neutral to ionic CT complexes. Experimental values for the relaxation energies of 20 D:C-60 CT complexes correlate with values calculated within density functional theory. These results provide an experimental method for determining the polaron relaxation energy in solid-state organic D-A blends and show the importance of a reduced relaxation energy, which we introduce to characterize thermally activated CT processes.
De Angelis, A. ; Tatischeff, V. ; Tavani, M. ; Oberlack, U. ; Grenier, I. ; Hanloni, L. ; Walter, R. ; Argan, A. ; Von Ballmoos, P. ; Bulgarelli, A. ; Donnarumma, I. ; Hernanz, M. ; Kuvvetli, I. ; Pearce, M. ; Zdziarski, A. ; Aboudan, A. ; Ajello, M. ; Ambrosi, G. ; Bernard, D. ; Bernardini, E. ; Bonvicini, V. ; Brogna, A. ; Branchesi, M. ; Budtz-Jorgensen, C. ; Bykov, A. M. ; Campana, R. ; Cardillo, M. ; Coppi, P. ; De Martino, D. ; Diehl, R. ; Doro, M. ; Fioretti, V. ; Funk, S. ; Ghisellini, G. ; Grove, E. ; Hamadache, C. ; Hartmann, D. H. ; Hayashida, M. ; Isern, J. ; Kanbach, G. ; Kiener, J. ; Knodlseder, J. ; Labanti, C. ; Laurent, P. ; Limousin, O. ; Longo, F. ; Mannheim, K. ; Marisaldi, M. ; Martinez, M. ; Mazziotta, Mario Nicola ; McEnery, J. ; Mereghetti, S. ; Minervini, G. ; Moiseev, A. ; Morselli, A. ; Nakazawa, K. ; Orleanski, P. ; Paredes, J. M. ; Patricelli, B. ; Pevre, J. ; Piano, G. ; Pohl, Martin ; Ramarijaona, H. ; Rando, R. ; Reichardt, I. ; Roncadelli, M. ; Silva, R. ; Tavecchio, F. ; Thompson, D. J. ; Turolla, R. ; Ulyanov, A. ; Vacchi, A. ; Wu, X. ; Zoglauer, A.
e-ASTROGAM (‘enhanced ASTROGAM’) is a breakthrough Observatory space mission, with a detector composed by a Silicon tracker, a calorimeter, and an anticoincidence system, dedicated to the study of the non-thermal Universe in the photon energy range from 0.3 MeV to 3 GeV – the lower energy limit can be pushed to energies as low as 150 keV, albeit with rapidly degrading angular resolution, for the tracker, and to 30 keV for calorimetric detection. The mission is based on an advanced space-proven detector technology, with unprecedented sensitivity, angular and energy resolution, combined with polarimetric capability. Thanks to its performance in the MeV-GeV domain, substantially improving its predecessors, e-ASTROGAM will open a new window on the non-thermal Universe, making pioneering observations of the most powerful Galactic and extragalactic sources, elucidating the nature of their relativistic outflows and their effects on the surroundings. With a line sensitivity in the MeV energy range one to two orders of magnitude better than previous generation instruments, e-ASTROGAM will determine the origin of key isotopes fundamental for the understanding of supernova explosion and the chemical evolution of our Galaxy. The mission will provide unique data of significant interest to a broad astronomical community, complementary to powerful observatories such as LIGO-Virgo-GEO600-KAGRA, SKA, ALMA, E-ELT, TMT, LSST, JWST, Athena, CTA, IceCube, KM3NeT, and the promise of eLISA.
We develop a simple two-zone interpretation of the broadband baseline Crab nebula spectrum between 10(-5) eV and similar to 100 TeV by using two distinct log-parabola energetic electrons distributions. We determine analytically the very-high energy photon spectrum as originated by inverse-Compton scattering of the far-infrared soft ambient photons within the nebula off a first population of electrons energized at the nebula termination shock. The broad and flat 200 GeV peak jointly observed by Fermi/LAT and MAGIC is naturally reproduced. The synchrotron radiation from a second energetic electron population explains the spectrum from the radio range up to similar to 10 keV. We infer from observations the energy dependence of the microscopic probability of remaining in proximity of the shock of the accelerating electrons.
A non-resonant cosmic ray (CR) current-driven instability may operate in the shock precursors of young supernova remnants and be responsible for magnetic-field amplification, plasma heating and turbulence. Earlier simulations demonstrated magnetic-field amplification, and in kinetic studies a reduction of the relative drift between CRs and thermal plasma was observed as backreaction. However, all published simulations used periodic boundary conditions, which do not account for mass conservation in decelerating flows and only allow the temporal development to be studied. Here we report results of fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations with open boundaries that permit inflow of plasma on one side of the simulation box and outflow at the other end, hence allowing an investigation of both the temporal and the spatial development of the instability. Magnetic-field amplification proceeds as in studies with periodic boundaries and, observed here for the first time, the reduction of relative drifts causes the formation of a shock-like compression structure at which a fraction of the plasma ions are reflected. Turbulent electric field generated by the non-resonant instability inelastically scatters CRs, modifying and anisotropizing their energy distribution. Spatial CR scattering is compatible with Bohm diffusion. Electromagnetic turbulence leads to significant non-adiabatic heating of the background plasma maintaining bulk equipartition between ions and electrons. The highest temperatures are reached at sites of large-amplitude electrostatic fields. Ion spectra show supra-thermal tails resulting from stochastic scattering in the turbulent electric field. Together, these modifications in the plasma flow will affect the properties of the shock and particle acceleration there.
Schubert, Marcel ; Frisch, Johannes ; Allard, Sybille ; Preis, Eduard ; Scherf, Ullrich ; Koch, Norbert ; Neher, Dieter
The recent development of donor–acceptor copolymers has led to an enormous improvement in the performance of organic solar cells and organic field-effect transistors. Here we describe the synthesis, detailed characterisation, and application of a series of structurally modified copolymers to investigate fundamental structure–property relationships in this class of conjugated polymers. The interplay between chemical structure and optoelectronic properties is investigated. These are further correlated to the charge transport and solar cell performance, which allows us to link their chemical structure to the observed physical properties.
In this chapter we review the basic principles of photocurrent generation in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, discuss the loss channels limiting their efficiency, and present case studies of several polymer-fullerene blends. Using steady-state and transient, optical, and electrooptical techniques, we create a precise picture of the fundamental processes that ultimately govern solar cell efficiency.
Allen, C. ; Archambault, S. ; Archer, A. ; Benbow, W. ; Bird, R. ; Bourbeau, E. ; Brose, Robert ; Buchovecky, M. ; Buckley, J. H. ; Bugaev, V. ; Cardenzana, J. V. ; Cerruti, M. ; Chen, Xuhui ; Christiansen, J. L. ; Connolly, M. P. ; Cui, W. ; Daniel, M. K. ; Eisch, J. D. ; Falcone, Abe ; Feng, Q. ; Fernandez-Alonso, M. ; Finley, J. P. ; Fleischhack, H. ; Flinders, A. ; Fortson, L. ; Furniss, A. ; Gillanders, G. H. ; Griffin, S. ; Grube, J. ; Huetten, M. ; Hakansson, N. ; Hanna, D. ; Hervet, O. ; Holder, J. ; Hughes, G. ; Humensky, T. B. ; Johnson, C. A. ; Kaaret, P. ; Kar, P. ; Kelley-Hoskins, N. ; Kertzman, M. ; Kieda, D. ; Krause, M. ; Krennrich, F. ; Kumar, S. ; Lang, M. J. ; Maier, G. ; McArthur, S. ; McCann, A. ; Meagher, K. ; Moriarty, P. ; Mukherjee, R. ; Nguyen, T. ; Nieto, D. ; Ong, R. A. ; Otte, A. N. ; Park, N. ; Petrashyk, A. ; Pichel, A. ; Pohl, Martin ; Popkow, A. ; Pueschel, Elisa ; Quinn, J. ; Ragan, K. ; Reynolds, P. T. ; Richards, G. T. ; Roache, E. ; Rovero, A. C. ; Rulten, C. ; Sadeh, I. ; Santander, Marcos ; Sembroski, G. H. ; Shahinyan, K. ; Telezhinsky, Igor O. ; Tucci, J. V. ; Tyler, J. ; Wakely, S. P. ; Weinstein, A. ; Wilhelm, Alina ; Williams, D. A.
We present very-high-energy gamma-ray observations of the BL Lac object 1ES 2344+514 taken by the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System between 2007 and 2015. 1ES 2344+514 is detected with a statistical significance above the background of 20.8 sigma in 47.2 h (livetime) of observations, making this the most comprehensive very-high-energy study of 1ES 2344+514 to date. Using these observations, the temporal properties of 1ES 2344+514 are studied on short and long times-scales. We fit a constant-flux model to nightly and seasonally binned light curves and apply a fractional variability test to determine the stability of the source on different time-scales. We reject the constant-flux model for the 2007-2008 and 2014-2015 nightly binned light curves and for the long-term seasonally binned light curve at the > 3 sigma level. The spectra of the time-averaged emission before and after correction for attenuation by the extragalactic background light are obtained. The observed time-averaged spectrum above 200 GeV is satisfactorily fitted (x(2)/NDF = 7.89/6) by a power-law function with an index Gamma = 2.46 +/- 0.06(stat) +/- 0.20(sys) and extends to at least 8 TeV. The extragalactic-backgroundlight-deabsorbed spectrum is adequately fit (x(2)/NDF = 6.73/6) by a power-law function with an index Gamma = 2.15 +/- 0.06(stat) +/- 0.20(sys) while an F-test indicates that the power law with an exponential cut-off function provides a marginally better fit (x(2)/NDF = 2.56/5) at the 2.1 sigma level. The source location is found to be consistent with the published radio location and its spatial extent is consistent with a point source.
Abeysekara, A. U. ; Archambault, S. ; Archer, A. ; Benbow, Wystan ; Bird, Ralph ; Buchovecky, M. ; Buckley, J. H. ; Bugaev, V. ; Byrum, K. ; Cerruti, M. ; Chen, X. ; Ciupik, L. ; Cui, W. ; Dickinson, H. J. ; Eisch, J. D. ; Errando, M. ; Falcone, A. ; Feng, Q. ; Finley, J. P. ; Fleischhack, H. ; Fortson, L. ; Furniss, A. ; Gillanders, G. H. ; Griffin, S. ; Grube, J. ; Hutten, M. ; Hakansson, N. ; Hanna, D. ; Holder, J. ; Humensky, T. B. ; Johnson, C. A. ; Kaaret, P. ; Kar, P. ; Kertzman, M. ; Kieda, D. ; Krause, M. ; Krennrich, F. ; Kumar, S. ; Lang, M. J. ; Maier, G. ; McArthur, S. ; McCann, A. ; Meagher, K. ; Moriarty, P. ; Mukherjee, R. ; Nguyen, T. ; Nieto, D. ; Ong, R. A. ; Otte, A. N. ; Park, N. ; Pelassa, V. ; Pohl, Martin ; Popkow, A. ; Pueschel, Elisa ; Quinn, J. ; Ragan, K. ; Reynolds, P. T. ; Richards, G. T. ; Roache, E. ; Rulten, C. ; Santander, M. ; Sembroski, G. H. ; Shahinyan, K. ; Staszak, D. ; Telezhinsky, Igor O. ; Tucci, J. V. ; Tyler, J. ; Wakely, S. P. ; Weiner, O. M. ; Weinstein, A. ; Wilhelm, Alina ; Williams, D. A. ; Fegan, S. ; Giebels, B. ; Horan, D. ; Berdyugin, A. ; Kuan, J. ; Lindfors, E. ; Nilsson, K. ; Oksanen, A. ; Prokoph, H. ; Reinthal, R. ; Takalo, L. ; Zefi, F.
B2 1215+30 is a BL-Lac-type blazar that was first detected at TeV energies by the MAGIC atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes and subsequently confirmed by the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) observatory with data collected between 2009 and 2012. In 2014 February 08, VERITAS detected a large-amplitude flare from B2. 1215+30 during routine monitoring observations of the blazar 1ES. 1218+304, located in the same field of view. The TeV flux reached 2.4 times the Crab Nebula flux with a variability timescale of <3.6 hr. Multiwavelength observations with Fermi-LAT, Swift, and the Tuorla Observatory revealed a correlated high GeV flux state and no significant optical counterpart to the flare, with a spectral energy distribution where the gamma-ray luminosity exceeds the synchrotron luminosity. When interpreted in the framework of a onezone leptonic model, the observed emission implies a high degree of beaming, with Doppler factor delta > 10, and an electron population with spectral index p < 2.3.
Sadovnichii, V. A. ; Panasyuk, M. I. ; Amelyushkin, A. M. ; Bogomolov, V. V. ; Benghin, V. V. ; Garipov, G. K. ; Kalegaev, V. V. ; Klimov, P. A. ; Khrenov, B. A. ; Petrov, V. L. ; Sharakin, S. A. ; Shirokov, A. V. ; Svertilov, S. I. ; Zotov, M. Y. ; Yashin, I. V. ; Gorbovskoy, E. S. ; Lipunov, V. M. ; Park, I. H. ; Lee, J. ; Jeong, S. ; Kim, M. B. ; Jeong, H. M. ; Shprits, Yuri Y. ; Angelopoulos, V. ; Russell, C. T. ; Runov, A. ; Turner, D. ; Strangeway, R. J. ; Caron, R. ; Biktemerova, S. ; Grinyuk, A. ; Lavrova, M. ; Tkachev, L. ; Tkachenko, A. ; Martinez, O. ; Salazar, H. ; Ponce, E.
The "Lomonosov" space project is lead by Lomonosov Moscow State University in collaboration with the following key partners: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Russia, University of California, Los Angeles (USA), University of Pueblo (Mexico), Sungkyunkwan University (Republic of Korea) and with Russian space industry organi-zations to study some of extreme phenomena in space related to astrophysics, astroparticle physics, space physics, and space biology. The primary goals of this experiment are to study: -Ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) in the energy range of the Greizen-ZatsepinKuzmin (GZK) cutoff; -Ultraviolet (UV) transient luminous events in the upper atmosphere; -Multi-wavelength study of gamma-ray bursts in visible, UV, gamma, and X-rays; -Energetic trapped and precipitated radiation (electrons and protons) at low-Earth orbit (LEO) in connection with global geomagnetic disturbances; -Multicomponent radiation doses along the orbit of spacecraft under different geomagnetic conditions and testing of space segments of optical observations of space-debris and other space objects; -Instrumental vestibular-sensor conflict of zero-gravity phenomena during space flight. This paper is directed towards the general description of both scientific goals of the project and scientific equipment on board the satellite. The following papers of this issue are devoted to detailed descriptions of scientific instruments.
Sun, Ning-Chen ; de Grijs, Richard ; Subramanian, Smitha ; Bekki, Kenji ; Bell, Cameron P. M. ; Cioni, Maria-Rosa L. ; Ivanov, Valentin D. ; Marconi, Marcella ; Oliveira, Joana M. ; Piatti, Andres E. ; Ripepi, Vincenzo ; Rubele, Stefano ; Tatton, Ben L. ; van Loon, Jacco Th.
Star formation is a hierarchical process, forming young stellar structures of star clusters, associations, and complexes over a wide range of scales. The star-forming complex in the bar region of the Large Magellanic Cloud is investigated with upper main-sequence stars observed by the VISTA Survey of the Magellanic Clouds. The upper main-sequence stars exhibit highly nonuniform distributions. Young stellar structures inside the complex are identified from the stellar density map as density enhancements of different significance levels. We find that these structures are hierarchically organized such that larger, lower-density structures contain one or several smaller, higher-density ones. They follow power-law size and mass distributions, as well as a lognormal surface density distribution. All these results support a scenario of hierarchical star formation regulated by turbulence. The temporal evolution of young stellar structures is explored by using subsamples of upper main-sequence stars with different magnitude and age ranges. While the youngest subsample, with a median age of log(tau/yr) = 7.2, contains the most substructure, progressively older ones are less and less substructured. The oldest subsample, with a median age of log(tau/yr) = 8.0, is almost indistinguishable from a uniform distribution on spatial scales of 30-300. pc, suggesting that the young stellar structures are completely dispersed on a timescale of similar to 100. Myr. These results are consistent with the characteristics of the 30. Doradus complex and the entire Large Magellanic Cloud, suggesting no significant environmental effects. We further point out that the fractal dimension may be method dependent for stellar samples with significant age spreads.
Nidever, David L. ; Olsen, Knut ; Walker, Alistair R. ; Katherina Vivas, A. ; Blum, Robert D. ; Kaleida, Catherine ; Choi, Yumi ; Conn, Blair C. ; Gruendl, Robert A. ; Bell, Eric F. ; Besla, Gurtina ; Munoz, Ricardo R. ; Gallart, Carme ; Martin, Nicolas F. ; Olszewski, Edward W. ; Saha, Abhijit ; Monachesi, Antonela ; Monelli, Matteo ; de Boer, Thomas J. L. ; Johnson, L. Clifton ; Zaritsky, Dennis ; Stringfellow, Guy S. ; van der Marel, Roeland P. ; Cioni, Maria-Rosa L. ; Jin, Shoko ; Majewski, Steven R. ; Martinez-Delgado, David ; Monteagudo, Lara ; Noel, Noelia E. D. ; Bernard, Edouard J. ; Kunder, Andrea ; Chu, You-Hua ; Bell, Cameron P. M. ; Santana, Felipe ; Frechem, Joshua ; Medina, Gustavo E. ; Parkash, Vaishali ; Seron Navarrete, J. C. ; Hayes, Christian
The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds are unique local laboratories for studying the formation and evolution of small galaxies in exquisite detail. The Survey of the MAgellanic Stellar History (SMASH) is an NOAO community Dark Energy Camera (DECam) survey of the Clouds mapping 480 deg2 (distributed over similar to 2400 square degrees at similar to 20% filling factor) to similar to 24th. mag in ugriz. The primary goals of SMASH are to identify low surface brightness stellar populations associated with the stellar halos and tidal debris of the Clouds, and to derive spatially resolved star formation histories. Here, we present a summary of the survey, its data reduction, and a description of the first public Data Release (DR1). The SMASH DECam data have been reduced with a combination of the NOAO Community Pipeline, the PHOTRED automated point-spread-function photometry pipeline, and custom calibration software. The astrometric precision is similar to 15 mas and the accuracy is similar to 2 mas with respect to the Gaia reference frame. The photometric precision is similar to 0.5%-0.7% in griz and similar to 1% in u with a calibration accuracy of similar to 1.3% in all bands. The median 5s point source depths in ugriz are 23.9, 24.8, 24.5, 24.2, and 23.5 mag. The SMASH data have already been used to discover the Hydra II Milky Way satellite, the SMASH 1 old globular cluster likely associated with the LMC, and extended stellar populations around the LMC out to R. similar to. 18.4 kpc. SMASH DR1 contains measurements of similar to 100 million objects distributed in 61 fields. A prototype version of the NOAO Data Lab provides data access and exploration tools.
Subramanian, Smitha ; Rubele, Stefano ; Sun, Ning-Chen ; Girardi, Leo ; de Grijs, Richard ; van Loon, Jacco Th. ; Cioni, Maria-Rosa L. ; Piatti, Andres E. ; Bekki, Kenji ; Emerson, Jim ; Ivanov, Valentin D. ; Kerber, Leandro ; Marconi, Marcella ; Ripepi, Vincenzo ; Tatton, Benjamin L.
Sander, Mathias ; Herzog, Marc ; Pudell, Jan-Etienne ; Bargheer, Matias ; Weinkauf, N. ; Pedersen, M. ; Newby, G. ; Sellmann, J. ; Schwarzkopf, J. ; Besse, V. ; Temnov, V. V. ; Gaal, P.
X-ray reflectivity measurements of femtosecond laser-induced transient gratings (TG) are applied to demonstrate the spatiotemporal coherent control of thermally induced surface deformations on ultrafast time scales. Using grazing incidence x-ray diffraction we unambiguously measure the amplitude of transient surface deformations with sub-angstrom resolution. Understanding the dynamics of femtosecond TG excitations in terms of superposition of acoustic and thermal gratings makes it possible to develop new ways of coherent control in x-ray diffraction experiments. Being the dominant source of TG signal, the long-living thermal grating with spatial period. can be canceled by a second, time-delayed TG excitation shifted by Lambda/2. The ultimate speed limits of such an ultrafast x-ray shutter are inferred from the detailed analysis of thermal and acoustic dynamics in TG experiments.