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The Indian Ocean
(2017)
Introduction: Adequate cognitive function in patients is a prerequisite for successful implementation of patient education and lifestyle coping in comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs. Although the association between cardiovascular diseases and cognitive impairments (CIs) is well known, the prevalence particularly of mild CI in CR and the characteristics of affected patients have been insufficiently investigated so far.
Methods: In this prospective observational study, 496 patients (54.5 ± 6.2 years, 79.8% men) with coronary artery disease following an acute coronary event (ACE) were analyzed. Patients were enrolled within 14 days of discharge from the hospital in a 3-week inpatient CR program. Patients were tested for CI using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) upon admission to and discharge from CR. Additionally, sociodemographic, clinical, and physiological variables were documented. The data were analyzed descriptively and in a multivariate stepwise backward elimination regression model with respect to CI.
Results: At admission to CR, the CI (MoCA score < 26) was determined in 182 patients (36.7%). Significant differences between CI and no CI groups were identified, and CI group was associated with high prevalence of smoking (65.9 vs 56.7%, P = 0.046), heavy (physically demanding) workloads (26.4 vs 17.8%, P < 0.001), sick leave longer than 1 month prior to CR (28.6 vs 18.5%, P = 0.026), reduced exercise capacity (102.5 vs 118.8 W, P = 0.006), and a shorter 6-min walking distance (401.7 vs 421.3 m, P = 0.021) compared to no CI group. The age- and education-adjusted model showed positive associations with CI only for sick leave more than 1 month prior to ACE (odds ratio [OR] 1.673, 95% confidence interval 1.07–2.79; P = 0.03) and heavy workloads (OR 2.18, 95% confidence interval 1.42–3.36; P < 0.01).
Conclusion: The prevalence of CI in CR was considerably high, affecting more than one-third of cardiac patients. Besides age and education level, CI was associated with heavy workloads and a longer sick leave before ACE.
Mental arithmetic exhibits various biases. Among those is a tendency to overestimate addition and to underestimate subtraction outcomes. Does such “operational momentum” (OM) also affect multiplication and division? Twenty-six adults produced lines whose lengths corresponded to the correct outcomes of multiplication and division problems shown in symbolic format. We found a reliable tendency to over-estimate division outcomes, i.e., reverse OM. We suggest that anchoring on the first operand (a tendency to use this number as a reference for further quantitative reasoning) contributes to cognitive biases in mental arithmetic.
Earth observation data have become an outstanding basis for analyzing environmental
aspects. The increasing availability of remote sensing data is accompanied
by an increasing user demand. Within the scope of the COOPERNICUS-initiative,
the automatic processing of remote sensing data is important for supplying value-
added-information products. The use of additional data like land-water-masks
in the context of deriving value-added information products can stabilize and
improve the product quality of information products.
The authors of this contribution would like to discuss different automated
processing algorithms which are based on land-water masks for value-added
data interpretation. These developments were supported or accompanied by Prof.
Hartmut Asche.
Statistics Canada, Canada’s national statistics agency, offers a suite of spatial
files for mapping and analysis of its various population data products. The following
article showcases possibilities and shortfalls of the existing spatial files
for mapping population data, and provides an overview of the structure of the
available boundary files from the regional to the dissemination block level. Due
to Canada’s highly dispersed population, mapping its distribution and density can
be challenging. Common mapping techniques such as the choropleth method are
suitable only for mapping spatially high resolution data such as data at the dissemination
area level. To allow for mapping of population data at less detailed levels
such as census divisions or provinces, Statistics Canada has created a so-called
ecumene boundary file which outlines the inhabited area of Canada and can be
used to more accurately visualize Canada’s population distribution and density.