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Institute
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät (80)
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- Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien e. V. (29)
- Bürgerliches Recht (28)
- Department Linguistik (23)
Der Jüdische Friedhof in Potsdam ist der einzige authentische Gedächtnisort, der vom Lebenszyklus der jüdischen Bevölkerung in der ehemaligen preußischen Residenz- und Garnisonstadt zeugt. Er ist zudem Ausdruck des unterschiedlichen Umgangs der Nachgeborenen mit ihrem Kulturgut. Außerdem ist dieser Jüdische Friedhof zurzeit als einziger in Deutschland durch die UNESCO als Welterbe anerkannt.
Da die jüdische Geschichte Potsdams bislang nur wenig bekannt ist, entstand ein durch die Stiftung „Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft“ gefördertes Projekt, in dem sich Schüler*innen des Potsdamer Humboldt-Gymnasiums im Rahmen eines Seminarkurses mit dem jüdischen Erbe ihrer Stadt intensiv auseinandersetzten. Neben einer Annäherung an das Thema über verschiedene, den Friedhof betreffende Sachthemen beschäftigten sich die Jugendlichen mit einzelnen jüdischen Potsdamern, ihren Familienschicksalen und Lebenskonzepten. Ergänzend wurden Aspekte des religiösen Verständnisses von Tod und Trauer im Judentum vorgestellt.
Die Ergebnisse all dieser Ausarbeitungen sind im vorliegenden Lehrmaterial vereinigt und dienen als Anregung für Lehrende und Lernende, die jüdische Geschichte ihrer jeweiligen Heimatorte zu thematisieren.
Adorno und die Kabbala
(2016)
Im neunten Band der Reihe geht Ansgar Martins kabbalistischen Spuren in der Philosophie Theodor W. Adornos (1903–1969) nach. Der Frankfurter Gesellschaftskritiker griff im Rahmen seines radikalen materialistischen Projekts gleichwohl auch auf ‚theologische‘ Deutungsfiguren zurück. Vermittelt durch den gemeinsamen Freund Walter Benjamin (1892–1940) stieß Adorno dabei auf das Werk des Kabbala-Forschers Gershom Scholem (1897–1982). Zwischen Frankfurt und Jerusalem entwickelte sich eine lebenslange Korrespondenz.
Für Adorno erscheint vor dem Hintergrund lückenloser kapitalistischer Vergesellschaftung jede religiöse Sinngebung in der Moderne als unmöglich. Der Tradition der jüdischen Mystik schreibt er hingegen eine innere Affinität zu dieser hoffnungslosen Logik des ‚Verfalls‘ zu. Sie scheint ihm zur unumgänglichen Säkularisierung religiöser Gehalte aufzufordern. Adornos kabbalistische Marginalien beziehen einen breiten Horizont jüdisch-messianischer Ideen ein. Er verleugnet dabei nie, dass es ihm um eine sehr diesseite Verwirklichung geoffenbarter Heilsversprechen zu tun ist: Transzendenz sei als erfüllte Immanenz, als verwirklichte Utopie zu denken. In diesem Anliegen sieht Adorno selbst jedoch gerade seine Übereinstimmung mit der Kabbala.
Adornos kabbalistische Motive, die auf Scholems Forschungen zurückgehen, werden hier ausführlich an seinen Schriften und Vorlesungen untersucht. In seinem Verständnis der philosophischen Tradition sowie im Modell der Metaphysischen Erfahrung suchte er etwa explizit Anschluss an Deutungen der Kabbala: Das unerreichbare Urbild der Philosophie sei die Interpretation der geoffenbarten Schrift. Wie säkularisierte heilige Texte wurden Werke von Beethoven, Goethe, Kafka oder Schönberg so zum Anlass für ‚mystische‘ Interpretationen. Deren detaillierte Untersuchung erlaubt, das viel beschworene jüdische Erbe von Adornos Philosophie zu konkretisieren und bedenkenswerte Einzelheiten von der Negativen Dialektik zur Ästhetik in den Blick zu nehmen.
Ein Deutschunterricht, der die Alltags- und Medienkultur der Schüler und Schülerinnen ernst nimmt, darf Sporttexte nicht unberücksichtigt lassen. Zu sehr ist der Sport in all seinen Facetten Teil der Lebenswelt vieler Schülerinnen und Schüler geworden. Die Frage ist nicht mehr, ob der Deutschunterricht darauf zu reagieren hat, die Frage ist vielmehr, wie er dies tun und welche Sporttexte er dabei nutzen kann.
Auch wenn die Suche nach sinnvollen Bezügen zwischen Sport und Deutschunterricht schon seit längerem intensiv betrieben wird, offenbart das vielschichtige Kulturphänomen „Sport“ immer wieder neue interessante Seiten, die es lohnen, fachdidaktisch behandelt zu werden.
Die zehn Beiträge in diesem Band verstehen sich als Unterrichtsanregungen für den kompetenzorientierten Deutschunterricht. Sie bedienen Betrachtungen zum Sport aus literarischer, sprachlicher und medialer Perspektive. Die theoretisch-begrifflichen Aspekte der jeweiligen Themen werden soweit behandelt, wie sie für das Verständnis erforderlich sind. Im Zentrum vieler Beiträge stehen Unterrichtsszenarien mit kommentierten Texten und Aufgaben, die für die Unterrichtsvorbereitung oder für den Unterricht selbst genutzt werden können.
Aus dem Inhalt:
- Menschenrechte, Staatlichkeit und der symbolische Charakter von Menschenrechtsverletzungen
- Schädliche traditionelle und kulturelle Praktiken im Menschenrechtsdiskurs seit CEDAW – Eine Annäherung an ein umstrittenes Konzept
- Schutz von Menschenrechtsverteidigern - neuere Entwicklungen
Diese empirische Studie untersucht den Einfluss der Staatsform auf den Einsatz und das Ausmaß von Wirtschaftssanktionen unter Verwendung von Regressionsanalysen. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf ein friedliches Wirtschaftsverhältnis zwischen den Demokratien hin. Die bisherige Forschung hat den demokratischen Wirtschaftsfrieden mithilfe der institutionellen Theorie erklärt, die das Sanktionsverhalten auf ein rationalistisches Kosten-Nutzen-Kalkül zurückführt. Demgegenüber vertritt die konstruktivistische Theorie die Auffassung, dass die friedvollere Konfliktbewältigung unter Demokratien auf die Ausbildung einer gemeinsamen Identität, sowie auf gemeinsame Werte und Normen zurückzuführen sei.
Vor 120 Jahren wurde das Gelände südlich des damaligen Bahnhofs Neubabelsberg erstmals bebaut. Aus dem 1896 errichteten Depot für Lazarett-Baracken entwickelte sich bis 1938 die logistische Zentrale des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes, das ab 1939 auch sein Präsidium nach Babelsberg verlegte. Nach einer Zwischennutzung ab 1945 durch die sowjetische Besatzungsarmee war von 1952 bis zur Wende die Akademie für Staats- und Rechtswissenschaften als „Kaderschmiede“ der Hausherr des nun im Grenzgebiet zu Westberlin liegenden Areals. Heute nutzen die Universität Potsdam und das Hasso-Plattner-Institut für Software-Systemtechnik den Campus, dessen Geschichte mit dieser Publikation erstmals umfassend dokumentiert wird.
PaRDeS. Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien e.V., möchte die fruchtbare und facettenreiche Kultur des Judentums sowie seine Berührungspunkte zur Umwelt in den unterschiedlichen Bereichen dokumentieren. Daneben dient die Zeitschrift als Forum zur Positionierung der Fächer Jüdische Studien und Judaistik innerhalb des wissenschaftlichen Diskurses sowie zur Diskussion ihrer historischen und gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung.
This paper will turn into a contribution to a book on community obligations. It focusses on third parties' rights and obligations in armed conflict.
It is often said that international law has developed from a legal order which is designed to protect sovereignty to a system which also promotes community interests. This shift is said to be reflected in structural changes of the legal system. The creation of rights and obligations for third parties is generally seen as a part of this perceived paradigmatic shift. Community interests can be furthered either by negative duties of abstention, by an entitlement for third states, or even by duties to take positive measures. Since the shift towards protecting community interests apparently requires some form of cooperation, positive rights and duties to protect and to promote appear to be indispensable. Authors relying on a community perspective often dismiss duties of abstention as an expression of indifference in the face of a violation of a fundamental norm. Solidarity seems to require that third states take a more proactive role in actively enforcing community interests.
The paper aims to test this understanding on the basis of an analysis of rights and obligations of third states in armed conflict. In order to argue that duties of abstention of third states are a central instrument for promoting community interests in relation to armed conflicts, the paper will first trace pertinent structural changes in international law. In particular, it will question the extent to which positive rights and obligations of third states have been firmly established in international law. In a second step, this contribution will evaluate the overall tendencies in the ongoing lawmaking process for promoting community interests in relation to armed conflict.
The paper undertakes a preliminary assessment of current developments of international law for the purpose of mapping the ground for a larger research project. The research project pursues the goal of determining whether public international law, as it has developed since the end of the Cold War, is continuing its progressive move towards a more human-rights- and multi-actor-oriented order, or whether we are seeing a renewed emphasis of more classical elements of international law. In this context the term “international rule of law” is chosen to designate the more recent and “thicker” understanding of international law. The paper discusses how it can be determined whether this form of international law continues to unfold, and whether we are witnessing challenges to this order which could give rise to more fundamental reassessments.
Das dritte Working Paper in der KFG Working Paper Series analysiert Zustand und Perspektiven völkerrechtlicher Abrüstungsverträge unter der Ägide der Vereinten Nationen. Während die dreißig Jahre zwischen der Kuba-Krise und dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs für die Abrüstung eine erfolgreiche Periode gewesen seien, seien in den Vereinten Nationen seither außer dem Waffenhandelsvertrag keine weiteren Abrüstungsverträge abgeschlossen worden. Die gegenwärtige Stimmung sei abwartend bis negativ, obwohl es ein Nachholbedürfnis gebe, Abrüstungsverträge an die heutigen politischen Gegebenheiten sowie an den Stand der Technik anzupassen. Die Verfasserin schlägt als Lösung vor, durch eine Politik der kleinen Schritte ein besseres Abrüstungsklima zu schaffen, indem dem Diskurs auf Grundlage zusätzlicher Protokolle zu bestehenden Verträgen und notfalls auch durch ein Ausweichen auf andere Gremien eine neue Richtung verliehen werde.
This article re-examines the relationship between Africa and the International Criminal Court (ICC). It traces the successive changes of the African attitude towards this Court, from states' euphoria, to hostility against its work, to regional counter-initiatives through the umbrella of the African Union (AU). The main argument goes beyond the idea of "the Court that Africa wants" in order to identify concrete reasons behind such a formal argument which may have fostered, if not enticed, the majority of African states to become ICC members and actively cooperate with it, when paradoxically some great powers have decided to stay outside its jurisdiction. It also seeks to understand, from a political and legal viewpoint, which parameters have changed since then to provoke that hostile attitude against the Court's work and the entrance of the AU into the debate through the African Common Position on the ICC. Lastly, this article explores African alternatives to the contested ICC justice system. It examines the need to reform the Rome Statute in order to give more independence, credibility and legitimacy to the ICC and its duplication to some extent by the new "Criminal Court of the African Union". Particular attention is paid to the resistance against this idea to reform the ICC justice system.
Caribbean States organised in CARICOM recently brought forward reparation claims against several European States to compensate slavery and (native) genocides in the Caribbean and even threatened to approach the International Court of Justice. The paper provides for an analysis of the facts behind the CARICOM claim and asks whether the law of state responsibility is able to provide for the demanded compensation. As the intertemporal principle generally prohibits retroactive application of today’s international rules, the paper argues that the complete claim must be based on the law of state responsibility governing in the time of the respective conduct. An inquiry into the history of primary (prohibition of slavery and genocide) as well as secondary rules of State responsibility reveals that both sets of rules were underdeveloped or non-existent at the times of slavery and alleged (native) genocides. Therefore, the author concludes that the CARICOM claim is legally flawed but nevertheless worth the attention as it once again exposes imperial and colonial injustices of the past and their legitimization by historical international law and international/natural lawyers.
A series of new sulfobetaine methacrylates, including nitrogen-containing saturated heterocycles, was synthesised by systematically varying the substituents of the zwitterionic group. Radical polymerisation via the RAFT (reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer) method in trifluoroethanol proceeded smoothly and was well controlled, yielding polymers with predictable molar masses. Molar mass analysis and control of the end-group fidelity were facilitated by end-group labeling with a fluorescent dye. The polymers showed distinct thermo-responsive behaviour of the UCST (upper critical solution temperature) type in an aqueous solution, which could not be simply correlated to their molecular structure via an incremental analysis of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic elements incorporated within them. Increasing the spacer length separating the ammonium and the sulfonate groups of the zwitterion moiety from three to four carbons increased the phase transition temperatures markedly, whereas increasing the length of the spacer separating the ammonium group and the carboxylate ester group on the backbone from two to three carbons provoked the opposite effect. Moreover, the phase transition temperatures of the analogous polyzwitterions decreased in the order dimethylammonio > morpholinio > piperidinio alkanesulfonates. In addition to the basic effect of the polymers’ precise molecular structure, the concentration and the molar mass dependence of the phase transition temperatures were studied. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of added low molar mass salts on the aqueous-phase behaviour for sodium chloride and sodium bromide as well as sodium and ammonium sulfate. The strong effects evolved in a complex way with the salt concentration. The strength of these effects depended on the nature of the anion added, increasing in the order sulfate < chloride < bromide, thus following the empirical Hofmeister series. In contrast, no significant differences were observed when changing the cation, i.e. when adding sodium or ammonium sulfate.
The interaction of water with α-alumina (i.e. α-Al2O3) surfaces is important in a variety of applications and a useful model for the interaction of water with environmentally abundant aluminosilicate phases. Despite its significance, studies of water interaction with α-Al2O3 surfaces other than the (0001) are extremely limited. Here we characterize the interaction of water (D2O) with a well defined α-Al2O3(1[1 with combining macron]02) surface in UHV both experimentally, using temperature programmed desorption and surface-specific vibrational spectroscopy, and theoretically, using periodic-slab density functional theory calculations. This combined approach makes it possible to demonstrate that water adsorption occurs only at a single well defined surface site (the so-called 1–4 configuration) and that at this site the barrier between the molecularly and dissociatively adsorbed forms is very low: 0.06 eV. A subset of OD stretch vibrations are parallel to this dissociation coordinate, and thus would be expected to be shifted to low frequencies relative to an uncoupled harmonic oscillator. To quantify this effect we solve the vibrational Schrödinger equation along the dissociation coordinate and find fundamental frequencies red-shifted by more than 1500 cm−1. Within the context of this model, at moderate temperatures, we further find that some fraction of surface deuterons are likely delocalized: dissociatively and molecularly absorbed states are no longer distinguishable.
Extreme hydro-meteorological events, such as severe droughts or heavy rainstorms, constitute primary manifestations of climate variability and exert a critical impact on the natural environment and human society. This is particularly true for high-mountain areas, such as the eastern flank of the southern Central Andes of NW Argentina, a region impacted by deep convection processes that form the basis of extreme events, often resulting in floods, a variety of mass movements, and hillslope processes. This region is characterized by pronounced E-W gradients in topography, precipitation, and vegetation cover, spanning low to medium-elevation, humid and densely vegetated areas to high-elevation, arid and sparsely vegetated environments. This strong E-W gradient is mirrored by differences in the efficiency of surface processes, which mobilize and transport large amounts of sediment through the fluvial system, from the steep hillslopes to the intermontane basins and further to the foreland. In a highly sensitive high-mountain environment like this, even small changes in the spatiotemporal distribution, magnitude and rates of extreme events may strongly impact environmental conditions, anthropogenic activity, and the well-being of mountain communities and beyond. However, although the NW Argentine Andes comprise the catchments for the La Plata river that traverses one of the most populated and economically relevant areas of South America, there are only few detailed investigations of climate variability and extreme hydro-meteorological events.
In this thesis, I focus on deciphering the spatiotemporal variability of rainfall and river discharge, with particular emphasis on extreme hydro-meteorological events in the subtropical southern Central Andes of NW Argentina during the past seven decades. I employ various methods to assess and quantify statistically significant trend patterns of rainfall and river discharge, integrating high-quality daily time series from gauging stations (40 rainfall and 8 river discharge stations) with gridded datasets (CPC-uni and TRMM 3B42 V7), for the period between 1940 and 2015. Evidence for a general intensification of the hydrological cycle at intermediate elevations (~ 0.5 – 3 km asl) at the eastern flank of the southern Central Andes is found both from rainfall and river-discharge time-series analysis during the period from 1940 to 2015. This intensification is associated with the increase of the annual total amount of rainfall and the mean annual discharge. However, most pronounced trends are found at high percentiles, i.e. extreme hydro-meteorological events, particularly during the wet season from December to February.An important outcome of my studies is the recognition of a rapid increase in the amount of river discharge during the period between 1971 and 1977, most likely linked to the 1976-77 global climate shift, which is associated with the North Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature variability. Interestingly, after this rapid increase, both rainfall and river discharge decreased at low and intermediate elevations along the eastern flank of the Andes. In contrast, during the same time interval, at high elevations, extensive areas on the arid Puna de Atacama plateau have recorded increasing annual rainfall totals. This has been associated with more intense extreme hydro-meteorological events from 1979 to 2014. This part of the study reveals that low-, intermediate, and high-elevation sectors in the Andes of NW Argentina respond differently to changing climate conditions.
Possible forcing mechanisms of the pronounced hydro-meteorological variability observed in the study area are also investigated. For the period between 1940 and 2015, I analyzed modes of oscillation of river discharge from small to medium drainage basins (102 to 104 km2), located on the eastern flank of the orogen. First, I decomposed the relevant monthly time series using the Hilbert-Huang Transform, which is particularly appropriate for non-stationary time series that result from non-linear natural processes. I observed that in the study region discharge variability can be described by five quasi-periodic oscillatory modes on timescales varying from 1 to ~20 years. Secondly, I tested the link between river-discharge variations and large-scale climate modes of variability, using different climate indices, such as the BEST ENSO (Bivariate El Niño-Southern Oscillation Time-series) index. This analysis reveals that, although most of the variance on the annual timescale is associated with the South American Monsoon System, a relatively large part of river-discharge variability is linked to Pacific Ocean variability (PDO phases) at multi-decadal timescales (~20 years). To a lesser degree, river discharge variability is also linked to the Tropical South Atlantic (TSA) sea surface temperature anomaly at multi-annual timescales (~2-5 years).
Taken together, these findings exemplify the high degree of sensitivity of high-mountain environments with respect to climatic variability and change. This is particularly true for the topographic transitions between the humid, low-moderate elevations and the semi-arid to arid highlands of the southern Central Andes. Even subtle changes in the hydro-meteorological regime of these areas of the mountain belt react with major impacts on erosional hillslope processes and generate mass movements that fundamentally impact the transport capacity of mountain streams. Despite more severe storms in these areas, the fluvial system is characterized by pronounced variability of the stream power on different timescales, leading to cycles of sediment aggradation, the loss of agriculturally used land and severe impacts on infrastructure.
The collision of bathymetric anomalies, such as oceanic spreading centers, at convergent plate margins can profoundly affect subduction dynamics, magmatism, and the structural and geomorphic evolution of the overriding plate. The Southern Patagonian Andes of South America are a prime example for sustained oceanic ridge collision and the successive formation and widening of an extensive asthenospheric slab window since the Middle Miocene. Several of the predicted upper-plate geologic manifestations of such deep-seated geodynamic processes have been studied in this region, but many topics remain highly debated. One of the main controversial topics is the interpretation of the regional low-temperature thermochronology exhumational record and its relationship with tectonic and/or climate-driven processes, ultimately manifested and recorded in the landscape evolution of the Patagonian Andes. The prominent along-strike variance in the topographic characteristics of the Andes, combined with coupled trends in low-temperature thermochronometer cooling ages have been interpreted in very contrasting ways, considering either purely climatic (i.e. glacial erosion) or geodynamic (slab-window related) controlling factors.
This thesis focuses on two main aspects of these controversial topics. First, based on field observations and bedrock low-temperature thermochronology data, the thesis addresses an existing research gap with respect to the neotectonic activity of the upper plate in response to ridge collision - a mechanism that has been shown to affect the upper plate topography and exhumational patterns in similar tectonic settings. Secondly, the qualitative interpretation of my new and existing thermochronological data from this region is extended by inverse thermal modelling to define thermal histories recorded in the data and evaluate the relative importance of surface vs. geodynamic factors and their possible relationship with the regional cooling record.
My research is centered on the Northern Patagonian Icefield (NPI) region of the Southern Patagonian Andes. This site is located inboard of the present-day location of the Chile Triple Junction - the juncture between the colliding Chile Rise spreading center and the Nazca and Antarctic Plates along the South American convergent margin. As such this study area represents the region of most recent oceanic-ridge collision and associated slab window formation. Importantly, this location also coincides with the abrupt rise in summit elevations and relief characteristics in the Southern Patagonian Andes. Field observations, based on geological, structural and geomorphic mapping, are combined with bedrock apatite (U-Th)/He and apatite fission track (AHe and AFT) cooling ages sampled along elevation transects across the orogen. This new data reveals the existence of hitherto unrecognized neotectonic deformation along the flanks of the range capped by the NPI.
This deformation is associated with the closely spaced oblique collision of successive oceanic-ridge segments in this region over the past 6 Ma. I interpret that this has caused a crustal-scale partitioning of deformation and the decoupling, margin-parallel migration, and localized uplift of a large crustal sliver (the NPI block) along the subduction margin. The location of this uplift coincides with a major increase of summit elevations and relief at the northern edge of the NPI massif. This mechanism is compatible with possible extensional processes along the topographically subdued trailing edge of the NPI block as documented by very recent and possibly still active normal faulting. Taken together, these findings suggest a major structural control on short-wavelength variations in topography in the Southern Patagonian Andes - the region affected by ridge collision and slab window formation.
The second research topic addressed here focuses on using my new and existing bedrock low-temperature cooling ages in forward and inverse thermal modeling. The data was implemented in the HeFTy and QTQt modeling platforms to constrain the late Cenozoic thermal history of the Southern Patagonian Andes in the region of the most recent upper-plate sectors of ridge collision. The data set combines AHe and AFT data from three elevation transects in the region of the Northern Patagonian Icefield. Previous similar studies claimed far-reaching thermal effects of the approaching ridge collision and slab window to affect patterns of Late Miocene reheating in the modelled thermal histories. In contrast, my results show that the currently available data can be explained with a simpler thermal history than previously proposed. Accordingly, a reheating event is not needed to reproduce the observations. Instead, the analyzed ensemble of modelled thermal histories defines a Late Miocene protracted cooling and Pliocene-to-recent stepwise exhumation. These findings agree with the geological record of this region. Specifically, this record indicates an Early Miocene phase of active mountain building associated with surface uplift and an active fold-and-thrust belt, followed by a period of stagnating deformation, peneplanation, and lack of synorogenic deposition in the Patagonian foreland. The subsequent period of stepwise exhumation likely resulted from a combination of pulsed glacial erosion and coeval neotectonic activity. The differences between the present and previously published interpretation of the cooling record can be reconciled with important inconsistencies of previously used model setup. These include mainly the insufficient convergence of the models and improper assumptions regarding the geothermal conditions in the region. This analysis puts a methodological emphasis on the prime importance of the model setup and the need for its thorough examination to evaluate the robustness of the final outcome.
Möglichkeiten der Mittelstandsförderung durch Vergaberechtsgestaltung und Vergaberechtspraxis
(2016)
Die Förderungswürdigkeit und die Förderungsfähigkeit mittelständischer Unternehmen ist ein gesamteuropäisches, wirtschaftspolitisches Anliegen. Hiervon zeugen zum einen zahlreiche Regelungen im Primär-, Sekundär-, Verfassungs- und einfachgesetzlichem Recht, zum anderen auch die Bedeutung der mittelständischen Unternehmen im wirtschaftlichen, gesellschaftlichen und sozialen Gefüge. So herrscht innerhalb der Europäischen Union nicht nur der Slogan „Vorfahrt für KMU“, sondern auch die im Frühjahr 2014 verabschiedeten Vergaberichtlinien legten ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Förderung des Zugangs der KMU zum öffentlichen Beschaffungsmarkt. Denn gemessen am Steuerungs- und Lenkungspotenzial der Auftragsvergabe, deren Einfluss auf die Innovationstätigkeit der Wirtschaft sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die Wirtschafts- und Wettbewerbstätigkeit auf der einen Seite und dem gesamtwirtschaftlichen Stellenwert der mittelständischen Unternehmen auf der anderen Seite, sind mittelständische Unternehmen trotz zahlreicher europäischer und nationaler Initiativen im Vergabeverfahren unterrepräsentiert. Neben der undurchsichtigen Regelungsstruktur des deutschen Vergaberechts, unterliegen die mittelständischen Unternehmen vom Beginn bis zum Ende des Vergabeverfahrens besonderen Schwierigkeiten. Dieser Ausgangsbefund wurde zum Anlass genommen, um die Möglichkeiten der Mittelstandsförderung durch Vergaberechtsgestaltung und Vergaberechtspraxis erneut auf den Prüfstand zu stellen.
Infants' lexical processing is modulated by featural manipulations made to words, suggesting that early lexical representations are sufficiently specified to establish a match with the corresponding label. However, the precise degree of detail in early words requires further investigation due to equivocal findings. We studied this question by assessing children’s sensitivity to the degree of featural manipulation (Chapters 2 and 3), and sensitivity to the featural makeup of homorganic and heterorganic consonant clusters (Chapter 4). Gradient sensitivity on the one hand and sensitivity to homorganicity on the other hand would suggest that lexical processing makes use of sub-phonemic information, which in turn would indicate that early words contain sub-phonemic detail. The studies presented in this thesis assess children’s sensitivity to sub-phonemic detail using minimally demanding online paradigms suitable for infants: single-picture pupillometry and intermodal preferential looking. Such paradigms have the potential to uncover lexical knowledge that may be masked otherwise due to cognitive limitations. The study reported in Chapter 2 obtained a differential response in pupil dilation to the degree of featural manipulation, a result consistent with gradient sensitivity. The study reported in Chapter 3 obtained a differential response in proportion of looking time and pupil dilation to the degree of featural manipulation, a result again consistent with gradient sensitivity. The study reported in Chapter 4 obtained a differential response to the manipulation of homorganic and heterorganic consonant clusters, a result consistent with sensitivity to homorganicity. These results suggest that infants' lexical representations are not only specific, but also detailed to the extent that they contain sub-phonemic information.
Grenzräume – Grenzbewegungen
(2016)
Der vorliegende Sammelband vereinigt die Beiträge der 12. und 13. Tagung des Jungen Forums Slavistische Literaturwissenschaft (JFSL) in Basel 2013 und Frankfurt (Oder) und Słubice 2014. Unter den thematischen Leitbegriffen Grenzräume – Grenzbewegungen präsentiert er Einblicke in die Arbeit von Nachwuchswissenschaftlerinnen und -wissenschaftlern der deutschsprachigen slavischen Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft.
Vom 18. bis 20. September 2014 versammelten sich an der Universität Potsdam kultur- und filmwissenschaftlich arbeitende Wissenschaftler zu einem Andrej Tarkovskij gewidmeten Symposium, dem ersten internationalen. Die 25 Teilnehmer kamen nämlich aus neun Ländern. Dadurch, dass nicht wenige auch eine – wie man heute sagt – „Migrationsbiographie“ haben, potenzierte sich die durch die jeweils unterschiedliche Herkunft bedingte Multiperspektivik, zu der jedoch der Modus der Wissenschaftlichkeit ein deutlich relativierendes Korrektiv bildet. Der vorliegende Band enthält im Wesentlichen die dort vorgestellten Beiträge, aber auch die der Fachleute, die nicht persönlich hatten nach Potsdam kommen können.
LifE
(2016)
Die LifE-Studie (Lebensverläufe ins fortgeschrittene Erwachsenenalter) ist eine der wenigen Studien weltweit, in der Lebensläufe vom 12. bis zum 45. Lebensjahr nachgezeichnet werden. Es wird bislang eine Spanne von über 30 Jahren betrachtet. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage nach den Bedingungen produktiver Lebensbewältigung im jungen und mittleren Lebensalter. Damit wird auch die Frage nach den Risiken nicht gelingender Lebensbewältigung thematisiert. Insbesondere ist von Interesse, welche herkunftsbezogenen, persönlichen und sozialen Ressourcen zu einer gelingenden Lebensbewältigung beitragen. Wie entwickeln und verändern sich bereichsspezifische Domänen, wie etwa Partnerschaft und Familie, die Erwerbstätigkeit oder auch die Identität im Leben? Welche Faktoren haben eine prädikative Wirkung über mehrere Jahrzehnte, welche Faktoren haben nur temporäre Bedeutung?
Der erste Teil dieses Berichts stellt die Durchführung und das Konzept der LifE-Studie vor. Der zweite Teil betrachtet das Teilnahmeverhalten seit Beginn der Jugendstudie 1979 über die erste Follow-Up-Studie im Jahre 2002 bis zur letzten Erhebung 2012. Ausfälle sind bei einem Untersuchungszeitraum von über 30 Jahren unvermeidbar. Eine Herausforderung von langangelegten Panelstudien stellt das Wiederauffinden und Motivieren der Teilnehmer dar, dass sie langfristig – über Jahrzehnte – an der Studie partizipieren. Insbesondere wird daher nach den Ausfallgründen gefragt.
Um eine untersuchte Alterskohorte als repräsentativ für einen Jahrgang betrachten zu können, ist es notwendig zu überprüfen, ob und in welchem Ausmaß die Personen, die über einen solchen langen Zeitraum an einer Studie teilgenommen haben, eine herausragend selektive Gruppe darstellen. Um dies zu überprüfen, werden ausgewählte soziodemografische Merkmale der Stichprobe der Erhebung 2012 (1.359 Teilnehmende) mit den entsprechenden Verteilungen des SOEP 2012 und des Mikrozensus 2012 verglichen. Durch diese externe Validierung werden mögliche Verzerrungen der Datengrundlage der Studie sichtbar.
Universitäten erbringen wohlfahrtsfördernde Leistungen für die Gesellschaft, insbesondere indem sie Studierende ausbilden, über Forschung neues Wissen erzeugen sowie den Wissens- und Technologietransfer in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft hinein betreiben. Die Erbringung dieser Leistungen wird ermöglicht durch eine größtenteils öffentliche Finanzierung, die nicht nur in Zeiten wirtschaftlicher Krisen und Spargebote gerne hinterfragt wird. Die Politik ist daher ebenso wie die Hochschulen gut beraten, die Mittelzuweisungen immer wieder neu zu legitimieren. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die sozioökonomischen Effekte der Universität Potsdam und schließt so vorhandene Informationslücken. Die Autoren zeigen, dass auch indirekte und unerwartete Effekte eine große Rolle spielen können, was die Wirkung einer Universität auf Wirtschaft und Wohlstand angeht.
Background
Overweight and obesity are increasing health problems that are not restricted to adults only. Childhood obesity is associated with metabolic, psychological and musculoskeletal comorbidities. However, knowledge about the effect of obesity on the foot function across maturation is lacking. Decreased foot function with disproportional loading characteristics is expected for obese children. The aim of this study was to examine foot loading characteristics during gait of normal-weight, overweight and obese children aged 1-12 years.
Methods
A total of 10382 children aged one to twelve years were enrolled in the study. Finally, 7575 children (m/f: n = 3630/3945; 7.0 +/- 2.9yr; 1.23 +/- 0.19m; 26.6 +/- 10.6kg; BMI: 17.1 +/- 2.4kg/m(2)) were included for (complete case) data analysis. Children were categorized to normalweight (>= 3rd and <90th percentile; n = 6458), overweight (>= 90rd and <97th percentile; n = 746) or obese (>97th percentile; n = 371) according to the German reference system that is based on age and gender-specific body mass indices (BMI). Plantar pressure measurements were assessed during gait on an instrumented walkway. Contact area, arch index (AI), peak pressure (PP) and force time integral (FTI) were calculated for the total, fore-, mid-and hindfoot. Data was analyzed descriptively (mean +/- SD) followed by ANOVA/Welch-test (according to homogeneity of variances: yes/no) for group differences according to BMI categorization (normal-weight, overweight, obesity) and for each age group 1 to 12yrs (post-hoc Tukey Kramer/Dunnett's C; alpha = 0.05).
Results
Mean walking velocity was 0.95 +/- 0.25 m/s with no differences between normal-weight, overweight or obese children (p = 0.0841). Results show higher foot contact area, arch index, peak pressure and force time integral in overweight and obese children (p< 0.001). Obese children showed the 1.48-fold (1 year-old) to 3.49-fold (10 year-old) midfoot loading (FTI) compared to normal-weight.
Conclusion
Additional body mass leads to higher overall load, with disproportional impact on the midfoot area and longitudinal foot arch showing characteristic foot loading patterns. Already the feet of one and two year old children are significantly affected. Childhood overweight and obesity is not compensated by the musculoskeletal system. To avoid excessive foot loading with potential risk of discomfort or pain in childhood, prevention strategies should be developed and validated for children with a high body mass index and functional changes in the midfoot area. The presented plantar pressure values could additionally serve as reference data to identify suspicious foot loading patterns in children.
Die vorliegende Untersuchung verfolgt das Ziel, kulturelle und religiöse Aspekte der Erneuerung jüdischen Lebens in Berlin seit 1989 zu erforschen. Die Entwicklungen der jüdischen Gemeinschaft in der Hauptstadt seit dem Fall der Mauer und dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion führen zur Wiederannäherung eines Teils der jüdischen Bevölkerung in Deutschland an die eigene Kultur, Religion und Geschichte. Dabei kommt die Pluralität der kulturellen, literarischen und religiösen Ausdrucksformen der jüdischen Identitäten zum Vorschein. Die Arbeit verdeutlicht diese in Berlin nach 1989 einsetzende kulturelle und religiöse „Renaissance“. Vier wichtige Punkte kennzeichnen das jüdische Leben in Berlin nach 1989. Erstens gewinnt Deutschland seit der Wiedervereinigung eine neue Rolle als mögliches Einwanderungsland für Juden. Vor allem mit der massiven jüdischen Einwanderung aus den Staaten der ehemaligen Sowjetunion seit den 1990er Jahren wird Deutschland allmählich als wichtiges Zentrum in der europäischen Diaspora anerkannt. Zweitens bleibt zwar die Shoah tief verankert im Gedächtnis der jüdischen Gemeinschaft; die meisten Kinder oder Enkelkinder von Überlebenden der Shoah weigern sich jedoch, ihre jüdische Identität exklusiv durch die Shoah zu definieren. Sie gründen zur Wiederentdeckung und Forderung ihres kulturellen, religiösen und historischen Erbes jüdische Gruppen und Einrichtungen in Berlin, die in den meisten Fällen alternativ zur Jüdischen Gemeinde entstehen: Künstlergruppen, jüdische Kulturvereine, Konferenzen und Podiumsdiskussionen, religiöse Kongregationen und Lernhäuser. Damit – und dies ist der dritte Punkt – verliert zwar die offizielle Jüdische Gemeinde an Bedeutung als einzige Vertreterin der jüdischen Gemeinschaft Berlins; diese kulturelle und religiöse „Renaissance“ außerhalb der offiziellen Strukturen der Gemeinde bedeutet aber auch eine wachsende Pluralität und Diversifizierung der jüdischen Gemeinschaft in Berlin. Viertens spielt Berlin die Hauptrolle in diesem Prozess. Heute werden viele ehemalige jüdische Orte neu belebt: Synagogen werden wiederentdeckt und renoviert, Denk- und Mahnmale gebaut, Stadtführungen auf der Spur des „jüdischen Berlins“ organisiert, Rabbinerseminare neu gegründet. Die Topographie Berlins bildet auch eine Inspirationsquelle für jüdische (und nichtjüdische) Schriftsteller und Künstler. Die Analyse dieser nach 1989 entstandenen religiösen Initiativen, literarischen Werke und kulturellen Produktionen dient dazu, Aspekte der kulturellen und religiösen „Renaissance“ in Berlin näher zu verdeutlichen.
It is quite generally assumed that the overdamped Langevin equation provides a quantitative description of the dynamics of a classical Brownian particle in the long time limit. We establish and investigate a paradigm anomalous diffusion process governed by an underdamped Langevin equation with an explicit time dependence of the system temperature and thus the diffusion and damping coefficients. We show that for this underdamped scaled Brownian motion (UDSBM) the overdamped limit fails to describe the long time behaviour of the system and may practically even not exist at all for a certain range of the parameter values. Thus persistent inertial effects play a non-negligible role even at significantly long times. From this study a general questions on the applicability of the overdamped limit to describe the long time motion of an anomalously diffusing particle arises, with profound consequences for the relevance of overdamped anomalous diffusion models. We elucidate our results in view of analytical and simulations results for the anomalous diffusion of particles in free cooling granular gases.
Design and Implementation of service-oriented architectures imposes a huge number of research questions from the fields of software engineering, system analysis and modeling, adaptability, and application integration. Component orientation and web services are two approaches for design and realization of complex web-based system. Both approaches allow for dynamic application adaptation as well as integration of enterprise application.
Commonly used technologies, such as J2EE and .NET, form de facto standards for the realization of complex distributed systems. Evolution of component systems has lead to web services and service-based architectures. This has been manifested in a multitude of industry standards and initiatives such as XML, WSDL UDDI, SOAP, etc. All these achievements lead to a new and promising paradigm in IT systems engineering which proposes to design complex software solutions as collaboration of contractually defined software services.
Service-Oriented Systems Engineering represents a symbiosis of best practices in object-orientation, component-based development, distributed computing, and business process management. It provides integration of business and IT concerns.
The annual Ph.D. Retreat of the Research School provides each member the opportunity to present his/her current state of their research and to give an outline of a prospective Ph.D. thesis. Due to the interdisciplinary structure of the research school, this technical report covers a wide range of topics. These include but are not limited to: Human Computer Interaction and Computer Vision as Service; Service-oriented Geovisualization Systems; Algorithm Engineering for Service-oriented Systems; Modeling and Verification of Self-adaptive Service-oriented Systems; Tools and Methods for Software Engineering in Service-oriented Systems; Security Engineering of Service-based IT Systems; Service-oriented Information Systems; Evolutionary Transition of Enterprise Applications to Service Orientation; Operating System Abstractions for Service-oriented Computing; and Services Specification, Composition, and Enactment.
The visceral protein transthyretin (TTR) is frequently affected by oxidative post-translational protein modifications (PTPMs) in various diseases. Thus, better insight into structure-function relationships due to oxidative PTPMs of TTR should contribute to the understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms. While the in vivo analysis of TTR in mammalian models is complex, time- and resource-consuming, transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans expressing hTTR provide an optimal model for the in vivo identification and characterization of drug-mediated oxidative PTPMs of hTTR by means of matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization – time of flight – mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Herein, we demonstrated that hTTR is expressed in all developmental stages of Caenorhabditis elegans, enabling the analysis of hTTR metabolism during the whole life-cycle. The suitability of the applied model was verified by exposing worms to D-penicillamine and menadione. Both drugs induced substantial changes in the oxidative PTPM pattern of hTTR. Additionally, for the first time a covalent binding of both drugs with hTTR was identified and verified by molecular modelling.
Background:
All living cells display a rapid molecular response to adverse environmental conditions, and
the heat shock protein family reflects one such example. Hence, failing to activate heat shock proteins can impair
the cellular response. In the present study, we evaluated whether the loss of different isoforms of heat shock
protein (
hsp
) genes in
Caenorhabditis elegans
would affect their vulnerability to Manganese (Mn) toxicity.
Methods:
We exposed wild type and selected
hsp
mutant worms to Mn (30 min) and next evaluated
further the most susceptible strains. We analyzed survi
val, protein carbonylation (as a marker of oxidative
stress) and Parkinson
’
s disease related gene expression immediately after Mn exposure. Lastly, we observed
dopaminergic neurons in wild type worms and in
hsp-70
mutants following Mn treatment. Analysis of the
data was performed by one-way or two way ANOVA, depending on the case, followed by post-hoc
Bonferroni test if the overall
p
value was less than 0.05.
Results:
We verified that the loss of
hsp-70, hsp-3 and chn-1
increased the vulnerability to Mn, as
exposed mutant worms showed lower survival rate and increased protein oxidation. The importance of
hsp-70
against Mn toxicity was then corroborated in dopaminergic neurons, where Mn neurotoxicity was
aggravated. The lack of
hsp-70
also blocked the transcriptional upregulation of
pink1
, a gene that has been
linked to Parkinson
’
sdisease.
Conclusions:
Taken together, our data suggest that Mn exposu
re modulates heat shock protein expression,
particularly HSP-70, in
C. elegans
.Furthermore,lossof
hsp-70
increases protein oxidation and dopaminergic
neuronal degeneration following manganese exposure, which is associated with the inhibition of
pink1
increased expression, thus pot
entially exacerbating the v
ulnerability to this metal.
The strong adhesion of sub-micron sized particles to surfaces is a nuisance, both for removing contaminating colloids from surfaces and for conscious manipulation of particles to create and test novel micro/nano-scale assemblies. The obvious idea of using detergents to ease these processes suffers from a lack of control: the action of any conventional surface-modifying agent is immediate and global. With photosensitive azobenzene containing surfactants we overcome these limitations. Such photo-soaps contain optical switches (azobenzene molecules), which upon illumination with light of appropriate wavelength undergo reversible trans-cis photo-isomerization resulting in a subsequent change of the physico-chemical molecular properties. In this work we show that when a spatial gradient in the composition of trans- and cis- isomers is created near a solid-liquid interface, a substantial hydrodynamic flow can be initiated, the spatial extent of which can be set, e.g., by the shape of a laser spot. We propose the concept of light induced diffusioosmosis driving the flow, which can remove, gather or pattern a particle assembly at a solid-liquid interface. In other words, in addition to providing a soap we implement selectivity: particles are mobilized and moved at the time of illumination, and only across the illuminated area.
The link between cognitive scripts for consensual sexual interactions and attitudes towards sexual coercion was studied in 524 Polish high school students. We proposed that risky sexual scripts, containing risk elements linked to sexual aggression, would be associated with attitudes condoning sexual coercion. Pornography use and religiosity were included as predictors of participants’ risky sexual scripts and attitudes towards sexual coercion. Risky sexual scripts were linked to attitudes condoning sexual coercion. Pornography use was indirectly linked to attitudes condoning sexual coercion via risky sexual scripts. Religiosity showed a positive direct link with attitudes towards sexual coercion, but a negative indirect link through risky sexual scripts. The results are discussed regarding the significance of risky sexual scripts, pornography use, and religiosity in understanding attitudes towards sexual coercion as well as their implications for preventing sexually aggressive behaviour.
Judging the animacy of words
(2016)
The age at which members of a semantic category are learned (age of acquisition), the typicality they demonstrate within their corresponding category, and the semantic domain to which they belong (living, non-living) are known to influence the speed and accuracy of lexical/semantic processing. So far, only a few studies have looked at the origin of age of acquisition and its interdependence with typicality and semantic domain within the same experimental design. Twenty adult participants performed an animacy decision task in which nouns were classified according to their semantic domain as being living or non-living. Response times were influenced by the independent main effects of each parameter: typicality, age of acquisition, semantic domain, and frequency. However, there were no interactions. The results are discussed with respect to recent models concerning the origin of age of acquisition effects.
Plasma carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinol in the age-stratified (35–74 years) general population
(2016)
Blood micronutrient status may change with age. We analyzed plasma carotenoids, α-/γ-tocopherol, and retinol and their associations with age, demographic characteristics, and dietary habits (assessed by a short food frequency questionnaire) in a cross-sectional study of 2118 women and men (age-stratified from 35 to 74 years) of the general population from six European countries. Higher age was associated with lower lycopene and α-/β-carotene and higher β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, α-/γ-tocopherol, and retinol levels. Significant correlations with age were observed for lycopene (r = −0.248), α-tocopherol (r = 0.208), α-carotene (r = −0.112), and β-cryptoxanthin (r = 0.125; all p < 0.001). Age was inversely associated with lycopene (−6.5% per five-year age increase) and this association remained in the multiple regression model with the significant predictors (covariables) being country, season, cholesterol, gender, smoking status, body mass index (BMI (kg/m2)), and dietary habits. The positive association of α-tocopherol with age remained when all covariates including cholesterol and use of vitamin supplements were included (1.7% vs. 2.4% per five-year age increase). The association of higher β-cryptoxanthin with higher age was no longer statistically significant after adjustment for fruit consumption, whereas the inverse association of α-carotene with age remained in the fully adjusted multivariable model (−4.8% vs. −3.8% per five-year age increase). We conclude from our study that age is an independent predictor of plasma lycopene, α-tocopherol, and α-carotene.
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Führungsverhalten im öffentlichen Sektor sowie mit Einflussfaktoren auf dieses Führungsverhalten. Hierzu wurde eine Taxonomie, bestehend aus sechs Metakategorien von Führungsverhalten, entwickelt. Die Metakategorien umfassen Aufgaben-, Beziehungs-, Veränderungs-, Außen-, Ethik- und Sachbearbeitungsorientierung. Eine Analyse von Umfragedaten, die für diese Arbeit bei Mitarbeitern und unteren Führungskräften dreier Behörden erhoben wurden, zeigt, dass diese Taxonomie sehr gut geeignet ist, die Führungsrealität in der öffentlichen Verwaltung abzubilden.
Eine deskriptive Auswertung der Daten zeigt außerdem, dass es eine relativ große Differenz zwischen der Selbsteinschätzung der Führungskräfte und der Fremdeinschätzung durch ihre Mitarbeiter gibt. Diese Differenz ist bei der Beziehungs- und Veränderungsorientierung besonders hoch.
Der deskriptiven Auswertung schließt sich eine Analyse von Einflussfaktoren auf das Führungsverhalten an. Die Einflussfaktoren können den vier Kategorien "Charakteristika und Eigenschaften der Führungskräfte", "Erwartungen und Interesse von Vorgesetzten", "Charakteristika und Einstellungen von Geführten" und "Managementinstrumente und -rahmenbedingungen" zugeordnet werden.
Eine Analyse mit Hilfe von hierarchischen linearen Modellen zeigt, dass vor allem die Führungsmotivation und die Managementorientierung der Führungskräfte, die Gemeinwohlorientierung und die Art der Aufgabe der Geführten sowie die strategische Führungskräfteauswahl und die Leistungsmessung durch die Führungskräfte anhand konkreter Ziele einen Einfluss auf das Führungsverhalten haben.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit ergänzen die Literatur zu Führungsverhalten im öffentlichen Sektor um die Perspektive der Einflussfaktoren auf das Führungsverhalten und leisten zusätzlich mit Hilfe der verwendeten Taxonomie einen Beitrag zur theoretischen Diskussion von Führungsverhalten in der Public-Management-Forschung. Darüber hinaus bieten die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse der Verwaltungspraxis Hinweise zu relevanten Einflussfaktoren auf das Führungsverhalten sowie auf beachtliche Differenzen zwischen Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmung des Führungsverhaltens.
Diese Arbeit ist im Bereich des Qualitätsmanagements (QM) in öffentlichen Organisationen zu verorten. Sie fragt konkret, welche Faktoren eine effektive Implementierung des QM-Systems Common Assessment Framework (CAF) in Deutschen Bundesbehörden beeinflussen. Auf der Basis des soziologischen Neo-Institutionalismus wurden Hypothesen zu möglichen Einflussfaktoren aufgestellt. Im Rahmen einer systematischen Fallauswahl wurden folgende Organisationen untersucht: das Bundeskartellamt, das Bundeszentralamt für Steuern sowie die Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin. Für den empirischen Teil dieser Arbeit wurden halbstrukturierte Leitfadeninterviews mit Experten der ausgewählten Organisationen geführt. Im Rahmen einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse wurden diese dann ausgewertet und mit einer „cross case synthesis“ nach Yin (2014) anschließend theoriegeleitet analysiert.
Es lassen sich letztendlich drei entscheidende Bedingungen für eine effektive CAF-Implementierung in Bundesbehörden ableiten: Zum einen die formale Unterstützung der jeweiligen Hausleitung, die eine aktive Rolle innerhalb des CAF-Projektes einnimmt und dabei auch alle mittleren Führungsspitzen zielführend mit einbinden sollte, beispielsweise durch die Übernahme der QM-Projektleitung. Zum anderen ist es für eine zielkohärente Handlungsweise aller Organisationsmitgliedern vonnöten, die verschiedenen Steuerungsinstrumente im Rahmen einer mittelfristigen Gesamtstrategie miteinander zu verzahnen und so formal zu institutionalisieren. Außerdem ist die formale Institutionalisierung einer QM-Einheit, nahe der Hausleitung außerhalb der Fachabteilungen angesiedelt, zu empfehlen. Es hat sich im Rahmen der untersuchten Fallbeispiele gezeigt, dass diese Einheiten ein größeres Potential aufweisen, sich zu QM- und CAF-Kompetenzzentren zu entwickeln und unnötige Arbeiten, die das CAF-Engagement der Mitarbeiterschaft schmälern würden, von eben jener fernzuhalten.
Durch diese Ergebnisse konnte die Arbeit zwei entscheidende Beiträge leisten: Die Forschungslandkarte der QM- und CAF-Forschung in öffentlichen Organisationen wies, speziell auf Bundesebene, vorab verschiedenste weiße Flecken auf, die von dieser Arbeit teilweise gefüllt werden konnten. Zum anderen ist es auf Basis dieser Forschungsarbeit nun möglich, Verwaltungspraktikern konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen an die Hand zu geben, wenn diese erstmals CAF in ihrer Organisation implementieren möchten oder bei einer schon erfolgten Einführung des QM-Instruments nachsteuern möchten.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Qualitätsmanagementsystemen in Nonprofit-Organisationen. Sie stellt dabei das Spannungsfeld verschiedener Akteursinteressen innerhalb von Nonprofit-Organisationen in den Vordergrund. Dies erfolgt anhand des mikropolitischen Ansatzes, der allen Akteuren innerhalb einer Organisation eigene Interessen zugesteht, die sie durch Taktiken und Strategien in Machtkämpfen versuchen durchzusetzen.
Untersucht wird der Prozess der Entstehung und Evaluation von konkreten Maßnahmen, den sogenannten Qualitätszielen, und den Einfluss von pädagogischen Mitarbeitenden auf deren Formulierung. Dies erfolgt anhand einer Einzelfallstudie. Mithilfe von qualitativen Interviews wurde untersucht, inwieweit pädagogische Mitarbeitende die Einflussmöglichkeiten des Qualitätsmanagementsystems zur strategischen Organisationsentwicklung und Durchsetzung eigener Interessen nutzen.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es zwei Typen von Mitarbeitenden gibt, aktive und passive, die entweder einen Machtgewinn oder -verlust erleben. Aufgrund der kooperativen Art der Kommunikation und Entscheidungsfindung sowie kaum divergierenden Interessen zwischen den verschiedenen Akteuren bleiben die vorhandenen Einflussmöglichkeiten im Sinne von organisationsinternen Machtkämpfen und mikropolitischen Taktiken bisher jedoch weitestgehend ungenutzt. Diese Falleigenschaften erklären, wieso der mikropolitische Ansatz bei der Analyse nicht zu den antizipierten Resultaten geführt hat.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Einfluss der Organisationsform von Mikrofinanzinstitutionen (MFIs) auf deren soziale Performance. In diesem Kontext wird die soziale Performance als die direkte Übersetzung der sozialen Mission der MFIs in die Praxis verstanden. Konkret wird die soziale Performance der zwei Organisationsformen Shareholder Owned Firm (SOF) sowie Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) betrachtet und verglichen. Dieser Vergleich stützt sich auf die in der Fachwelt häufig vertretene Annahme, dass NGO MFIs eine höhere soziale Performance aufweisen als SOF MFIs, da sie dem Nonprofit-Sektor zugeschrieben werden können. Die bis dato vorhandenen relevanten empirischen Forschungen zu dem Thema werden anhand einer Literaturdiskussion analysiert. Bislang existiert nur eine relativ geringe Anzahl an empirischen Forschungen in diesem Themenfeld, da die Erforschung der sozialen Performance von MFIs ein recht neues Forschungsgebiet darstellt. Die Ergebnisse der Literaturdiskussion verdeutlichen zudem, dass hinsichtlich des Einflusses der Organisationsform von MFIs auf deren soziale Performance keine eindeutige Aussage getroffen werden kann, da die betrachteten Studien zu unterschiedlichen Resultaten kommen. Die Ergebnisse deuten jedoch darauf hin, dass in einigen geografischen Regionen der Welt NGO MFIs eine bessere soziale Performance aufweisen als SOF MFIs. Insgesamt liefert die Arbeit einen wichtigen Überblick über den Forschungsstand auf diesem Forschungsgebiet und deckt diverse Forschungslücken auf, welche in zukünftigen Untersuchungen berücksichtigt werden sollten.
Studies investigating the effect of increasing CO2 levels on the phosphorus cycle in natural waters are lacking although phosphorus often controls phytoplankton development in many aquatic systems. The aim of our study was to analyse effects of elevated CO2 levels on phosphorus pool sizes and uptake. The phosphorus dynamic was followed in a CO2-manipulation mesocosm experiment in the Storfjarden (western Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea) in summer 2012 and was also studied in the surrounding fjord water. In all mesocosms as well as in surface waters of Storfjarden, dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) concentrations of 0.26aEuro-+/- aEuro-0.03 and 0.23aEuro-+/- aEuro-0.04aEuro-A mu molaEuro-L-1, respectively, formed the main fraction of the total P-pool (TP), whereas phosphate (PO4) constituted the lowest fraction with mean concentration of 0.15aEuro-A +/- aEuro-0.02 in the mesocosms and 0.17aEuro-A +/- aEuro-0.07aEuro-A mu molaEuro-L-1 in the fjord. Transformation of PO4 into DOP appeared to be the main pathway of PO4 turnover. About 82aEuro-% of PO4 was converted into DOP whereby only 18aEuro-% of PO4 was transformed into particulate phosphorus (PP). PO4 uptake rates measured in the mesocosms ranged between 0.6 and 3.9aEuro-nmolaEuro-L(-1)aEuro-h(-1). About 86aEuro-% of them was realized by the size fraction < aEuro-3aEuro-A mu m. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) uptake revealed that additional P was supplied from organic compounds accounting for 25-27aEuro-% of P provided by PO4 only. CO2 additions did not cause significant changes in phosphorus (P) pool sizes, DOP composition, and uptake of PO4 and ATP when the whole study period was taken into account. However, significant short-term effects were observed for PO4 and PP pool sizes in CO2 treatments > aEuro-1000aEuro-A mu atm during periods when phytoplankton biomass increased. In addition, we found significant relationships (e.g., between PP and Chl a) in the untreated mesocosms which were not observed under high fCO(2) conditions. Consequently, it can be hypothesized that the relationship between PP formation and phytoplankton growth changed with CO2 elevation. It can be deduced from the results, that visible effects of CO2 on P pools are coupled to phytoplankton growth when the transformation of PO4 into POP was stimulated. The transformation of PO4 into DOP on the other hand does not seem to be affected. Additionally, there were some indications that cellular mechanisms of P regulation might be modified under CO2 elevation changing the relationship between cellular constituents.
In the study of relativistic jets one of the key open questions is their interaction with the environment on the microscopic level. Here, we study the initial evolution of both electron-proton (e(-)-p(+)) and electron-positron (e(+/-)) relativistic jets containing helical magnetic fields, focusing on their interaction with an ambient plasma. We have performed simulations of "global" jets containing helical magnetic fields in order to examine how helical magnetic fields affect kinetic instabilities such as the Weibel instability, the kinetic Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (kKHI) and the Mushroom instability (MI). In our initial simulation study these kinetic instabilities are suppressed and new types of instabilities can grow. In the e(-)-p(+) jet simulation a recollimation-like instability occurs and jet electrons are strongly perturbed. In the e(+/-) jet simulation a recollimation-like instability occurs at early times followed by a kinetic instability and the general structure is similar to a simulation without helical magnetic field. Simulations using much larger systems are required in order to thoroughly follow the evolution of global jets containing helical magnetic fields.
About a quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions are currently taken up by the oceans, decreasing seawater pH. We performed a mesocosm experiment in the Baltic Sea in order to investigate the consequences of increasing CO2 levels on pelagic carbon fluxes. A gradient of different CO2 scenarios, ranging from ambient (similar to 370 mu atm) to high (similar to 1200 mu atm), were set up in mesocosm bags (similar to 55m(3)). We determined standing stocks and temporal changes of total particulate carbon (TPC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and particulate organic carbon (POC) of specific plankton groups. We also measured carbon flux via CO2 exchange with the atmosphere and sedimentation (export), and biological rate measurements of primary production, bacterial production, and total respiration. The experiment lasted for 44 days and was divided into three different phases (I: t0-t16; II: t17-t30; III: t31-t43). Pools of TPC, DOC, and DIC were approximately 420, 7200, and 25 200 mmol Cm-2 at the start of the experiment, and the initial CO2 additions increased the DIC pool by similar to 7% in the highest CO2 treatment. Overall, there was a decrease in TPC and increase of DOC over the course of the experiment. The decrease in TPC was lower, and increase in DOC higher, in treatments with added CO2. During phase I the estimated gross primary production (GPP) was similar to 100 mmol C m(-2) day(-1), from which 75-95% was respired, similar to 1% ended up in the TPC (including export), and 5-25% was added to the DOC pool. During phase II, the respiration loss increased to similar to 100% of GPP at the ambient CO2 concentration, whereas respiration was lower (85-95% of GPP) in the highest CO2 treatment. Bacterial production was similar to 30% lower, on average, at the highest CO2 concentration than in the controls during phases II and III. This resulted in a higher accumulation of DOC and lower reduction in the TPC pool in the elevated CO2 treatments at the end of phase II extending throughout phase III. The "extra" organic carbon at high CO2 remained fixed in an increasing biomass of small-sized plankton and in the DOC pool, and did not transfer into large, sinking aggregates. Our results revealed a clear effect of increasing CO2 on the carbon budget and mineralization, in particular under nutrient limited conditions. Lower carbon loss processes (respiration and bacterial remineralization) at elevated CO2 levels resulted in higher TPC and DOC pools than ambient CO2 concentration. These results highlight the importance of addressing not only net changes in carbon standing stocks but also carbon fluxes and budgets to better disentangle the effects of ocean acidification.
In the past, floods were basically managed by flood control mechanisms. The focus was set on the reduction of flood hazard. The potential consequences were of minor interest. Nowadays river flooding is increasingly seen from the risk perspective, including possible consequences. Moreover, the large-scale picture of flood risk became increasingly important for disaster management planning, national risk developments and the (re-) insurance industry. Therefore, it is widely accepted that risk-orientated flood management ap-proaches at the basin-scale are needed. However, large-scale flood risk assessment methods for areas of several 10,000 km² are still in early stages. Traditional flood risk assessments are performed reach wise, assuming constant probabilities for the entire reach or basin. This might be helpful on a local basis, but where large-scale patterns are important this approach is of limited use. Assuming a T-year flood (e.g. 100 years) for the entire river network is unrealistic and would lead to an overestimation of flood risk at the large scale. Due to the lack of damage data, additionally, the probability of peak discharge or rainfall is usually used as proxy for damage probability to derive flood risk. With a continuous and long term simulation of the entire flood risk chain, the spatial variability of probabilities could be consider and flood risk could be directly derived from damage data in a consistent way.
The objective of this study is the development and application of a full flood risk chain, appropriate for the large scale and based on long term and continuous simulation. The novel approach of ‘derived flood risk based on continuous simulations’ is introduced, where the synthetic discharge time series is used as input into flood impact models and flood risk is directly derived from the resulting synthetic damage time series.
The bottleneck at this scale is the hydrodynamic simu-lation. To find suitable hydrodynamic approaches for the large-scale a benchmark study with simplified 2D hydrodynamic models was performed. A raster-based approach with inertia formulation and a relatively high resolution of 100 m in combination with a fast 1D channel routing model was chosen.
To investigate the suitability of the continuous simulation of a full flood risk chain for the large scale, all model parts were integrated into a new framework, the Regional Flood Model (RFM). RFM consists of the hydrological model SWIM, a 1D hydrodynamic river network model, a 2D raster based inundation model and the flood loss model FELMOps+r. Subsequently, the model chain was applied to the Elbe catchment, one of the largest catchments in Germany. For the proof-of-concept, a continuous simulation was per-formed for the period of 1990-2003. Results were evaluated / validated as far as possible with available observed data in this period. Although each model part introduced its own uncertainties, results and runtime were generally found to be adequate for the purpose of continuous simulation at the large catchment scale.
Finally, RFM was applied to a meso-scale catchment in the east of Germany to firstly perform a flood risk assessment with the novel approach of ‘derived flood risk assessment based on continuous simulations’. Therefore, RFM was driven by long term synthetic meteorological input data generated by a weather generator. Thereby, a virtual time series of climate data of 100 x 100 years was generated and served as input to RFM providing subsequent 100 x 100 years of spatially consistent river discharge series, inundation patterns and damage values. On this basis, flood risk curves and expected annual damage could be derived directly from damage data, providing a large-scale picture of flood risk. In contrast to traditional flood risk analysis, where homogenous return periods are assumed for the entire basin, the presented approach provides a coherent large-scale picture of flood risk. The spatial variability of occurrence probability is respected. Additionally, data and methods are consistent. Catchment and floodplain processes are repre-sented in a holistic way. Antecedent catchment conditions are implicitly taken into account, as well as physical processes like storage effects, flood attenuation or channel–floodplain interactions and related damage influencing effects. Finally, the simulation of a virtual period of 100 x 100 years and consequently large data set on flood loss events enabled the calculation of flood risk directly from damage distributions. Problems associated with the transfer of probabilities in rainfall or peak runoff to probabilities in damage, as often used in traditional approaches, are bypassed.
RFM and the ‘derived flood risk approach based on continuous simulations’ has the potential to provide flood risk statements for national planning, re-insurance aspects or other questions where spatially consistent, large-scale assessments are required.
To understand past flood changes in the Rhine catchment and in particular the role of anthropogenic climate change in extreme flows, an attribution study relying on a proper GCM (general circulation model) downscaling is needed. A downscaling based on conditioning a stochastic weather generator on weather patterns is a promising approach. This approach assumes a strong link between weather patterns and local climate, and sufficient GCM skill in reproducing weather pattern climatology. These presuppositions are unprecedentedly evaluated here using 111 years of daily climate data from 490 stations in the Rhine basin and comprehensively testing the number of classification parameters and GCM weather pattern characteristics. A classification based on a combination of mean sea level pressure, temperature, and humidity from the ERA20C reanalysis of atmospheric fields over central Europe with 40 weather types was found to be the most appropriate for stratifying six local climate variables. The corresponding skill is quite diverse though, ranging from good for radiation to poor for precipitation. Especially for the latter it was apparent that pressure fields alone cannot sufficiently stratify local variability. To test the skill of the latest generation of GCMs from the CMIP5 ensemble in reproducing the frequency, seasonality, and persistence of the derived weather patterns, output from 15 GCMs is evaluated. Most GCMs are able to capture these characteristics well, but some models showed consistent deviations in all three evaluation criteria and should be excluded from further attribution analysis.
Flood generation at the scale of large river basins is triggered by the interaction of the hydrological pre-conditions and the meteorological event conditions at different spatial and temporal scales. This interaction controls diverse flood generating processes and results in floods varying in magnitude and extent, duration as well as socio-economic consequences. For a process-based understanding of the underlying cause-effect relationships, systematic approaches are required. These approaches have to cover the complete causal flood chain, including the flood triggering meteorological event in combination with the hydrological (pre-)conditions in the catchment, runoff generation, flood routing, possible floodplain inundation and finally flood losses.
In this thesis, a comprehensive probabilistic process-based understanding of the causes and effects of floods is advanced. The spatial and temporal dynamics of flood events as well as the geophysical processes involved in the causal flood chain are revealed and the systematic interconnections within the flood chain are deciphered by means of the classification of their associated causes and effects. This is achieved by investigating the role of the hydrological pre-conditions and the meteorological event conditions with respect to flood occurrence, flood processes and flood characteristics as well as their interconnections at the river basin scale.
Broadening the knowledge about flood triggers, which up to now has been limited to linking large-scale meteorological conditions to flood occurrence, the influence of large-scale pre-event hydrological conditions on flood initiation is investigated. Using the Elbe River basin as an example, a classification of soil moisture, a key variable of pre-event conditions, is developed and a probabilistic link between patterns of soil moisture and flood occurrence is established. The soil moisture classification is applied to continuously simulated soil moisture data which is generated using the semi-distributed conceptual rainfall-runoff model SWIM. Applying successively a principal component analysis and a cluster analysis, days of similar soil moisture patterns are identified in the period November 1951 to October 2003.
The investigation of flood triggers is complemented by including meteorological conditions described by a common weather pattern classification that represents the main modes of atmospheric state variability. The newly developed soil moisture classification thereby provides the basis to study the combined impact of hydrological pre-conditions and large-scale meteorological event conditions on flood occurrence at the river basin scale.
A process-based understanding of flood generation and its associated probabilities is attained by classifying observed flood events into process-based flood types such as snowmelt floods or long-rain floods. Subsequently, the flood types are linked to the soil moisture and weather patterns. Further understanding of the processes is gained by modeling of the complete causal flood chain, incorporating a rainfall-runoff model, a 1D/2D hydrodynamic model and a flood loss model. A reshuffling approach based on weather patterns and the month of their occurrence is developed to generate synthetic data fields of meteorological conditions, which drive the model chain, in order to increase the flood sample size. From the large number of simulated flood events, the impact of hydro-meteorological conditions on various flood characteristics is detected through the analysis of conditional cumulative distribution functions and regression trees.
The results show the existence of catchment-scale soil moisture patterns, which comprise of large-scale seasonal wetting and drying components as well as of smaller-scale variations related to spatially heterogeneous catchment processes. Soil moisture patterns frequently occurring before the onset of floods are identified. In winter, floods are initiated by catchment-wide high soil moisture, whereas in summer the flood-initiating soil moisture patterns are diverse and the soil moisture conditions are less stable in time. The combined study of both soil moisture and weather patterns shows that the flood favoring hydro-meteorological patterns as well as their interactions vary seasonally. In the analysis period, 18 % of the weather patterns only result in a flood in the case of preceding soil saturation. The classification of 82 past events into flood types reveals seasonally varying flood processes that can be linked to hydro-meteorological patterns. For instance, the highest flood potential for long-rain floods is associated with a weather pattern that is often detected in the presence of so-called ‘Vb’ cyclones. Rain-on-snow and snowmelt floods are associated with westerly and north-westerly wind directions. The flood characteristics vary among the flood types and can be reproduced by the applied model chain. In total, 5970 events are simulated. They reproduce the observed event characteristics between September 1957 and August 2002 and provide information on flood losses. A regression tree analysis relates the flood processes of the simulated events to the hydro-meteorological (pre-)event conditions and highlights the fact that flood magnitude is primarily controlled by the meteorological event, whereas flood extent is primarily controlled by the soil moisture conditions.
Describing flood occurrence, processes and characteristics as a function of hydro-meteorological patterns, this thesis is part of a paradigm shift towards a process-based understanding of floods. The results highlight that soil moisture patterns as well as weather patterns are not only beneficial to a probabilistic conception of flood initiation but also provide information on the involved flood processes and the resulting flood characteristics.