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Clones of n-ary algebras
(2003)
Valuations of Terms
(2003)
Let tau be a type of algebras. There are several commonly used measurements of the complexity of terms of type tau, including the depth or height of a term and the number of variable symbols appearing in a term. In this paper we formalize these various measurements, by defining a complexity or valuation mapping on terms. A valuation of terms is thus a mapping from the absolutely free term algebra of type tau into another algebra of the same type on which an order relation is defined. We develop the interconnections between such term valuations and the equational theory of Universal Algebra. The collection of all varieties of a given type forms a complete lattice which is very complex and difficult to study; valuations of terms offer a new method to study complete sublattices of this lattice
Integral-field spectrophotometry of the quadruple QSO HE 0435-1223 : Evidence for microlensing
(2003)
We present the first spatially resolved spectroscopic observations of the recently discovered quadruple QSO and gravitational lens HE 0435-1223. Using the Potsdam Multi-Aperture Spectrophotometer (PMAS), we show that all four QSO components have very similar but not identical spectra. In particular, the spectral slopes of components A, B, and D are indistinguishable, implying that extinction due to dust plays no major role in the lensing galaxy. While also the emission line profiles are identical within the error bars, as expected from lensing, the equivalent widths show significant differences between components. Most likely, microlensing is responsible for this phenomenon. This is also consistent with the fact that component D, which shows the highest relative continuum level, has brightened by 0.07 mag since Dec. 2001. We find that the emission line flux ratios between the components are in better agreement with simple lens models than broad band or continuum measurements, but that the discrepancies between model and data are still unacceptably large. Finally, we present a detection of the lensing galaxy, although this is close to the limits of the data. Comparing with a model galaxy spectrum, we obtain a redshift estimate of zlens=0.44+/- 0.02.
sent observations of the Type Ia supernova SN 2002er during the brightening phase. The observations were performed with the Potsdam Multi Aperture Spectrophotometer (PMAS) integral field instrument. Due to the 8arcsecx8 arcsec field of view of the spectrograph an accurate background subtraction was possible. Results from analyses of the evolution of absorption features in comparisons with other SNe show that SN 2002er is a fairly bright Type Ia supernova with a peak brightness of MB=-19.6+/-0.1.
Der Begriff der religiösen Erfahrung bei William James und seine Weiterentwicklung nach Wittgenstein
(2003)
Das Placebo-Argument
(2003)
Our aim in this paper is to explicate some unexpected and striking similarities and equally important differences, which have not been discussed in the literature, between Wittgenstein's methodology and the approach of Chinese Chan or Japanese Zen Buddhism. We say 'unexpected' similarities because it is not a common practice, especially in the analytic tradition, to invest very much in comparative philosophy. The peculiarity of this study will be further accentuated in the view of those of the 'old school' who see Wittgenstein as a logical positivist, and Zen as a religious excuse for militarism or sadomasochism. If the second claim were true, the following investigation would not only be futile but also impossible. That the first claim, concerning the 'old school' perspective on Wittgenstein, si incorrect, we will demonstrate in the ensuing discussion. By now more experts have come to accept hits claim and we hope that our comparative perspective will add even more momentum
Halbzeit der Amtszeit
(2003)
Stichwort: Das Übereinkommen zur Beseitigung jeder Form von rassischer Diskriminierung (CERD)
(2003)
Tagungsbericht: Mahler, Claudia ; Weiß, Norman: Konferenz „Consolidating Antracism and Minority Rights: CriticalApproaches" <2003, Berlin> / veranstaltet von der Forschergruppe Restra, dem Institut für Menschenrechte, der Abo Akademi University und dem Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law, der University of Lappland sowie dem Deutschen Institut für Menschenrechte und dem Finnland-Institut in Deutschland am 12., 13. Juni
Quenching of the triplet state of tryptophan by cysteine has provided a new tool for measuring the rate of forming a specific intramolecular contact in disordered polypeptides. Here, we use this technique to investigate contact formation in the denatured state of CspTm, a small cold-shock protein from Thermotoga maritima, engineered to contain a single tryptophan residue (W29) and a single cysteine residue at the C terminus (C67). At all concentrations of denaturant, the decay rate of the W29 triplet of the unfolded protein is more than tenfold faster than the rate observed for the native protein (not, vert, similar104 s;1). Experiments on the unfolded protein without the added C- terminal cysteine residue show that this faster rate results entirely from contact quenching by C67. The quenching rate in the unfolded state by C67 increases at concentrations of denaturant that favor folding, indicating a compaction of the unfolded protein as observed previously in single-molecule Foerster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments.
In recent years most studies of the benthic microbial food web have either been descriptive or were restricted to the measurement of within sediment process rates. Little is known about benthic-pelagic coupling processes such as recruitment. We, therefore, developed an ex situ core incubation procedure to quantify the potential for microbial recruitment from the benthos to the pelagic in an acidic mining lake, Mining Lake 111 (ML 111; pH 2.6), in eastern Germany. Our data suggest that considerable zooplankton recruitment from the benthos takes place. Heliozoan and rhizopod recruitment in both summer and winter sediment cores was highest when they were incubated at 20°C. Maximum heliozoan recruitment was 23 (± 9 s.e.) individuals cm-2 d-1 (40% initial standing stock daily) in the winter 20°C incubation. Maximum rhizopod recruitment was 6 (± 2 s.e.) individuals cm-2 d-1 in the summer 20°C incubation. Little or no recruitment was apparent for either taxa when winter cores were incubated at 5°C, implying a temperature cue. Conversely, the rotifer, Cephalodella hoodi, exhibited a maximum recruitment of 6 (± 2 s.e.) individuals cm-2 d-1 during the winter 5°C incubation, representing 30% of initial standing stock daily, but little recruitment when incubated at 20°C. Cephalodella may have responded to an increased winter benthic food supply; in situ winter Chl a concentrations in the benthos were 3.4 times higher than those in the summer. The importance of this was reinforced by the poor pelagic food supply available in ML 111. In situ, Heliozoa, rhizopods and Cephalodella were first observed in the epilimnion of ML 111 in spring or early summer, suggesting active or passive recruitment following lateral transport from littoral sediments. Benthic-pelagic coupling via recruitment is potentially important in understanding the pelagic food web in ML 111 and warrants further investigation in this and other aquatic environments.
Mit der Neufassung der Eingriffsregelung im novellierten Bundesnaturschutzgesetz sind der Eingriffstatbestand erweitert und die Entscheidungsabfolge verändert worden, indem die Abwägung nunmehr erst hinter dem Ersatz angesiedelt ist. Wenngleich in der Theorie weiter ein Vorrang von Vermeidung und Ausgleich besteht, ist zu erwarten, dass diese Aspekte dadurch in der Praxis indirekt geschwächt werden. Hervorzuheben ist hingegen, dass Ersatzmaßnahmen nunmehr bundeseinheitlich definiert sind und dabei einen Bezug zu konkreten Beeinträchtigungen aufweisen müssen und dass der Gesetzgeber mit der neuen Stellung der Abwägung in der Entscheidungsabfolge ausdrücklich den Vorrang von realer Kompensation betont. Mögliche Folgen der Neuregelung werden anhand exemplarischer Handlungsfelder diskutiert: Dem Schutzgut Landschaftsbild, der Verbindung der Landschaftsplanung zur Eingriffsregelung, den Bezügen zur guten fachlichen Praxis in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft sowie Flächenpools und Ökokonten. Angesichts knapper Kassen ist die Gefahr, dass die Eingriffsregelung zum wesentlichen Finanzierungsinstrument für die Umsetzung von Naturschutzmaßnahmen wird, nicht von der Hand zu weisen. Handlungsbedarf besteht daher vor allem in der Ausarbeitung fachlicher Konventionen zur notwendigen "Gleichwertigkeit" von Ersatzmaßnahmen sowie zur Festlegung fachlicher Qualitätsprofile für Flächenpools.
Umweltprüfung für Bauleitpläne : Stellungnahme des BDLA zum Referentenentwurf für ein EAG Bau
(2003)
Mixotrophy in the Antarctic phytoflagellate, Pyramimonas gelidicola (Chlorophyta: Prasinophyta)
(2003)
Grazing by the planktonic, phytoflagellate, Pyramimonas gelidicola McFadden (Chlorophyta: Prasinophyta), and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNAN) in meromictic, saline Ace Lake in the Vestfold Hills, Eastern Antarctica, was investigated in the austral summers of 1997 and 1999. Up to 47% of the P. gelidicola population ingested fluorescently labelled prey (FLP). Ingestion rates varied with depth. In January 1997 and November 1999, maximum P. gelidicola ingestion rates of 6.95 and 0.79 FLP;cell-1;h-1, respectively, were measured at the chemocline (6-8 m) where a deep chlorophyll maximum composed of phototrophic nanoflagellates (PNAN DCM), predominantly P. gelidicola, persisted all year. During the summers of 1997 and 1999, the grazing P. gelidicola community removed between 0.4 and approximately 16% of in situ bacterial biomass, equivalent to between 4 and >100% of in situ bacterial production. Due to their higher abundance, the community clearance rates of HNAN in Ace Lake generally exceeded those of P. gelidicola but HNAN removed approximately only 3 to 4% of bacterial biomass, equivalent to between 28 and 32% of bacterial production. P. gelidicola growth rates were highest at the PNAN DCM concomitant with the highest ingestion rates. It is estimated that during the summer P. gelidicola can derive up to 30% of their daily carbon requirements from bacterivory at the PNAN DCM. This study confirms mixotrophy as an important strategy by which planktonic organisms can survive in extreme, polar, lacustrine ecosystems.
Die Bedeutung von Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) als Hauptnahrungsmittel in tropischen Ländern
(2003)
Frühkindliche Regulationsstörungen: Vorläufer von Verhaltensstörungen des späteren Kindesalters?
(2003)
Application of metabolomics to plant genotype discrimination using statistics and machine learning
(2003)
Landscape planning is frequently mentioned in discussions on the implementation of the SEA Directive. However, one needs to bear in mind that SEA and landscape planning have different tasks: i.e., in the case of SEA dealing with the effects of a plan or programme on environmental factors and in the case of landscape planning a conceptual approach. This article looks at the substantial and procedural overlap of the two instruments. The main problem is the coincidence as regards space and time. One benefit to landscape planning would be a more frequent updates of the plans. However, a danger would be the overloading of landscape plans and a narrower scope. The author prefers a flexible combination of both instruments.
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit theoretischen, methodologischen und empirischen Aspekten des deutsch- slavischen, insbesondere aber des deutsch-niedersorbischen/wendischen Sprachkontakts. Während der erste Abschnitt eine erste Klassifikation der verschiedenen Typen des Sprachkontakts, ausgehend von der Antinomie Nah- vs. Fernkontakt, interner vs. externer Sprachkontakt, gibt, bemüht sich Verf. im zweiten Teil um die Explikation der Begriffe interlinguale Interferenz (als defekte Normabweichung und Überlagerung) und Transferenz (korrekter bzw. positiver Transfer, sog. "facilitation"): Kontaktlinguistische und soziolinguistische Besonderheiten des Landes Brandenburg und insbesondere die aktuelle Schulsituation in der Niederlausitz dienen als Basis dieses Teils. Neben allgemeinen Aspekten (Übersicht über die aktuelle demographische Entwicklung der Sprecher in der Niederlausitz), dem Vergleich des rechtlichen Status des Sorbischen in der DDR und heute, kulturellen und bildungspolitischen Einrichtungen und der Entwicklung des sorbischen Schulwesens in der DDR, werden auch aktuelle Entwicklungen und Maßnahmen zur Revitalisierung des Niedersorbischen (bilingualer Unterricht und Witaj-Kindergärten)erörtert. Im empirischen, vierten Teil werden zahlreiche Belege aus dem durch den primären (L1-) und sekundären (L2-)Spracherwerb zwischen Sprechern des Niedersorbischen/Wendischen und Deutschen enstandenen Interferenzen diskutiert. Neben grundsätzlichen sprachtheoretischen und den Sprachvergleich betreffenden Überlegungen werden auch Ansätze einer linguistischen Didaktik entwickelt, die auch Überlegungen des Unterschied zwischen L1- und L2-Erwerb aus der Sicht der Universalgrammatik Chomskyscher Prägung und behavioristischen Ansätzen integriert. Der vorliegende Band stellt "Beiträge zur sorbischen/wendischen Sprache, Kultur und Literatur" zusammen, die sich vorwiegend mit der kleinsten westslavische Sprache - dem Niedersorbischen - beschäftigen. Der Großteil der "Reflexionen" geht auf eine Sektion zum Niedersorbischen zurück, die auf dem VIII. Deutschen Slavistentag in Potsdam (30.9.-3.10.2001) vorgestellt wurden. Die präsentierten "Reflexionen" verstehen sich - ganz im Sinne der Zielsetzung der Reihe - als ein weiterer Versuch, dem Defizi bei der Erforschung insbesondere der niedersorbischen/wendischen Sprache, Kultur und Literatur entgegenzuwirken und die bestehenden Lücken im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs zu schließen.
South Africa's endemic Knysna seahorse, Hippocampus capensis Boulenger 1900, is a rare example of a marine fish listed as Endangered by the IUCN because of its limited range and habitat vulnerability. It is restricted to four estuaries on the southern coast of South Africa. This study reports on its biology in the Knysna and Swartvlei estuaries, both of which are experiencing heavy coastal development. We found that H. capensis was distributed heterogeneously throughout the Knysna Estuary, with a mean density of 0.0089 m-2 and an estimated total population of 89 000 seahorses (95% confidence interval: 30 000 to 148 000). H. capensis was found most frequently in low density vegetation stands ( 20% cover) and grasping Zostera capensis. Seahorse density was not otherwise correlated with habitat type or depth. The size of the area in which any particular seahorse was resighted did not differ between males and females. Adult sex ratios were skewed in most transects, with more males than females, but were even on a 10 m by 10 m focal study grid. Only three juveniles were sighted during the study. Both sexes were reproductively active but no greeting or courtship behaviours were observed. Males on the focal study grid were longer than females, and had shorter heads and longer tails, but were similar in colouration and skin filamentation. The level of threat to H. capensis and our limited knowledge of its biology mean that further scientific study is urgently needed to assist in developing sound management practices.
Naturschutzplanung
(2003)
State, administration and governance in Germany: competing traditions and dominant narratives
(2003)