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This study examines the processing of morphologically complex words focusing on how morphological (in addition to orthographic and semantic) factors affect bilingual word recognition. We report findings from a large experimental study with groups of bilingual (Turkish/German) speakers using the visual masked-priming technique. We found morphologically mediated effects on the response speed and the inter-individual variability within the bilingual participant group. We conclude that the grammar (qua morphological parsing) not only enhances speed of processing in bilingual language processing but also yields more uniform performance and thereby constrains variability within a group of otherwise heterogeneous individuals.
Growth and maturation affect long term physical performance, making the appraisal of athletic ability difficult. We sought to longitudinally track youth soccer players to assess the developmental trajectory of athletic performance over a 6-year period in an English Premier League academy. Age-specific z-scores were calculated for sprint and jump performance from a sample of male youth soccer players (n = 140). A case study approach was used to analyse the longitudinal curves of the six players with the longest tenure. The trajectories of the sprint times of players 1 and 3 were characterised by a marked difference in respective performance levels up until peak height velocity (PHV) when player 1 achieved a substantial increase in sprint speed and player 3 experienced a large decrease. Player 5 was consistently a better performer than player 2 until PHV when the sprint and jump performance of the former markedly decreased and he was overtaken by the latter. Fluctuations in players' physical performance can occur quickly and in drastic fashion. Coaches must be aware that suppressed, or inflated, performance could be temporary and selection and deselection decisions should not be made based on information gathered over a short time period.
The southern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau (CAP) records a strong uplift phase after the early Middle Pleistocene, which has been related to the slab break-off of the subducting Arabian plate beneath the Anatolian microplate. During the last 450 kyr the area underwent an uplift phase at a mean rate of similar to 3.2 m/kyr, as suggested by Middle Pleistocene marine sediments exposed at similar to 1,500 m above sea level. These values are significantly higher than the 1.0-1.5 m/kyr estimated since the Late Pleistocene, suggesting temporal variations in uplift rate. To estimate changes in uplift rate during the Pleistocene we studied the marine terraces along the CAP southern margin, mapping the remnants of the platforms and their associated deposits in the field, and used the TerraceM software to identify the position and elevation of associated shoreline angles. We used shoreline angles and the timing of Quaternary marine sedimentation as constrains for a Landscape Evolution Model that simulates wave erosion of an uplifting coast. We applied random optimization algorithms and minimization statistics to find the input parameters that better reproduce the morphology of CAP marine terraces. The best-fitting uplift rate history suggests a significative increase from 1.9 to 3.5 m/kyr between 500 and 200 kyr, followed by an abrupt decrease to 1.4 m/kyr until the present. Our results agree with slab break-off models, which suggest a strong uplift pulse during slab rupture followed by a smoother decrease.
Variation of deuterium excess in surface waters across a 5000-m elevation gradient in eastern Nepal
(2020)
The strong elevation gradient of the Himalaya allows for investigation of altitude and orographic impacts on surface water delta O-18 and delta D stable isotope values. This study differentiates the time- and altitude-variable contributions of source waters to the Arun River in eastern Nepal. It provides isotope data along a 5000-m gradient collected from tributaries as well as groundwater, snow, and glacial-sourced surface waters and time-series data from April to October 2016. We find nonlinear trends in delta O-18 and delta D lapse rates with high-elevation lapse rates (4000-6000 masl) 5-7 times more negative than low-elevation lapse rates (1000-3000 masl). A distinct seasonal signal in delta O-18 and delta D lapse rates indicates time-variable source-water contributions from glacial and snow meltwater as well as precipitation transitions between the Indian Summer Monsoon and Winter Westerly Disturbances. Deuterium excess correlates with the extent of snowpack and tracks melt events during the Indian Summer Monsoon season. Our analysis identifies the influence of snow and glacial melt waters on river composition during low-flow conditions before the monsoon (April/May 2016) followed by a 5-week transition to the Indian Summer Monsoon-sourced rainfall around mid-June 2016. In the post-monsoon season, we find continued influence from glacial melt waters as well as ISM-sourced groundwater.
Rivers transfer particulate organic carbon (POC) from eroding mountains into geological sinks. Organic carbon source composition and selective mobilization have been shown to affect the type and quantity of POC export, but their combined effects across complex mountain ranges remain underexplored. Here, we examine the variation in organic carbon sourcing and transport in the trans-Himalayan Kali Gandaki River catchment, along strong gradients in precipitation, rock type and vegetation. Combining bulk stable nitrogen, and stable and radioactive organic carbon isotopic composition of bedrock, litter, soil and river sediment samples with a Bayesian end-member mixing approach, we differentiate POC sources along the river and quantify their export. Our analysis shows that POC export from the Tibetan segment of the catchment, where carbon bearing shales are partially covered by aged and modern soils, is dominated by petrogenic POC. Based on our data we re-assess the presence of aged biospheric OC in this part of the catchment, and its contribution to the river load. In the High Himalayan segment, we observed low inputs of petrogenic and biospheric POC, likely due to very low organic carbon concentrations in the metamorphic bedrock, combined with erosion dominated by deep-seated landslides. Our findings show that along the Kali Gandaki River, the sourcing of sediment and organic carbon are decoupled, due to differences in rock organic carbon content, soil and above ground carbon stocks, and geomorphic process activity. While the fast eroding High Himalayas are the principal source of river sediment, the Tibetan headwaters, where erosion rates are lower, are the principal source of organic carbon. To robustly estimate organic carbon export from the Himalayas, the mountain range should be divided into tectono-physiographic zones with distinct organic carbon yields due to differences in substrate and erosion processes and rates.
To fulfill the 2030 Agenda, the complexity of sustainable development goal (SDG) interactions needs to be disentangled. However, this understanding is currently limited. We conduct a cross-sectional correlational analysis for 2016 to understand SDG interactions under the entire development spectrum. We apply several correlation methods to classify the interaction as synergy or trade-off and characterize them according to their monotony and linearity. Simultaneously, we analyze SDG interactions considering population, location, income, and regional groups. Our findings highlight that synergies always outweigh trade-offs and linear outweigh non-linear interactions. SDG 1, 5, and 6 are associated with linear synergies, SDG 3, and 7 with non-linear synergies. SDG interactions vary according to a country's income and region along with the gender, age, and location of its population. In summary, to achieve the 2030 Agenda the detected interactions and inequalities across countries need be tracked and leveraged to "leave no one behind."
Das grundsätzliche Verbot des Erfolgshonorars gilt nicht für Inkassounternehmen. Anwältinnen und Anwälte dürfen dagegen nur in Ausnahmefällen ein Erfolgshonorar vereinbaren. In der Lexfox- bzw. Wenigermiete.de-Entscheidung des BGH hat dieser Widerspruch keine Rolle gespielt (BGH, AnwBl Online 2020, 63). Die Begründung für eine Diff erenzierung vermisst man allerdings. Das könnte schlicht daran liegen, dass es keine (verfassungsrechtlich ausreichende) gibt. So wird der Beitrag der Autorin und des Autors zum Plädoyer, über eine Neuordnung des Erfolgshonorars nachzudenken.
Verfahren des Genre-Lernens
(2020)
Der Ansatz des genrebasierten Fremdsprachenlernens basiert auf der Grundannahme, dass sich Kommunikation in der Form kultureller Genres vollzieht, die eine spezifische textuelle und interaktionale Form aufweisen. Wer erfolgreich kommunizieren will, muss daher je nach sozialem Kontext und Kommunikationszweck eine Form der Äußerung wählen, die dem entsprechenden Anlass bzw. der Situation angemessen und für die Kommunikationsabsicht zielführend ist. Für den Fremdsprachenunterricht leitet sich daraus das Ziel bzw. die Aufgabe ab, Lernende beim Erwerb dieser Kommunikationsformate bzw. Genres zu unterstützen.
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der gegenwärtigen Funktionalität der Präklusionsandrohung aus § 296 Abs. 1 ZPO . Einleitend werden kurz Normenhistorie, berufungsinstanzliche Stellung und Verfassungsmäßigkeit der Vorschrift sowie die Rechtsprechung zum Verzögerungsbegriff betrachtet. Sodann stellt der Verfasser die Fluchtmöglichkeiten der präklusionsbedrohten Partei dar und arbeitet die bestehenden Problemlagen heraus. In einer kritischen Stellungnahme werden unter Berücksichtigung des Gebots der Prozessökonomie Lösungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt, um § 296 Abs. 1 ZPO zu derjenigen Stellung zu verhelfen, die der Gesetzgeber mit der Vereinfachungsnovelle von 1976 vor Augen hatte.
Die als Digitalisierung bezeichnete umfassende gesellschaftliche bzw. kulturelle Transformation lässt auch das Grundgesetz nicht unberührt. Die Fortentwicklung der Lehre vom Verfassungswandel ermöglicht es, die verfassungsrechtlichen Dynamiken als einen strukturellen Verfassungswandel zu beschreiben, der sich am Leitbild digitaler Souveränität orientiert. Das Leitbild steht für die Verantwortung und die Legitimität des Staates unter den Bedingungen der Digitalisierung. Enrico Peuker entfaltet es exemplarisch in den verfassungsrechtlichen Kontexten der digitalen Infrastrukturen sowie der "digitalen" Grundrechte. Er plädiert für eine erweiterte Lesart der staatlichen Infrastrukturverantwortung als Optimierungsrecht hinsichtlich des Breitbandausbaus und der IT-Sicherheit und verortet die Grundrechtsentwicklungen in einem Drei-Stufen-Modell aus Interpretation, Innovation und Kodifikation.
Nach der vornehmlich auf bayerischen Druck hin erfolgten Öffnung des GG für eigene Landesgesetze im Bereich der Grundsteuer plant die Bayerische Staatsregierung, eine Grundsteuer als Flächensteuer einzuführen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden zunächst die bayerischen Pläne vorgestellt (1.), bevor eine in solcher Weise ausgestaltete Grundsteuer am GG (2.) und an der Bayerischen Landesverfassung (3.) gemessen wird. Schließlich werden die gefundenen Ergebnisse zusammengefasst (4.).
Vergiftetes Kulturerbe
(2020)
Medieval sculptures of so-called, Jew-Sows" inside and outside famous Church buildings, especially in the German-speaking countries, have a disastrous tradition and a poisoning impact until today. There are sharp controversies now on how to deal with these "unappetizing" sculptures, visible for example at the City church of Wittenberg, the town where protestant reformer Martin Luther had lived and worked. But the problem goes deeper. Obscene and perfidious representations of Jews, as they were usual in Christian-dominated Europe over centuries, have also penetrated the thought world and language use until today. Swearwords like "Jew-Sow" and "Jew-Pig" are used in order to attack and discredit Jews, non-Jews and disliked coevals. New strategies of combatting this "poisoning traditions" are needed. This article also refers to the roots of early Christian Jew-hatred and recommends an impartial critical discussion on relevant anti-Jewish passages in the Christian Bible.
Verhältnis zum Judentum
(2020)
Anna Seghers: Deutsche, Jüdin, Kommunistin, Schriftstellerin, Frau, Mutter. Jedem dieser Worte denke man nach. So viele einander widersprechende, scheinbar einander ausschließende Identitäten, so viele tiefe, schmerzliche Bindungen, so viele Angriffsflächen, so viele Herausforderungen und Bewährungszwänge, so viele Möglichkeiten, verletzt zu werden, ausgesetzt zu sein, bedroht bis zur Todesgefahr.
This paper continues the line of research aimed at investigating the relationship between logic programs and first-order theories. We extend the definition of program completion to programs with input and output in a subset of the input language of the ASP grounder gringo, study the relationship between stable models and completion in this context, and describe preliminary experiments with the use of two software tools, anthem and vampire, for verifying the correctness of programs with input and output. Proofs of theorems are based on a lemma that relates the semantics of programs studied in this paper to stable models of first-order formulas.
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der systematischen Stellung und den dogmatischen Grundlagen der strafrechtlichen Vermögensabschöpfung und behandelt auf dieser Basis einige ausgewählte Rechtsfragen des im Jahr 2017 reformierten Einziehungsrechts. Der Verfasser geht dabei, unter anderem, auf die Bedeutung des strafrechtlichen Rückwirkungsverbots sowie des ne bis in idem Grundsatzes für den hoheitlichen Kondiktionsanspruch bei der Einziehung ein. Im weiteren werden Bedenken gegen das Bruttoprinzip geäußert und auch Kritik im Hinblick auf die Anforderungen an die Wahrheitsfindung im Einziehungsverfahren geübt. Darüber hinaus geht der Verfasser noch auf die Regelung des § 73e StGB, die Anforderungen an die Information des Angeklagten im Rahmen des § 265 StPO und die Einziehung im Jugendstrafrecht ein. Er kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Vermögensabschöpfung kein Königsweg, aber eine dritte Säule des Strafrechtssystems ist. Die Statistik mahne zur Vorsicht, da der Gesetzgeber seine Ziele öfter verfehlt hat.
Verwaltung im Lockdown
(2020)
Die Corona-Pandemie hat im Frühjahr 2020 auch die öffentliche Verwaltung gezwungen, die Arbeit zu einem großen Teil ins Homeoffice zu verlagern. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse einer Studie vor, die mittels qualitativer Interviews und einer Online-Befragung (N=1.189) Beschäftigte öffentlicher Organisationen zum Umgang mit der Krise und den Erfahrungen mit dem Homeoffice befragt hat.
We report on the detection of very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray emission from the BL Lac objects KUV 00311-1938 and PKS 1440-389 with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). H.E.S.S. observations were accompanied or preceded by multiwavelength observations with Fermi/LAT, XRT and UVOT onboard the Swift satellite, and ATOM. Based on an extrapolation of the Fermi/LAT spectrum towards the VHE gamma-ray regime, we deduce a 95 per cent confidence level upper limit on the unknown redshift of KUV 00311-1938 of z < 0.98 and of PKS 1440-389 of z < 0.53. When combined with previous spectroscopy results, the redshift of KUV 00311-1938 is constrained to 0.51 <= z < 0.98 and of PKS 1440-389 to 0.14 (sic) z < 0.53.
The Victoria microplate between the Eastern and Western Branches of the East African Rift System is one of the largest continental microplates on Earth. In striking contrast to its neighboring plates, Victoria rotates counterclockwise with respect to Nubia. The underlying cause of this distinctive rotation has remained elusive so far. Using 3D numerical models, we investigate the role of pre-existing lithospheric heterogeneities in continental microplate rotation. We find that Victoria's rotation is primarily controlled by the distribution of rheologically stronger zones that transmit the drag of the major plates to the microplate and of the mechanically weaker mobile belts surrounding Victoria that facilitate rotation. Our models reproduce Victoria's GPS-derived counterclockwise rotation as well as key complexities of the regional tectonic stress field. These results reconcile competing ideas on the opening of the rift system by highlighting differences in orientation of the far-field divergence, local extension, and the minimum horizontal stress. One of the largest continental microplates on Earth is situated in the center of the East African Rift System, and oddly, the Victoria microplate rotates counterclockwise with respect to the neighboring African tectonic plate. Here, the authors' modelling results suggest that Victoria microplate rotation is caused by edge-driven lithospheric processes related to the specific geometry of rheologically weak and strong regions.