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Institute
- Institut für Germanistik (163) (remove)
This paper investigates speech styles and style-shifting in the speech of the moderator of a German radio participation programme. Style-shifting is shown to affect several distinct linguistic levels: phonetic, morphophonemic, syntactic, and lexical. The functions of style-shifting are related both to the discourse context and the broader institutional context. Relying on listeners' co-occurrence expectations with respect to language use in contexts and exploiting listeners' evaluations of processes of speech convergence and divergence, the moderator uses stereotypic markers at different style levels in locally strategic functions in discourse. On the one hand, thematic development is controlled by reinforcing obligations on the addressee. On the other hand, global social reciprocity patterns are constituted and secured. Patterns of reciprocity vary with different types of addressees. The conversational analysis of language variation shows that variation is not only a quantitative correlate of regional, social and contextual parameters as predominantly conceived of in sociolinguistics. Language variation is furthermore used as a means to signal social and interactive meaning in conversations.
A system of descriptive categories for the notation and analysis of intonation in natural conversation is presented and discussed in relation to other systems currently suggested for incorporation in discourse analysis, The categories are based on purely auditive criteria. They differ from e.g. tonetic approaches by relying more on transcribers' and analysts' perception of the form and internal cohesiveness of contours, especially with respect to rhythmicality and/or pitch contour (gestalt). Intonation is conceived of as a relational phenomenon; the role of intonation in conversational utterances can only be analyzed by considering its co-occurrence with other properties of utterances like syntactic, semantic and discourse organizational structures and devices. In general, intonation is viewed as one signalling system contributing to the contextualization of utterances in their conversational context. A broad functional differentiation between different types of intonation categories seems plausible: Local categories like accents might fulfill mainly semantic functions, while global categories like different contour types might fulfill primarily functions with respect to the interactive coordination of activities in conversation.
The role of intonation in the organization of repair and problem handling sequences in conversation
(1988)
Transcripts of repair and/or problem handling sequences from natural conversations are presented and analyzed with special reference to the role of intonation in the interactive organization of these sequences. It is shown that (a) in the initiation of so-called repair or local problem handling sequences, intonation is used as a type-distinctive device, and (b) in the handling of a global problem handling sequence, intonation is systematically used as a means to constitute and control participant cooperation. In general, intonation is analyzed as one contextualization cue cooccurring with specific syntactic, semantic and discourse organizational devices to signal the status of an utterance in conversational context. It is hypothesized that especially in the global problem handling sequence, different categories of intonation, i.e. different accent and contour types, are systematically used to signal and control participants' interactive problem handling in different, indexically relevant ways simultaneously.
Content: 1. Introduction 2. The notion of speech style: from a dependent variable to contextualization cue 3. Speech styles in conversation from a German Sozialamt 3.1 Extracts from conversation 3.2 Speech style constituting cues 3.3 Choice and alternation of speech styles in conversation 4. Summary and conclusions
My analysis of question-word questions in conversational question-answer sequences results in the decomposition of the conversational question into three systems of constitutive cues, which signal and contextualize the particular activity type in conversational interaction: (1) syntactic structure, (2) semantic relation to prior turn, and (3) prosody. These components are used and combined by interlocutors to distinguish between different activity types which (4) sequentially implicate different types of answers by the recipient in the next turn. Prosody is only one cooccurring cue, but in some cases it is the only distinctive one. It is shown that prosody, and in particular intonation, cannot be determined or even systematically related to syntactic sentence structure type or other sentence-grammatical principles, as most former and current theories of intonation postulate. Instead, prosody is an independent, autonomous signalling system, which is used as a contextualization device for the constitution of interactively relevant activity types in conversation.
German
(1994)
After a review of previous work on the prosody of emotional involvement, data extracts from natural conversations are analyzed in order to argue for the constitution of an 'emphatic (speech) style', which linguistic devices are used to signal heightened emotive involvement. Participants use prosodic cues, in co-occurrence with syntactic and lexical cues, to contextualize turn-constructional units as 'emphatic'. Only realizations of prosodic categories that are marked in relation to surrounding uses of these categories have the power to contextualize units as displaying 'more-than-normal involvement'. In the appropriate context, and in cooccurrence with syntactic and lexical cues and sequential position, the context-sensitive interpretation of this involvement is 'emphasis'. Prosodic marking is used in addition to various unmarked cues that signal and constitute different activity types in conversation. Emphatic style highlights and reinforms particular conversational activities, and makes certain types of recipient responses locally relevant. In particular, switches from non-emphatic to emphatic style are used to contextualize 'peaks of involvement' or 'climaxes' in story-telling. These are shown in the paper to be 'staged' by speakers and treated by recipients as marked activities calling for displays of alignment with respect to the matter at hand. Signals of emphasis are deployable as techniques for locally organizing demonstrations of shared understanding and participant reciprocity in conversational interaction.
Introduction
(1996)
Discourse style
(1997)
ZAS papers in linguistics
(1997)
Communicative Style
(1999)
Lists as embedded structures and the prosody of list construction as an interactional resource
(2003)
This article describes a salient intonation contour of the Dresden urban vernacular which Gericke (1963) called 'Fallbogen' (falling curve). The contour is described both structurally and functionally. The structural analysis describes the phonetic trajectory of the contour and the phonological structure and alignment of the contour with the syllables of the utterance. In the functional analysis, the use of the contour is investigated in its conversational context. The 'Fallbogen' is reconstructed as a contour which is deployed in order to signal and constitute emphasis and heightened emotive involvement in talk-in-interaction; this analysis is validated with recourse to recipients' responses in the utterances following the use of the 'Fallbogen' contour
So far, text linguistics has not shown any particular interest in the topic of satire, which appears to be narrowly defined in the media text type "satirical commentary" and to need little clarification. This view overlooks the fact that a satirical press, making use of almost all available journalistic text types, has existed for a long time. The aspects of the analysis discussed in this article provide a justification for why research on satire should be undertaken not only in literary studies, but also in text linguistics
The text is one, if not the fundamental aspect of linguistic communication and should therefore also play a central role foreign language learning in educational establishments. In this article the author argues for an open concept of text, which includes as many products of linguistic communicative activity as possible. Language teaching is interpreted from a linguistic point of view as an intertextual phenomenon, which appears in various forms. Thus the teaching process as a whole can be described as a discourse between a number of participants. The teaching and learning process in the narrow sense moves between the poles of linguistic input, which is received by the learners, and linguistic output, the texts produced by the learners. The article discusses text-linguistic questions associated with the demonstration, model, initialising, information and control functions of the text input. The output of the learner is described in its specific qualities as a foreign-language text
After reviewing the research on Saxon regionalized intonation and giving an overview of our research project on regionalized intonation in German, a particular salient regionalized intonation contour from the Dresden vernacular is described in detail. In addition to a more widespread contour that is also used in the Berlin vernacular, albeit in different contexts, the so-called 'upward staircase contour' which is formed by a lower plateau, a rise and a higher plateau, the Dresden vernacular also uses very salient regionalized variants of such staircase contours: These variants entail upward staircases with, metaphorically speaking, two steps; i.e. after the lower plateau and the rise up to a higher plateau, the pitch rises up again in order to form a third plateau. Depending upon the alignment of the second rise and the third plateau, with only the final unaccented syllable of the intonation phrase or with the nuclear accented syllable and the following tail, the contour needs to be distinguished, yielding either an 'upward staircase with an additional final rise plateau' or a 'double upward staircase'. These two contours are shown to be used in different conversational contexts and in different functions in the Dresden vernacular. - Data for this study come from natural speech by speakers of the Dresden vernacular. The phonetic and phonological analysis of the contour is based on auditive, acoustic-phonetic and phonological methodology; the functional analysis of the utterances with the salient contours relies on the techniques of conversation analysis
Based on data from a Mid-German dialect area of Dresden, this article presents research on the structure and functions of regionalized intonation. The Dresden data comes from informal conversation-like settings and illustrates a contour that is typical of the Dresden city vernacular: a contour previously named and described as the Dresden Fallbogen. An analysis of the phonetic forms and phonological structures of the contour is provided, and its use and function in conversational interactions is described. Additional methods of investigating the perception and identification of these contours by subjects in an experimental setting are also given. The article concludes with remarks about the possible relevance of this contour as a signal of identity
The aim of this article is to investigate the variability in following a textual pattern concerning the text type "portrait" in the press. Grounded on the assumption that the journalistic standard task to portray a person can be realized very differently, the varieties of portraying are brought into focus. In order to describe them three different approaches are selected: (1) a comprehensive text-linguistic approach (variability of textual patterns) makes a frame for analyses based on distinctions by (2) variety linguistics (kinds of language in the press) and (3) media sciences (plans for journalism)
Syntax and Lexis in Conversation : studies on the use of linguistic resources in talk-in-interaction
(2005)
This paper discusses the use of XSLT stylesheets as a filtering mechanism for refining the results of user queries on treebanks. The discussion is within the context of the TIGER treebank, the associated search engine and query language, but the general ideas can apply to any search engine for XML-encoded treebanks. It will be shown that important classes of linguistic phenomena can be accessed by applying relatively simple XSLT templates to the output of a query, effectively simulating the universal quantifier for a subset of the query language. uni-potsdam.de/cgi-bin/publika/view.pl?id=206">
Bontempelli, P., Knowledge, power, and discipline: Minnesota, University of Minnesota Press, 2003
(2006)
Boeschoten, H., Johanson, L. (Hrsg.), Turkic languages in contact; Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2006
(2007)
Lists as embedded structures and the prosody of list construction as an interactional resource
(2007)
After giving an overview of the treatment of lists in the literature, I describe lists in German talk-in- interaction. I show that, apart from the preference for three-part lists described by Jefferson (1990), lists are embedded in a larger three-component structure that the list is the middle part of. For lists proper, I suggest to differentiate between closed and open lists that are produced with different kinds of practices. It is the prosody that is used to suggest the list as made up of a closed or an open number of list items, irrespective of its syntactic embedding. I then concentrate on open lists, in particular their intonation. Open lists may be produced with different kinds of, albeit similar, intonation contours. But it is not so much the particular intonation contour that is constitutive of lists, but a variety of similar contours plus the repetition of the chosen contour for at least some or even all of the list items. Furthermore, intonation is deployed to suggest the interpretation of a potential final list item as either a designed list completer or as another designed item of the list. The design of this final list item as a completer or as another list item is used as a practice to signal the non-completion or completion of the list proper. But even after completing the list proper, the larger three-component structure also has to be closed in order to embed and accommodate the list into the surrounding sequential interaction. For the analysis of the practices of list construction I am concentrating on the role of prosody, especially intonation, giving evidence to show that intonation is indeed one of the methodically used constitutive cues that makes the production and structuring of lists recognizable for recipients.
Linking elements in German are generally assumed to have developed either from suffixes indicating the genitive singular or from plural markers. In this paper it is argued that only the linking element -(e)s- evolved from an inflectional suffix, that of the genitive case, but not the syllabic linking elements -e-, -er- and -(e)n- homophonous with plural markers. For these linking elements the explanation is doubtful for a number of reasons. The present paper proposes an alternative explanation for the development of such interfixes, according to which both linking elements and plural markers have been grammaticalized from the same old Indo-European stem suffixes which indicated the declension class of the noun.. Their homophony is due to the fact that they both evolved from the same source. After the decline of the original endings, the indicators of moribund inflectional classes became afunctional 'junc' and were then reanalysed either as plural markers or as linking elements. This development of linking elements can thus be shown as a case of exaptation or regrammaticalization.
Grammatical innovation in multiethnic urban Europe : new linguistic practices among adolescents
(2009)
This paper discusses a phenomenon that has recently been observed in areas with a large migrant population in European cities: the rise of new linguistic practices among adolescents in multiethnic contexts. The main grammatical characteristics that have been described for them are (1) phonological/phonctic and lexical influences from migrant languages and (2) morpho-syntactic reductions and simplifications. In this paper, I show that from a grammatical point of view, morpho-syntactic reductions are only part of the story. Using 'Kiezdeutsch' as an example. the German instance of such a youth language (which may be the one with most speakers), I discuss several phenomena that provide evidence for linguistic productivity and show that they evolve from a specific interplay of grammatical and pragmatic features that is typical for contact languages: grammatical reductions go hand-in-hand with productive elaborations that display a systematicity that can lead to the emergence of new constructions, indicating the innovative grammatical power of these muitiethnolects.
Ceremonial-Acta
(2009)
On the basis of our data from telephone and face-to-face conversations between adolescent girls and young women of ethnic Turkish background who live in Berlin, we will describe some characteristic structures of the ethnic style of speaking that is called 'Turkendeutsch', 'Turkenslang', 'Kanak sprak' or the like. In our data, this style of speaking is not deployed throughout the speakers' conversations, butonly in particular turns and turn-constructional units (TCUs). The utterances most typical of this style exhibit specific combinations of syntactic and prosodic features that are unusual for colloquial and/or regionalized varieties of German. Among the structures recurrently found are specific kinds of pre- and post-positioned constituents before and after their 'host' sentences, the separation of turn-constructional units into very short prosodic units, the deployment of both lexical stress as well as utterance accentuation as a resource for stylistic variation, and the constitution of particular rhythmic patterns. In our paper, we will discuss some of these structures and show how they arc used its a resource to achieve particular tasks in conversational interaction.
Communicative style
(2009)
Prosody in interaction
(2010)
This paper reports on some recent work on affectivity, or emotive involvement, in conversational storytelling. After presenting the approach, some case studies of the display and management of affectivity in storytelling in telephone and face-to-face conversations are presented. The analysis reconstructs the display and handling of affectivity by both storyteller and story recipient. In particular, I describe the following kinds of resources: the verbal and segmental display: Rhetorical, lexico-semantic, syntactic, phonetic-phonological resources; the prosodic and suprasegmentalvocal display: Resources from the realms of prosody and voice quality; visual or "multimodal" resources from the realms of body posture and its changes, head movements, gaze, and hand movements and gestures. It is shown that the display of affectivity is organized in orderly ways in sequences of storytelling in conversation. I reconstruct (a) how verbal, vocal and visual cues are deployed in co-occurrence in order to make affectivity in general and specific affects in particular interpretable for the recipient and (b) how in turn the recipient responds and takes up the displayed affect. As a result, affectivity is shown to be managed by teller and recipient in storytelling sequences in conversation, involving both the reporting of affects from the story world as well as the negotiation of in-situ affects in the here-and-now of the storytelling situation.
This paper discusses a hitherto undescribed usage of the particle so as a dedicated focus marker in contemporary German. I discuss grammatical and pragmatic characteristics of this focus marker, supporting my account with natural linguistic data and with controlled experimental evidence showing that so has a significant influence on speakers’ understanding of what the focus expression in a sentence is. Against this background, I sketch a possible pragmaticalization path from referential usages of so via hedging to a semantically bleached focus marker, which, unlike particles such as auch ‘also’/‘too’ or nur ‘only’, does not contribute any additional meaning.