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Despite its many challenges and limitations the concept of in situ upgrading of informal settlements has become one of the most favoured approaches to the housing crisis in the ‘Global South’. Due to its inherent principles of incremental in situ development, prevention of relocations, protection of local livelihoods and democratic participation and cooperation, this approach is often perceived to be more sustainable than other housing approaches that often rely on quantitative housing delivery and top down planning methodologies. While this study does not question the benefits of the in situ upgrading approach, it seeks to identify problems of its practical implementation within a specific national and local context. The study discusses the origin and importance of this approach on the basis of a review of international housing policy development and analyses the broader political and social context of the incorporation of this approach into South African housing policy. It further uses insights from a recent case study in Cape Town to determine complications and conflicts that can arise when applying in situ upgrading of informal settlements in a complex local context. On that basis benefits and limitations of the in situ upgrading approach are specified and prerequisites for its successful implementation formulated.
This collection contains 13 papers presented in the workshop on the "The Celtic Languages in Contact" organised by Hildegard L. C. Tristram at the XIII International Celtic Congress in Bonn (Germany), July 23rd - 27th, 2007. The authors of two papers from another section also contributed their papers to this volume, as they deal with closely related issues. The time-span covered ranges from potential pre-historic contacts of Celtic with Altaic languages or Nostratic cognates in Celtic, through the hypothesis of Afro-Asiatic as a possible substrate for Celtic, Latin and Gaulish contacts in Gaul, the impact of Vulgar Latin on the formation of the Insular Celtic Languages as a linguistic area (Sprachbund), to various contact scenarios involving the modern Insular Celtic languages as well as English and French. The final paper reflects on the political status of the modern Insular Celtic languages in the Europe of the 27 EU countries.
What is "Celtic"and what is universal in the "Celtic Englishes"? This was the central concern of the fourth and final Colloquium of studies on language contact between English and the Celtic languages at the University of Potsdam in September 2004. The contributions to this volume discuss the "Celtic" peculiarities of Standard English in England and in Ireland (North and South). They also examine the perceived "Celticity" of personal names in the "Celtic" countries (Ireland, Wales, Cornwall, Brittany). Moreover, they put emphasis on specific grammatical features such as the expression of perfectivity, relativity, intensification and the typological shift of verbal word formation from syntheticity to analycity as well as the emergence of universal contact trends shared by Celtic, African and Indian Englishes. Thus, the choice of contributors and the scope of their articles makes Celtic Englishes IV an invaluable handbook for scholarly work in the field of the English - Celtic relations.
The Celtic Englishes III
(2003)
The Celtic Englishes II
(2000)
The Celtic Englishes I
(2003)
The volumes in the present series deal with "The Celtic Englishes" and explore the linguistic outcome of the (historical as well as contemporary) contact between the English language and the indigenous languages of the British Isles and Ireland, i.e. the Insular Celtic languages such as Irish (Gaelic), Scottish Gaelic, Manx (Gaelic), Welsh, Cornish and, by extension, Breton. These form the native languages of the so-called "inner colonies" of England (Hechter) and provided the basis for the rise of the "Celtic Englishes" during and after the shift of the population from their Celitc source languages to English as their target language over a number of centuries. The "Celtic Englishes" were also transported to the "outer colonies," notably to North America (USA and Canada), Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and, by Irish missionary activities in the 19th and 20th c., West Africa. The contributions to this series of volumes explore the different types of the "Celtic Englishes" from various linguitic perspectives (phonological, grammatical, lexical; synchronic, diachronic; diastratic; etc.). The methodologies used also vary between traditional dialectological approaches, philology, structuralism, functional linguistics, corpus analysis, typology and universal grammar. Because of its advanced analycity, the typological separation of Middle English from the other Germanic languages is also explored and the question raised whether the English language as such does not have to be considered as the outcome of language contact between the native Britons, who spoke varieties of the Brittonic branch of the Celtic languages and who shifted to English during the three or four centuries after the Anglo-Saxon Conquest. Volume four is to appear in 2006. See: http://www.celtic-englishes.de/
This book compares local self-government in Europe. It examines local institutional structures, autonomy, and capacities in six selected countries - France, Italy, Sweden, Hungary, Poland, and the United Kingdom - each of which represents a typical model of European local government. Within Europe, an overall trend towards more local government capacities and autonomy can be identified, but there are also some counter tendencies to this trend and major differences regarding local politico-administrative settings, functional responsibilities, and resources. The book demonstrates that a certain degree of local financial autonomy and fiscal discretion is necessary for effective service provision. Furthermore, a robust local organization, viable territorial structures, a professional public service, strong local leadership, and well-functioning tools of democratic participation are key aspects for local governments to effectively fulfill their tasks and ensure political accountability. The book will appeal to students and scholars of Public Administration and Public Management, as well as practitioners and policy-makers at different levels of government, in public enterprises, and in NGOs.
The attractiveness of foreign direct investment in Russia and Ukraine : a statistical analysis
(1999)
In this paper a comparative exploration of the potential for foreign investment and real inflow to Russia and Ukraine are examined. The analysis showed that primarily both countries enjoyed significant comparative advantages in attracting foreign capital. Since the foundation of independent states in 1992 attractiveness began to diverge dramatically. This difference is clearly explained by the determination of the Russian government to reform the economy earlier than the Ukrainian government. The transition to a market economy is closely connected with the development of a favorable investment climate in both countries. It includes the foundation of a stable system of property rights and a conducive legal environment.
The Apache Modeling Project
(2004)
This document presents an introduction to the Apache HTTP Server, covering both an overview and implementation details. It presents results of the Apache Modelling Project done by research assistants and students of the Hasso–Plattner–Institute in 2001, 2002 and 2003. The Apache HTTP Server was used to introduce students to the application of the modeling technique FMC, a method that supports transporting knowledge about complex systems in the domain of information processing (software and hardware as well). After an introduction to HTTP servers in general, we will focus on protocols and web technology. Then we will discuss Apache, its operational environment and its extension capabilities— the module API. Finally we will guide the reader through parts of the Apache source code and explain the most important pieces.
Anthropocene has become an environmental buzzword. It denotes a new geological epoch that is human?dominated. As mounting scientific evidence reveals, humankind has fundamentally altered atmospheric, geological, hydrological, biospheric, and other Earth system processes to an extent that the risk of an irreversible system change emerges. Human societies must therefore change direction and navigate away from critical tipping points in the various ecosystems of our planet. This hypothesis has kicked off a debate not only on the geoscientific definition of the Anthropocene era, but increasingly also in the social sciences. However, the specific contribution of the social sciences disciplines and in particular that of political science still needs to be fully established.
This edited volume analyzes, from a political science perspective, the wider social dynamics underlying the ecological and geological changes, as well as their implications for governance and politics in the Anthropocene. The focus is on two questions: (1) What is the contribution of political science to the Anthropocene debate, e.g. in terms of identified problems, answers, and solutions? (2) What are the conceptual and practical implications of the Anthropocene debate for the discipline of political science?
Overall, this book contributes to the Anthropocene debate by providing novel theoretical and conceptual accounts of the Anthropocene, engaging with contemporary politics and policy-making in the Anthropocene, and offering a critical reflection on the Anthropocene debate as such. The volume will be of great interest to students and scholars of political science, global environmental politics and governance, and sustainable development.
Technological Competition, Employment and innovation policies in OECD countries : with 20 tables
(1998)
Technical report
(2019)
Design and Implementation of service-oriented architectures imposes a huge number of research questions from the fields of software engineering, system analysis and modeling, adaptability, and application integration. Component orientation and web services are two approaches for design and realization of complex web-based system. Both approaches allow for dynamic application adaptation as well as integration of enterprise application.
Commonly used technologies, such as J2EE and .NET, form de facto standards for the realization of complex distributed systems. Evolution of component systems has lead to web services and service-based architectures. This has been manifested in a multitude of industry standards and initiatives such as XML, WSDL UDDI, SOAP, etc. All these achievements lead to a new and promising paradigm in IT systems engineering which proposes to design complex software solutions as collaboration of contractually defined software services.
Service-Oriented Systems Engineering represents a symbiosis of best practices in object-orientation, component-based development, distributed computing, and business process management. It provides integration of business and IT concerns.
The annual Ph.D. Retreat of the Research School provides each member the opportunity to present his/her current state of their research and to give an outline of a prospective Ph.D. thesis. Due to the interdisciplinary structure of the research school, this technical report covers a wide range of topics. These include but are not limited to: Human Computer Interaction and Computer Vision as Service; Service-oriented Geovisualization Systems; Algorithm Engineering for Service-oriented Systems; Modeling and Verification of Self-adaptive Service-oriented Systems; Tools and Methods for Software Engineering in Service-oriented Systems; Security Engineering of Service-based IT Systems; Service-oriented Information Systems; Evolutionary Transition of Enterprise Applications to Service Orientation; Operating System Abstractions for Service-oriented Computing; and Services Specification, Composition, and Enactment.
The European Values Education (EVE) project is a large-scale, cross-national, and longitudinal survey research program on basic human values. The main topic of its first stage was "work" in Europe. Student teachers of several universities in Europe worked together in multicultural exchange groups. Their results are presented in this issue.
The European Values Education (EVE) project is a large-scale, cross-national, and longitudinal survey research programme on basic human values. The main topic of its second stage was religion in Europe. Student teachers of several universities in Europe worked together in multicultural exchange groups. Their results are presented in this issue.
The European Values Education (EVE) project is a large-scale, cross-national, and longitudinal survey research programme on basic human values. The main topic of its second stage was family values in Europe. Student teachers of several universities in Europe worked together in multicultural exchange groups. Their results are presented in this issue.
Oidium pedaliacearum sp. nov. (; O. sesami, nom. inval.) and Podosphaera macrospora comb. et stat. nov. (; Sphaerotheca alpina f. macrospora) are introduced, and the taxonomy and distribution of Erysiphe celosiae is discussed. New host species and new collections of Erysiphe cruciferarum (on Cleome hassleriana), E. flexuosa (on Aesculus hippocastanum), E. hedwigii (on Viburnum carlesii), E. heraclei (on Tinguarra montana), E. cf. macleayae (on Macleaya cordata), E. prunastri (on Prunus cerasifera), E. sedi (on Sedum aff. spectabilis), E. trifolii (on Trigonella caerulea), Golovinomyces cichoracearum (on Argyranthemum pinnatifidum subsp. succulentum), G. cf. hydrophyllacearum (on Nemophila menziesii), G. orontii (on Nolana spp.), G. cf. orontii (on Tiarella cordifolia), Neoerysiphe cumminsiana (on Bidens cf. ferulifolia), Oidium clitoriae (on Clitoria ternatea), O. cf. hortensiae (on Philadelphus coronarius), O. pedilanthi (on Pedilanthus tithymaloides), Oidium (Pseudoidium) sp. (on Utricularia alpina), Podosphaera sp. (on Bergia capensis), Sawadaea bicornis (on Acer platanoides) and S. tulasnei (on Acer ginnala and A. tatarica) are recorded from France, Germany, Greece and Mexico.
Tacitus' Wonders
(2022)
This volume approaches the broad topic of wonder in the works of Tacitus, encompassing paradox, the marvellous and the admirable. Recent scholarship on these themes in Roman literature has tended to focus on poetic genres, with comparatively little attention paid to historiography: Tacitus, whose own judgments on what is worthy of note have often differed in interesting ways from the preoccupations of his readers, is a fascinating focal point for this complementary perspective.
Scholarship on Tacitus has to date remained largely marked by a divide between the search for veracity – as validated by modern historiographical standards – and literary approaches, and as a result wonders have either been ignored as unfit for an account of history or have been deprived of their force by being interpreted as valid only within the text. While the modern ideal of historiographical objectivity tends to result in striving for consistent heuristic and methodological frameworks, works as varied as Tacitus' Histories, Annals and opera minora can hardly be prefaced with a statement of methodology broad enough to escape misrepresenting their diversity. In our age of specialization a streamlined methodological framework is a virtue, but it should not be assumed that Tacitus had similar priorities, and indeed the Histories and Annals deserve to be approached with openness towards the variety of perspectives that a tradition as rich as Latin historiographical prose can include within its scope. This collection proposes ways to reconcile the divide between history and historiography by exploring contestable moments in the text that challenge readers to judge and interpret for themselves, with individual chapters drawing on a range of interpretive approaches that mirror the wealth of authorial and reader-specific responses in play.
Syntax and Lexis in Conversation : studies on the use of linguistic resources in talk-in-interaction
(2005)
Synchronization
(2006)
Symplectic geometry, wigner-weyl-moyal calculus, and quantum mechanics, in phase space ; Part 3
(2006)
Symplectic geometry, wigner-weyl-moyal calculus, and quantum mechanics, in phase space ; Part 2
(2006)
Symplectic geometry, wigner-weyl-moyal calculus, and quantum mechanics, in phase space ; Part 1
(2006)
Graphs are ubiquitous in Computer Science. For this reason, in many areas, it is very important to have the means to express and reason about graph properties. In particular, we want to be able to check automatically if a given graph property is satisfiable. Actually, in most application scenarios it is desirable to be able to explore graphs satisfying the graph property if they exist or even to get a complete and compact overview of the graphs satisfying the graph property.
We show that the tableau-based reasoning method for graph properties as introduced by Lambers and Orejas paves the way for a symbolic model generation algorithm for graph properties. Graph properties are formulated in a dedicated logic making use of graphs and graph morphisms, which is equivalent to firstorder logic on graphs as introduced by Courcelle. Our parallelizable algorithm gradually generates a finite set of so-called symbolic models, where each symbolic model describes a set of finite graphs (i.e., finite models) satisfying the graph property. The set of symbolic models jointly describes all finite models for the graph property (complete) and does not describe any finite graph violating the graph property (sound). Moreover, no symbolic model is already covered by another one (compact). Finally, the algorithm is able to generate from each symbolic model a minimal finite model immediately and allows for an exploration of further finite models. The algorithm is implemented in the new tool AutoGraph.
SVM and boosting : one class
(2000)
The value concept of traditional resource economics is welfare. Therefore, sustainability of welfare is often taken to characterise our obligations to future generations. This paper argues that this view is inappropriate because it leaves no room for future generations autonomy. Future generations should be free to make their own decisions. Consequently freedom of choice is the appropriate value concept on which resource economics should be based. The concept of sustainability receives a new interpretation. Sustainability is a principle of intertemporal distributive justice which requires equitable opportunities across generations.
It is predicted that Service-oriented Architectures (SOA) will have a high impact on future electronic business and markets. Services will provide an self-contained and standardised interface towards business and are considered as the future platform for business-to-business and business-toconsumer trades. Founded by the complexity of real world business scenarios a huge need for an easy, flexible and automated creation and enactment of service compositions is observed. This survey explores the relationship of service composition with workflow management—a technology/ concept already in use in many business environments. The similarities between the both and the key differences between them are elaborated. Furthermore methods for composition of services ranging from manual, semi- to full-automated composition are sketched. This survey concludes that current tools for service composition are in an immature state and that there is still much research to do before service composition can be used easily and conveniently in real world scenarios. However, since automated service composition is a key enabler for the full potential of Service-oriented Architectures, further research on this field is imperative. This survey closes with a formal sample scenario presented in appendix A to give the reader an impression on how full-automated service composition works.
IT systems for healthcare are a complex and exciting field. One the one hand, there is a vast number of improvements and work alleviations that computers can bring to everyday healthcare. Some ways of treatment, diagnoses and organisational tasks were even made possible by computer usage in the first place. On the other hand, there are many factors that encumber computer usage and make development of IT systems for healthcare a challenging, sometimes even frustrating task. These factors are not solely technology-related, but just as well social or economical conditions. This report describes some of the idiosyncrasies of IT systems in the healthcare domain, with a special focus on legal regulations, standards and security.
Studies in Optimality Theory
(2000)
This volume Struggle, Resistance and Violence examines the fact that all over the world the rights of citizens have come under enormous pressure and addresses the many ways in which people are ‘making claims’ against both autocratic and democratic authority. Without any doubt rule-breaking, riots and violent upheavals have become an aspect of political struggles for citizenship. The book takes up a conflict perspective that directs attention to these recent phenomena. It stresses the necessity of a careful analysis of resistance and violence as critical factors for coming to terms with social conflicts for citizenship from Europe to South America, as well as the Near East, the Far East and the Arab World
Strategy in the 21st century
(2020)
This book presents a detailed discussion of Clausewitz's principal lines of thought and methods of implementation. It elaborates on his main objective of laying a foundation for the education of up-and-coming creative, knowledgeable and experienced future leaders. The book encourages reflection and study in strategic thinking in order to transform knowledge into genuine capability.
The book explores the question of what a twenty-first-century decision-maker can learn from these strategic lines of thought. It bridges the gap between philosophical theory and strategic interaction in conflicts with an equal opponent. Readers learn to understand and employ the clash of wills, attack and defence, and friction, and in essence the necessary virtues of a strategic commander.
The findings presented help to identify the essential features in complex decision-making situations and developing possible courses of strategic action from a holistic standpoint. As such, the book is a must read for strategists, business practitioners, and scholars of political leadership and management interested in a better understanding of strategy and decision-making.
Strange nonchaotic attractors : dynamics between order and chaos in Quasiperiodically Forced Systems
(2006)
STG decomposition is a promising approach to tackle the complexity problems arising in logic synthesis of speed independent circuits, a robust asynchronous (i.e. clockless) circuit type. Unfortunately, STG decomposition can result in components that in isolation have irreducible CSC conflicts. Generalising earlier work, it is shown how to resolve such conflicts by introducing internal communication between the components via structural techniques only.
This paper investigates the formation of the ownership structure and the corporate governance system of the Ukraine as a country in transition. Numerous studies consider that privatization results in the establishment of a proprietors’ motivation mechanism. On the other hand it causes ownership concentration in the hands of a few shareholders and managers. The goal of economic reform in transition and, largely, its pace, is measured by the degree to which shareholders participate in short- and long-term corporate value creation. Shareholder access to such created value depends on the ability of corporate “insiders”, especially executives and management, to claim a disproportionate share of corporate value (the “insider effect”). An econometric analysis of the correlation between privatization and macroeconomic factors studies the degree of effectiveness of economic reforming in Ukrainian regions.
The paper studies the regional integration as the unique process which depends on the degree of cooperation and interchange among regions. The generalisation of existing approaches for regional integration has been classified by the criterions. The data of the main economic indicators have been analysed. The economic analysis proves the differences in production endowments, the asymmetry in fixed capital investment, the disproportional income, and foreign direct investment distribution in 2001 – 2005 in Ukrainian regions. Econometric modelling depicts the existence of the division for the industrial regions with high urbanisation and backward agrarian regions in the Ukraine, the industrial development disparities among regions; the insufficient infrastructure (telecommunications, roads, hotels, services and etc.), the low labour productivity in industrial sector, and insufficient regional trade.
Business process models are abstractions of concrete operational procedures that occur in the daily business of organizations. To cope with the complexity of these models, business process model abstraction has been introduced recently. Its goal is to derive from a detailed process model several abstract models that provide a high-level understanding of the process. While techniques for constructing abstract models are reported in the literature, little is known about the relationships between process instances and abstract models. In this paper we show how the state of an abstract activity can be calculated from the states of related, detailed process activities as they happen. The approach uses activity state propagation. With state uniqueness and state transition correctness we introduce formal properties that improve the understanding of state propagation. Algorithms to check these properties are devised. Finally, we use behavioral profiles to identify and classify behavioral inconsistencies in abstract process models that might occur, once activity state propagation is used.
Squimera
(2017)
Software development tools that work and behave consistently across different programming languages are helpful for developers, because they do not have to familiarize themselves with new tooling whenever they decide to use a new language. Also, being able to combine multiple programming languages in a program increases reusability, as developers do not have to recreate software frameworks and libraries in the language they develop in and can reuse existing software instead.
However, developers often have a broad choice with regard to tools, some of which are designed for only one specific programming language. Various Integrated Development Environments have support for multiple languages, but are usually unable to provide a consistent programming experience due to different features of language runtimes. Furthermore, common mechanisms that allow reuse of software written in other languages usually use the operating system or a network connection as the abstract layer. Tools, however, often cannot support such indirections well and are therefore less useful in debugging scenarios for example.
In this report, we present a novel approach that aims to improve the programming experience with regard to working with multiple high-level programming languages. As part of this approach, we reuse the tools of a Smalltalk programming environment for other languages and build a multi-language virtual execution environment which is able to provide the same runtime capabilities for all languages.
The prototype system Squimera is an implementation of our approach and demonstrates that it is possible to reuse development tools, so that they behave in the same way across all supported programming languages. In addition, it provides convenient means to reuse and even mix software libraries and frameworks written in different languages without breaking the debugging experience.
In the literature of Graeco-Roman antiquity, speaking animals are most prominent in fables, but in fact they are a genre-crossing phenomenon. Ancient traditions of animal speech continue to have an effect on European literature up to the present day and at the same time have parallels in other early civilizations like Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.
In the 21 contributions of this interdisciplinary conference volume, international researchers from the fields of Classical Philology, Ancient History, Egyptology, Ancient Oriental Studies, Theology and Jewish Studies explore animal speech in ancient texts from the very beginnings to late antiquity, including their reception. Contexts relating to literary, intellectual, cultural and social history are considered as well as concepts of animality and humanity, building a bridge to the more recently established Human-Animal Studies.
Duplicate detection consists in determining different representations of real-world objects in a database. Recent research has considered the use of relationships among object representations to improve duplicate detection. In the general case where relationships form a graph, research has mainly focused on duplicate detection quality/effectiveness. Scalability has been neglected so far, even though it is crucial for large real-world duplicate detection tasks. In this paper we scale up duplicate detection in graph data (DDG) to large amounts of data and pairwise comparisons, using the support of a relational database system. To this end, we first generalize the process of DDG. We then present how to scale algorithms for DDG in space (amount of data processed with limited main memory) and in time. Finally, we explore how complex similarity computation can be performed efficiently. Experiments on data an order of magnitude larger than data considered so far in DDG clearly show that our methods scale to large amounts of data not residing in main memory.