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Taraxacum Sectio Naevosa M. P. Christiansen (Taraxacum spectabile auct. germ. p. p.) in Deutschland
(2002)
This Red List of grasshoppers and crickets for Berlin is the first that treats the whole area of Berlin, since the two preceding lists focused only on the western parts of the formerly divided city. Until now 54 species of grasshoppers and crickets have been recorded in the area. 46 species have been found to be well established in the wild, while eight species were only non breeding accidental immigrants or species whose successful reproduction has only been observed in greenhouses or similar structures. Of the 46 species being well established in the past and/or present 22 must be included in one of the threat categories, indicating that the populations of these species are already endangered. Additionally, seven species belong to the category "Near Threatened". Only 17 of the grasshopper and cricket species of Berlin are not threatened.
We have disrupted expression of the mitochondrial Friedreich ataxia protein frataxin specifically in murine hepatocytes to generate mice with impaired mitochondrial function and decreased oxidative phosphorylation. These animals have a reduced life span and develop multiple hepatic tumors. Livers also show increased oxidative stress, impaired respiration and reduced ATP levels paralleled by reduced activity of iron-sulfur cluster (Fe/S) containing proteins (ISP), which all leads to increased hepatocyte turnover by promoting both apoptosis and proliferation. Accordingly, phosphorylation of the stress-inducible p38 MAP kinase was found to be specifically impaired following disruption of frataxin. Taken together, these findings indicate that frataxin may act as a mitochondrial tumor suppressor protein in mammals
More than 80 years ago Otto Warburg suggested that cancer might be caused by a decrease in mitochondrial energy metabolism paralleled by an increase in glycolytic flux. In later years, it was shown that cancer cells exhibit multiple alterations in mitochondrial content, structure, function, and activity. We have stably overexpressed the Friedreich ataxia-associated protein frataxin in several colon cancer cell lines. These cells have increased oxidative metabolism, as shown by concurrent increases in aconitase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, cellular respiration, and ATP content. Consistent with Warburg's hypothesis, we found that frataxin-overexpressing cells also have decreased growth rates and increased population doubling times, show inhibited colony formation capacity in soft agar assays, and exhibit a reduced capacity for tumor formation when injected into nude mice. Furthermore, overexpression of frataxin leads to an increased phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, as well as decreased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Taken together, these results support the view that an increase in oxidative metabolism induced by mitochondrial frataxin may inhibit cancer growth in mammals