Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (395) (remove)
Year of publication
- 2019 (395) (remove)
Document Type
- Postprint (204)
- Doctoral Thesis (103)
- Article (37)
- Working Paper (31)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (6)
- Master's Thesis (4)
- Part of Periodical (3)
- Report (2)
- Review (2)
- Bachelor Thesis (1)
Language
- English (395) (remove)
Keywords
- morphology (26)
- Informationsstruktur (24)
- Morphologie (24)
- information structure (24)
- linguistics (24)
- syntax (24)
- Festschrift (23)
- Linguistik (23)
- Syntax (23)
- festschrift (23)
- climate change (6)
- experiment (5)
- Klimawandel (4)
- anomalous diffusion (4)
- biodiversity (4)
- diffusion (4)
- machine learning (4)
- Biodiversität (3)
- Capsella (3)
- Entrepreneurship (3)
- Spektroskopie (3)
- bilingualism (3)
- emotion (3)
- exercise (3)
- gender (3)
- language acquisition (3)
- sentence comprehension (3)
- strength (3)
- Anden (2)
- Andes (2)
- Cayley Graph (2)
- Collatz (2)
- Dictyostelium (2)
- Evaluation (2)
- Free Group (2)
- Hebrew (2)
- Hebräisch (2)
- Himalaya (2)
- Innovation (2)
- Klima (2)
- LIBS (2)
- Magnetisierungsdynamik (2)
- Management (2)
- Molekulardynamik (2)
- NE81 (2)
- Patterns (2)
- Reachability (2)
- Räuber-Beute (2)
- SERS (2)
- Start-Up Subsidies (2)
- Sternentwicklung (2)
- Synchronisation (2)
- adaptation (2)
- adolescents (2)
- animal personality (2)
- anxiety (2)
- bacteria (2)
- benzaldehyde (2)
- binding (2)
- biomarker (2)
- bryophytes (2)
- classification (2)
- climate (2)
- coexistence (2)
- connectivity (2)
- cooperation (2)
- copper (2)
- cyber aggression (2)
- cyber victimization (2)
- deep learning (2)
- depression (2)
- ecology (2)
- ecosystem services (2)
- elite athletes (2)
- entrepreneurship (2)
- evaluation (2)
- evolution (2)
- executive functions (2)
- exhumation (2)
- expansion microscopy (2)
- ferroelectricity (2)
- flood risk (2)
- floral scent (2)
- football (2)
- forest structure (2)
- functional traits (2)
- gene (2)
- heterogeneity (2)
- individual differences (2)
- interface engineering (2)
- iron (2)
- lamin (2)
- lexicon size (2)
- lichens (2)
- life satisfaction (2)
- lipid membranes (2)
- molecular dynamics (2)
- monitoring (2)
- network analysis (2)
- nuclear envelope (2)
- nuclear lamina (2)
- numerische Modellierung (2)
- oxidative stress (2)
- parameter estimation (2)
- patterns (2)
- perception (2)
- performance (2)
- perovskite solar cells (2)
- physiology (2)
- plant diversity (2)
- precipitation (2)
- predator-prey (2)
- remote sensing (2)
- resilience (2)
- risk assessment (2)
- roughness (2)
- running (2)
- selfing syndrome (2)
- silicon (2)
- size (2)
- spectroscopy (2)
- speech motor control (2)
- stability (2)
- stable isotopes (2)
- teacher beliefs (2)
- tiefes Lernen (2)
- vulnerability (2)
- zinc (2)
- Ökologie (2)
- "Optimal annual routine"-Modell (1)
- (dis)affiliation (1)
- (dis)agreement (1)
- (pronominal) resumption (1)
- 2 Different Strains (1)
- 2-Azaspiro[4.5]deca-1-ones (1)
- 2nd-language grammar (1)
- 3-Methylhistidin (1)
- 3-methylhistidine (1)
- 4-nitrophenol (1)
- ABC transporter (1)
- ABCB7 (1)
- ATCUN motif (1)
- AUD (1)
- Abandonment (1)
- Abschiebungshorizonte (1)
- Acacia mellifera (1)
- Accuracy Asseessment (1)
- Affiliation/Disaffiliation (1)
- Affordances (1)
- Agrammatism (1)
- Aimé Bonpland (1)
- Akan (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt Season (1)
- Alterationsgeochemie (1)
- Alterung (1)
- Ammoniak (1)
- Amplicon sequencing (1)
- Amygdala (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Ancient DNA (1)
- Angewandte Geophysik (1)
- Animal personality (1)
- Annotation (1)
- Annotationsprojektion (1)
- Anpassung (1)
- Answer Set Programming (1)
- Antarctic Peninsula (1)
- Appearance (1)
- Applied Geophysics (1)
- Arctic tundra (1)
- Argentina (1)
- Argentinien (1)
- Argumentation (1)
- Arzt-Patient-Beziehung (1)
- Astronomie (1)
- Atlantic history (1)
- Atlantische Geschichte (1)
- Aufklärung (1)
- Augenbewegungen (1)
- Auskreuzungsrate (1)
- Aussterbeschuld (1)
- Australian bicameralism (1)
- Australian culture (1)
- Auxotrophie (1)
- BPMN (1)
- Bakterien (1)
- Baldeggersee (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Bayesian inversion (1)
- Bayesianism (1)
- Behavioralistische Verwaltungswissenschaft (1)
- Beneficial mutations (1)
- Benzaldehyd (1)
- Beta-Zelle (1)
- Bewegung (1)
- Bewegungsökologie (1)
- Beweis (1)
- Beweisassistent (1)
- Beweisumgebung (1)
- Bibel (1)
- Bible (1)
- Bildung für Soziale Gerechtigkeit (1)
- Bindung (1)
- Bio-Hybrid (1)
- Biochemie (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Biomasseverwertung (1)
- Black Sea (1)
- Block Copolymer (1)
- Blütenduft (1)
- Body-Size (1)
- Bolivian tin belt (1)
- Bombina bombina (1)
- Bor (1)
- Bor-isotopen (1)
- Boron isotopes (1)
- Borrowing (1)
- Botanik (1)
- Bragg peak (1)
- Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion (1)
- Business Grow (1)
- Bürger-Staat-Interaktionen (1)
- C,H insertion crosslinking (CHic) (1)
- CNL1 (1)
- COR15A (1)
- CU (1)
- Capella (1)
- Carbon (1)
- Carbon cycle (1)
- Carica papaya seeds (1)
- Carry-over-Effekte (1)
- Chaco-Paraná Becken (1)
- Chaco-Paraná basin (1)
- Chemotaxsis (1)
- Chile (1)
- China (1)
- Cis- and trans-form (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Clinical supervision (1)
- Closure Positive Shift (CPS) (1)
- Clustering (1)
- Code-switching (1)
- Coiled coils (1)
- Community-level effects (1)
- Complex Network (1)
- Compound dislocation models (CDMs) (1)
- Computerlinguistik (1)
- Computertomographie (1)
- Computervision (1)
- Configuration (1)
- Conformation (1)
- Connectivity (1)
- Conradian ordered groups (1)
- Conversation Analysis (1)
- Coq (1)
- Cost-effectiveness (1)
- Costs (1)
- Counterfactual Analysis (1)
- Cross-sectoral care (1)
- Cryospheric science (1)
- Crystal lattices (1)
- Curry (1)
- DBD dye (1)
- DDM simulation (1)
- DFN (1)
- DFT (1)
- DNA origami (1)
- Damage (1)
- Datenanalyse (1)
- Dekolonisierung Der Hochschulbildung (1)
- Delirium prevention (1)
- Dementia (1)
- Density modelling (1)
- Design-Forschung (1)
- Determinants (1)
- Development (1)
- Diary study (1)
- Dichtemodellierung (1)
- Dicytostelium (1)
- Differentialgeometrie (1)
- Digital Elevation Model (1)
- Dirac operator (1)
- Directional climate change (1)
- Disasters (1)
- Discrete Element Method (1)
- Diskrete-Elemente-Methode (1)
- Diskurskontext (1)
- Doehlert design (1)
- Dreischluchten-Stausee (1)
- Drivers (1)
- Dubrovinring (1)
- Dämpfungstomographie (1)
- E. coli (1)
- EU (1)
- Earnings (1)
- Ecuador (1)
- Egg Size (1)
- Eigenspannung (1)
- Einkommensverteilung (1)
- Einwanderungskredit (1)
- Einzelmolekül-Kraftspektroskopie (1)
- Einzelmolekülkraftspektroskopie (1)
- Eisen (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Elective surgery (1)
- Emissionslinienklassifikation (1)
- Emotionen (1)
- Emotionsforschung (1)
- Employment (1)
- Energetik (1)
- Energiespeichermechanismus (1)
- Enlightenment (1)
- Entscheidungskorrektheit (1)
- Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (1)
- Environmental sciences (1)
- Epithermal Ag-Sn deposits (1)
- Equilibrium logic (1)
- Erdbebenmodelierung (1)
- Erdbebenquellinversion (1)
- Erdbebenschwärme (1)
- Erdfälle (1)
- Ereignisabonnement (1)
- Error (1)
- Estimation-of-Distribution-Algorithmen (1)
- Eurasia (1)
- Europe (1)
- European Union (1)
- Europium (1)
- Europäische Union (1)
- Evaluierung (1)
- Event (1)
- Event-Related potentials (1)
- Event-related Potentials (ERP) (1)
- Evidence-based psychotherapy (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Exercise (1)
- Exhumierung (1)
- Expansions-Mikroskopie (1)
- Experience sampling method (1)
- Expression (1)
- Extraction (1)
- FGF21 (1)
- Facial Expressions (1)
- Falten (1)
- Farber disease (1)
- Fasten (1)
- Feature Engineering (1)
- Federal President (1)
- Fernerkundung (1)
- Ferroelektrete (1)
- Ferroelektrizität (1)
- Festigkeit (1)
- Filterung (1)
- Fire-bellied toad (1)
- Fitts' Gesetz (1)
- Fitts' law (1)
- Fluid inclusions (1)
- Fluid-strömungen (1)
- Fluss vermittelte Dilatation (1)
- Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse (1)
- Flüssigkeitsinklusionen (1)
- Forecasting Framework (1)
- Foreland basin (1)
- Foreland basins (1)
- Formaldehyd-Assimilierung (1)
- Formalismus (1)
- Formalitätsgrad (1)
- Forschungskolleg (1)
- Fragmentierung (1)
- Frailty (1)
- Franco-Prussian War (1)
- Freedom of expression (1)
- Freimaurerei (1)
- Fremdsprachverarbeitung (1)
- G1 (1)
- GIZ (1)
- GLOF (1)
- GNSS Reflectometry (1)
- GPM (1)
- Galaxiendynamik (1)
- Galaxienentwicklung (1)
- Gandhi (1)
- Gasadsorption (1)
- Geneva convention of 1864 (1)
- Geochronologie (1)
- Geodaten (1)
- Geomechanical Model (1)
- Geomechanical Modelling (1)
- Geomechanische Modellierung (1)
- German (1)
- German word order (1)
- Germany (1)
- Geschäftsprozess-Choreografien (1)
- Geschäftsprozessmanagement (1)
- Gesichtsausdruck (1)
- Gesundheitsökonomik (1)
- Gewerkschaften (1)
- Gewässerökologie (1)
- Glasstruktur (1)
- Gletscher (1)
- Gletscherseeasubruch (1)
- Gletscherseen (1)
- Gn (1)
- Go/No-go task (1)
- Governance (1)
- Grammatikkenntnisse (1)
- Graphreparatur (1)
- HIREC (1)
- Hasidism (1)
- Hasso Plattner Institute (1)
- Hasso-Plattner-Institut (1)
- Hate speech (1)
- Hazards (1)
- Hepcidin (1)
- Herbicide risk assessment (1)
- Heterostructures (1)
- Heusler-Legierung (1)
- Heusler-alloy (1)
- High Power LED Array (1)
- Himalaja (1)
- Historia atlántica (1)
- Hochleistungs-LED-Array (1)
- Hochwasser (1)
- Holocaust (1)
- Hong-Ou-Mandel effect (1)
- Hughes-free (1)
- Hughes-frei (1)
- Humboldt y las Américas (1)
- Hunger (1)
- Hybridisation capture (1)
- Hysterese (1)
- Hämmerlein (1)
- Häufigkeit (1)
- I mean (1)
- IT-Sicherheit (1)
- IT-security (1)
- Ilustración (1)
- In-situ Experimente (1)
- Indigenität (1)
- Individual-based modeling (1)
- Individual-based models (1)
- Individuen-basierende Modelle (1)
- Influenza A Viren (1)
- Information (1)
- Inoperability (1)
- Instrumental Variables (1)
- Instrumentierung (1)
- Integralfieldspektroskopie (1)
- Integritätspädagogik (1)
- Intensity (1)
- Interface-Engineering (1)
- Internal models (1)
- Internet der Dinge (1)
- Interspecific interactions (1)
- Introgression Lines (1)
- Inverse modelling (1)
- Irakisch-Kurdistan (1)
- Iraqi Kurdistan (1)
- Isotopen (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Isótopos de Boro (1)
- Italian Alps (1)
- JSP (1)
- Jaguaribe Basin (1)
- Jewish Studies (1)
- Jewish networking (1)
- Jewish question (1)
- Jiddisch (1)
- Job Creation (1)
- Judaism (1)
- June 2013 (1)
- Jurkat cells (1)
- Jüdische Studien (1)
- Kalibrierung (1)
- Kapella (1)
- Karakoram (1)
- Karakorum (1)
- Karst (1)
- Kernhülle (1)
- Klassifikation (1)
- Klausurtagung (1)
- Klimapolitik (1)
- Koexistenz (1)
- Koexistenz unter wechselnden Bedingungen (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Isotopen-Verhältnis (1)
- Kohlenstoffdioxid (1)
- Kohlenstoffmaterialien (1)
- Komplexes Netzwerk (1)
- Konnektivität (1)
- Konsistenzrestauration (1)
- Kontaktschichten (1)
- Kontrolltheorie (1)
- Konversationsanalyse (1)
- Koordination zwischen Segmenten (1)
- Koreferenz (1)
- Koreferenzauflösung (1)
- Koreferenzkorpus (1)
- Korrektheit (1)
- Krankenhaus (1)
- Krankheitserreger (1)
- Kriecheigenschaften (1)
- Krise (1)
- Krustenverformungen (1)
- Kuramoto Oscillators (1)
- Kuramoto model (1)
- Kuramoto-Modell (1)
- Kuramoto-Oszillatore (1)
- L1 (1)
- L2 (1)
- L2 German (1)
- L2 sentence processing (1)
- LA-ICP-MS (1)
- LAEs (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LC/HRMS (1)
- Lactams (1)
- Lagerstätte (1)
- Lake TaiHu (1)
- Lamin (1)
- Landnutzungshistorie (1)
- Landsat (1)
- Landscape Response (1)
- Landschaft der Angst (1)
- Landwehr (1)
- Langevin equation (1)
- Lasers (1)
- Laserstrahlschmelzen (1)
- Latin America (1)
- Latino (1)
- Latinx (1)
- Laufzeitanalyse (1)
- Lebenszyklustheorie (1)
- Leopards (1)
- Levoglucosenol (1)
- Lichtanpassung (1)
- Life-History Consequences (1)
- Limitation (1)
- Lipidmembran (1)
- Lithium (1)
- Logik (1)
- Long-Term (1)
- Losses (1)
- Lyman Kontinuum (1)
- Lyman alpha (1)
- Lyman continuum (1)
- Lévy flights (1)
- Lévy walks (1)
- Löhne (1)
- MALDI-TOF/MS (1)
- MO (1)
- MS (1)
- MSCI World (1)
- MSMEs (1)
- Magnesiumoxid (1)
- Magnetism (1)
- Magneto-Optik (1)
- Magnetooptical effects (1)
- Magnitude (1)
- Magnus expansion (1)
- Makröökonomie (1)
- Martin Buber (1)
- Maschinenlernen (1)
- Masonería (1)
- Masonry (1)
- Matching (1)
- Mathematikdidaktik (1)
- Mathematikphilosophie (1)
- Mediumzugriffskontrolle (1)
- Meinungsforschung (1)
- Membran-Adhäsionskräfte (1)
- Membranadhäsion (1)
- Meta-Kommunikation (1)
- Metaanalysis (1)
- Metal oxides (1)
- Metall (1)
- Metasprache (1)
- Methan (1)
- Methylotrophie (1)
- MiSpEx (1)
- Middle Strand (1)
- Mikrogel-Array (1)
- Mikrogele (1)
- Mikrogelketten (1)
- Mikrogelstränge (1)
- Mikronährstoffe (1)
- Minimum Wage (1)
- Mitochondrial genomes (1)
- Mitogenomes (1)
- Mixed mating (1)
- Model (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Modellreduktion (1)
- Modellreparatur (1)
- Mukoviszidose (1)
- Multilingualität (1)
- Muscovit (1)
- Muskelproteinumsatz (1)
- Mutation rate (1)
- Mutator locus (1)
- Myth-Activism (1)
- N2 fixation (1)
- N2-Fixierung (1)
- N400 (1)
- NAFLD (1)
- NASH (1)
- NLP (1)
- NMR (1)
- NMR structure (1)
- NW Turkey (1)
- Nachwuchsathleten (1)
- Nahrungsnetz (1)
- National-Parks (1)
- Natural Hazards (1)
- Naturgefahr (1)
- Naturgefahren (1)
- Nazi Germany (1)
- Near-identity (1)
- Netzwerk Inferenz (1)
- Netzwerk Rekonstruktion (1)
- Netzwerkanalyse (1)
- Netzwerke (1)
- Neutronendiffraktion (1)
- Nicht-Muttersprachler (1)
- Nicht-Zielorganismen (1)
- Nichtlineare Dynamik (1)
- Niederschlagsradar (1)
- Nighttime illumination (1)
- Nischen-Aufteilung (1)
- Non-target terrestrial plants (1)
- Nonlinear Dynamics (1)
- Nordeste (1)
- North Anatolian Fault (1)
- Northwestern Anatolia (1)
- Nrf2 (1)
- Objektive Schwierigkeit (1)
- Obstruent-Liquide Konsonantencluster (1)
- Older patients (1)
- OpenForecast (1)
- Organizations (1)
- Ott–Antonsen equation (1)
- Outcrossing (1)
- Outcrossing rate (1)
- Outdoor enclosure (1)
- Ozeanversauerung (1)
- PLS regression (1)
- Palaeogenetics (1)
- Paläoklima (1)
- Paläomagnetik (1)
- Paläosekularvariation (1)
- Panasqueira (1)
- Panthera pardus (1)
- Parameter Schätzung (1)
- Patientenermündigung (1)
- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (1)
- Peptid (1)
- Peptide (1)
- Perception (1)
- Performance (1)
- Perovskite solar cell (1)
- Perowskit (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Perturbation (1)
- Pestizide (1)
- Pex1 (1)
- Pex6 (1)
- Pflanzendiversitaet (1)
- Pflanzengemeinschaft (1)
- Pflanzenwachstumsmodellierung (1)
- Pflanzenwissenschaften (1)
- Ph.D. retreat (1)
- Phasenübergang (1)
- Philippinen (1)
- Phonons (1)
- Photogrammetrie (1)
- Photogrammetry (1)
- Photosynthese (1)
- Photosäure (1)
- Phytoplankton und Zooplankton (1)
- Piezoelektrizität (1)
- Pirquitas (1)
- Plackett–Burman design (1)
- Plant community model (1)
- Plastizität (1)
- Policy Reform (1)
- Politikgestaltung (1)
- Politikpräferenzen (1)
- Poly(vinylidenfluorid) (1)
- Polyethylen-Nanokomposite (1)
- Polylactid (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polymerelektrete (1)
- Polypropylen (1)
- Polyunsaturated Fatty-Acids (1)
- Population-Growth (1)
- Populationsdynamik (1)
- Portuguese discourse (1)
- Porösität (1)
- Postmasburg manganese field (1)
- Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (1)
- Precipitation (1)
- Predictive models (1)
- Predictive processing (1)
- Prisoner's Dilemma (1)
- Productivity (1)
- Propensity Score Matching (1)
- Prosodie (1)
- Protein-Engineering (1)
- Prototyping (1)
- Psycholinguistik (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Psychotherapie (1)
- Pull-Apart (1)
- Pulverpartikelanalyse (1)
- QtClassify (1)
- Quality of life (1)
- Qualität des Projektmanagements (1)
- Quantenfeldtheorie (1)
- Quito (1)
- Quotientenschiefkörper (1)
- R&D (1)
- RAGE Hypothese (1)
- RAGE hypothesis (1)
- REST-Interaktionen (1)
- RESTful interactions (1)
- ROS (1)
- Randeffekte (1)
- Randelementmethode (1)
- Rauheit (1)
- Recognition Memory (1)
- Recollection (1)
- Recombination (1)
- Recurrence network (1)
- Recurrence plot (1)
- Reform des Öffentlichen Dienstes (1)
- Regulatory focus (1)
- Reihendarstellungen (1)
- Reionisierung (1)
- Religion (1)
- Remagnetisierung (1)
- Reparaturen (1)
- Reproduktion (1)
- Reservoir Networks (1)
- Resource Competition (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Rheologie (1)
- Rheology (1)
- Ribulose-Monophosphat-Weg (1)
- Riesz continuity (1)
- Risikoabschätzung (1)
- River Incision Model (1)
- Rodents (1)
- Rotifier (1)
- Russia (1)
- Räuber-Beute Dynamiken (1)
- Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- Rückenschmerzen (1)
- SDS-PAGE (1)
- SEM (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SIO₂ (1)
- SNARC (1)
- SNARC effect (1)
- Satellitenbilder (1)
- Satzverarbeitung (1)
- Satzverständnis (1)
- Savannas (1)
- Scale development (1)
- Scenario planning (1)
- Schlafentzugsangriffe (1)
- Schmelzstruktur (1)
- Schmelzwasser (1)
- Schriftartgestaltung (1)
- Schriftrendering (1)
- Schwachstelle (1)
- Schwarzes Meer (1)
- Schwingungsspektroskopie (1)
- Sediment Transport (1)
- Selbstorganisation (1)
- Selbstungssyndrom (1)
- Selektivität (1)
- Sensorimotor training (1)
- Sentimentanalyse (1)
- Serin-Zyklus (1)
- Service Sector (1)
- Service-oriented Systems Engineering (1)
- Shear Zone (1)
- Shockley-Queisser model (1)
- Silizium (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Sin-Nombre-Virus (1)
- Sinkholes (1)
- Situationsbewusstsein (1)
- Skarn (1)
- Slip Distribution (1)
- Slope (1)
- Small Aral Sea (1)
- Smalltalk (1)
- Sn (1)
- Socio-ecological system (1)
- Sodium bicarbonate (1)
- South Africa (1)
- Soviet Union (1)
- Spanish discourse (1)
- Species-Diversity (1)
- Speed-Curvature Power Law (1)
- Spezifikation von gezeiteten Graph Transformationen (1)
- Sporttraining (1)
- Spracherwerb (1)
- Sprachstandserfassung (1)
- Sprechmotorik (1)
- Sprechwiederholungen (1)
- Squeak (1)
- Start-up Subsidies (1)
- Start-ups (1)
- State and trait measurement (1)
- Stellar evolution (1)
- Stellar physics (1)
- Stellarphysik (1)
- Stereokomplexierung (1)
- Sternentstehung (1)
- Sternfeedback (1)
- Stickstoff (1)
- Stickstoffdotiert (1)
- Stoffwechselregulation (1)
- Strategic foresight (1)
- Stroop effect (1)
- Sturzfluten (1)
- Störungen (1)
- Suchtberatung und -therapie (1)
- Superkondensatoren (1)
- Supervision (1)
- Survival (1)
- Syllabic organization (1)
- Synchronization (1)
- Systematic review (1)
- Systempharmakologie (1)
- TRMM (1)
- Tagalog acquisition (1)
- TaiHu (1)
- Taktik (1)
- Tandem-Solarzelle (1)
- Tarifverhandlungen (1)
- Technologie sucht Skalen (1)
- Tectonic Evolution (1)
- Tektonik (1)
- The Philippines (1)
- Theorie (1)
- Three Gorges reservoir (1)
- Topik (1)
- Trade-offs zwischen funktionellen Eigenschaften (1)
- Transformation (1)
- Transition metals (1)
- Translations (1)
- Tree (1)
- Treibhausgase (1)
- Triangular dislocations (TDs) (1)
- Trust (1)
- Trustworthiness (1)
- Turmalin (1)
- Twitter (1)
- UAV (1)
- Ultrafast X-ray diffraction (1)
- Umweltpolitik (1)
- Uncertainties (1)
- Uncertainty Processor (1)
- User Experience (1)
- VLT/MUSE (1)
- Variation in funktionellen Eigenschaften (1)
- Vegetation (1)
- Verhaltens-Timing (1)
- Verhaltensökologie (1)
- Verhandlungsmacht (1)
- Verwaltung (1)
- Verwaltungskompetenz (1)
- Verwaltungsreform (1)
- Visual-World Eye-Tracking (1)
- Vogelzug (1)
- Volcano deformation modelling (1)
- Volkism (1)
- Vorlandbecken (1)
- Vulkanverformungsmodellierung (1)
- Wahrnehmung (1)
- Wahrnehmung von Arousal (1)
- Wahrnehmungsunterschiede (1)
- Walker A motif (1)
- Wannsee conference (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Water Availability (1)
- Weißstorch (1)
- Well-Being (1)
- Wiederkehr (1)
- Wirtschaftskrise (1)
- Wissensmanagement (1)
- Wofram-Zinn Lagerstätte (1)
- Working Hours (1)
- Wortschatzgröße (1)
- Wortschatzstruktur (1)
- Wortsegmentierung (1)
- Wortstellung im Deutschen (1)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray diffraction (1)
- XMCD (1)
- Yemen (1)
- Yiddish (1)
- Yiddish culture (1)
- Yiddish culturism (1)
- Young's modulus (1)
- Zell-Matrix-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Zellweger (1)
- Zellweger syndrome spectrum disorder (ZSSD) (1)
- Zielkonflikte (1)
- Zinn (1)
- Zinypr-1 (1)
- Zionism (1)
- Zugvögel (1)
- Zungenbewegungen (1)
- Zusammengesetztes Dislokationsmodel (CDM) (1)
- Zustandsschätzung (1)
- abbaubares Polymer (1)
- abiotic stress (1)
- aboutness topic (1)
- abundance (1)
- accommodation (1)
- acid ceramidase (1)
- acid phosphatase (1)
- acid sphingomyelinase (1)
- action processing (1)
- action segmentation (1)
- activ-layer (1)
- activation (1)
- activism (1)
- activity (1)
- acute (1)
- addiction care (1)
- additional language (1)
- additive Fertigung (1)
- additive manufacturing (1)
- additive particles (1)
- adjectives (1)
- administrative literacy (1)
- adolescent athletes (1)
- aesthetics (1)
- affective learning (1)
- affective neuroscience (1)
- aftercare (1)
- aging (1)
- aging brain (1)
- agreement (1)
- agricultural modelling (1)
- air pollution (1)
- alcohol (1)
- alcohol consumption (1)
- algae (1)
- allometry (1)
- alluvial river (1)
- alps (1)
- alteration geochemistry (1)
- alternatives (1)
- amitriptyline (1)
- ammonia (1)
- amorphous carbon (1)
- amygdala (1)
- analysis (1)
- anaphoricity (1)
- anisotropic microgels (1)
- ankles (1)
- annotation (1)
- annotation projection (1)
- answer set programming (1)
- anti-fouling materials (1)
- anti-inflammatory nutrition (1)
- antifouling (1)
- appropriatenes (1)
- argumentation (1)
- arktische Tundra (1)
- arousal perception (1)
- array (1)
- ascorbate peroxidase (1)
- astronomy (1)
- asymptotic method (1)
- atmospheric warming (1)
- atmosphärische Erwärmung (1)
- attention (1)
- attenuation tomography (1)
- attrition bias (1)
- attrition rate (1)
- autism spectrum disorder (1)
- automatic facial expression analysis (1)
- automatic feedback (1)
- autophagic clearance (1)
- autoregressive models (1)
- auxotrophy (1)
- azobenzene elastomers (1)
- back pain (1)
- background variables (1)
- balance strategy (1)
- balance training (1)
- baltic sea (1)
- bandgap (1)
- bank voles (1)
- bargaining power (1)
- basin geometry (1)
- bedrock incision models (1)
- behavioral flexibility (1)
- behavioral plasticity (1)
- behavioral public administration (1)
- behavioral weight loss (1)
- behavioural ecology (1)
- behavioural timing (1)
- beta-cell (1)
- bilingual infants (1)
- bilingual lexical development (1)
- bilingual phonological development (1)
- bio-hybrid (1)
- bioactive peptides (1)
- biochemistry (1)
- biogeochemistry (1)
- biomarkers (1)
- biomass (1)
- biomass valorization (1)
- biometrics (1)
- biometrische Identifikation (1)
- biomimetic sensors (1)
- bird migration (1)
- birefringence (1)
- block copolymer (1)
- block-copolymer (1)
- blood (1)
- blood sample (1)
- body density (1)
- body limbs (1)
- body-image (1)
- bolivianischen Zinngürtels (1)
- boron (1)
- boundary element method (1)
- boundary value problems (1)
- brackish waters (1)
- branched chain amino acids (1)
- bridging (1)
- brightness (1)
- bromeliad (1)
- bush encroachment (1)
- business process choreographies (1)
- business process managament (1)
- business venturing (1)
- butyrylcholinesterase (1)
- buy recommendations (1)
- buyer behavior (1)
- bystander (1)
- calcite (1)
- calcium carbonate inclusions (1)
- calibration (1)
- cancer (1)
- canoe racing (1)
- carbon (1)
- carbon dioxide (1)
- carbon materials (1)
- carbon-isotope-ratio (1)
- cardiac rehabilitation (1)
- cardiovascular diseases (1)
- career plans (1)
- carry-over effects (1)
- case-animacy (1)
- catalase (1)
- cell-ECM interactions (1)
- cell-size (1)
- cellular forces (1)
- cement admixtures (1)
- cement hydration (1)
- ceramides (1)
- channel changes (1)
- charge generation (1)
- charge transfers (1)
- chemotaxsis (1)
- child second language acquisition (1)
- childcare provision (1)
- chimera states (1)
- cholesterol (1)
- chronic (1)
- chronic fatigue (1)
- chytridiomycota (1)
- cinnamate-CoA ligase (1)
- citizen-state interactions (1)
- citizenship (1)
- civil service reform (1)
- clause determiner (1)
- clay (1)
- climate change adaptation (1)
- climate drift (1)
- climate policy (1)
- climate politics (1)
- climate services (1)
- climate visualization (1)
- climate-change (1)
- clinopyroxenite (1)
- closed chamber method (1)
- cluster analysis (1)
- clustering (1)
- coalitions (1)
- coarticulation (1)
- coastal cities (1)
- coastal urbanization (1)
- coatings (1)
- cocoa processing (1)
- cocoa proteins (1)
- codifference (1)
- cognitive decline (1)
- coiled coil (1)
- coiled coils (1)
- collaborative consumption (1)
- collective bargaining (1)
- college-students (1)
- colonial patterns (1)
- colonization credit (1)
- color‐evasion (1)
- communication (1)
- community assembly (1)
- community ecology (1)
- community theory (1)
- compensatory dynamics (1)
- compensatory effects (1)
- compensatory health beliefs (1)
- complaints (1)
- complementarity (1)
- complex event processing (1)
- complex systems (1)
- complexes (1)
- compliance behavior (1)
- computational linguistics (1)
- computational methods (1)
- computed tomography (1)
- computer vision (1)
- computer-mediated therapy (1)
- computergestützte Methoden (1)
- computervermittelte Therapie (1)
- condensed matter (1)
- confinement (1)
- conflict resolution (1)
- confocal microscopy (1)
- consensus (1)
- conservation genetics (1)
- consistency restoration (1)
- consumer behavior (1)
- consumer diversity (1)
- consumer education (1)
- contact (1)
- contact layers (1)
- content areas (1)
- continuation (1)
- continuous-time data assimilation (1)
- control theory (1)
- controlled trial (1)
- controlled-release (1)
- controlo estrutural (1)
- convective available potential energy (1)
- coping strategies (1)
- coping styles (1)
- copper complex (1)
- core shell UCNP (1)
- core strength (1)
- coreference (1)
- coreference corpus (1)
- coreference resolution (1)
- correlated noise (1)
- correlation (1)
- costs (1)
- coviability analysis (1)
- creep properties (1)
- crisis (1)
- critical pedagogies (1)
- critical-period (1)
- crop production (1)
- cross-curriculum (1)
- cross-linguistic influence (1)
- crosslinking (1)
- crown compounds (1)
- crustal deformations (1)
- cryptomycota (1)
- crystalline (1)
- culling of male chickens (1)
- cultural diversity (1)
- cultural identity (1)
- cultural minority youth (1)
- culturally responsive teaching (1)
- cyberbullying (1)
- cyberbullying victimization (1)
- cystic fibrosis (1)
- cytokines (1)
- cytoplasmic tails (1)
- data analytics (1)
- data science (1)
- decision soundness (1)
- decision-aware process models (1)
- decline (1)
- decolonizing higher education (1)
- deep convection (1)
- degradable polymer (1)
- degree of formality (1)
- delta-c-13 (1)
- democracy (1)
- demographic noise (1)
- denial of sleep (1)
- depósitos de volfrâmio-estanho (1)
- derivation (1)
- desiccation (1)
- design research (1)
- detrital carbonate (1)
- development cooperation (1)
- developmental language impairment (1)
- dew-point temperature (1)
- dictator game (1)
- dicytostelium (1)
- diet (1)
- differential geometry (1)
- diffusing diffusivity (1)
- digital (1)
- digital whiteboard (1)
- digitales Whiteboard (1)
- dimensional comparison (1)
- discourse analysis (1)
- discourse context (1)
- discourse marker (1)
- discrepancy principle (1)
- dispersal (1)
- distributions (1)
- disturbance (1)
- diversity profiles (1)
- divorced women (1)
- doctor-patient relationship (1)
- downscaling (1)
- dreieckige Dislokationen (TDs) (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- drylands (1)
- dynamical systems (1)
- dynamische Systeme (1)
- décollement (1)
- early-warning signals (1)
- earthquake modeling (1)
- earthquake swarms (1)
- eastern south–central Andes (1)
- eclogite (1)
- ecological modelling (1)
- economic crisis (1)
- edge effect (1)
- edge effects (1)
- effective daylength (1)
- einbeiniger Standtest (1)
- electoral systems (1)
- electrical insulation (1)
- electro-acoustic electric-charge and polarization profiling (1)
- electrochemistry (1)
- electron cryotomography (1)
- electro‐optical materials (1)
- elektrische Isolierung (1)
- elektrische Raumladung (1)
- elektroakustische Abtastung elektrischer Ladungen und Dipolpolarisationen (1)
- elemental composition (1)
- embodied cognition (1)
- embodiment (1)
- emerging adults (1)
- emission line classification (1)
- emotion representation (1)
- emotion research (1)
- empathy (1)
- employer (1)
- employment growth (1)
- endliche Ensembles (1)
- endurance exercise (1)
- endurance performance (1)
- energetics (1)
- energy storage mechanism (1)
- ensemble Kalman filter (1)
- ensemble prediction (1)
- entanglement (1)
- entscheidungsbewusste Prozessmodelle (1)
- environment (1)
- environmental noise (1)
- environmental policy (1)
- enzymatic degradation (1)
- epidemiology (1)
- epistemic logic programs (1)
- epistemic specifications (1)
- epithermale Zinn-Silber-lagerstätte (1)
- erasure (1)
- ererbte Strukturen (1)
- estimation-of-distribution algorithms (1)
- ethnic (1)
- ethnic differences (1)
- eurocentrism (1)
- event subscription (1)
- event-related brain potentials (1)
- event-related potentials (1)
- exercise therapy (1)
- experimental data (1)
- expert interview (1)
- explicit negation (1)
- exploratory-behavior (1)
- expression Quantitative Trait Loci (1)
- extinction debt (1)
- extra-cytoplasmic pockets (1)
- extracellular matrix (ECM) (1)
- extraction (1)
- extraction and characterization methods (1)
- extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- extreme rainfall (1)
- extreme weather (1)
- eye movements (1)
- eyedness (1)
- face tracking (1)
- facebook use (1)
- facial expression (1)
- fasting (1)
- fatigue (1)
- fatigue reduction diet (1)
- faults (1)
- feature engineering (1)
- feet (1)
- fermentation-related enzymes (1)
- ferroelectrets (1)
- fever (1)
- figurative language (1)
- fill factor losses (1)
- film (1)
- films (1)
- filtering (1)
- financial magazines (1)
- finite size (1)
- firm growth (1)
- first-hitting time (1)
- first-passage time (1)
- first-passage time distribution (1)
- flash floods (1)
- flexible (1)
- floods (1)
- flourescence (1)
- flow (1)
- flow-mediated dilation (1)
- fluctuating light (1)
- fluid flow (1)
- fluid inclusions (1)
- fluktuierendes Licht (1)
- fluorescence lifetime (1)
- fluorescent probe (1)
- fluorescent probes (1)
- fluxo de fluidos (1)
- focus constructions (1)
- folds (1)
- font engineering (1)
- font rendering (1)
- food security governance (1)
- food web (1)
- food webs (1)
- footedness (1)
- forced symmetry breaking (1)
- forecast accuracy (1)
- forecasting (1)
- forest soils (1)
- formal verification (1)
- formaldehyde assimilation (1)
- formale Verifikation (1)
- formalism (1)
- fractional Brownian motion (1)
- fracture (1)
- fracture-controlled (1)
- fragile and conflict-affected states (1)
- fragile und konfliktbeladene Staaten (1)
- fragmentation (1)
- frailty (1)
- francs-tireurs (1)
- free zinc (1)
- frequency (1)
- friends (1)
- full annual cycle (1)
- functional calculus (1)
- fungal diversity (1)
- funktionelle Eigenschaften (1)
- galaxy dynamics (1)
- galaxy evolution (1)
- gas adsorption (1)
- gaussian processes (1)
- gendered motivational beliefs (1)
- general quantitative theory (1)
- generalized difference-in-difference (1)
- genetic circuits (1)
- genetische Netzwerke (1)
- geochemistry (1)
- geochronology (1)
- geomagnetic excursions (1)
- geomagnetic observatory data (1)
- geomagnetic storm drivers (1)
- geomagnetische Exkursionen (1)
- geoquímica da alteração hidrotermal (1)
- geordnete Gruppen von Conrad-Typ (1)
- geospatial data (1)
- geschiedene Frauen (1)
- geschlossene Haubenmessmethode (1)
- giftedness (1)
- glacial lakes (1)
- glaciers (1)
- glass (1)
- glass structure (1)
- global change (1)
- global database (1)
- global environmental change (1)
- global positioning system (1)
- globaler Wandel (1)
- glucagon (1)
- glucose intolerance (1)
- glutathione (1)
- glutathione peroxidase (1)
- glycoprotein (1)
- governance (1)
- governance for sustainable development (1)
- grain-size (1)
- grammatical knowledge (1)
- graph repair (1)
- gratitude (1)
- greenhouse gases (1)
- groundwater recharge (1)
- growth (1)
- habitat connectivity (1)
- hamstring muscles (1)
- hate speech (1)
- health (1)
- health and well-being (1)
- health behaviours (1)
- health economics (1)
- heath potentials (1)
- heiße Elektronen (1)
- hematocrit (1)
- hepcidin (1)
- hepcidin-25 (1)
- heterotrophic bacteria (1)
- high energy density (1)
- high risk drinkers (1)
- higher education (1)
- higher-order Sturm–Liouville problems (1)
- hilly loes plateau (1)
- hip (1)
- historical geomagnetic storms (1)
- hohe Energiedichte (1)
- home-based (1)
- homeostasis (1)
- horizontal space (1)
- hospital (1)
- hours restrictions (1)
- human behaviour (1)
- human excised skin (1)
- humanitarian crisis (1)
- hunger (1)
- hybrid perovskites (1)
- hybridization (1)
- hydraulic tomography (1)
- hydro-meterological hazards (1)
- hydrogeology (1)
- hydrogeophysics (1)
- hydrology (1)
- hydrolysis (1)
- hydrophilic polymers (1)
- hydrothermal (1)
- hyperspectral remote sensing (1)
- hyperspektral Fernerkundung (1)
- hysteresis (1)
- idiom (1)
- imaging spectroscopy (1)
- imbalanced learning (1)
- impact (1)
- in-service teacher training (1)
- in-situ testing (1)
- income distribution (1)
- increases (1)
- indicator-based analysis (1)
- indigenes Wissen (1)
- indigenious knowledge (1)
- indigenity (1)
- indirekte Wiederaufnahmen (1)
- individual-based model (1)
- individual-based modeling (1)
- induced deformation (1)
- induction (1)
- inequality (1)
- inflammation (1)
- influenza (1)
- influenza A viruses (1)
- inherited structures (1)
- injury (1)
- injury risk (1)
- inner-mongolia (1)
- innovation policy (1)
- inorganic chemistry (1)
- instrumentation (1)
- insulin (1)
- insurance (1)
- intangible impacts (1)
- integral field spectroscopy (1)
- intellectual networks (1)
- intellektuelle Netzwerke (1)
- intention (1)
- inter-organizational order (1)
- inter-organizational relations (1)
- inter-segmental coordination (1)
- interception (1)
- intercultural competence (1)
- interfacial recombination (1)
- interference inhibition (1)
- internalizing behaviour (1)
- international conflict (1)
- international cooperation (1)
- international criminal law (1)
- international humanitarian law (1)
- international organizations (1)
- international rule of law (1)
- internationale Zusammenarbeit (1)
- internet of things (1)
- intraspecific trait variation (1)
- intrinsically disordered proteins (1)
- inventories (1)
- inverse Modellirung (1)
- inverse Sturm–Liouville problems (1)
- involuntary unemployment (1)
- isomerization (1)
- job shop scheduling (1)
- jumping (1)
- karst (1)
- kinematic boundary cues (1)
- knees (1)
- knowledge management (1)
- koloniale Muster (1)
- kompensatorischer Effekt (1)
- komplexe Ereignisverarbeitung (1)
- komplexe Systeme (1)
- komplexe mechanistische Systeme (1)
- kondensierte Materie (1)
- kritische Pädagogik (1)
- kulturelle Vielfalt (1)
- kultursensibler Unterricht (1)
- labor supply (1)
- lake (1)
- land cover change (1)
- land sharing vs. land sparing (1)
- land use history (1)
- landscape diversity (1)
- landscape of fear (1)
- landscape response (1)
- language (1)
- language arts (1)
- language assessment (1)
- large-scale mechanistic systems (1)
- laser powder bed fusion (1)
- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (1)
- lasso (1)
- late embryogenesis abundant (1)
- latency (1)
- laterality (1)
- law (1)
- learning and memory (1)
- left ordered groups (1)
- lesson planning (1)
- lesson preparation (1)
- levee en masse (1)
- levoglucosenol (1)
- lexicon (1)
- lexicon structure (1)
- lexion size (1)
- licht-schaltbare Proteine (1)
- life-history theory (1)
- life‐history traits (1)
- linguistic salience (1)
- linguistische Salienz (1)
- linksgeordnete Gruppen (1)
- lipid bilayer membrane dynamics (1)
- lipid-anchored saccharide (1)
- lipid-verankerte Saccharide (1)
- literacy acquisition (1)
- lithium (1)
- local adaptation (1)
- locally indicable (1)
- logic (1)
- lokal indizierbar (1)
- lokale Anpassung (1)
- loneliness (1)
- longitudinal (1)
- loss aversion (1)
- luminescence (1)
- lysosomal storage disorders (1)
- machine (1)
- machinelles Lernen (1)
- macroeconomics (1)
- magmatic-hydrothermal systems (1)
- magmatisch-hydrothermale Systeme (1)
- magnesium oxide (1)
- magnetization dynamics (1)
- magnetizationdynamic (1)
- magneto-optics (1)
- magnitude (1)
- majority formation (1)
- male bank voles (1)
- managment (1)
- manganese ore (1)
- marine-phytoplankton (1)
- masked priming (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- mass-transport (1)
- massive Sterne (1)
- massive stars (1)
- material fatigue (1)
- maternal aggression (1)
- mathematical physics (1)
- mathematics (1)
- mathematics education (1)
- mathematische Physik (1)
- mean versus most probable reaction times (1)
- mechanics (1)
- mechanische Stabilität (1)
- mechanistic model (1)
- mechanistisches Modell (1)
- media use (1)
- medical documentation (1)
- medical image analysis (1)
- medium access control (1)
- medizinische Bildanalyse (1)
- medizinische Dokumentation (1)
- melt inclusions (1)
- melt structure (1)
- meltwater (1)
- membrane adhesion (1)
- membrane adhesion forces (1)
- membranes (1)
- mental arithmetic (1)
- mental lexicon (1)
- mental representation (1)
- mentale Repräsentation (1)
- mentales Lexikon (1)
- meta-talk (1)
- metabolic Quantitative Trait Loci (1)
- metabolic ecology (1)
- metabolic engineering (1)
- metabolic regulation (1)
- metabolic stress (1)
- metabolic theory (1)
- metabolischer Stress (1)
- metabolisches Engineering (1)
- metal (1)
- metal complex (1)
- metal peptide (1)
- metallopeptide (1)
- metalloprotein (1)
- metaphor (1)
- metasomatism (1)
- methane (1)
- method comparision (1)
- methylotrophy (1)
- metric termporal graph logic (1)
- metrisch temporale Graph Logic (1)
- micro/mesoporous (1)
- microeukaryotes (1)
- microgel array (1)
- microgel chains (1)
- microgel strands (1)
- microgels (1)
- micronutrients (1)
- microrna (1)
- migratory birds (1)
- mitogenome (1)
- mixed boundary conditions (1)
- mixed methods (1)
- model order reduction (1)
- model repair (1)
- modeling (1)
- modelling (1)
- modern coexistence theory (1)
- modulus (1)
- mojave desert (1)
- molecular force sensors (1)
- molecularly imprinted polymers (1)
- molekulare Kraftsensoren (1)
- monensin (1)
- morphosyntax (1)
- mother’s labor supply (1)
- motivation (1)
- motor-performance (1)
- mountain belt (1)
- movement (1)
- movement ecology (1)
- mtDNA (1)
- multi-scale analysis (1)
- multi-scale diffusion processes (1)
- multiculturalism (1)
- multilingual coreference (1)
- multilinguale Koreferenz (1)
- multilingualism (1)
- muscle activation (1)
- muscle coactivation (1)
- muscle protein turnover (1)
- muscovite (1)
- muscular strength (1)
- mustelid predation (1)
- mutation (1)
- myalgic encephalomyelitis (1)
- myodes-glareolus (1)
- myth (1)
- myth of Franktireurkrieg (1)
- nachhaltige Chemie (1)
- nanocarriers (1)
- nanocomposite (1)
- nanoflowers (1)
- nanogels (1)
- nanolenses (1)
- nanoparticle dimers (1)
- nanoparticles (1)
- nanotriangles (1)
- narratives (1)
- narrow escape problem (1)
- natural habitats (1)
- natural hazard (1)
- natural language processing (1)
- near-identity (1)
- negative expectation (1)
- nested graph conditions (1)
- net primary productivity (1)
- network (1)
- network inference (1)
- network reconstruction (1)
- networks (1)
- neuroimaging (1)
- neuroplasticity (1)
- neutron diffraction (1)
- next-generation sequencing (1)
- niche level (1)
- niche partitioning (1)
- nicht-traditionelle Studierende (1)
- nickel (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- nitrogen-doped (1)
- nitrous-oxide (1)
- non-Langevin recombination (1)
- non-equilibrium coexistence (1)
- non-monotonic reasoning (1)
- non-radiative recombination (1)
- non-state actors (1)
- non-state armed actors (1)
- non-target organisms (1)
- non-traditional students (1)
- non-vascular epiphyte (1)
- nonlinear operator (1)
- nonlocally coupled phase oscillators (1)
- nonradiative voltage losses (1)
- northern high latitudes (1)
- nuclear magnetic resonance (1)
- nucleic-acids (1)
- nucleocapsid protein (1)
- nukleäre Lamina (1)
- numerical cognition (1)
- numerical modeling (1)
- numerical simulation (1)
- nutrients (1)
- o-phenylenediamine (1)
- obesity (1)
- object-based damage modeling (1)
- objective difficulty (1)
- obstruent-liquid clusters (1)
- occupational prognosis (1)
- ocean (1)
- ocean acidification (1)
- of-direction speed (1)
- offspring-defense (1)
- omega-3 fatty acids (1)
- one leg stance (1)
- online (1)
- online hate (1)
- online training (1)
- open (1)
- open‐circuit voltage (1)
- operational momentum (1)
- operational service (1)
- opinion (1)
- opinion mining (1)
- optical data (1)
- optical-properties (1)
- optimal annual routine model (1)
- optimal rate (1)
- ore deposit (1)
- organic solar cells (1)
- organizational fields (1)
- orogenic peridotite (1)
- outcrossing rate (1)
- overuse injuries (1)
- oxidativer Stress (1)
- oxygen (1)
- pPhytoplankton photoacclimation (1)
- pairwise matching (1)
- palaeoclimate (1)
- paleomagnetism (1)
- paleosecular variations (1)
- panel (1)
- parental mediation (1)
- parliamentary government (1)
- particle (1)
- parties (1)
- passive stretching (1)
- pathogens (1)
- patient empowerment (1)
- peak torque (1)
- pedagogy of integrity (1)
- peer cultural socialisation (1)
- peer group (1)
- peer rejection (1)
- peer status (1)
- peptide (1)
- peptides (1)
- perception differences (1)
- performance outcome (1)
- periodization (1)
- permafrost (1)
- permafrost disturbances (1)
- perovskite (1)
- perpetrator (1)
- persistence (1)
- personality (1)
- perspective taking (1)
- persulfide (1)
- pesticide (1)
- phase transition (1)
- philosophy of mathematics (1)
- phonological awareness (1)
- photo crosslinking (1)
- photo-induced (1)
- photoacid (1)
- photoactive proteins (1)
- photoactive yellow protein (PYP) (1)
- photogrammetry (1)
- photoinduziert (1)
- photoluminescence (1)
- photosynthesis (1)
- photovoltaic devices (1)
- photovoltaic materials (1)
- photovoltaics (1)
- physical fitness (1)
- physical fitness expertise (1)
- phytoplankton and zooplankton (1)
- piezoelectricity (1)
- plant community (1)
- plant science (1)
- plasmonic chemistry (1)
- plasmonische Chemie (1)
- plastic-associated biofilms (1)
- plasticity (1)
- platform (1)
- pledge fulfillment (1)
- point cloud (1)
- policy (1)
- policy preferences (1)
- policy-making (1)
- politics (1)
- poly(ester amide)s (1)
- poly(vinylidene fluoride) (1)
- polyethylene (1)
- polyethylene nanocomposites (1)
- polygenic risk (1)
- polylactide (1)
- polymer (1)
- polymer electrets (1)
- polymer thin films (1)
- polyphenols (1)
- polypropylene (1)
- polystyrene (1)
- polysulfide (1)
- polyzwitterion (1)
- polyzwitterions (1)
- population delimitation (1)
- population density (1)
- population dynamics (1)
- population viability analysis (1)
- porosity (1)
- porous carbon-based materials (1)
- porous carbons (1)
- poröse Kohlenstoffe (1)
- porösen Materialien auf Kohlenstoffbasis (1)
- postural control (1)
- posturale Kontrolle (1)
- powder particle analysis (1)
- power (1)
- power spectral analysis (1)
- prairie vole (1)
- pre-intentional determinants (1)
- precision agriculture (1)
- predation risk (1)
- predator-prey dynamics (1)
- prediction (1)
- prefixed words (1)
- presidential government (1)
- pressures (1)
- presupposition (1)
- primary school (1)
- primary school children (1)
- prior derivation (1)
- prisoners' dilemma (1)
- probabilistic approaches (1)
- probabilistic deep learning (1)
- probabilistic deep metric learning (1)
- probabilistische tiefe neuronale Netze (1)
- probabilistisches tiefes metrisches Lernen (1)
- probiotics (1)
- processing (1)
- professional development (1)
- project management quality (1)
- proof (1)
- proof assistant (1)
- proof environment (1)
- prosodic boundary cues (1)
- prosodic modulation (1)
- prosodische Variation (1)
- prosody (1)
- prosody processing (1)
- protein adsorption (1)
- protein engineering (1)
- protein-protein interactions (1)
- protein–phenol interactions (1)
- prototyping (1)
- proximal soil sensing (1)
- pseudo-Boolean optimization (1)
- pseudoboolesche Optimierung (1)
- psycholinguistics (1)
- psychology (1)
- psychophysiology (1)
- psychotherapy (1)
- public administration (1)
- public administration reform (1)
- purity (1)
- pyridoxal-50-phosphate (1)
- quality manager (1)
- quality of life (1)
- quantum field theory (1)
- quasi-Fermi level splitting (1)
- racemization (1)
- radiative limit (1)
- radical pedagigies (1)
- radikale Pädagogik (1)
- radiogenic isotopes (1)
- rain attenuation (1)
- rain effect (1)
- rain event depth (1)
- rainfall thresholds (1)
- random forest (1)
- random walk (1)
- randomized controlled-trial (1)
- range of motion (1)
- rapid evolution (1)
- rate of torque development (1)
- rates (1)
- ratiometric (1)
- real-variable harmonic analysis (1)
- rebate and discount (1)
- reciprocity (1)
- recognition (1)
- recombination (1)
- recommendation profitability (1)
- record (1)
- recovery (1)
- rectification (1)
- recurrence (1)
- recurrence network (1)
- recurrence plot (1)
- redes intelectuales (1)
- reference material (1)
- reflecting boundary conditions (1)
- regime shifts (1)
- regularization (1)
- regulation of dominant firms (1)
- rehabilitation (1)
- reionization (1)
- religion (1)
- religión (1)
- remagnetization (1)
- repair (1)
- repetitive speech (1)
- reproduction (1)
- reproductive strategies (1)
- research communication (1)
- research school (1)
- residual stress (1)
- resonance energy transfer (1)
- resource scarcity (1)
- resources (1)
- respiration (1)
- responses (1)
- resurrection plants (1)
- return to work (1)
- ribulose monophosphate pathway (1)
- ring-opening polymerization (1)
- ringöffnende Polymerisation (1)
- rise (1)
- risk aversion (1)
- risk factors (1)
- risk management (1)
- rivastigmine (1)
- river (1)
- rodents (1)
- rooting depth (1)
- rotation (1)
- rugby league players (1)
- rule of law (1)
- run time analysis (1)
- runoff (1)
- rutile-type (1)
- räumliche Wiederkehr (1)
- salinity gradient (1)
- satellite images (1)
- saure Phosphatase (1)
- scaling relationships (1)
- schedule (1)
- school baseball players (1)
- school climate (1)
- school motivation (1)
- seamless prediction (1)
- seasonal forecast skill (1)
- seasonal snow cover (1)
- second discoverer of America (1)
- second language (1)
- second language processing (1)
- security (1)
- sediment flux (1)
- sediment transport (1)
- seed bank (1)
- selectivity (1)
- selenium (1)
- self-assembly (1)
- semantic priming (1)
- semi-parliamentary government (1)
- sentence interpretation (1)
- sentence processing (1)
- sentiment analysis (1)
- series representation (1)
- serine cycle (1)
- serine palmitoyltransferase (1)
- sers (1)
- serum (1)
- service-oriented systems engineering (1)
- sexual species (1)
- shape (1)
- shepherd’s purse (1)
- shrub size (1)
- siege of Paris 1870 (1)
- silbische Struktur (1)
- simulation (1)
- simulações numéricas (1)
- simultaneous bilingualism (1)
- single molecule force spectroscopy (1)
- single trajectory analysis (1)
- single-molecule force spectroscopy (1)
- sistemas magmático-hidrotermais (1)
- situational awareness (1)
- size distribution (1)
- skarn (1)
- skeletal joints (1)
- skeletal-muscle (1)
- skew field of fraction (1)
- skin penetration (1)
- smalltalk (1)
- social information (1)
- social innovation (1)
- social justice education (1)
- social media (1)
- social network analysis (1)
- social status (1)
- societal impact of research (1)
- socio-emotional competencies (1)
- sociometric status (1)
- sociometrically neglected children (1)
- sociometry (1)
- sodium (1)
- soil (1)
- soil nutrients (1)
- soil organic matter decomposition (1)
- somatic variables (1)
- soundness (1)
- source inversion (1)
- space charge (1)
- spatial modeling (1)
- spatial recurrence (1)
- spatial scales (1)
- spatial-distribution (1)
- spatial-numerical associations (1)
- species assembly (1)
- species richness (1)
- specific language impairment (1)
- specification of timed graph transformations (1)
- spectral adjustment (1)
- spectral flow (1)
- speech production (1)
- speech segmentation (1)
- speed-curvature power law (1)
- spelling (1)
- spherical (1)
- sphingolipid de novo synthesis (1)
- spin-related factors (1)
- spontaneous parametric down-conversion (1)
- sport-specific performance (1)
- sports (1)
- sprachübergreifender Einfluss (1)
- squeak (1)
- stable states (1)
- stable-isotope labeling (1)
- stakeholder participation (1)
- stance (1)
- star excursion balance test (1)
- star formation (1)
- stark Hughes-frei (1)
- startups (1)
- state estimation (1)
- statistical learning (1)
- statistical methods (1)
- statistische Methoden (1)
- stellar evolution (1)
- stellar feedback (1)
- stellar kinematics (1)
- stellare Kinematik (1)
- step (1)
- stereocomplexation (1)
- stereotypes (1)
- stochastic dynamic programming (1)
- stochastic time series (1)
- stochastisch-dynamische Optimierung (1)
- strategic ignorance (1)
- stream-power (1)
- stress (1)
- strongly Hughes-free (1)
- structure (1)
- structure elucidation (1)
- structure from motion (1)
- strukturelle Kontrolle (1)
- subjective well-being (1)
- subnational resolution (1)
- substance use (1)
- succulent karoo (1)
- sufficiency (1)
- sulfabetaine (1)
- sulfobetaine (1)
- sulfur-bacteria (1)
- supercapacitors (1)
- supermassereiche Schwarze Löcher (1)
- supermassive black holes (1)
- superoxide dismutase (1)
- superstatistics (1)
- supervised machine learning (1)
- supplementation (1)
- support system (1)
- surface reflectance (1)
- surface-relief gratings (1)
- surfaces (1)
- survival (1)
- sustainability (1)
- sustainable chemistry (1)
- sustainable economy (1)
- symptoms (1)
- synchronization (1)
- synopticism (1)
- system (1)
- systematic review (1)
- systematische Literaturrecherche (1)
- systems pharmacology (1)
- tacrolimus formulation (1)
- tactic (1)
- tamplat unterstütze Anordnung von weichen Partikeln (1)
- tandem solar cell (1)
- teacher education (1)
- teaching and learning (1)
- team sport (1)
- technology addiction scales (1)
- tectonics (1)
- telerehabilitation (1)
- template assisted alignment of soft particles (1)
- text analysis (1)
- thematic role assignment (1)
- theopolitics (1)
- theoretical chemistry (1)
- theoretical ecology (1)
- theoretische Chemie (1)
- theoretische Ökologie (1)
- theory (1)
- thermal state (1)
- thin films (1)
- thin-films (1)
- time resolved pump probe spectroscopy (1)
- time series (1)
- time series analysis (1)
- time spent (1)
- time-resolved luminescence (1)
- tin (1)
- tongue movements (1)
- top-down control (1)
- total hip replacement (1)
- total knee replacement (1)
- tourmaline (1)
- trace elements (1)
- tracer tomography (1)
- trade-offs (1)
- trade-offs between functional traits (1)
- tradeoff (1)
- training intensity (1)
- training interventions (1)
- training load (1)
- trait variation (1)
- transformation products (1)
- transformative learning (1)
- transformatives Lernen (1)
- transition metals (1)
- transition zone (1)
- travelling waves (1)
- trifluoroethanol (1)
- trip to South America (1)
- truncated power-law correlated noise (1)
- tundra–taiga ecotone (1)
- tungsten-tin deposits (1)
- turkish (1)
- turmalina (1)
- typed attributed graphs (1)
- typisierte attributierte Graphen (1)
- ultrafast (1)
- ultrafast dynamics (1)
- ultraschnelle Dynamik (1)
- unbalancierter Datensatz (1)
- uncertainty (1)
- uncertainty analysis (1)
- unions (1)
- univariat (1)
- univariate (1)
- user experience (1)
- vacuum fields (1)
- validation (1)
- value-based sustainability assessment (1)
- varved sediments (1)
- vascular dysfunction (1)
- vascular epiphyte (1)
- vaskuläre Dysfunktion (1)
- vegetation (1)
- verschachtelte Graphbedingungen (1)
- vertical space (1)
- verzweigtkettige Aminosäuren (1)
- veterinary drugs (1)
- veto players (1)
- vibrational spectroscopy (1)
- viral matrix proteins (1)
- visual salience (1)
- visual-world eye-tracking (1)
- visuelle Salienz (1)
- vocabulary (1)
- vole clethrionomys-glareolus (1)
- voles clethrionomys-glareolus (1)
- vollständiger Jahreszyklus (1)
- vorausschauende Sprachverarbeitung (1)
- wages (1)
- water (1)
- water remediation (1)
- water storage capacity (1)
- wavelength (1)
- weather radar (1)
- weight training (1)
- welfare (1)
- wetland vegetation (1)
- wheat (1)
- white stork (1)
- whole-body vibratoin (1)
- wildlife corridors (1)
- wind speed (1)
- winter wheat (1)
- word order (1)
- word segmentation (1)
- work capacity (1)
- world literature (1)
- young athletes (1)
- young soccer players (1)
- youth (1)
- zelluläre Kräfte (1)
- zoom (1)
- zusätzliche Sprache (1)
- Ästhetik (1)
- Ökosystemleistungen (1)
- Übergangsmetalle (1)
- Übergangszone (1)
- Übersetzungen (1)
- Überzeugungen von Lehrern (1)
- ökologische Modellierung (1)
- α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (1)
Institute
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (46)
- Department Linguistik (37)
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät (36)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (35)
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (27)
- Institut für Chemie (24)
- Strukturbereich Kognitionswissenschaften (24)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (19)
- Humanwissenschaftliche Fakultät (17)
- Berlin Potsdam Research Group "The International Rule of Law - Rise or Decline?" (16)
Abstract. The Sea of Marmara, in northwestern Turkey, is a transition zone where the dextral North Anatolian Fault zone (NAFZ) propagates westward from the Anatolian Plate to the Aegean Sea Plate. The area is of interest in the context of seismic hazard of Istanbul, a metropolitan area with about 15 million inhabitants. Geophysical observations indicate that the crust is heterogeneous beneath the Marmara basin, but a detailed characterization of the crustal heterogeneities is still missing. To assess if and how crustal heterogeneities are related to the NAFZ segmentation below the Sea of Marmara, we develop new crustal-scale 3-D density models which integrate geological and seismological data and that are additionally constrained by 3-D gravity modeling. For the latter, we use two different gravity datasets including global satellite data and local marine gravity observation. Considering the two different datasets and the general non-uniqueness in potential field modeling, we suggest three possible “end-member” solutions that are all consistent with the observed gravity field and illustrate the spectrum of possible solutions. These models indicate that the observed gravitational anomalies originate from significant density heterogeneities within the crust. Two layers of sediments, one syn-kinematic and one pre-kinematic with respect to the Sea of Marmara formation are underlain by a heterogeneous crystalline crust. A felsic upper crystalline crust (average density of 2720 kgm⁻³) and an intermediate to mafic lower crystalline crust (average density of 2890 kgm⁻³) appear to be cross-cut by two large, dome-shaped mafic highdensity bodies (density of 2890 to 3150 kgm⁻³) of considerable thickness above a rather uniform lithospheric mantle (3300 kgm⁻³). The spatial correlation between two major bends of the main Marmara fault and the location of the highdensity bodies suggests that the distribution of lithological heterogeneities within the crust controls the rheological behavior along the NAFZ and, consequently, maybe influences fault segmentation and thus the seismic hazard assessment in the region.
Hepcidin-25 (Hep-25) plays a crucial role in the control of iron homeostasis. Since the dysfunction of the hepcidin pathway leads to multiple diseases as a result of iron imbalance, hepcidin represents a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of iron metabolism. Despite intense research in the last decade targeted at developing a selective immunoassay for iron disorder diagnosis and treatment and better understanding the ferroportin-hepcidin interaction, questions remain. The key to resolving these underlying questions is acquiring exact knowledge of the 3D structure of native Hep-25. Since it was determined that the N-terminus, which is responsible for the bioactivity of Hep-25, contains a small Cu(II)-binding site known as the ATCUN motif, it was assumed that the Hep-25-Cu(II) complex is the native, bioactive form of the hepcidin. This structure has thus far not been elucidated in detail. Owing to the lack of structural information on metal-bound Hep-25, little is known about its possible biological role in iron metabolism. Therefore, this work is focused on structurally characterizing the metal-bound Hep-25 by NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. For the present work, a protocol was developed to prepare and purify properly folded Hep-25 in high quantities. In order to overcome the low solubility of Hep-25 at neutral pH, we introduced the C-terminal DEDEDE solubility tag. The metal binding was investigated through a series of NMR spectroscopic experiments to identify the most affected amino acids that mediate metal coordination. Based on the obtained NMR data, a structural calculation was performed in order to generate a model structure of the Hep-25-Ni(II) complex. The DEDEDE tag was excluded from the structural calculation due to a lack of NMR restraints. The dynamic nature and fast exchange of some of the amide protons with solvent reduced the overall number of NMR restraints needed for a high-quality structure. The NMR data revealed that the 20 Cterminal Hep-25 amino acids experienced no significant conformational changes, compared to published results, as a result of a pH change from pH 3 to pH 7 and metal binding. A 3D model of the Hep-25-Ni(II) complex was constructed from NMR data recorded for the hexapeptideNi(II) complex and Hep-25-DEDEDE-Ni(II) complex in combination with the fixed conformation of 19 C-terminal amino acids. The NMR data of the Hep-25-DEDEDE-Ni(II) complex indicates that the ATCUN motif moves independently from the rest of the structure. The 3D model structure of the metal-bound Hep-25 allows for future works to elucidate hepcidin’s interaction with its receptor ferroportin and should serve as a starting point for the development of antibodies with improved selectivity.
With the emergence of the Internet of things (IoT), plenty of battery-powered and energy-harvesting devices are being deployed to fulfill sensing and actuation tasks in a variety of application areas, such as smart homes, precision agriculture, smart cities, and industrial automation. In this context, a critical issue is that of denial-of-sleep attacks. Such attacks temporarily or permanently deprive battery-powered, energy-harvesting, or otherwise energy-constrained devices of entering energy-saving sleep modes, thereby draining their charge. At the very least, a successful denial-of-sleep attack causes a long outage of the victim device. Moreover, to put battery-powered devices back into operation, their batteries have to be replaced. This is tedious and may even be infeasible, e.g., if a battery-powered device is deployed at an inaccessible location. While the research community came up with numerous defenses against denial-of-sleep attacks, most present-day IoT protocols include no denial-of-sleep defenses at all, presumably due to a lack of awareness and unsolved integration problems. After all, despite there are many denial-of-sleep defenses, effective defenses against certain kinds of denial-of-sleep attacks are yet to be found.
The overall contribution of this dissertation is to propose a denial-of-sleep-resilient medium access control (MAC) layer for IoT devices that communicate over IEEE 802.15.4 links. Internally, our MAC layer comprises two main components. The first main component is a denial-of-sleep-resilient protocol for establishing session keys among neighboring IEEE 802.15.4 nodes. The established session keys serve the dual purpose of implementing (i) basic wireless security and (ii) complementary denial-of-sleep defenses that belong to the second main component. The second main component is a denial-of-sleep-resilient MAC protocol. Notably, this MAC protocol not only incorporates novel denial-of-sleep defenses, but also state-of-the-art mechanisms for achieving low energy consumption, high throughput, and high delivery ratios. Altogether, our MAC layer resists, or at least greatly mitigates, all denial-of-sleep attacks against it we are aware of. Furthermore, our MAC layer is self-contained and thus can act as a drop-in replacement for IEEE 802.15.4-compliant MAC layers. In fact, we implemented our MAC layer in the Contiki-NG operating system, where it seamlessly integrates into an existing protocol stack.
A form-function mismatch?
(2019)
Background: The outcrossing rate is a key determinant of the population-genetic structure of species and their long-term evolutionary trajectories. However, determining the outcrossing rate using current methods based on PCRgenotyping individual offspring of focal plants for multiple polymorphic markers is laborious and time-consuming.
Results: We have developed an amplicon-based, high-throughput enabled method for estimating the outcrossing rate and have applied this to an example of scented versus non-scented Capsella (Shepherd’s Purse) genotypes. Our results show that the method is able to robustly capture differences in outcrossing rates. They also highlight potential biases in the estimates resulting from differential haplotype sharing of the focal plants with the pollen-donor population at individual amplicons.
Conclusions: This novel method for estimating outcrossing rates will allow determining this key population-genetic parameter with high-throughput across many genotypes in a population, enabling studies into the genetic determinants of successful pollinator attraction and outcrossing.
Graph repair, restoring consistency of a graph, plays a prominent role in several areas of computer science and beyond: For example, in model-driven engineering, the abstract syntax of models is usually encoded using graphs. Flexible edit operations temporarily create inconsistent graphs not representing a valid model, thus requiring graph repair. Similarly, in graph databases—managing the storage and manipulation of graph data—updates may cause that a given database does not satisfy some integrity constraints, requiring also graph repair. We present a logic-based incremental approach to graph repair, generating a sound and complete (upon termination) overview of least-changing repairs. In our context, we formalize consistency by so-called graph conditions being equivalent to first-order logic on graphs. We present two kind of repair algorithms: State-based repair restores consistency independent of the graph update history, whereas deltabased (or incremental) repair takes this history explicitly into account. Technically, our algorithms rely on an existing model generation algorithm for graph conditions implemented in AutoGraph. Moreover, the delta-based approach uses the new concept of satisfaction (ST) trees for encoding if and how a graph satisfies a graph condition. We then demonstrate how to manipulate these STs incrementally with respect to a graph update.
The paper aims to lay out a framework for evaluating value shifts in the international legal order for the purposes of a forthcoming book. In view of current contestations it asks whether we are observing yet another period of norm change (Wandel) or even a more fundamental transformation of international law – a metamorphosis (Verwandlung). For this purpose it suggests to look into the mechanisms of how norms change from the perspective of legal and political science and also to approximate a reference point where change turns into metamorphosis. It submits that such a point may be reached where specific legally protected values are indeed changing (change of legal values) or where the very idea of protecting certain values through law is renounced (delegalizing of values). The paper discusses the benefits of such an interdisciplinary exchange and tries to identify differences and commonalities among both disciplinary perspectives.
In this paper, we investigate the continuous version of modified iterative Runge–Kutta-type methods for nonlinear inverse ill-posed problems proposed in a previous work. The convergence analysis is proved under the tangential cone condition, a modified discrepancy principle, i.e., the stopping time T is a solution of ∥𝐹(𝑥𝛿(𝑇))−𝑦𝛿∥=𝜏𝛿+ for some 𝛿+>𝛿, and an appropriate source condition. We yield the optimal rate of convergence.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) in terms of laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF) offers new prospects regarding the design of parts and enables therefore the production of lattice structures. These lattice structures shall be implemented in various industrial applications (e.g. gas turbines) for reasons of material savings or cooling channels. However, internal defects, residual stress, and structural deviations from the nominal geometry are unavoidable.
In this work, the structural integrity of lattice structures manufactured by means of L-PBF was non-destructively investigated on a multiscale approach.
A workflow for quantitative 3D powder analysis in terms of particle size, particle shape, particle porosity, inter-particle distance and packing density was established. Synchrotron computed tomography (CT) was used to correlate the packing density with the particle size and particle shape. It was also observed that at least about 50% of the powder porosity was released during production of the struts.
Struts are the component of lattice structures and were investigated by means of laboratory CT. The focus was on the influence of the build angle on part porosity and surface quality. The surface topography analysis was advanced by the quantitative characterisation of re-entrant surface features. This characterisation was compared with conventional surface parameters showing their complementary information, but also the need for AM specific surface parameters.
The mechanical behaviour of the lattice structure was investigated with in-situ CT under compression and successive digital volume correlation (DVC). The deformation was found to be knot-dominated, and therefore the lattice folds unit cell layer wise.
The residual stress was determined experimentally for the first time in such lattice structures. Neutron diffraction was used for the non-destructive 3D stress investigation. The principal stress directions and values were determined in dependence of the number of measured directions. While a significant uni-axial stress state was found in the strut, a more hydrostatic stress state was found in the knot. In both cases, strut and knot, seven directions were at least needed to find reliable principal stress directions.
Wheat is one of the most consumed foods in the world and unfortunately causes allergic reactions which have important health effects. The α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) have been identified as potentially allergen components of wheat. Due to a lack of data on optimization of ATI extraction, a new wheat ATIs extraction approach combining solvent extraction and selective precipitation is proposed in this work. Two types of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), Julius and Ponticus were used and parameters such as solvent type, extraction time, temperature, stirring speed, salt type, salt concentration, buffer pH and centrifugation speed were analyzed using the Plackett-Burman design. Salt concentration, extraction time and pH appeared to have significant effects on the recovery of ATIs (p < 0.01). In both wheat cultivars, Julius and Ponticus, ammonium sulfate substantially reduced protein concentration and inhibition of amylase activity (IAA) compared to sodium chloride. The optimal conditions with desirability levels of 0.94 and 0.91 according to the Doehlert design were: salt concentrations of 1.67 and 1.22 M, extraction times of 53 and 118 min, and pHs of 7.1 and 7.9 for Julius and Ponticus, respectively. The corresponding responses were: protein concentrations of 0.31 and 0.35 mg and IAAs of 91.6 and 83.3%. Electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/MS analysis showed that the extracted ATIs masses were between 10 and 20 kDa. Based on the initial LC-MS/MS analysis, up to 10 individual ATIs were identified in the extracted proteins under the optimal conditions. The positive implication of the present study lies in the quick assessment of their content in different varieties especially while considering their allergenic potential.
The DNA origami technique has great potential for the development of brighter and more sensitive reporters for fluorescence based detection schemes such as a microbead-based assay in diagnostic applications. The nanostructures can be programmed to include multiple dye molecules to enhance the measured signal as well as multiple probe strands to increase the binding strength of the target oligonucleotide to these nanostructures. Here we present a proof-of-concept study to quantify short oligonucleotides by developing a novel DNA origami based reporter system, combined with planar microbead assays. Analysis of the assays using the VideoScan digital imaging platform showed DNA origami to be a more suitable reporter candidate for quantification of the target oligonucleotides at lower concentrations than a conventional reporter that consists of one dye molecule attached to a single stranded DNA. Efforts have been made to conduct multiplexed analysis of different targets as well as to enhance fluorescence signals obtained from the reporters. We therefore believe that the quantification of short oligonucleotides that exist in low copy numbers is achieved in a better way with the DNA origami nanostructures as reporters.
Matching participants (as suggested by Hope, 2015) may be one promising option for research on a potential bilingual advantage in executive functions (EF). In this study we first compared performances in three EF-tasks of a naturally heterogeneous sample of monolingual (n = 69, age = 9.0 y) and multilingual children (n = 57, age = 9.3 y). Secondly, we meticulously matched participants pairwise to obtain two highly homogeneous groups to rerun our analysis and investigate a potential bilingual advantage. The initally disadvantaged multilinguals (regarding socioeconomic status and German lexicon size) performed worse in updating and response inhibition, but similarly in interference inhibition. This indicates that superior EF compensate for the detrimental effects of the background variables. After matching children pairwise on age, gender, intelligence, socioeconomic status and German lexicon size, performances became similar except for interference inhibition. Here, an advantage for multilinguals in the form of globally reduced reaction times emerged, indicating a bilingual executive processing advantage.
The German Sonderweg thesis has been discarded in most research fields. Yet in regards to the military, things differ: all conflicts before the Second World War are interpreted as prelude to the war of extermination between 1939–1945. This article specifically looks at the Franco-Prussian War 1870–71 and German behaviour vis-à-vis regular combatants, civilians and irregular guerrilla fighters, the so-called francs-tireurs. The author argues that the counter-measures were not exceptional for nineteenth century warfare and also shows how selective reading of the existing secondary literature has distorted our view on the war.
Dynamic earthquake rupture modeling provides information on the rupture physics as the rupture velocity, frictions or tractions acting during the rupture process. Nevertheless, as often based on spatial gridded preset geometries, dynamic modeling is depending on many free parameters leading to both a high non-uniqueness of the results and large computation times. That decreases the possibilities of full Bayesian error analysis.
To assess the named problems we developed the quasi-dynamic rupture model which is presented in this work. It combines the kinematic Eikonal rupture model with a boundary element method for quasi-static slip calculation.
The orientation of the modeled rupture plane is defined by a previously performed moment tensor inversion. The simultanously inverted scalar seismic moment allows an estimation of the extension of the rupture. The modeled rupture plane is discretized by a set of rectangular boundary elements. For each boundary element an applied traction vector is defined as the boundary value.
For insights in the dynamic rupture behaviour the rupture front propagation is calculated for incremental time steps based on the 2D Eikonal equation. The needed location-dependent rupture velocity field is assumed to scale linearly with a layered shear wave velocity field.
At each time all boundary elements enclosed within the rupture front are used to calculate the quasi-static slip distribution. Neither friction nor stress propagation are considered. Therefore the algorithm is assumed to be “quasi-static”. A series of the resulting quasi-static slip snapshots can be used as a quasi-dynamic model of the rupture process.
As many a priori information is used from the earth model (shear wave velocity and elastic parameters) and the moment tensor inversion (rupture extension and orientation) our model is depending on few free parameters as the traction field, the linear factor between rupture and shear wave velocity and the nucleation point and time. Hence stable and fast modeling results are obtained as proven from the comparison to different infinite and finite static crack solutions.
First dynamic applications show promissing results. The location-dependent rise time is automatically derived by the model. Different simple kinematic models as the slip-pulse or the penny-shaped crack model can be reproduced as well as their corresponding slip rate functions. A source time function (STF) approximation calculated from the cumulative sum of moment rates of each boundary element gives results similar to theoretical and empirical known STFs.
The model was also applied to the 2015 Illapel earthquake. Using a simple rectangular rupture geometry and a 2-layered traction regime yields good estimates of both the rupture front propagation and the slip patterns which are comparable to literature results. The STF approximation shows a good fit with previously published STFs.
The quasi-dynamic rupture model is hence able to fastly calculate reproducable slip results. That allows to test full Bayesian error analysis in the future. Further work on a full seismic source inversion or even a traction field inversion can also extend the scope of our model.
Once the “popular plaything of Realpolitiker” the doctrine of rebus sic stantibus post the 1969 VCLT is often described as an objective rule by which, on grounds of equity and justice, a fundamental change of circumstances may be invoked as a ground for termination. Yet recent practice from States such as Ecuador, Russia, Denmark and the United Kingdom suggests that it is returning with a new livery. They point to an understanding based on vital States’ interests––a view popular among scholars such as Erich Kaufmann at the beginning of the last century.
Salinity is a significant factor for structuring microbial communities, but little is known for aquatic fungi, particularly in the pelagic zone of brackish ecosystems. In this study, we explored the diversity and composition of fungal communities following a progressive salinity decline (from 34 to 3 PSU) along three transects of ca. 2000 km in the Baltic Sea, the world’s largest estuary. Based on 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis, we detected clear changes in fungal community composition along the salinity gradient and found significant differences in composition of fungal communities established above and below a critical value of 8 PSU. At salinities below this threshold, fungal communities resembled those from freshwater environments, with a greater abundance of Chytridiomycota, particularly of the orders Rhizophydiales, Lobulomycetales, and
Gromochytriales. At salinities above 8 PSU, communities were more similar to those from marine environments and, depending on the season, were dominated by a strain of the LKM11 group (Cryptomycota) or by members of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Our results highlight salinity as an important environmental driver also for pelagic fungi, and thus should be taken into account to better understand fungal diversity and ecological function in the aquatic realm.
A digital filter is introduced which treats the problem of predictability versus time averaging in a continuous, seamless manner. This seamless filter (SF) is characterized by a unique smoothing rule that determines the strength of smoothing in dependence on lead time. The rule needs to be specified beforehand, either by expert knowledge or by user demand. As a result, skill curves are obtained that allow a predictability assessment across a whole range of time-scales, from daily to seasonal, in a uniform manner. The SF is applied to downscaled SEAS5 ensemble forecasts for two focus regions in or near the tropical belt, the river basins of the Karun in Iran and the Sao Francisco in Brazil. Both are characterized by strong seasonality and semi-aridity, so that predictability across various time-scales is in high demand. Among other things, it is found that from the start of the water year (autumn), areal precipitation is predictable with good skill for the Karun basin two and a half months ahead; for the Sao Francisco it is only one month, longer-term prediction skill is just above the critical level.
Due to the enhanced electromagnetic field at the tips of metal nanoparticles, the spiked structure of gold nanostars (AuNSs) is promising for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Therefore, the challenge is the synthesis of well designed particles with sharp tips. The influence of different surfactants, i.e., dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium chloride (BDAC), as well as the combination of surfactant mixtures on the formation of nanostars in the presence of Ag⁺ ions and ascorbic acid was investigated. By varying the amount of BDAC in mixed micelles the core/spike-shell morphology of the resulting AuNSs can be tuned from small cores to large ones with sharp and large spikes. The concomitant red-shift in the absorption toward the NIR region without losing the SERS enhancement enables their use for biological applications and for time-resolved spectroscopic studies of chemical reactions, which require a permanent supply with a fresh and homogeneous solution. HRTEM micrographs and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) experiments allow us to verify the mechanism of nanostar formation according to the silver underpotential deposition on the spike surface in combination with micelle adsorption.
Solar wind observations show that geomagnetic storms are mainly driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and corotating or stream interaction regions (C/SIRs). We present a binary classifier that assigns one of these drivers to 7,546 storms between 1930 and 2015 using ground‐based geomagnetic field observations only. The input data consists of the long‐term stable Hourly Magnetospheric Currents index alongside the corresponding midlatitude geomagnetic observatory time series. This data set provides comprehensive information on the global storm time magnetic disturbance field, particularly its spatial variability, over eight solar cycles. For the first time, we use this information statistically with regard to an automated storm driver identification. Our supervised classification model significantly outperforms unskilled baseline models (78% accuracy with 26[19]% misidentified interplanetary coronal mass ejections [corotating or stream interaction regions]) and delivers plausible driver occurrences with regard to storm intensity and solar cycle phase. Our results can readily be used to advance related studies fundamental to space weather research, for example, studies connecting galactic cosmic ray modulation and geomagnetic disturbances. They are fully reproducible by means of the underlying open‐source software (Pick, 2019, http://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.3.2019.003)
Introduction
To date, several meta-analyses clearly demonstrated that resistance and plyometric training are effective to improve physical fitness in children and adolescents. However, a methodological limitation of meta-analyses is that they synthesize results from different studies and hence ignore important differences across studies (i.e., mixing apples and oranges). Therefore, we aimed at examining comparative intervention studies that assessed the effects of age, sex, maturation, and resistance or plyometric training descriptors (e.g., training intensity, volume etc.) on measures of physical fitness while holding other variables constant.
Methods
To identify relevant studies, we systematically searched multiple electronic databases (e.g., PubMed) from inception to March 2018. We included resistance and plyometric training studies in healthy young athletes and non-athletes aged 6 to 18 years that investigated the effects of moderator variables (e.g., age, maturity, sex, etc.) on components of physical fitness (i.e., muscle strength and power).
Results
Our systematic literature search revealed a total of 75 eligible resistance and plyometric training studies, including 5,138 participants. Mean duration of resistance and plyometric training programs amounted to 8.9 ± 3.6 weeks and 7.1±1.4 weeks, respectively. Our findings showed that maturation affects plyometric and resistance training outcomes differently, with the former eliciting greater adaptations pre-peak height velocity (PHV) and the latter around- and post-PHV. Sex has no major impact on resistance training related outcomes (e.g., maximal strength, 10 repetition maximum). In terms of plyometric training, around-PHV boys appear to respond with larger performance improvements (e.g., jump height, jump distance) compared with girls. Different types of resistance training (e.g., body weight, free weights) are effective in improving measures of muscle strength (e.g., maximum voluntary contraction) in untrained children and adolescents. Effects of plyometric training in untrained youth primarily follow the principle of training specificity. Despite the fact that only 6 out of 75 comparative studies investigated resistance or plyometric training in trained individuals, positive effects were reported in all 6 studies (e.g., maximum strength and vertical jump height, respectively).
Conclusions
The present review article identified research gaps (e.g., training descriptors, modern alternative training modalities) that should be addressed in future comparative studies.
This article explores an instructive case of translation critique against the background of the rise of Zionism in Europe at the turn of the previous century. It seeks to answer the question: Why did David Frishman, one of the most prolific Hebrew writers and translators of the late 1890s and early 1900s, criticize Vladimir Jabotinsky’s Russian translation of Hayim Nahman Bialik’s Hebrew poems? Both Bialik and Jabotinsky were major figures in the field of Hebrew culture and Zionist politics in the early 1900s, while Frishman generally shunned partisan activism and consistently presented himself as devoted solely to literature. Frishman perceived literature, nevertheless, as a political arena, viewing translation, in particular, as a locus of ideological debate. Writing from the viewpoint of a political minority at a time in which the Hebrew translation industry in Europe gained momentum, Frishman deemed translation a tool for cementing cultural hierarchies. He anticipated later analyses of the act and products of translation as reflective of intercultural tensions. The article suggests, more specifically, that it was Frishman’s view of the Hebrew Bible that informed his “avant-garde” stance on translation.
Zinc is an essential trace element, making it crucial to have a reliable biomarker for evaluating an individual’s zinc status. The total serum zinc concentration, which is presently the most commonly used biomarker, is not ideal for this purpose, but a superior alternative is still missing. The free zinc concentration, which describes the fraction of zinc that is only loosely bound and easily exchangeable, has been proposed for this purpose, as it reflects the highly bioavailable part of serum zinc. This report presents a fluorescence-based method for determining the free zinc concentration in human serum samples, using the fluorescent probe Zinpyr-1. The assay has been applied on 154 commercially obtained human serum samples. Measured free zinc concentrations ranged from 0.09 to 0.42 nM with a mean of 0.22 ± 0.05 nM. It did not correlate with age or the total serum concentrations of zinc, manganese, iron or selenium. A negative correlation between the concentration of free zinc and total copper has been seen for sera from females. In addition, the free zinc concentration in sera from females (0.21 ± 0.05 nM) was significantly lower than in males (0.23 ± 0.06 nM). The assay uses a sample volume of less than 10 µL, is rapid and cost-effective and allows us to address questions regarding factors influencing the free serum zinc concentration, its connection with the body’s zinc status, and its suitability as a future biomarker for an individual’s zinc status.
Accusative Unaccusatives
(2019)
Farber disease is a rare lysosomal storage disorder resulting from acid ceramidase deficiency and subsequent ceramide accumulation. No treatments for Farber disease are clinically available, and affected patients have a severely shortened lifespan. We have recently reported a novel acid ceramidase deficiency model that mirrors the human disease closely. Acid sphingomyelinase is the enzyme that generates ceramide upstream of acid ceramidase in the lysosomes. Using our acid ceramidase deficiency model, we tested if acid sphingomyelinase could be a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of Farber disease. A number of functional acid sphingomyelinase inhibitors are clinically available and have been used for decades to treat major depression. Using these as a therapeutic for Farber disease, thus, has the potential to improve central nervous symptoms of the disease as well, something all other treatment options for Farber disease can’t achieve so far. As a proof-of-concept study, we first cross-bred acid ceramidase deficient mice with acid sphingomyelinase deficient mice in order to prevent ceramide accumulation. Double-deficient mice had reduced ceramide accumulation, fewer disease manifestations, and prolonged survival. We next targeted acid sphingomyelinase pharmacologically, to test if these findings would translate to a setting with clinical applicability. Surprisingly, the treatment of acid ceramidase deficient mice with the acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor amitriptyline was toxic to acid ceramidase deficient mice and killed them within a few days of treatment. In conclusion, our study provides the first proof-of-concept that acid sphingomyelinase could be a potential new therapeutic target for Farber disease to reduce disease manifestations and prolong survival. However, we also identified previously unknown toxicity of the functional acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor amitriptyline in the context of Farber disease, strongly cautioning against the use of this substance class for Farber disease patients
The effects of static stretching (StS) on subsequent strength and power activities has been one of the most debated topics in sport science literature over the past decades. The aim of this review is (1) to summarize previous and current findings on the acute effects of StS on muscle strength and power performances; (2) to update readers’ knowledge related to previous caveats; and (3) to discuss the underlying physiological mechanisms of short-duration StS when performed as single-mode treatment or when integrated into a full warm-up routine. Over the last two decades, StS has been considered harmful to subsequent strength and power performances. Accordingly, it has been recommended not to apply StS before strength- and power-related activities. More recent evidence suggests that when performed as a single-mode treatment or when integrated within a full warm-up routine including aerobic activity, dynamic-stretching, and sport-specific activities, short-duration StS (≤60 s per muscle group) trivially impairs subsequent strength and power activities (∆1–2%). Yet, longer StS durations (>60 s per muscle group) appear to induce substantial and practically relevant declines in strength and power performances (∆4.0–7.5%). Moreover, recent evidence suggests that when included in a full warm-up routine, short-duration StS may even contribute to lower the risk of sustaining musculotendinous injuries especially with high-intensity activities (e.g., sprint running and change of direction speed). It seems that during short-duration StS, neuromuscular activation and musculotendinous stiffness appear not to be affected compared with long-duration StS. Among other factors, this could be due to an elevated muscle temperature induced by a dynamic warm-up program. More specifically, elevated muscle temperature leads to increased muscle fiber conduction-velocity and improved binding of contractile proteins (actin, myosin). Therefore, our previous understanding of harmful StS effects on subsequent strength and power activities has to be updated. In fact, short-duration StS should be included as an important warm-up component before the uptake of recreational sports activities due to its potential positive effect on flexibility and musculotendinous injury prevention. However, in high-performance athletes, short-duration StS has to be applied with caution due to its negligible but still prevalent negative effects on subsequent strength and power performances, which could have an impact on performance during competition.
In a previously published article in HIN under the title of “Eduard Dorsch and his unpublished poem on the occasion of Humboldt’s 100th birthday,” I elaborated on Dorsch’s poem that was read in Detroit in front of a German-American audience on Sept. 14, 1869, a day widely celebrated in the US in honor of Humboldt. Although it was not surprising that Dorsch wrote the occasional poem in the first place given his affinities with Humboldt’s world of thought, a discovery of a second occasional poem upon further research in Dorsch’s voluminous papers was indeed unexpected, in this case read on the same date in Monroe, Michigan. Although there are a number of similarities between the Detroit and Monroe versions, there are enough differences that warrant this addendum to my original article.
Address on the opening of the Alexander von Humboldt Season
in Quito, Ecuador, on 13 February 2019
(2019)
Cyber victimization research reveals various personal and contextual correlations and negative consequences associated with this experience. Despite increasing attention on cyber victimization, few studies have examined such experiences among ethnic minority adolescents. The purpose of the present study was to examine the moderating effect of ethnicity in the longitudinal associations among cyber victimization, school-belongingness, and psychological consequences (i.e., depression, loneliness, anxiety). These associations were investigated among 416 Latinx and white adolescents (46% female; M age = 13.89, SD = 0.41) from one middle school in the United States. They answered questionnaires on cyber victimization, school belongingness, depression, loneliness, and anxiety in the 7th grade (Time 1). One year later, in the 8th grade (Time 2), they completed questionnaires on depression, loneliness, and anxiety. Low levels of school-belongingness strengthened the positive relationships between cyber victimization and Time 2 depression and anxiety, especially among Latinx adolescents. The positive association between cyber victimization and Time 2 loneliness was strengthened for low levels of school-belongingness for all adolescents. These findings may indicate that cyber victimization threatens adolescents’ school-belongingness, which has implications for their emotional adjustment. Such findings underscore the importance of considering diverse populations when examining cyber victimization.
Forest structure is a crucial component in the assessment of whether a forest is likely to act as a carbon sink under changing climate. Detailed 3D structural information about the tundra–taiga ecotone of Siberia is mostly missing and still underrepresented in current research due to the remoteness and restricted accessibility. Field based, high-resolution remote sensing can provide important knowledge for the understanding of vegetation properties and dynamics. In this study, we test the applicability of consumer-grade Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for rapid calculation of stand metrics in treeline forests. We reconstructed high-resolution photogrammetric point clouds and derived canopy height models for 10 study sites from NE Chukotka and SW Yakutia. Subsequently, we detected individual tree tops using a variable-window size local maximum filter and applied a marker-controlled watershed segmentation for the delineation of tree crowns. With this, we successfully detected 67.1% of the validation individuals. Simple linear regressions of observed and detected metrics show a better correlation (R2) and lower relative root mean square percentage error (RMSE%) for tree heights (mean R2 = 0.77, mean RMSE% = 18.46%) than for crown diameters (mean R2 = 0.46, mean RMSE% = 24.9%). The comparison between detected and observed tree height distributions revealed that our tree detection method was unable to representatively identify trees <2 m. Our results show that plot sizes for vegetation surveys in the tundra–taiga ecotone should be adapted to the forest structure and have a radius of >15–20 m to capture homogeneous and representative forest stands. Additionally, we identify sources of omission and commission errors and give recommendations for their mitigation. In summary, the efficiency of the used method depends on the complexity of the forest’s stand structure.
Advancing charge selective contacts for efficient monolithic perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells
(2019)
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites are one of the most promising material classes for photovoltaic energy conversion. In solar cells, the perovskite absorber is sandwiched between n- and p-type contact layers which selectively transport electrons and holes to the cell’s cathode and anode, respectively. This thesis aims to advance contact layers in perovskite solar cells and unravel the impact of interface and contact properties on the device performance. Further, the contact materials are applied in monolithic perovskite-silicon heterojunction (SHJ) tandem solar cells, which can overcome the single junction efficiency limits and attract increasing attention. Therefore, all contact layers must be highly transparent to foster light harvesting in the tandem solar cell design. Besides, the SHJ device restricts processing temperatures for the selective contacts to below 200°C.
A comparative study of various electron selective contact materials, all processed below 180°C, in n-i-p type perovskite solar cells highlights that selective contacts and their interfaces to the absorber govern the overall device performance. Combining fullerenes and metal-oxides in a TiO2/PC60BM (phenyl-C60-butyric acid methyl ester) double-layer contact allows to merge good charge extraction with minimized interface recombination. The layer sequence thereby achieved high stabilized solar cell performances up to 18.0% and negligible current-voltage hysteresis, an otherwise pronounced phenomenon in this device design. Double-layer structures are therefore emphasized as a general concept to establish efficient and highly selective contacts.
Based on this success, the concept to combine desired properties of different materials is transferred to the p-type contact. Here, a mixture of the small molecule Spiro-OMeTAD [2,2’,7,7’-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifluoren] and the doped polymer PEDOT [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)] is presented as a novel hole selective contact. PEDOT thereby remarkably suppresses charge recombination at the perovskite surface, allowing an increase of quasi-Fermi level splitting in the absorber. Further, the addition of Spiro-OMeTAD into the PEDOT layer is shown to enhance charge extraction at the interface and allow high efficiencies up to 16.8%.
Finally, the knowledge on contact properties is applied to monolithic perovskite-SHJ tandem solar cells. The main goal is to optimize the top contact stack of doped Spiro-OMeTAD/molybdenum oxide(MoOx)/ITO towards higher transparency by two different routes. First, fine-tuning of the ITO deposition to mitigate chemical reduction of MoOx and increase the transmittance of MoOx/ITO stacks by 25%. Second, replacing Spiro-OMeTAD with the alternative hole transport materials PEDOT/Spiro-OMeTAD mixtures, CuSCN or PTAA [poly(triaryl amine)]. Experimental results determine layer thickness constrains and validate optical simulations, which subsequently allow to realistically estimate the respective tandem device performances. As a result, PTAA represents the most promising replacement for Spiro-OMeTAD, with a projected increase of the optimum tandem device efficiency for the herein used architecture by 2.9% relative to 26.5% absolute. The results also reveal general guidelines for further performance gains of the technology.
Alcohol in the Aging Brain
(2019)
As our society grows older new challenges for medicine and healthcare emerge. Agerelated changes of the body have been observed in essential body functions, particularly in the loco-motor system, in the cardiovascular system and in cognitive functions concerning both brain plasticity and changes in behavior. Nutrition and lifestyle, such as nicotine intake and chronic alcohol consumption, also contribute to biological changes in the brain. This review addresses the effect of alcohol consumption on cognitive decline, changes in brain plasticity in the aging brain and on cardiovascular health in aging. Thus, studies on the interplay of chronic alcohol intake and either cognitive decline or cognitive preservation are outlined. Because of the inconsistency in the literature of whether alcohol consumption preserves cognitive functions in the aging brain or whether it accelerates cognitive decline, it is crucial to consider individual contributing factors such as culture, health and lifestyle in future studies.
The sensitivity of fluvial systems to tectonic and climatic boundary conditions allows us to use the geomorphic and stratigraphic records as quantitative archives of past climatic and tectonic conditions. Thus, fluvial terraces that form on alluvial fans and floodplains as well as the rate of sediment export to oceanic and continental basins are commonly used to reconstruct paleoenvironments. However, we currently lack a systematic and quantitative understanding of the transient evolution of fluvial systems and their associated sediment storage and release in response to changes in base level, water input, and sediment input. Such knowledge is necessary to quantify past environmental change from terrace records or sedimentary deposits and to disentangle the multiple possible causes for terrace formation and sediment deposition. Here, we use a set of seven physical experiments to explore terrace formation and sediment export from a single, braided channel that is perturbed by changes in upstream water discharge or sediment supply, or through downstream base-level fall. Each perturbation differently affects (1) the geometry of terraces and channels, (2) the timing of terrace cutting, and (3) the transient response of sediment export from the basin. In general, an increase in water discharge leads to near-instantaneous channel incision across the entire fluvial system and consequent local terrace cutting, thus preserving the initial channel slope on terrace surfaces, and it also produces a transient increase in sediment export from the system. In contrast, a decreased upstream sediment-supply rate may result in longer lag times before terrace cutting, leading to terrace slopes that differ from the initial channel slope, and also lagged responses in sediment export. Finally, downstream base-level fall triggers the upstream propagation of a diffuse knickzone, forming terraces with upstream-decreasing ages. The slope of terraces triggered by base-level fall mimics that of the newly adjusted active channel, whereas slopes of terraces triggered by a decrease in upstream sediment discharge or an increase in upstream water discharge are steeper compared to the new equilibrium channel. By combining fillterrace records with constraints on sediment export, we can distinguish among environmental perturbations that would otherwise remain unresolved when using just one of these records.
Due to advances in science and technology towards smaller and more powerful processing units, the fabrication of micrometer sized machines for different tasks becomes more and more possible. Such micro-robots could revolutionize medical treatment of diseases and shall support to work on other small machines. Nevertheless, scaling down robots and other devices is a challenging task and will probably remain limited in near future. Over the past decade the concept of bio-hybrid systems has proved to be a promising approach in order to advance the further development of micro-robots. Bio-hybrid systems combine biological cells with artificial components, thereby benefiting from the functionality of living biological cells. Cell-driven micro-transport is one of the most prominent applications in the emerging field of these systems. So far, micrometer sized cargo has been successfully transported by means of swimming bacterial cells. The potential of motile adherent cells as transport systems has largely remained unexplored.
This thesis concentrates on the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum as a potential candidate for an amoeboid bio-hybrid transport system. The use of this model organism comes with several advantages. Due to the unspecific properties of Dictyostelium adhesion, a wide range of different cargo materials can be used for transport. As amoeboid cells exceed bacterial cells in size by one order of magnitude, also the size of an object carried by a single cell can also be much larger for an amoeba. Finally it is possible to guide the cell-driven transport based on the chemotactic behavior of the amoeba. Since cells undergo a developmentally induced chemotactic aggregation, cargo could be assembled in a self-organized manner into a cluster. It is also possible to impose an external chemical gradient to guide the amoeboid transport system to a desired location.
To establish Dictyostelium discoideum as a possible candidate for bio-hybrid transport systems, this thesis will first investigate the movement of single cells. Secondly, the interaction of cargo and cells will be studied. Eventually, a conceptional proof will be conducted, that the cheomtactic behavior can be exploited either to transport a cargo self-organized or through an external chemical source.
Background signals from in situ-formed amorphous carbon, despite not being fully understood, are known to be a common issue in few-molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Here, discrete gold and silver nanoparticle aggregates assembled by DNA origami were used to study the conditions for the formation of amorphous carbon during SERS measurements. Gold and silver dimers were exposed to laser light of varied power densities and wavelengths. Amorphous carbon prevalently formed on silver aggregates and at high power densities. Time-resolved measurements enabled us to follow the formation of amorphous carbon. Silver nanolenses consisting of three differently-sized silver nanoparticles were used to follow the generation of amorphous carbon at the single-nanostructure level. This allowed observation of the many sharp peaks that constitute the broad amorphous carbon signal found in ensemble measurements. In conclusion, we highlight strategies to prevent amorphous carbon formation, especially for DNA-assembled SERS substrates.
In this cartography, I examine M.K. Gandhi’s practice of fasting for political purposes from a specifically aesthetic perspective. In other words, to foreground their dramatic qualities, how they in their expressive repetition, patterning and stylization produced a/effected heightened forms of emotions. To carry out this task, I follow the theater scholar Erika Fischer-Lichte’s features that give name to her book Äesthetik des Performativen (2004). The cartography is framed in a philosophical presentation of Gandhi’s discourse as well as of his historical sources. Moreover, as a second frame, I historicize the fasts, by means of a typology and teleology in context.
The historically and discoursively framed cartography maps four main dimensions that define the aesthetics of the performative: mediality, materiality, semioticity and aestheticity. The first part analyses the medial platforms in which the fasts as events have been historically recorded and in which they have left their traces and inscriptions. These historical sources are namely, newspapers, images, newsreels and a documentary film. Secondly, the material dimension depicts Gandhi’s corporeal condition, as well as the spatiality and temporality of the fasts. In the third place, I revise and reformulate critically Fischer-Lichte’s concepts of “presence” and “representation” with resonating concepts of G. C. Spivak and J. Rancière. This revision illustrates Gandhi’s fasts and shows the process of how an individual may become the embodiment or representation of a national body-politic. The last chapter of the cartography explores the autopoetic-feedback loop between Gandhi and the people and finishes with a comparison of the mise en scène of the hunger artists with the fasts of the Indian the politician, social reformer, and theologian. The text concludes interpreting Gandhi’s practice of fasting under the light of the concepts of “intellectual emancipation” and “de-subjectivation” of the philosopher J. Rancière.
The four main concerns of this cartography are: Firstly, in the field of Gandhi’s reception, to explore the aesthetic dimension as both alternative and complementary to the two hegemonic interpretative lenses, i.e. a hagiographic or a secular political understanding of the fasts. From a theoretical perspective, the cartography pursues to be a transdisciplinary experiment that aims at deploying concepts that have been traditionally developed, derived from and used in the field of the arts (theater, film, literature, aesthetic performance, etc.) in the field of the political. In brief, inverting an expression of Rancière, to understand politics as aesthetics. Thirdly, from a thematic point of view, the cartography inquires the historical forms of staging and perception of hunger. Last yet importantly, it is an inquiry of the practice of fasting as nonviolence, what Gandhi, its most sophisticated modern theoretician and practitioner considered its most radical expression.
Extreme weather resilience has been defined as being based on three pillars: resistance (the ability to lower impacts), recovery (the ability to bounce back), and adaptive capacity (the ability to learn and improve). These resilience pillars are important both before and after the occurrence of extreme weather events. Extreme weather insurance can influence these pillars of resilience depending on how particular insurance mechanisms are structured. We explore how the lessons learnt from the current best insurance practices can improve resilience to extreme weather events. We employ an extensive inventory of private property and agricultural crop insurance mechanisms to conduct a multi-criteria analysis of insurance market outcomes. We draw conclusions regarding the patterns in the best practice from six European countries to increase resilience. We suggest that requirements to buy a bundle extreme weather event insurance with general insurance packages are strengthened and supported with structures to financing losses through public-private partnerships. Moreover, support for low income households through income vouchers could be provided. Similarly, for the agricultural sector we propose moving towards comprehensive crop yield insurance linked to general agricultural subsidies. In both cases a nationally representative body can coordinate the various stakeholders into acting in concert.
The intangible impacts of floods on welfare are not well investigated, even though they are important aspects of welfare. Moreover, flooding has gender based impacts on welfare. These differing impacts create a gender based flood risk resilience gap. We study the intangible impacts of flood risk on the subjective well-being of residents in central Vietnam. The measurement of intangible impacts through subjective well-being is a growing field within flood risk research. We find an initial drop in welfare through subjective well-being across genders when a flood is experienced. Male respondents tended to recover their welfare losses by around 80% within 5 years while female respondents were associated with a welfare recovery of around 70%. A monetization of the impacts floods have on an individual’s subjective well-being shows that for the average female respondent, between 41% to 86% of annual income would be required to compensate subjective well-being losses after 5 years of experiencing a flood. The corresponding value for males is 30% to 57% of annual income. This shows that the intangible impacts of flood risk are important (across genders) and need to be integrated into flood (or climate) risk assessments to develop more socially appropriate risk management strategies.
Analysis of supramolecular assemblies of NE81, the first lamin protein in a non-metazoan organism
(2019)
Nuclear lamins are nucleus-specific intermediate filaments forming a network located at the inner nuclear membrane of the nuclear envelope. They form the nuclear lamina together with proteins of the inner nuclear membrane regulating nuclear shape and gene expression, among others. The amoebozoan Dictyostelium NE81 protein is a suitable candidate for an evolutionary conserved lamin protein in this non-metazoan organism. It shares the domain organization of metazoan lamins and is fulfilling major lamin functions in Dictyostelium. Moreover, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (feSEM) images of NE81 expressed on Xenopus oocytes nuclei revealed filamentous structures with an overall appearance highly reminiscent to that of metazoan Xenopus lamin B2. For the classification as a lamin-like or a bona fide lamin protein, a better understanding of the supramolecular NE81 structure was necessary. Yet, NE81 carrying a large N-terminal GFP-tag turned out as unsuitable source for protein isolation and characterization; GFP-NE81 expressed in Dictyostelium NE81 knock-out cells exhibited an abnormal distribution, which is an indicator for an inaccurate assembly of GFP-tagged NE81. Hence, a shorter 8×HisMyc construct was the tag of choice to investi-gate formation and structure of NE81 assemblies. One strategy was the structural analysis of NE81 in situ at the outer nuclear membrane in Dictyostelium cells; NE81 without a func-tional nuclear localization signal (NLS) forms assemblies at the outer face of the nucleus. Ultrastructural feSEM pictures of NE81ΔNLS nuclei showed a few filaments of the expected size but no repetitive filamentous structures. The former strategy should also be established for metazoan lamins in order to facilitate their structural analysis. However, heterologously expressed Xenopus and C. elegans lamins showed no uniform localization at the outer nucle-ar envelope of Dictyostelium and hence, no further ultrastructural analysis was undertaken. For in vitro assembly experiments a Dictyostelium mutant was generated, expressing NE81 without the NLS and the membrane-anchoring isoprenylation site (HisMyc-NE81ΔNLSΔCLIM). The cytosolic NE81 clusters were soluble at high ionic strength and were purified from Dictyostelium extracts using Ni-NTA Agarose. Widefield immunofluorescence microscopy, super-resolution light microscopy and electron microscopy images of purified NE81 showed its capability to form filamentous structures at low ionic strength, as described previously for metazoan lamins. Introduction of a phosphomimetic point mutation (S122E) into the CDK1-consensus sequence of NE81 led to disassembled NE81 protein in vivo, which could be reversibly stimulated to form supramolecular assemblies by blue light exposure.
The results of this work reveal that NE81 has to be considered a bona fide lamin, since it is able to form filamentous assemblies. Furthermore, they highlight Dictyostelium as a non-mammalian model organism with a well-characterized nuclear envelope containing all rele-vant protein components known in animal cells.
The advances in modern geodetic techniques such as the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provide surface deformation measurements with an unprecedented accuracy and temporal and spatial resolutions even at most remote volcanoes on Earth. Modelling of the high-quality geodetic data is crucial for understanding the underlying physics of volcano deformation processes. Among various approaches, mathematical models are the most effective for establishing a quantitative link between the surface displacements and the shape and strength of deformation sources. Advancing the geodetic data analyses and hence, the knowledge on the Earth’s interior processes, demands sophisticated and efficient deformation modelling approaches. Yet the majority of these models rely on simplistic assumptions for deformation source geometries and ignore complexities such as the Earth’s surface topography and interactions between multiple sources.
This thesis addresses this problem in the context of analytical and numerical volcano deformation modelling. In the first part, new analytical solutions for triangular dislocations (TDs) in uniform infinite and semi-infinite elastic media have been developed. Through a comprehensive investigation, the locations and causes of artefact singularities and numerical instabilities associated with TDs have been determined and these long-standing drawbacks have been addressed thoroughly. This approach has then been extended to rectangular dislocations (RDs) with full rotational degrees of freedom. Using this solution in a configuration of three orthogonal RDs a compound dislocation model (CDM) has been developed. The CDM can represent generalized volumetric and planar deformation sources efficiently. Thus, the CDM is relevant for rapid inversions in early warning systems and can also be used for detailed deformation analyses. In order to account for complex source geometries and realistic topography in the deformation models, in this thesis the boundary element method (BEM) has been applied to the new solutions for TDs. In this scheme, complex surfaces are simulated as a continuous mesh of TDs that may possess any displacement or stress boundary conditions in the BEM calculations. In the second part of this thesis, the developed modelling techniques have been applied to five different real-world deformation scenarios. As the first and second case studies the deformation sources associated with the 2015 Calbuco eruption and 2013–2016 Copahue inflation period have been constrained by using the CDM. The highly anisotropic source geometries in these two cases highlight the importance of using generalized deformation models such as the CDM, for geodetic data inversions. The other three case studies in this thesis involve high-resolution dislocation models and BEM calculations. As the third case, the 2013 pre-explosive inflation of Volcán de Colima has been simulated by using two ellipsoidal cavities, which locate zones of pressurization in the volcano’s lava dome. The fourth case study, which serves as an example for volcanotectonics interactions, the 3-D kinematics of an active ring-fault at Tendürek volcano has been investigated through modelling displacement time series over the 2003–2010 time period. As the fifth example, the deformation sources associated with North Korea’s underground nuclear test in September 2017 have been constrained. These examples demonstrate the advancement and increasing level of complexity and the general applicability of the developed dislocation modelling techniques.
This thesis establishes a unified framework for rapid and high-resolution dislocation modelling, which in addition to volcano deformations can also be applied to tectonic and humanmade deformations.
On a planetary scale human populations need to adapt to both socio-economic and environmental problems amidst rapid global change. This holds true for coupled human-environment (socio-ecological) systems in rural and urban settings alike. Two examples are drylands and urban coasts. Such socio-ecological systems have a global distribution. Therefore, advancing the knowledge base for identifying socio-ecological adaptation needs with local vulnerability assessments alone is infeasible: The systems cover vast areas, while funding, time, and human resources for local assessments are limited. They are lacking in low an middle-income countries (LICs and MICs) in particular.
But places in a specific socio-ecological system are not only unique and complex – they also exhibit similarities. A global patchwork of local rural drylands vulnerability assessments of human populations to socio-ecological and environmental problems has already been reduced to a limited number of problem structures, which typically cause vulnerability. However, the question arises whether this is also possible in urban socio-ecological systems. The question also arises whether these typologies provide added value in research beyond global change. Finally, the methodology employed for drylands needs refining and standardizing to increase its uptake in the scientific community. In this dissertation, I set out to fill these three gaps in research.
The geographical focus in my dissertation is on LICs and MICs, which generally have lower capacities to adapt, and greater adaptation needs, regarding rapid global change. Using a spatially explicit indicator-based methodology, I combine geospatial and clustering methods to identify typical configurations of key factors in case studies causing vulnerability to human populations in two specific socio-ecological systems. Then I use statistical and analytical methods to interpret and appraise both the typical configurations and the global typologies they constitute.
First, I improve the indicator-based methodology and then reanalyze typical global problem structures of socio-ecological drylands vulnerability with seven indicator datasets. The reanalysis confirms the key tenets and produces a more realistic and nuanced typology of eight spatially explicit problem structures, or vulnerability profiles: Two new profiles with typically high natural resource endowment emerge, in which overpopulation has led to medium or high soil erosion. Second, I determine whether the new drylands typology and its socio-ecological vulnerability concept advance a thematically linked scientific debate in human security studies: what drives violent conflict in drylands? The typology is a much better predictor for conflict distribution and incidence in drylands than regression models typically used in peace research. Third, I analyze global problem structures typically causing vulnerability in an urban socio-ecological system - the rapidly urbanizing coastal fringe (RUCF) – with eleven indicator datasets. The RUCF also shows a robust typology, and its seven profiles show huge asymmetries in vulnerability and adaptive capacity. The fastest population increase, lowest income, most ineffective governments, most prevalent poverty, and lowest adaptive capacity are all typically stacked in two profiles in LICs. This shows that beyond local case studies tropical cyclones and/or coastal flooding are neither stalling rapid population growth, nor urban expansion, in the RUCF. I propose entry points for scaling up successful vulnerability reduction strategies in coastal cities within the same vulnerability profile.
This dissertation shows that patchworks of local vulnerability assessments can be generalized to structure global socio-ecological vulnerabilities in both rural and urban socio-ecological systems according to typical problems. In terms of climate-related extreme events in the RUCF, conflicting problem structures and means to deal with them are threatening to widen the development gap between LICs and high-income countries unless successful vulnerability reduction measures are comprehensively scaled up. The explanatory power for human security in drylands warrants further applications of the methodology beyond global environmental change research in the future. Thus, analyzing spatially explicit global typologies of socio-ecological vulnerability is a useful complement to local assessments: The typologies provide entry points for where to consider which generic measures to reduce typical problem structures – including the countless places without local assessments. This can save limited time and financial resources for adaptation under rapid global change.
Previous cross-modal priming studies showed that lexical decisions to words after a pronoun were facilitated when these words were semantically related to the pronoun’s antecedent. These studies suggested that semantic priming effectively measured antecedent retrieval during coreference. We examined whether these effects extended to implicit reading comprehension using the N400 response. The results of three experiments did not yield strong evidence of semantic facilitation due to coreference. Further, the comparison with two additional experiments showed that N400 facilitation effects were reduced in sentences (vs. word pair paradigms) and were modulated by the case morphology of the prime word. We propose that priming effects in cross-modal experiments may have resulted from task-related strategies. More generally, the impact of sentence context and morphological information on priming effects suggests that they may depend on the extent to which the upcoming input is predicted, rather than automatic spreading activation between semantically related words.
Accumulating data indicates a link between a pro-inflammatory status and occurrence of chronic disease-related fatigue. The questions are whether the observed inflammatory profile can be (a) improved by anti-inflammatory diets, and (b) if this improvement can in turn be translated into a significant fatigue reduction. The aim of this narrative review was to investigate the effect of anti-inflammatory nutrients, foods, and diets on inflammatory markers and fatigue in various patient populations. Next to observational and epidemiological studies, a total of 21 human trials have been evaluated in this work. Current available research is indicative, rather than evident, regarding the effectiveness of individuals’ use of single nutrients with anti-inflammatory and fatigue-reducing effects. In contrast, clinical studies demonstrate that a balanced diet with whole grains high in fibers, polyphenol-rich vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acid-rich foods might be able to improve disease-related fatigue symptoms. Nonetheless, further research is needed to clarify conflicting results in the literature and substantiate the promising results from human trials on fatigue.
Arboreal epiphytes (plants residing in forest canopies) are present across all major climate zones and play important roles in forest biogeochemistry. The substantial water storage capacity per unit area of the epiphyte “bucket” is a key attribute underlying their capability to influence forest hydrological processes and their related mass and energy flows. It is commonly assumed that the epiphyte bucket remains saturated, or near-saturated, most of the time; thus, epiphytes (particularly vascular epiphytes) can store little precipitation, limiting their impact on the forest canopy water budget. We present evidence that contradicts this common assumption from (i) an examination of past research; (ii) new datasets on vascular epiphyte and epi-soil water relations at a tropical montane cloud forest (Monteverde, Costa Rica); and (iii) a global evaluation of non-vascular epiphyte saturation state using a process-based vegetation model, LiBry. All analyses found that the external and internal water storage capacity of epiphyte communities is highly dynamic and frequently available to intercept precipitation. Globally, non-vascular epiphytes spend <20% of their time near saturation and regionally, including the humid tropics, model results found that non-vascular epiphytes spend ~1/3 of their time in the dry state (0–10% of water storage capacity). Even data from Costa Rican cloud forest sites found the epiphyte community was saturated only 1/3 of the time and that internal leaf water storage was temporally dynamic enough to aid in precipitation interception. Analysis of the epi-soils associated with epiphytes further revealed the extent to which the epiphyte bucket emptied—as even the canopy soils were often <50% saturated (29–53% of all days observed). Results clearly show that the epiphyte bucket is more dynamic than currently assumed, meriting further research on epiphyte roles in precipitation interception, redistribution to the surface and chemical composition of “net” precipitation waters reaching the surface.
The main goal of this thesis is to explore the feasibility of using cross-lingual annotation projection as a method of alleviating the task of manual coreference annotation.
To reach our goal, we build a first trilingual parallel coreference corpus that encompasses multiple genres. For the annotation of the corpus, we develop common coreference annotation guidelines that are applicable to three languages (English, German, Russian) and include a novel domain-independent typology of bridging relations as well as state-of-the-art near-identity categories.
Thereafter, we design and perform several annotation projection experiments. In the first experiment, we implement a direct projection method with only one source language. Our results indicate that, already in a knowledge-lean scenario, our projection approach is superior to the most closely related work of Postolache et al. (2006). Since the quality of the resulting annotations is to a high degree dependent on the word alignment, we demonstrate how using limited syntactic information helps to further improve mention extraction on the target side. As a next step, in our second experiment, we show how exploiting two source languages helps to improve the quality of target annotations for both language pairs by concatenating annotations projected from two source languages. Finally, we assess the projection quality in a fully automatic scenario (using automatically produced source annotations), and propose a pilot experiment on manual projection of bridging pairs.
For each of the experiments, we carry out an in-depth error analysis, and we conclude that noisy word alignments, translation divergences and morphological and syntactic differences between languages are responsible for projection errors. We systematically compare and evaluate our projection methods, and we investigate the errors both qualitatively and quantitatively in order to identify problematic cases. Finally, we discuss the applicability of our method to coreference annotations and propose several avenues of future research.
Online hate is a topic that has received considerable interest lately, as online hate represents a risk to self-determination and peaceful coexistence in societies around the globe. However, not much is known about the explanations for adolescents posting or forwarding hateful online material or how adolescents cope with this newly emerging online risk. Thus, we sought to better understand the relationship between a bystander to and perpetrator of online hate, and the moderating effects of problem-focused coping strategies (e.g., assertive, technical coping) within this relationship. Self-report questionnaires on witnessing and committing online hate and assertive and technical coping were completed by 6829 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age from eight countries. The results showed that increases in witnessing online hate were positively related to being a perpetrator of online hate. Assertive and technical coping strategies were negatively related with perpetrating online hate. Bystanders of online hate reported fewer instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported higher levels of assertive and technical coping strategies, and more frequent instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported lower levels of assertive and technical coping strategies. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, if effective, prevention and intervention programs that target online hate should consider educating young people about problem-focused coping strategies, self-assertiveness, and media skills. Implications for future research are discussed.
This article offers an in-depth analysis of one particular type of meta-talk. It looks at how speakers use the meta-pragmatic claim to have previously communicated ('said' or 'meant') the same as, or the equivalent of, what their interlocutor just said. Through detailed sequential analyses, it is shown that this claim is frequently used as a practice for disarming disaffiliative responses and thus to manage (and often resolve) incipient disagreement. Besides unpacking the precise mechanisms underlying this practice, the paper also takes stock of the various (and partly variable) lexico-morpho-syntactic, prosodic and bodily-visual elements of conduct that recurrently enter into its composition. Since the practice essentially rests on the speaker’s insinuation of having been misunderstood by their co-participant, its relationship to the organization of repair will also be discussed. It is argued that the practice operates precisely at the intersection of stance-management (agreement/disagreement) and repair, and that it exhibits features which reflect this intersectional character. Data are in English.
The concurrent performance of cognitive and postural tasks is particularly impaired in old adults and associated with an increased risk of falls. Biological aging of the cognitive and postural control system appears to be responsible for increased cognitive-motor interference effects. We examined neural and behavioral markers of motor-cognitive dual-task performance in young and old adults performing spatial one-back working memory single and dual tasks during semitandem stance. On the neural level, we used EEG to test for age-related modulations in the frequency domain related to cognitive-postural task load. Twenty-eight healthy young and 30 old adults participated in this study. The tasks included a postural single task, a cognitive-postural dual task, and a cognitive-postural triple task (cognitive dual-task with postural demands). Postural sway (i.e., total center of pressure displacements) was recorded in semistance position on an unstable surface that was placed on top of a force plate while performing cognitive tasks. Neural activation was recorded using a 64-channel mobile EEG system. EEG frequencies were attenuated by the baseline postural single-task condition and demarcated in nine Regions-of-Interest (ROIs), i.e., anterior, central, posterior, over the cortical midline, and both hemispheres. Our findings revealed impaired cognitive dual-task performance in old compared to young participants in the form of significantly lower cognitive performance in the triple-task condition. Furthermore, old adults compared with young adults showed significantly larger postural sway, especially in cognitive-postural task conditions. With respect to EEG frequencies, young compared to old participants showed significantly lower alpha-band activity in cognitive-cognitive-postural triple-task conditions compared with cognitive-postural dual tasks. In addition, with increasing task difficulty, we observed synchronized theta and delta frequencies, irrespective of age. Taskdependent alterations of the alpha frequency band were most pronounced over frontal and central ROIs, while alterations of the theta and delta frequency bands were found in frontal, central, and posterior ROIs. Theta and delta synchronization exhibited a decrease from anterior to posterior regions. For old adults, task difficulty was reflected by theta synchronization in the posterior ROI. For young adults, it was reflected by alpha desynchronization in bilateral anterior ROIs. In addition, we could not identify any effects of task difficulty and age on the beta frequency band. Our results shed light on age-related cognitive and postural declines and how they interact. Modulated alpha frequencies during high cognitive-postural task demands in young but not old adults might be reflective of a constrained neural adaptive potential in old adults. Future studies are needed to elucidate associations between the identified age-related performance decrements with task difficulty and changes in brain activity.
In daily life, we automatically form impressions of other individuals on basis of subtle facial features that convey trustworthiness. Because these face-based judgements influence current and future social interactions, we investigated how perceived trustworthiness of faces affects long-term memory using event-related potentials (ERPs). In the current study, participants incidentally viewed 60 neutral faces differing in trustworthiness, and one week later, performed a surprise recognition memory task, in which the same old faces were presented intermixed with novel ones. We found that after one week untrustworthy faces were better recognized than trustworthy faces and that untrustworthy faces prompted early (350–550 ms) enhanced frontal ERP old/new differences (larger positivity for correctly remembered old faces, compared to novel ones) during recognition. Our findings point toward an enhanced long-lasting, likely familiarity-based, memory for untrustworthy faces. Even when trust judgments about a person do not necessarily need to be accurate, a fast access to memories predicting potential harm may be important to guide social behaviour in daily life.
Bienenfresserortungsversuch
(2019)
Quorum-sensing bacteria in a growing colony of cells send out signalling molecules (so-called “autoinducers”) and themselves sense the autoinducer concentration in their vicinity. Once—due to increased local cell density inside a “cluster” of the growing colony—the concentration of autoinducers exceeds a threshold value, cells in this clusters get “induced” into a communal, multi-cell biofilm-forming mode in a cluster-wide burst event. We analyse quantitatively the influence of spatial disorder, the local heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of cells in the colony, and additional physical parameters such as the autoinducer signal range on the induction dynamics of the cell colony. Spatial inhomogeneity with higher local cell concentrations in clusters leads to earlier but more localised induction events, while homogeneous distributions lead to comparatively delayed but more concerted induction of the cell colony, and, thus, a behaviour close to the mean-field dynamics. We quantify the induction dynamics with quantifiers such as the time series of induction events and burst sizes, the grouping into induction families, and the mean autoinducer concentration levels. Consequences for different scenarios of biofilm growth are discussed, providing possible cues for biofilm control in both health care and biotechnology.
From an active labor market policy perspective, start-up subsidies for unemployed individuals are very effective in improving long-term labor market outcomes for participants. From a business perspective, however, the assessment of these public programs is less clear since they might attract individuals with low entrepreneurial abilities and produce businesses with low survival rates and little contribution to job creation, economic growth, and innovation. In this paper, we use a rich data set to compare participants of a German start-up subsidy program for unemployed individuals to a group of regular founders who started from nonunemployment and did not receive the subsidy. The data allows us to analyze their business performance up until 40 months after business formation. We find that formerly subsidized founders lag behind not only in survival and job creation, but especially also in innovation activities. The gaps in these business outcomes are relatively constant or even widening over time. Hence, we do not see any indication of catching up in the longer run. While the gap in survival can be entirely explained by initial differences in observable start-up characteristics, the gap in business development remains and seems to be the result of restricted access to capital as well as differential business strategies and dynamics. Considering these conflicting results for the assessment of the subsidy program from an ALMP and business perspective, policy makers need to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of such a strategy to find the right policy mix.
Achromatium oxaliferum is a large sulfur bacterium easily recognized by large intracellular calcium carbonate bodies. Although these bodies often fill major parts of the cells' volume, their role and specific intracellular location are unclear. In this study, we used various microscopy and staining techniques to identify the cell compartment harboring the calcium carbonate bodies. We observed that Achromatium cells often lost their calcium carbonate bodies, either naturally or induced by treatments with diluted acids, ethanol, sodium bicarbonate and UV radiation which did not visibly affect the overall shape and motility of the cells (except for UV radiation). The water-soluble fluorescent dye fluorescein easily diffused into empty cavities remaining after calcium carbonate loss. Membranes (stained with Nile Red) formed a network stretching throughout the cell and surrounding empty or filled calcium carbonate cavities. The cytoplasm (stained with FITC and SYBR Green for nucleic acids) appeared highly condensed and showed spots of dissolved Ca2+ (stained with Fura-2). From our observations, we conclude that the calcium carbonate bodies are located in the periplasm, in extra-cytoplasmic pockets of the cytoplasmic membrane and are thus kept separate from the cell's cytoplasm. This periplasmic localization of the carbonate bodies might explain their dynamic formation and release upon environmental changes.
Cellulose derived polymers
(2019)
Plastics, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate are part of our everyday lives in the form of packaging, household goods, electrical insulation, etc. These polymers are non-degradable and create many environmental problems and public health concerns. Additionally, these polymers are produced from finite fossils resources. With the continuous utilization of these limited resources, it is important to look towards renewable sources along with biodegradation of the produced polymers, ideally. Although many bio-based polymers are known, such as polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate adipate or polybutylene succinate, none have yet shown the promise of replacing conventional polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate. Cellulose is one of the most abundant renewable resources produced in nature. It can be transformed into various small molecules, such as sugars, furans, and levoglucosenone. The aim of this research is to use the cellulose derived molecules for the synthesis of polymers.
Acid-treated cellulose was subjected to thermal pyrolysis to obtain levoglucosenone, which was reduced to levoglucosenol. Levoglucosenol was polymerized, for the first time, by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) yielding high molar mass polymers of up to ~150 kg/mol. The poly(levoglucosenol) is thermally stable up to ~220 ℃, amorphous, and is exhibiting a relatively high glass transition temperature of ~100 ℃. The poly(levoglucosenol) can be converted to a transparent film, resembling common plastic, and was found to degrade in a moist acidic environment. This means that poly(levoglucosenol) may find its use as an alternative to conventional plastic, for instance, polystyrene.
Levoglucosenol was also converted into levoglucosenyl methyl ether, which was polymerized by cationic ring-opening metathesis polymerization (CROP). Polymers were obtained with molar masses up to ~36 kg/mol. These polymers are thermally stable up to ~220 ℃ and are semi-crystalline thermoplastics, having a glass transition temperature of ~35 ℃ and melting transition of 70-100 ℃. Additionally, the polymers underwent cross-linking, hydrogenation and thiol-ene click chemistry.
Floods are among the most costly natural hazards that affect Europe and Germany, demanding a continuous adaptation of flood risk management. While social and economic development in recent years altered the flood risk patterns mainly with regard to an increase in flood exposure, different flood events are further expected to increase in frequency and severity in certain European regions due to climate change. As a result of recent major flood events in Germany, the German flood risk management shifted to more integrated approaches that include private precaution and preparation to reduce the damage on exposed assets. Yet, detailed insights into the preparedness decisions of flood-prone households remain scarce, especially in connection to mental impacts and individual coping strategies after being affected by different flood types.
This thesis aims to gain insights into flash floods as a costly hazard in certain German regions and compares the damage driving factors to the damage driving factors of river floods. Furthermore, psychological impacts as well as the effects on coping and mitigation behaviour of flood-affected households are assessed. In this context, psychological models such as the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and methods such as regressions and Bayesian statistics are used to evaluate influencing factors on the mental coping after an event and to identify psychological variables that are connected to intended private flood mitigation. The database consists of surveys that were conducted among affected households after major river floods in 2013 and flash floods in 2016.
The main conclusions that can be drawn from this thesis reveal that the damage patterns and damage driving factors of strong flash floods differ significantly from those of river floods due to a rapid flow origination process, higher flow velocities and flow forces. However, the effects on mental coping of people that have been affected by flood events appear to be weakly influenced by different flood types, but yet show a coherence to the event severity, where often thinking of the respective event is pronounced and also connected to a higher mitigation motivation. The mental coping and preparation after floods is further influenced by a good information provision and a social environment, which encourages a positive attitude towards private mitigation.
As an overall recommendation, approaches for an integrated flood risk management in Germany should be followed that also take flash floods into account and consider psychological characteristics of affected households to support and promote private flood mitigation. Targeted information campaigns that concern coping options and discuss current flood risks are important to better prepare for future flood hazards in Germany.
The central motivation of the thesis was to provide possible solutions and concepts to improve the performance (e.g. activity and selectivity) of electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR). Given that porous carbon-based materials usually exhibit a broad range of structural properties, they could be promising NRR catalysts. Therefore, the advanced design of novel porous carbon-based materials and the investigation of their application in electrocatalytic NRR including the particular reaction mechanisms are the most crucial points to be addressed. In this regard, three main topics were investigated. All of them are related to the functionalization of porous carbon for electrochemical NRR or other electrocatalytic reactions.
In chapter 3, a novel C-TixOy/C nanocomposite has been described that has been obtained via simple pyrolysis of MIL-125(Ti). A novel mode for N2 activation is achieved by doping carbon atoms from nearby porous carbon into the anion lattice of TixOy. By comparing the NRR performance of M-Ts and by carrying out DFT calculations, it is found that the existence of (O-)Ti-C bonds in C-doped TixOy can largely improve the ability to activate and reduce N2 as compared to unoccupied OVs in TiO2. The strategy of rationally doping heteroatoms into the anion lattice of transition metal oxides to create active centers may open many new opportunities beyond the use of noble metal-based catalysts also for other reactions that require the activation of small molecules as well.
In chapter 4, a novel catalyst construction composed of Au single atoms decorated on the surface of NDPCs was reported. The introduction of Au single atoms leads to active reaction sites, which are stabilized by the N species present in NDPCs. Thus, the interaction within as-prepared AuSAs-NDPCs catalysts enabled promising performance for electrochemical NRR. For the reaction mechanism, Au single sites and N or C species can act as Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) to enhance the electron donation and back-donation process to activate N2 molecules. This work provides new opportunities for catalyst design in order to achieve efficient N2 fixation at ambient conditions by utilizing recycled electric energy.
The last topic described in chapter 5 mainly focused on the synthesis of dual heteroatom-doped porous carbon from simple precursors. The introduction of N and B heteroatoms leads to the construction of N-B motives and Frustrated Lewis pairs in a microporous architecture which is also rich in point defects. This can improve the strength of adsorption of different reactants (N2 and HMF) and thus their activation. As a result, BNC-2 exhibits a desirable electrochemical NRR and HMF oxidation performance. Gas adsorption experiments have been used as a simple tool to elucidate the relationship between the structure and catalytic activity. This work provides novel and deep insights into the rational design and the origin of activity in metal-free electrocatalysts and enables a physically viable discussion of the active motives, as well as the search for their further applications.
Throughout this thesis, the ubiquitous problems of low selectivity and activity of electrochemical NRR are tackled by designing porous carbon-based catalysts with high efficiency and exploring their catalytic mechanisms. The structure-performance relationships and mechanisms of activation of the relatively inert N2 molecules are revealed by either experimental results or DFT calculations. These fundamental understandings pave way for a future optimal design and targeted promotion of NRR catalysts with porous carbon-based structure, as well as study of new N2 activation modes.
This study addresses the question of whether and how growing up with more than one language shapes a child's language impairment. Our focus is on Specific Language Impairment (SLI) in bilingual (Turkish-German) children. We specifically investigated a range of phenomena related to the so-called CP (Complementizer Phrase) in German, the hierarchically highest layer of syntactic clause structure, which has been argued to be particularly affected in children with SLI. Spontaneous speech data were examined from bilingual children with SLI in comparison to two comparison groups: (i) typically-developing bilingual children, (ii) monolingual children with SLI. We found that despite persistent difficulty with subject-verb agreement, the two groups of children with SLI did not show any impairment of the CP-domain. We conclude that while subject-verb agreement is a suitable linguistic marker of SLI in German-speaking children, for both monolingual and bilingual ones, 'vulnerability of the CP-domain' is not.
Children's online use of word order and morphosyntactic markers in Tagalog thematic role assignment
(2019)
We investigated whether Tagalog-speaking children incrementally interpret the first noun as the agent, even if verbal and nominal markers for assigning thematic roles are given early in Tagalog sentences. We asked five- and seven-year-old children and adult controls to select which of two pictures of reversible actions matched the sentence they heard, while their looks to the pictures were tracked. Accuracy and eye-tracking data showed that agent-initial sentences were easier to comprehend than patient-initial sentences, but the effect of word order was modulated by voice. Moreover, our eye-tracking data provided evidence that, by the first noun phrase, seven-year-old children looked more to the target in the agent-initial compared to the patient-initial conditions, but this word order advantage was no longer observed by the second noun phrase. The findings support language processing and acquisition models which emphasize the role of frequency in developing heuristic strategies (e.g., Chang, Dell, & Bock, 2006).
During the last few decades, the rapid separation of the Small Aral Sea from the isolated basin has changed its hydrological and ecological conditions tremendously. In the present study, we developed and validated the hybrid model for the Syr Darya River basin based on a combination of state-of-the-art hydrological and machine learning models. Climate change impact on freshwater inflow into the Small Aral Sea for the projection period 2007–2099 has been quantified based on the developed hybrid model and bias corrected and downscaled meteorological projections simulated by four General Circulation Models (GCM) for each of three Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios (RCP). The developed hybrid model reliably simulates freshwater inflow for the historical period with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.72 and a Kling–Gupta efficiency of 0.77. Results of the climate change impact assessment showed that the freshwater inflow projections produced by different GCMs are misleading by providing contradictory results for the projection period. However, we identified that the relative runoff changes are expected to be more pronounced in the case of more aggressive RCP scenarios. The simulated projections of freshwater inflow provide a basis for further assessment of climate change impacts on hydrological and ecological conditions of the Small Aral Sea in the 21st Century.
Land cover change is a dynamic phenomenon driven by synergetic biophysical and socioeconomic effects. It involves massive transitions from natural to less natural habitats and thereby threatens ecosystems and the services they provide. To retain intact ecosystems and reduce land cover change to a minimum of natural transition processes, a dense network of protected areas has been established across Europe. However, even protected areas and in particular the zones around protected areas have been shown to undergo land cover changes. The aim of our study was to compare land cover changes in protected areas, non-protected areas, and 1 km buffer zones around protected areas and analyse their relationship to climatic and socioeconomic factors across Europe between 2000 and 2012 based on earth observation data. We investigated land cover flows describing major change processes: urbanisation, afforestation, deforestation, intensification of agriculture, extensification of agriculture, and formation of water bodies. Based on boosted regression trees, we modelled correlations between land cover flows and climatic and socioeconomic factors. The results show that land cover changes were most frequent in 1 km buffer zones around protected areas (3.0% of all buffer areas affected). Overall, land cover changes within protected areas were less frequent than outside, although they still amounted to 18,800 km2 (1.5% of all protected areas) from 2000 to 2012. In some parts of Europe, urbanisation and intensification of agriculture still accounted for up to 25% of land cover changes within protected areas. Modelling revealed meaningful relationships between land cover changes and a combination of influencing factors. Demographic factors (accessibility to cities and population density) were most important for coarse-scale patterns of land cover changes, whereas fine-scale patterns were most related to longitude (representing the general east/west economic gradient) and latitude (representing the north/south climatic gradient).
Cocoa Bean Proteins
(2019)
The protein fractions of cocoa have been implicated influencing both the bioactive potential and sensory properties of cocoa and cocoa products. The objective of the present review is to show the impact of different stages of cultivation and processing with regard to the changes induced in the protein fractions. Special focus has been laid on the major seed storage proteins throughout the different stages of processing. The study starts with classical introduction of the extraction and the characterization methods used, while addressing classification approaches of cocoa proteins evolved during the timeline. The changes in protein composition during ripening and maturation of cocoa seeds, together with the possible modifications during the post-harvest processing (fermentation, drying, and roasting), have been documented. Finally, the bioactive potential arising directly or indirectly from cocoa proteins has been elucidated. The “state of the art” suggests that exploration of other potentially bioactive components in cocoa needs to be undertaken, while considering the complexity of reaction products occurring during the roasting phase of the post-harvest processing. Finally, the utilization of partially processed cocoa beans (e.g., fermented, conciliatory thermal treatment) can be recommended, providing a large reservoir of bioactive potentials arising from the protein components that could be instrumented in functionalizing foods.
We show that the codifference is a useful tool in studying the ergodicity breaking and non-Gaussianity properties of stochastic time series. While the codifference is a measure of dependence that was previously studied mainly in the context of stable processes, we here extend its range of applicability to random-parameter and diffusing-diffusivity models which are important in contemporary physics, biology and financial engineering. We prove that the codifference detects forms of dependence and ergodicity breaking which are not visible from analysing the covariance and correlation functions. We also discuss a related measure of dispersion, which is a nonlinear analogue of the mean squared displacement.
The natural abundance of Coiled Coil (CC) motifs in cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix proteins suggests that CCs play an important role as passive (structural) and active (regulatory) mechanical building blocks. CCs are self-assembled superhelical structures consisting of 2-7 α-helices. Self-assembly is driven by hydrophobic and ionic interactions, while the helix propensity of the individual helices contributes additional stability to the structure. As a direct result of this simple sequence-structure relationship, CCs serve as templates for protein design and sequences with a pre-defined thermodynamic stability have been synthesized de novo. Despite this quickly increasing knowledge and the vast number of possible CC applications, the mechanical function of CCs has been largely overlooked and little is known about how different CC design parameters determine the mechanical stability of CCs. Once available, this knowledge will open up new applications for CCs as nanomechanical building blocks, e.g. in biomaterials and nanobiotechnology.
With the goal of shedding light on the sequence-structure-mechanics relationship of CCs, a well-characterized heterodimeric CC was utilized as a model system. The sequence of this model system was systematically modified to investigate how different design parameters affect the CC response when the force is applied to opposing termini in a shear geometry or separated in a zipper-like fashion from the same termini (unzip geometry). The force was applied using an atomic force microscope set-up and dynamic single-molecule force spectroscopy was performed to determine the rupture forces and energy landscape properties of the CC heterodimers under study. Using force as a denaturant, CC chain separation is initiated by helix uncoiling from the force application points. In the shear geometry, this allows uncoiling-assisted sliding parallel to the force vector or dissociation perpendicular to the force vector. Both competing processes involve the opening of stabilizing hydrophobic (and ionic) interactions. Also in the unzip geometry, helix uncoiling precedes the rupture of hydrophobic contacts.
In a first series of experiments, the focus was placed on canonical modifications in the hydrophobic core and the helix propensity. Using the shear geometry, it was shown that both a reduced core packing and helix propensity lower the thermodynamic and mechanical stability of the CC; however, with different effects on the energy landscape of the system. A less tightly packed hydrophobic core increases the distance to the transition state, with only a small effect on the barrier height. This originates from a more dynamic and less tightly packed core, which provides more degrees of freedom to respond to the applied force in the direction of the force vector. In contrast, a reduced helix propensity decreases both the distance to the transition state and the barrier height. The helices are ‘easier’ to unfold and the remaining structure is less thermodynamically stable so that dissociation perpendicular to the force axis can occur at smaller deformations.
Having elucidated how canonical sequence modifications influence CC mechanics, the pulling geometry was investigated in the next step. Using one and the same sequence, the force application points were exchanged and two different shear and one unzipping geometry were compared. It was shown that the pulling geometry determines the mechanical stability of the CC. Different rupture forces were observed in the different shear as well as in the unzipping geometries, suggesting that chain separation follows different pathways on the energy landscape. Whereas the difference between CC shearing and unzipping was anticipated and has also been observed for other biological structures, the observed difference for the two shear geometries was less expected. It can be explained with the structural asymmetry of the CC heterodimer. It is proposed that the direction of the α-helices, the different local helix propensities and the position of a polar asparagine in the hydrophobic core are responsible for the observed difference in the chain separation pathways. In combination, these factors are considered to influence the interplay between processes parallel and perpendicular to the force axis.
To obtain more detailed insights into the role of helix stability, helical turns were reinforced locally using artificial constraints in the form of covalent and dynamic ‘staples’. A covalent staple bridges to adjacent helical turns, thus protecting them against uncoiling. The staple was inserted directly at the point of force application in one helix or in the same terminus of the other helix, which did not experience the force directly. It was shown that preventing helix uncoiling at the point of force application reduces the distance to the transition state while slightly increasing the barrier height. This confirms that helix uncoiling is critically important for CC chain separation. When inserted into the second helix, this stabilizing effect is transferred across the hydrophobic core and protects the force-loaded turns against uncoiling. If both helices were stapled, no additional increase in mechanical stability was observed. When replacing the covalent staple with a dynamic metal-coordination bond, a smaller decrease in the distance to the transition was observed, suggesting that the staple opens up while the CC is under load.
Using fluorinated amino acids as another type of non-natural modification, it was investigated how the enhanced hydrophobicity and the altered packing at the interface influences CC mechanics. The fluorinated amino acid was inserted into one central heptad of one or both α-helices. It was shown that this substitution destabilized the CC thermodynamically and mechanically. Specifically, the barrier height was decreased and the distance to the transition state increased. This suggests that a possible stabilizing effect of the increased hydrophobicity is overruled by a disturbed packing, which originates from a bad fit of the fluorinated amino acid into the local environment. This in turn increases the flexibility at the interface, as also observed for the hydrophobic core substitution described above. In combination, this confirms that the arrangement of the hydrophobic side chains is an additional crucial factor determining the mechanical stability of CCs.
In conclusion, this work shows that knowledge of the thermodynamic stability alone is not sufficient to predict the mechanical stability of CCs. It is the interplay between helix propensity and hydrophobic core packing that defines the sequence-structure-mechanics relationship. In combination, both parameters determine the relative contribution of processes parallel and perpendicular to the force axis, i.e. helix uncoiling and uncoiling-assisted sliding as well as dissociation. This new mechanistic knowledge provides insight into the mechanical function of CCs in tissues and opens up the road for designing CCs with pre-defined mechanical properties. The library of mechanically characterized CCs developed in this work is a powerful starting point for a wide spectrum of applications, ranging from molecular force sensors to mechanosensitive crosslinks in protein nanostructures and synthetic extracellular matrix mimics.
Force plays a fundamental role in the regulation of biological processes. Cells can sense the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by applying forces and transmitting mechanical signals. They further use mechanical information for regulating a wide range of cellular functions, including adhesion, migration, proliferation, as well as differentiation and apoptosis. Even though it is well understood that mechanical signals play a crucial role in directing cell fate, surprisingly little is known about the range of forces that define cell-ECM interactions at the molecular level.
Recently, synthetic molecular force sensor (MFS) designs have been established for measuring the molecular forces acting at the cell-ECM interface. MFSs detect the traction forces generated by cells and convert this mechanical input into an optical readout. They are composed of calibrated mechanoresponsive building blocks and are usually equipped with a fluorescence reporter system. Up to date, many different MFS designs have been introduced and successfully used for measuring forces involved in the adhesion of mammalian cells. These MFSs utilize different molecular building blocks, such as double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) molecules, DNA hairpins and synthetic polymers like polyethylene glycol (PEG). These currently available MFS designs lack ECM mimicking properties.
In this work, I introduce a new MFS building block for cell biology applications, derived from the natural ECM. It combines mechanical tunability with the ability to mimic the native cellular microenvironment. Inspired by structural ECM proteins with load bearing function, this new MFS design utilizes coiled coil (CC)-forming peptides. CCs are involved in structural and mechanical tasks in the cellular microenvironment and many of the key protein components of the cytoskeleton and the ECM contain CC structures. The well-known folding motif of CC structures, an easy synthesis via solid phase methods and the many roles CCs play in biological processes have inspired studies to use CCs as tunable model systems for protein design and assembly. All these properties make CCs ideal candidates as building blocks for MFSs. In this work, a series of heterodimeric CCs were designed, characterized and further used as molecular building blocks for establishing a novel, next-generation MFS prototype.
A mechanistic molecular understanding of their structural response to mechanical load is essential for revealing the sequence-structure-mechanics relationships of CCs. Here, synthetic heterodimeric CCs of different length were loaded in shear geometry and their mechanical response was investigated using a combination of atomic force microscope (AFM)-based single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations. SMFS showed that the rupture forces of short heterodimeric CCs (3-5 heptads) lie in the range of 20-50 pN, depending on CC length, pulling geometry and the applied loading rate (dF/dt). Upon shearing, an initial rise in the force, followed by a force plateau and ultimately strand separation was observed in SMD simulations. A detailed structural analysis revealed that CC response to shear load depends on the loading rate and involves helix uncoiling, uncoiling-assisted sliding in the direction of the applied force and uncoiling-assisted dissociation perpendicular to the force axis.
The application potential of these mechanically characterized CCs as building blocks for MFSs has been tested in 2D cell culture applications with the goal of determining the threshold force for cell adhesion. Fully calibrated, 4- to 5-heptad long, CC motifs (CC-A4B4 and CC-A5B5) were used for functionalizing glass surfaces with MFSs. 3T3 fibroblasts and endothelial cells carrying mutations in a signaling pathway linked to cell adhesion and mechanotransduction processes were used as model systems for time-dependent adhesion experiments. A5B5-MFS efficiently supported cell attachment to the functionalized surfaces for both cell types, while A4B4-MFS failed to maintain attachment of 3T3 fibroblasts after the first 2 hours of initial cell adhesion. This difference in cell adhesion behavior demonstrates that the magnitude of cell-ECM forces varies depending on the cell type and further supports the application potential of CCs as mechanoresponsive and tunable molecular building blocks for the development of next-generation protein-based MFSs.This novel CC-based MFS design is expected to provide a powerful new tool for observing cellular mechanosensing processes at the molecular level and to deliver new insights into the mechanisms and forces involved. This MFS design, utilizing mechanically tunable CC building blocks, will not only allow for measuring the molecular forces acting at the cell-ECM interface, but also yield a new platform for the development of mechanically controlled materials for a large number of biological and medical applications.
The Collatz conjecture is a number theoretical problem, which has puzzled countless researchers using myriad approaches. Presently, there are scarcely any methodologies to describe and treat the problem from the perspective of the Algebraic Theory of Automata. Such an approach is promising with respect to facilitating the comprehension of the Collatz sequence’s "mechanics". The systematic technique of a state machine is both simpler and can fully be described by the use of algebraic means.
The current gap in research forms the motivation behind the present contribution. The present authors are convinced that exploring the Collatz conjecture in an algebraic manner, relying on findings and fundamentals of Graph Theory and Automata Theory, will simplify the problem as a whole.
The Collatz conjecture is a number theoretical problem, which has puzzled countless researchers using myriad approaches. Presently, there are scarcely any methodologies to describe and treat the problem from the perspective of the Algebraic Theory of Automata. Such an approach is promising with respect to facilitating the comprehension of the Collatz sequences "mechanics". The systematic technique of a state machine is both simpler and can fully be described by the use of algebraic means.
The current gap in research forms the motivation behind the present contribution. The present authors are convinced that exploring the Collatz conjecture in an algebraic manner, relying on findings and fundamentals of Graph Theory and Automata Theory, will simplify the problem as a whole.
Biochar is being discussed as a soil amendment to improve soil fertility and mitigate climate change. While biochar interactions with soil microbial biota have been frequently studied, interactions with soil mesofauna are understudied. We here present an experiment in which we tested if the collembolan Folsomia candida I) can transport biochar particles, II) if yes, how far the particles are distributed within 10 days, and III) if it shows a preference among biochars made from different feedstocks, i.e. pine wood, pine bark and spelt husks. In general, biochar particles based on pine bark and pine wood were consistently distributed significantly more than those made of spelt husks, but all types were transported more than 4cm within 10 days. Additionally, we provide evidence that biochar particles can become readily attached to the cuticle of collembolans and hence be transported, potentially even over large distances. Our study shows that the soil mesofauna can indeed act as a vector for the transport of biochar particles and show clear preferences depending on the respective feedstock, which would need to be studied in more detail in the future.
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of combined resistance and plyometric/sprint training with plyometric/sprint training or typical soccer training alone on muscle strength and power, speed, change-of-direction ability in young soccer players. Thirty-one young (14.5 ± 0.52 years; tanner stage 3–4) soccer players were randomly assigned to either a combined- (COMB, n = 14), plyometric-training (PLYO, n = 9) or an active control group (CONT, n = 8). Two training sessions were added to the regular soccer training consisting of one session of light-load high-velocity resistance exercises combined with one session of plyometric/sprint training (COMB), two sessions of plyometric/sprint training (PLYO) or two soccer training sessions (CONT). Training volume was similar between the experimental groups. Before and after 7-weeks of training, peak torque, as well as absolute and relative (normalized to torque; RTDr) rate of torque development (RTD) during maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors (KE) were monitored at time intervals from the onset of contraction to 200 ms. Jump height, sprinting speed at 5, 10, 20-m and change-of-direction ability performances were also assessed. There were no significant between–group baseline differences. Both COMB and PLYO significantly increased their jump height (Δ14.3%; ES = 0.94; Δ12.1%; ES = 0.54, respectively) and RTD at mid to late phases but with greater within effect sizes in COMB in comparison with PLYO. However, significant increases in peak torque (Δ16.9%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.58), RTD (Δ44.3%; ES = 0.71), RTDr (Δ27.3%; ES = 0.62) and sprint performance at 5-m (Δ-4.7%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.73) were found in COMB without any significant pre-to-post change in PLYO and CONT groups. Our results suggest that COMB is more effective than PLYO or CONT for enhancing strength, sprint and jump performances.
The Arctic-Boreal regions experience strong changes of air temperature and precipitation regimes, which affect the thermal state of the permafrost. This results in widespread permafrost-thaw disturbances, some unfolding slowly and over long periods, others occurring rapidly and abruptly. Despite optical remote sensing offering a variety of techniques to assess and monitor landscape changes, a persistent cloud cover decreases the amount of usable images considerably. However, combining data from multiple platforms promises to increase the number of images drastically. We therefore assess the comparability of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 imagery and the possibility to use both Landsat and Sentinel-2 images together in time series analyses, achieving a temporally-dense data coverage in Arctic-Boreal regions. We determined overlapping same-day acquisitions of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 images for three representative study sites in Eastern Siberia. We then compared the Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 pixel-pairs, downscaled to 60 m, of corresponding bands and derived the ordinary least squares regression for every band combination. The acquired coefficients were used for spectral bandpass adjustment between the two sensors. The spectral band comparisons showed an overall good fit between Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 images already. The ordinary least squares regression analyses underline the generally good spectral fit with intercept values between 0.0031 and 0.056 and slope values between 0.531 and 0.877. A spectral comparison after spectral bandpass adjustment of Sentinel-2 values to Landsat-8 shows a nearly perfect alignment between the same-day images. The spectral band adjustment succeeds in adjusting Sentinel-2 spectral values to Landsat-8 very well in Eastern Siberian Arctic-Boreal landscapes. After spectral adjustment, Landsat and Sentinel-2 data can be used to create temporally-dense time series and be applied to assess permafrost landscape changes in Eastern Siberia. Remaining differences between the sensors can be attributed to several factors including heterogeneous terrain, poor cloud and cloud shadow masking, and mixed pixels.
The lack of soil data, which are relevant, reliable, affordable, immediately available, and sufficiently detailed, is still a significant challenge in precision agriculture. A promising technology for the spatial assessment of the distribution of chemical elements within fields, without sample preparation is laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Its advantages are contrasted by a strong matrix dependence of the LIBS signal which necessitates careful data evaluation. In this work, different calibration approaches for soil LIBS data are presented. The data were obtained from 139 soil samples collected on two neighboring agricultural fields in a quaternary landscape of northeast Germany with very variable soils. Reference analysis was carried out by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy after wet digestion. The major nutrients Ca and Mg and the minor nutrient Fe were investigated. Three calibration strategies were compared. The first method was based on univariate calibration by standard addition using just one soil sample and applying the derived calibration model to the LIBS data of both fields. The second univariate model derived the calibration from the reference analytics of all samples from one field. The prediction is validated by LIBS data of the second field. The third method is a multivariate calibration approach based on partial least squares regression (PLSR). The LIBS spectra of the first field are used for training. Validation was carried out by 20-fold cross-validation using the LIBS data of the first field and independently on the second field data. The second univariate method yielded better calibration and prediction results compared to the first method, since matrix effects were better accounted for. PLSR did not strongly improve the prediction in comparison to the second univariate method.
Fractures serve as highly conductive preferential flow paths for fluids in rocks, which are difficult to exactly reconstruct in numerical models. Especially, in low-conductive rocks, fractures are often the only pathways for advection of solutes and heat. The presented study compares the results from hydraulic and tracer tomography applied to invert a theoretical discrete fracture network (DFN) that is based on data from synthetic cross-well testing. For hydraulic tomography, pressure pulses in various injection intervals are induced and the pressure responses in the monitoring intervals of a nearby observation well are recorded. For tracer tomography, a conservative tracer is injected in different well levels and the depth-dependent breakthrough of the tracer is monitored. A recently introduced transdimensional Bayesian inversion procedure is applied for both tomographical methods, which adjusts the fracture positions, orientations, and numbers based on given geometrical fracture statistics. The used Metropolis-Hastings-Green algorithm is refined by the simultaneous estimation of the measurement error’s variance, that is, the measurement noise. Based on the presented application to invert the two-dimensional cross-section between source and the receiver well, the hydraulic tomography reveals itself to be more suitable for reconstructing the original DFN. This is based on a probabilistic representation of the inverted results by means of fracture probabilities.
Emotions are a central element of human experience. They occur with high frequency in everyday life and play an important role in decision making. However, currently there is no consensus among researchers on what constitutes an emotion and on how emotions should be investigated. This dissertation identifies three problems of current emotion research: the problem of ground truth, the problem of incomplete constructs and the problem of optimal representation. I argue for a focus on the detailed measurement of emotion manifestations with computer-aided methods to solve these problems. This approach is demonstrated in three research projects, which describe the development of methods specific to these problems as well as their application to concrete research questions.
The problem of ground truth describes the practice to presuppose a certain structure of emotions as the a priori ground truth. This determines the range of emotion descriptions and sets a standard for the correct assignment of these descriptions. The first project illustrates how this problem can be circumvented with a multidimensional emotion perception paradigm which stands in contrast to the emotion recognition paradigm typically employed in emotion research. This paradigm allows to calculate an objective difficulty measure and to collect subjective difficulty ratings for the perception of emotional stimuli. Moreover, it enables the use of an arbitrary number of emotion stimuli categories as compared to the commonly used six basic emotion categories. Accordingly, we collected data from 441 participants using dynamic facial expression stimuli from 40 emotion categories. Our findings suggest an increase in emotion perception difficulty with increasing actor age and provide evidence to suggest that young adults, the elderly and men underestimate their emotion perception difficulty. While these effects were predicted from the literature, we also found unexpected and novel results. In particular, the increased difficulty on the objective difficulty measure for female actors and observers stood in contrast to reported findings. Exploratory analyses revealed low relevance of person-specific variables for the prediction of emotion perception difficulty, but highlighted the importance of a general pleasure dimension for the ease of emotion perception.
The second project targets the problem of incomplete constructs which relates to vaguely defined psychological constructs on emotion with insufficient ties to tangible manifestations. The project exemplifies how a modern data collection method such as face tracking data can be used to sharpen these constructs on the example of arousal, a long-standing but fuzzy construct in emotion research. It describes how measures of distance, speed and magnitude of acceleration can be computed from face tracking data and investigates their intercorrelations. We find moderate to strong correlations among all measures of static information on one hand and all measures of dynamic information on the other. The project then investigates how self-rated arousal is tied to these measures in 401 neurotypical individuals and 19 individuals with autism. Distance to the neutral face was predictive of arousal ratings in both groups. Lower mean arousal ratings were found for the autistic group, but no difference in correlation of the measures and arousal ratings could be found between groups. Results were replicated in a high autistic traits group consisting of 41 participants. The findings suggest a qualitatively similar perception of arousal for individuals with and without autism. No correlations between valence ratings and any of the measures could be found which emphasizes the specificity of our tested measures for the construct of arousal.
The problem of optimal representation refers to the search for the best representation of emotions and the assumption that there is a one-fits-all solution. In the third project we introduce partial least squares analysis as a general method to find an optimal representation to relate two high-dimensional data sets to each other. The project demonstrates its applicability to emotion research on the question of emotion perception differences between men and women. The method was used with emotion rating data from 441 participants and face tracking data computed on 306 videos. We found quantitative as well as qualitative differences in the perception of emotional facial expressions between these groups. We showed that women’s emotional perception systematically captured more of the variance in facial expressions. Additionally, we could show that significant differences exist in the way that women and men perceive some facial expressions which could be visualized as concrete facial expression sequences. These expressions suggest differing perceptions of masked and ambiguous facial expressions between the sexes. In order to facilitate use of the developed method by the research community, a package for the statistical environment R was written. Furthermore, to call attention to the method and its usefulness for emotion research, a website was designed that allows users to explore a model of emotion ratings and facial expression data in an interactive fashion.
Cold-regulated (COR) 15A is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) from Arabidopsis thaliana important for freezing tolerance. During freezing-induced cellular dehydration, COR15A transitions from a disordered to mostly alpha-helical structure. We tested whether mutations that increase the helicity of COR15A also increase its protective function. Conserved glycine residues were identified and mutated to alanine. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to identify residue-specific changes in helicity for wildtype (WT) COR15A and the mutants. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used to monitor the coil-helix transition in response to increasing concentrations of trifluoroethanol (TFE) and ethylene glycol. The impact of the COR15A mutants on the stability of model membranes during a freeze-thaw cycle was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. The results of these experiments showed the mutants had a higher content of alpha-helical structure and the increased alpha-helicity improved membrane stabilization during freezing. Comparison of the TFE- and ethylene glycol-induced coil-helix transitions support our conclusion that increasing the transient helicity of COR15A in aqueous solution increases its ability to stabilize membranes during freezing. Altogether, our results suggest the conserved glycine residues are important for maintaining the disordered structure of COR15A but are also compatible with the formation of alpha-helical structure during freezing induced dehydration.
This dissertation combines field and geochemical observations and analyses with numerical modeling to understand the formation of vein-hosted Sn-W ore in the Panasqueira deposit of Portugal, which is among the ten largest worldwide. The deposit is located above a granite body that is altered by magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in its upper part (greisen). These fluids are thought to be the source of metals, but that was still under debate. The goal of this study is to determine the composition and temperature of hydrothermal fluids at Panasqueira, and with that information to construct a numerical model of the hydrothermal system. The focus is on analysis of the minerals tourmaline and white mica, which formed during mineralization and are widespread throughout the deposit. Tourmaline occurs mainly in alteration zones around mineralized veins and is less abundant in the vein margins. White mica is more widespread. It is abundant in vein margins as well as alteration zones, and also occurs in the granite greisen. The laboratory work involved in-situ microanalysis of major- and trace elements in tourmaline and white mica, and boron-isotope analysis in both minerals by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).
The boron-isotope composition of tourmaline and white mica suggests a magmatic source. Comparison of hydrothermally-altered and unaltered rocks from drill cores shows that the ore metals (W, Sn, Cu, and Zn) and As, F, Li, Rb, and Cs were introduced during the alteration. Most of these elements are also enriched in tourmaline and mica, which confirms their potential value as exploration guides to Sn-W ores elsewhere.
The thermal evolution of the hydrothermal system was estimated by B-isotope exchange thermometry and the Ti-in-quartz method. Both methods yielded similar temperatures for the early hydrothermal phase: 430° to 460°C for B-isotopes and 503° ± 24°C for Ti-in-quartz. Mineral pairs from a late fault zone yield significantly lower median temperatures of 250°C. The combined results of thermometry with variations in chemical and B-isotope composition of tourmaline and mica suggest that a similar magmatic-hydrothermal fluid was active at all stages of mineralization. Mineralization in the late stage shows the same B-isotope composition as in the main stage despite a ca. 250°C cooling, which supports a multiple injection model of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids.
Two-dimensional numerical simulations of convection in a multiphase NaCl hydrothermal system were conducted: (a) in order to test a new approach (lower dimensional elements) for flow through fractures and faults and (b) in order to identify conditions for horizontal fluid flow as observed in the flat-lying veins at Panasqueira. The results show that fluid flow over an intrusion (heat and fluid source) develops a horizontal component if there is sufficient fracture connectivity. Late, steep fault zones have been identified in the deposit area, which locally contain low-temperature Zn-Pb mineralization. The model results confirm that the presence of subvertical faults with enhanced permeability play a crucial role in the ascent of magmatic fluids to the surface and the recharge of meteoric waters. Finally, our model results suggest that recharge of meteoric fluids and mixing processes may be important at later stages, while flow of magmatic fluids dominate the early stages of the hydrothermal fluid circulation.
Magmatic-hydrothermal fluids are responsible for numerous mineralization types, including porphyry copper and granite related tin-tungsten (Sn-W) deposits. Ore formation is dependent on various factors, including, the pressure and temperature regime of the intrusions, the chemical composition of the magma and hydrothermal fluids, and fluid rock interaction during the ascent. Fluid inclusions have potential to provide direct information on the temperature, salinity, pressure and chemical composition of fluids responsible for ore formation. Numerical modeling allows the parametrization of pluton features that cannot be analyzed directly via geological observations.
Microthermometry of fluid inclusions from the Zinnwald Sn-W deposit, Erzgebirge, Germany / Czech Republic, provide evidence that the greisen mineralization is associated with a low salinity (2-10 wt.% NaCl eq.) fluid with homogenization temperatures between 350°C and 400°C. Quartzes from numerous veins are host to inclusions with the same temperatures and salinities, whereas cassiterite- and wolframite-hosted assemblages with slightly lower temperatures (around 350°C) and higher salinities (ca. 15 wt. NaCl eq.). Further, rare quartz samples contained boiling assemblages consisting of coexisting brine and vapor phases. The formation of ore minerals within the greisen is driven by invasive fluid-rock interaction, resulting in the loss of complexing agents (Cl-) leading to precipitation of cassiterite. The fluid inclusion record in the veins suggests boiling as the main reason for cassiterite and wolframite mineralization. Ore and coexisting gangue minerals hosted different types of fluid inclusions where the beginning boiling processes are solely preserved by the ore minerals emphasizing the importance of microthermometry in ore minerals. Further, the study indicates that boiling as a precipitation mechanism can only occur in mineralization related to shallow intrusions whereas deeper plutons prevent the fluid from boiling and can therefore form tungsten mineralization in the distal regions.
The tin mineralization in the Hämmerlein deposit, Erzgebirge, Germany, occurs within a skarn horizon and the underlying schist. Cassiterite within the skarn contains highly saline (30-50 wt% NaCl eq.) fluid inclusions, with homogenization temperatures up to 500°C, whereas cassiterites from the schist and additional greisen samples contain inclusions of lower salinity (~5 wt% NaCl eq.) and temperature (between 350 and 400°C). Inclusions in the gangue minerals (quartz, fluorite) preserve homogenization temperatures below 350°C and sphalerite showed the lowest homogenization temperatures (ca. 200°C) whereby all minerals (cassiterite from schist and greisen, gangue minerals and sphalerite) show similar salinity ranges (2-5 wt% NaCl eq.). Similar trace element contents and linear trends in the chemistry of the inclusions suggest a common source fluid. The inclusion record in the Hämmerlein deposit documents an early exsolution of hot brines from the underlying granite which is responsible for the mineralization hosted by the skarn. Cassiterites in schist and greisen are mainly forming due to fluid-rock interaction at lower temperatures. The low temperature inclusions documented in the sphalerite mineralization as well as their generally low trace element composition in comparison to the other minerals suggests that their formation was induced by mixing with meteoric fluids.
Numerical simulations of magma chambers and overlying copper distribution document the importance of incremental growth by sills. We analyzed the cooling behavior at variable injection intervals as well as sill thicknesses. The models suggest that magma accumulation requires volumetric injection rates of at least 4 x 10-4 km³/y. These injection rates are further needed to form a stable magmatic-hydrothermal fluid plume above the magma chamber to ensure a constant copper precipitation and enrichment within a confined location in order to form high-grade ore shells within a narrow geological timeframe between 50 and 100 kyrs as suggested for porphyry copper deposits. The highest copper enrichment can be found in regions with steep temperature gradients, typical of regions where the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid meets the cooler ambient fluids.
Cooperation is — despite not being predicted by game theory — a widely documented aspect of human behaviour in Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) situations. This article presents a comparison between subjects restricted to playing pure strategies and subjects allowed to play mixed strategies in a one-shot symmetric PD laboratory experiment. Subjects interact with 10 other subjects and take their decisions all at once. Because subjects in the mixed-strategy treatment group are allowed to condition their level of cooperation more precisely on their beliefs about their counterparts’ level of cooperation, we predicted the cooperation rate in the mixed-strategy treatment group to be higher than in the pure-strategy control group. The results of our experiment reject our prediction: even after controlling for beliefs about the other subjects’ level of cooperation, we find that cooperation in the mixed-strategy group is lower than in the pure-strategy group. We also find, however, that subjects in the mixedstrategy group condition their cooperative behaviour more closely on their beliefs than in the pure-strategy group. In the mixed-strategy group, most subjects choose intermediate levels of cooperation.
Abstract
The emerging diffusive dynamics in many complex systems show a characteristic crossover behaviour from anomalous to normal diffusion which is otherwise fitted by two independent power-laws. A prominent example for a subdiffusive–diffusive crossover are viscoelastic systems such as lipid bilayer membranes, while superdiffusive–diffusive crossovers occur in systems of actively moving biological cells. We here consider the general dynamics of a stochastic particle driven by so-called tempered fractional Gaussian noise, that is noise with Gaussian amplitude and power-law correlations, which are cut off at some mesoscopic time scale. Concretely we consider such noise with built-in exponential or power-law tempering, driving an overdamped Langevin equation (fractional Brownian motion) and fractional Langevin equation motion. We derive explicit expressions for the mean squared displacement and correlation functions, including different shapes of the crossover behaviour depending on the concrete tempering, and discuss the physical meaning of the tempering. In the case of power-law tempering we also find a crossover behaviour from faster to slower superdiffusion and slower to faster subdiffusion. As a direct application of our model we demonstrate that the obtained dynamics quantitatively describes the subdiffusion–diffusion and subdiffusion–subdiffusion crossover in lipid bilayer systems. We also show that a model of tempered fractional Brownian motion recently proposed by Sabzikar and Meerschaert leads to physically very different behaviour with a seemingly paradoxical ballistic long time scaling.
Trace elements, like Cu, Zn, Fe, or Se, are important for the proper functioning of antioxidant enzymes. However, in excessive amounts, they can also act as pro-oxidants. Accordingly, trace elements influence redox-modulated signaling pathways, such as the Nrf2 pathway. Vice versa, Nrf2 target genes belong to the group of transport and metal binding proteins. In order to investigate whether Nrf2 directly regulates the systemic trace element status, we used mice to study the effect of a constitutive, whole-body Nrf2 knockout on the systemic status of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Se. As the loss of selenoproteins under Se-deprived conditions has been described to further enhance Nrf2 activity, we additionally analyzed the combination of Nrf2 knockout with feeding diets that provide either suboptimal, adequate, or supplemented amounts of Se. Experiments revealed that the Nrf2 knockout partially affected the trace element concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, or Se in the intestine, liver, and/or plasma. However, aside from Fe, the other three trace elements were only marginally modulated in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Selenium deficiency mainly resulted in increased plasma Zn levels. One putative mediator could be the metal regulatory transcription factor 1, which was up-regulated with an increasing Se supply and downregulated in Se-supplemented Nrf2 knockout mice.
Garnet of eclogite (formerly termed garnet clinopyroxenite) hosted in lenses of orogenic garnet peridotite from the Granulitgebirge, NW Bohemian Massif, contains unique inclusions of granitic melt, now either glassy or crystallized. Analysed glasses and re‐homogenized inclusions are hydrous, peraluminous, and enriched in highly incompatible elements characteristic of the continental crust such as Cs, Li, B, Pb, Rb, Th, and U. The original melt thus represents a pristine, chemically evolved metasomatic agent, which infiltrated the mantle via deep continental subduction during the Variscan orogeny. The bulk chemical composition of the studied eclogites is similar to that of Fe‐rich basalt and the enrichment in LILE and U suggest a subduction‐related component. All these geochemical features confirm metasomatism. In comparison with many other garnet+clinopyroxene‐bearing lenses in peridotites of the Bohemian Massif, the studied samples from Rubinberg and Klatschmühle are more akin to eclogite than pyroxenites, as reflected in high jadeite content in clinopyroxene, relatively low Mg, Cr, and Ni but relatively high Ti. However, trace elements of both bulk rock and individual mineral phases show also important differences making these samples rather unique. Metasomatism involving a melt requiring a trace element pattern very similar to the composition reported here has been suggested for the source region of rocks of the so‐called durbachite suite, that is, ultrapotassic melanosyenites, which are found throughout the high‐grade Variscan basement. Moreover, the Th, U, Pb, Nb, Ta, and Ti patterns of these newly studied melt inclusions (MI) strongly resemble those observed for peridotite and its enclosed pyroxenite from the T‐7 borehole (Staré, České Středhoři Mountains) in N Bohemia. This suggests that a similar kind of crustal‐derived melt also occurred here. This study of granitic MI in eclogites from peridotites has provided the first direct characterization of a preserved metasomatic melt, possibly responsible for the metasomatism of several parts of the mantle in the Variscides.
The title compounds, 2-azaspiro[4.5]deca-1-one, C₉H₁₅NO, (1a), cis-8-methyl-2-azaspiro[4.5]deca-1-one, C₁₀H₁₇NO, (1b), and trans-8-methyl-2-azaspiro[4.5]deca-1-one, C₁₀H₁₇NO, (1c), were synthesized from benzoic acids 2 in only 3 steps in high yields. Crystallization from n-hexane afforded single crystals, suitable for X-ray diffraction. Thus, the configurations, conformations, and interesting crystal packing effects have been determined unequivocally. The bicyclic skeleton consists of a lactam ring, attached by a spiro junction to a cyclohexane ring. The lactam ring adopts an envelope conformation and the cyclohexane ring has a chair conformation. The main difference between compound 1b and compound 1c is the position of the carbonyl group on the 2-pyrrolidine ring with respect to the methyl group on the 8-position of the cyclohexane ring, which is cis (1b) or trans (1c). A remarkable feature of all three compounds is the existence of a mirror plane within the molecule. Given that all compounds crystallize in centrosymmetric space groups, the packing always contains interesting enantiomer-like pairs. Finally, the structures are stabilized by intermolecular N–H···O hydrogen bonds.
Since half a century, cytometry has been a major scientific discipline in the field of cytomics - the study of system’s biology at single cell level. It enables the investigation of physiological processes, functional characteristics and rare events with proteins by analysing multiple parameters on an individual cell basis. In the last decade, mass cytometry has been established which increased the parallel measurement to up to 50 proteins. This has shifted the analysis strategy from conventional consecutive manual gates towards multi-dimensional data processing. Novel algorithms have been developed to tackle these high-dimensional protein combinations in the data. They are mainly based on clustering or non-linear dimension reduction techniques, or both, often combined with an upstream downsampling procedure. However, these tools have obstacles either in comprehensible interpretability, reproducibility, computational complexity or in comparability between samples and groups.
To address this bottleneck, a reproducible, semi-automated cytometric data mining workflow PRI (pattern recognition of immune cells) is proposed which combines three main steps: i) data preparation and storage; ii) bin-based combinatorial variable engineering of three protein markers, the so called triploTs, and subsequent sectioning of these triploTs in four parts; and iii) deployment of a data-driven supervised learning algorithm, the cross-validated elastic-net regularized logistic regression, with these triploT sections as input variables. As a result, the selected variables from the models are ranked by their prevalence, which potentially have discriminative value. The purpose is to significantly facilitate the identification of meaningful subpopulations, which are most distinguish between two groups. The proposed workflow PRI is exemplified by a recently published public mass cytometry data set. The authors found a T cell subpopulation which is discriminative between effective and ineffective treatment of breast carcinomas in mice. With PRI, that subpopulation was not only validated, but was further narrowed down as a particular Th1 cell population. Moreover, additional insights of combinatorial protein expressions are revealed in a traceable manner. An essential element in the workflow is the reproducible variable engineering. These variables serve as basis for a clearly interpretable visualization, for a structured variable exploration and as input layers in neural network constructs.
PRI facilitates the determination of marker levels in a semi-continuous manner. Jointly with the combinatorial display, it allows a straightforward observation of correlating patterns, and thus, the dominant expressed markers and cell hierarchies. Furthermore, it enables the identification and complex characterization of discriminating subpopulations due to its reproducible and pseudo-multi-parametric pattern presentation. This endorses its applicability as a tool for unbiased investigations on cell subsets within multi-dimensional cytometric data sets.
The in‐depth understanding of charge carrier photogeneration and recombination mechanisms in organic solar cells is still an ongoing effort. In donor:acceptor (bulk) heterojunction organic solar cells, charge photogeneration and recombination are inter‐related via the kinetics of charge transfer states—being singlet or triplet states. Although high‐charge‐photogeneration quantum yields are achieved in many donor:acceptor systems, only very few systems show significantly reduced bimolecular recombination relative to the rate of free carrier encounters, in low‐mobility systems. This is a serious limitation for the industrialization of organic solar cells, in particular when aiming at thick active layers. Herein, a meta‐analysis of the device performance of numerous bulk heterojunction organic solar cells is presented for which field‐dependent photogeneration, charge carrier mobility, and fill factor are determined. Herein, a “spin‐related factor” that is dependent on the ratio of back electron transfer of the triplet charge transfer (CT) states to the decay rate of the singlet CT states is introduced. It is shown that this factor links the recombination reduction factor to charge‐generation efficiency. As a consequence, it is only in the systems with very efficient charge generation and very fast CT dissociation that free carrier recombination is strongly suppressed, regardless of the spin‐related factor.
Medical imaging plays an important role in disease diagnosis, treatment planning, and clinical monitoring. One of the major challenges in medical image analysis is imbalanced training data, in which the class of interest is much rarer than the other classes. Canonical machine learning algorithms suppose that the number of samples from different classes in the training dataset is roughly similar or balance. Training a machine learning model on an imbalanced dataset can introduce unique challenges to the learning problem.
A model learned from imbalanced training data is biased towards the high-frequency samples. The predicted results of such networks have low sensitivity and high precision. In medical applications, the cost of misclassification of the minority class could be more than the cost of misclassification of the majority class. For example, the risk of not detecting a tumor could be much higher than referring to a healthy subject to a doctor. The current Ph.D. thesis introduces several deep learning-based approaches for handling class imbalanced problems for learning multi-task such as disease classification and semantic segmentation.
At the data-level, the objective is to balance the data distribution through re-sampling the data space: we propose novel approaches to correct internal bias towards fewer frequency samples. These approaches include patient-wise batch sampling, complimentary labels, supervised and unsupervised minority oversampling using generative adversarial networks for all.
On the other hand, at algorithm-level, we modify the learning algorithm to alleviate the bias towards majority classes. In this regard, we propose different generative adversarial networks for cost-sensitive learning, ensemble learning, and mutual learning to deal with highly imbalanced imaging data.
We show evidence that the proposed approaches are applicable to different types of medical images of varied sizes on different applications of routine clinical tasks, such as disease classification and semantic segmentation. Our various implemented algorithms have shown outstanding results on different medical imaging challenges.
Dermal Delivery of the High-Molecular-Weight Drug Tacrolimus by Means of Polyglycerol-Based Nanogels
(2019)
Polyglycerol-based thermoresponsive nanogels (tNGs) have been shown to have excellent skin hydration properties and to be valuable delivery systems for sustained release of drugs into skin. In this study, we compared the skin penetration of tacrolimus formulated in tNGs with a commercial 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. The penetration of the drug was investigated in ex vivo abdominal and breast skin, while different methods for skin barrier disruption were investigated to improve skin permeability or simulate inflammatory conditions with compromised skin barrier. The amount of penetrated tacrolimus was measured in skin extracts by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), whereas the inflammatory markers IL-6 and IL-8 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Higher amounts of tacrolimus penetrated in breast as compared to abdominal skin or in barrier-disrupted as compared to intact skin, confirming that the stratum corneum is the main barrier for tacrolimus skin penetration. The anti-proliferative effect of the penetrated drug was measured in skin tissue/Jurkat cells co-cultures. Interestingly, tNGs exhibited similar anti-proliferative effects as the 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. We conclude that polyglycerol-based nanogels represent an interesting alternative to paraffin-based formulations for the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions.
This article analyses salient trade-offs in the design of democracy. It grounds this analysis in a distinction between two basic models of democracy: simple and complex majoritarianism. These models differ not only in their electoral and party systems, but also in the style of coalition-building. Simple majoritarianism concentrates executive power in a single majority party; complex majoritarianism envisions the formation of shifting, issue-specific coalitions among multiple parties whose programs differ across multiple conflict dimensions. The latter pattern of coalition formation is very difficult to create and sustain under pure parliamentary government. A separation of powers between executive and legislature can facilitate such a pattern, while also achieving central goals of simple majoritarianism: identifiable cabinet alternatives before the election and stable cabinets afterward. The separation of powers can thus balance simple and complex majoritarianism in ways that are unavailable under parliamentarism. The article also compares the presidential and semi-parliamentary versions of the separation of powers. It argues that the latter has important advantages, e.g., when it comes to resolving inter-branch deadlock, as it avoids the concentration of executive power in a single human being.
Determining the optimal grid resolution for topographic analysis on an airborne lidar dataset
(2019)
Digital elevation models (DEMs) are a gridded representation of the surface of the Earth and typically contain uncertainties due to data collection and processing. Slope and aspect estimates on a DEM contain errors and uncertainties inherited from the representation of a continuous surface as a grid (referred to as truncation error; TE) and from any DEM uncertainty. We analyze in detail the impacts of TE and propagated elevation uncertainty (PEU) on slope and aspect.
Using synthetic data as a control, we define functions to quantify both TE and PEU for arbitrary grids. We then develop a quality metric which captures the combined impact of both TE and PEU on the calculation of topographic metrics. Our quality metric allows us to examine the spatial patterns of error and uncertainty in topographic metrics and to compare calculations on DEMs of different sizes and accuracies.
Using lidar data with point density of ∼10 pts m−2 covering Santa Cruz Island in southern California, we are able to generate DEMs and uncertainty estimates at several grid resolutions. Slope (aspect) errors on the 1 m dataset are on average 0.3∘ (0.9∘) from TE and 5.5∘ (14.5∘) from PEU. We calculate an optimal DEM resolution for our SCI lidar dataset of 4 m that minimizes the error bounds on topographic metric calculations due to the combined influence of TE and PEU for both slope and aspect calculations over the entire SCI. Average slope (aspect) errors from the 4 m DEM are 0.25∘ (0.75∘) from TE and 5∘ (12.5∘) from PEU. While the smallest grid resolution possible from the high-density SCI lidar is not necessarily optimal for calculating topographic metrics, high point-density data are essential for measuring DEM uncertainty across a range of resolutions.
Light-switchable proteins are being used increasingly to understand and manipulate complex molecular systems. The success of this approach has fueled the development of tailored photo-switchable proteins, to enable targeted molecular events to be studied using light. The development of novel photo-switchable tools has to date largely relied on rational design. Complementing this approach with directed evolution would be expected to facilitate these efforts. Directed evolution, however, has been relatively infrequently used to develop photo-switchable proteins due to the challenge presented by high-throughput evaluation of switchable protein activity. This thesis describes the development of two genetic circuits that can be used to evaluate libraries of switchable proteins, enabling optimization of both the on- and off-states. A screening system is described, which permits detection of DNA-binding activity based on conditional expression of a fluorescent protein. In addition, a tunable selection system is presented, which allows for the targeted selection of protein-protein interactions of a desired affinity range. This thesis additionally describes the development and characterization of a synthetic protein that was designed to investigate chromophore reconstitution in photoactive yellow protein (PYP), a promising scaffold for engineering photo-controlled protein tools.
Earthquake swarms are characterized by large numbers of events occurring in a short period of time within a confined source volume and without significant mainshock aftershock pattern as opposed to tectonic sequences. Intraplate swarms in the absence of active volcanism usually occur in continental rifts as for example in the Eger Rift zone in North West Bohemia, Czech Republic. A common hypothesis links event triggering to pressurized fluids. However, the exact causal chain is often poorly understood since the underlying geotectonic processes are slow compared to tectonic sequences. The high event rate during active periods challenges standard seismological routines as these are often designed for single events and therefore costly in terms of human resources when working with phase picks or computationally costly when exploiting full waveforms.
This methodological thesis develops new approaches to analyze earthquake swarm seismicity as well as the underlying seismogenic volume. It focuses on the region of North West (NW) Bohemia, a well studied, well monitored earthquake swarm region.
In this work I develop and test an innovative approach to detect and locate earthquakes using deep convolutional neural networks. This technology offers great potential as it allows to efficiently process large amounts of data which becomes increasingly important given that seismological data storage grows at increasing pace. The proposed deep neural network trained on NW Bohemian earthquake swarm records is able to locate 1000 events in less than 1 second using full waveforms while approaching precision of double difference relocated catalogs. A further technological novelty is that the trained filters of the deep neural network’s first layer can be repurposed to function as a pattern matching event detector without additional training on noise datasets. For further methodological development and benchmarking, I present a new toolbox to generate realistic earthquake cluster catalogs as well as synthetic full waveforms of those clusters in an automated fashion. The input is parameterized using constraints on source volume geometry, nucleation and frequency-magnitude relations. It harnesses recorded noise to produce highly realistic synthetic data for benchmarking and development. This tool is used to study and assess detection performance in terms of magnitude of completeness Mc of a full waveform detector applied to synthetic data of a hydrofracturing experiment at the Wysin site, Poland.
Finally, I present and demonstrate a novel approach to overcome the masking effects of wave propagation between earthquake and stations and to determine source volume attenuation directly in the source volume where clustered earthquakes occur. The new event couple spectral ratio approach exploits high frequency spectral slopes of two events sharing the greater part of their rays. Synthetic tests based on the toolbox mentioned before show that this method is able to infer seismic wave attenuation within the source volume at high spatial resolution. Furthermore, it is independent from the distance towards a station as well as the complexity of the attenuation and velocity structure outside of the source volume of swarms. The application to recordings of the NW Bohemian earthquake swarm shows increased P phase attenuation within the source volume (Qp < 100) based on results at a station located close to the village Luby (LBC). The recordings of a station located in epicentral proximity, close to Nový Kostel (NKC), show a relatively high complexity indicating that waves arriving at that station experience more scattering than signals recorded at other stations. The high level of complexity destabilizes the inversion. Therefore, the Q estimate at NKC is not reliable and an independent proof of the high attenuation finding given the geometrical and frequency constraints is still to be done. However, a high attenuation in the source volume of NW Bohemian swarms has been postulated before in relation to an expected, highly damaged zone bearing CO 2 at high pressure.
The methods developed in the course of this thesis yield the potential to improve our understanding regarding the role of fluids and gases in intraplate event clustering.
In this thesis we introduce the concept of the degree of formality. It is directed against a dualistic point of view, which only distinguishes between formal and informal proofs. This dualistic attitude does not respect the differences between the argumentations classified as informal and it is unproductive because the individual potential of the respective argumentation styles cannot be appreciated and remains untapped.
This thesis has two parts. In the first of them we analyse the concept of the degree of formality (including a discussion about the respective benefits for each degree) while in the second we demonstrate its usefulness in three case studies. In the first case study we will repair Haskell B. Curry's view of mathematics, which incidentally is of great importance in the first part of this thesis, in light of the different degrees of formality. In the second case study we delineate how awareness of the different degrees of formality can be used to help students to learn how to prove. Third, we will show how the advantages of proofs of different degrees of formality can be combined by the development of so called tactics having a medium degree of formality. Together the three case studies show that the degrees of formality provide a convincing solution to the problem of untapped potential.
With the growth of information technology, patient attitudes are shifting – away from passively receiving care towards actively taking responsibility for their well- being. Handling doctor-patient relationships collaboratively and providing patients access to their health information are crucial steps in empowering patients. In mental healthcare, the implicit consensus amongst practitioners has been that sharing medical records with patients may have an unpredictable, harmful impact on clinical practice. In order to involve patients more actively in mental healthcare processes, Tele-Board MED (TBM) allows for digital collaborative documentation in therapist-patient sessions. The TBM software system offers a whiteboard-inspired graphical user interface that allows therapist and patient to jointly take notes during the treatment session. Furthermore, it provides features to automatically reuse the digital treatment session notes for the creation of treatment session summaries and clinical case reports. This thesis presents the development of the TBM system and evaluates its effects on 1) the fulfillment of the therapist’s duties of clinical case documentation, 2) patient engagement in care processes, and 3) the therapist-patient relationship. Following the design research methodology, TBM was developed and tested in multiple evaluation studies in the domains of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy and addiction care. The results show that therapists are likely to use TBM with patients if they have a technology-friendly attitude and when its use suits the treatment context. Support in carrying out documentation duties as well as fulfilling legal requirements contributes to therapist acceptance. Furthermore, therapists value TBM as a tool to provide a discussion framework and quick access to worksheets during treatment sessions. Therapists express skepticism, however, regarding technology use in patient sessions and towards complete record transparency in general. Patients expect TBM to improve the communication with their therapist and to offer a better recall of discussed topics when taking a copy of their notes home after the session. Patients are doubtful regarding a possible distraction of the therapist and usage in situations when relationship-building is crucial. When applied in a clinical environment, collaborative note-taking with TBM encourages patient engagement and a team feeling between therapist and patient. Furthermore, it increases the patient’s acceptance of their diagnosis, which in turn is an important predictor for therapy success. In summary, TBM has a high potential to deliver more than documentation support and record transparency for patients, but also to contribute to a collaborative doctor-patient relationship. This thesis provides design implications for the development of digital collaborative documentation systems in (mental) healthcare as well as recommendations for a successful implementation in clinical practice.
The current study investigates how bilingual children encode and produce morphologically complex words. We employed a silent-production-plus-delayed-vocalization paradigm in which event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during silent encoding of inflected words which were subsequently cued to be overtly produced. The bilingual children's spoken responses and their ERPs were compared to previous datasets from monolingual children on the same task. We found an enhanced negativity for regular relative to irregular forms during silent production in both bilingual children's languages, replicating the ERP effect previously obtained from monolingual children. Nevertheless, the bilingual children produced more morphological errors (viz. over-regularizations) than monolingual children. We conclude that mechanisms of morphological encoding (as measured by ERPs) are parallel for bilingual and monolingual children, and that the increased over-regularization rates are due to their reduced exposure to each of the two languages (relative to monolingual children).
Multiple health behaviour change (MHBC) represents one of the best ways to prevent reoccurrence of cardiovascular events. However, few
individuals with cardiovascular diseases engage in this process. The
present study examined the role of compensatory health beliefs (CHB;
i.e., belief that a healthy behaviour compensates an unhealthy one)as
a drag to engagement in this process. Some studies have shown that
CHBs predict intention to engage in healthy behaviours, but no study
has investigated CHBs in individuals who actually need to change
multiple health behaviours. The goal was to better understand the
role of CHBs in intentions formation process among individuals with
cardiac diseases in an MHBC context. One hundred and four patients
completed a questionnaire at the beginning of their cardiac rehabilitation program. Results showed that: (1) CHBs negatively predicted intentions (2) but only for participants with high self-efficacy or low risk perception; (3) CHBs predictions differed depending on the nature of the compensating behaviour, and were more predictive when medication intake was the compensating one. Findings only partially confirmed previous research conducted on healthy individuals who were not in an MHBC process, and emphasized the importance of considering CHBs for individuals in this process.
A widespread view in political science is that minority cabinets govern more flexibly and inclusively, more in line with a median-oriented and 'consensual' vision of democracy. Yet there is only little empirical evidence for it. We study legislative coalition-building in the German state of North-Rhine-Westphalia, which was ruled by a minority government between 2010 and 2012. We compare the inclusiveness of legislative coalitions under minority and majority cabinets, based on 1028 laws passed in the 1985–2017 period, and analyze in detail the flexibility of legislative coalition formation under the minority government. Both quantitative analyses are complemented with brief case studies of specific legislation. We find, first, that the minority cabinet did not rule more inclusively. Second, the minority cabinet’s legislative flexibility was fairly limited; to the extent that it existed, it follows a pattern that cannot be explained on the basis of the standard spatial model with policy-seeking parties.
We estimate the long-term effects of start-up subsidies (SUS) for the unemployed on subjective outcome indicators of well-being, as measured by the participants’ satisfaction in different domains. This extends previous analyses of the current German SUS program (“Gründungszuschuss”) that focused on objective outcomes – such as employment and income – and allows us to make a more complete judgment about the overall effects of SUS at the individual level. This is especially important because subsidizing the transition into self-employment may have unintended adverse effects on participants’ well-being due to its risky nature and lower social security protection, especially in the long run. Having access to linked administrative-survey data providing us with rich information on pre-treatment characteristics, we base our analysis on the conditional independence assumption and use propensity score matching to estimate causal effects within the potential outcomes framework. We find long-term positive effects on job satisfaction but negative effects on individuals’ satisfaction with their social security situation. Further findings suggest that the negative effect on satisfaction with social security may be driven by negative effects on unemployment and retirement insurance coverage. Our heterogeneity analysis reveals substantial variation in effects across gender, age groups and skill levels. The sensitivity analyses show that these findings are highly robust.