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- facilitation (4)
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- 1799-1804 (3)
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- problem solving (3)
- problem-solving (3)
- production (3)
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- protection (3)
- protein adsorption (3)
- protein folding (3)
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- proteinuria (3)
- psychometric properties (3)
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- public administration (3)
- pump-probe (3)
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- qualitative research (3)
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- questionnaire (3)
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- radicals (3)
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- rat (3)
- reaction mechanisms (3)
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- rearrangement (3)
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- reception (3)
- reference (3)
- reflection (3)
- regime shift (3)
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- regression (3)
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- regularization (3)
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- reionization (3)
- relatedness (3)
- relationships (3)
- relative rank (3)
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- (Anti)aromaticity (2)
- ) (2)
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- Heterogeneity (2)
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- Hidden Markov models (2)
- High Asia (2)
- High-pressure metamorphism (2)
- Hilbert transform (2)
- Hill numbers (2)
- Hindi (2)
- Historiography (2)
- Home-based (2)
- Homogeneous catalysis (2)
- Honeybee (2)
- Horse (2)
- Host-plant quality (2)
- Human evolution (2)
- Human sulfite oxidase (2)
- Human values (2)
- Human-robot interaction (2)
- Humboldt Digital Library (2)
- Hungarian (2)
- Hunger (2)
- Hyaluronic acid (2)
- Hybrid materials (2)
- Hybridoma (2)
- Hybridoma technology (2)
- Hydraulic models (2)
- Hydraulic networks (2)
- Hydrocarbons (2)
- Hydrogels (2)
- Hydrogen peroxide (2)
- Hydrological modelling (2)
- Hydrothermal carbonization (2)
- Hyperion (2)
- Hypoxis (2)
- Hysteresis (2)
- IACT (2)
- IBM (2)
- ICA (2)
- ICDP (2)
- ICP-MS (2)
- IL-8 transcription (2)
- IMF (2)
- INOPEX (2)
- IR spectroscopy (2)
- ISM (2)
- Iambic (2)
- Iceland (2)
- Imageability (2)
- Imaging spectroscopy (2)
- Imitation (2)
- Immigration (2)
- Implicit association test (IAT) (2)
- In vitro blood-brain barrier model (2)
- In vitro immunization (2)
- In vitro translation (2)
- Inclusion (2)
- Indian Ocean (2)
- Indicator species (2)
- Individual-based models (2)
- Individualization (2)
- Indus (2)
- Infants (2)
- Infection (2)
- Infinitival patterns (2)
- Inflammaging (2)
- Inflection (2)
- Informatics (2)
- Informatics Education (2)
- Informatics Modelling (2)
- Informatics System Application (2)
- Informatics System Comprehension (2)
- Information (2)
- Infrared observations (2)
- Infrared spectroscopy (2)
- Injury (2)
- Innovation networks (2)
- Insects (2)
- Instagram (2)
- Instruction (2)
- Instrumentation (2)
- Instrumentation and data management (2)
- Integrated modelling (2)
- Integrative taxonomy (2)
- Intensive care (2)
- Inter-individual differences (2)
- Interception (2)
- Intercultural competence (2)
- Interdigitated electrodes (2)
- Internal simulation (2)
- Internet (2)
- Internet of things (2)
- Interoceptive sensitivity (2)
- Interstellar medium (2)
- Intervertebral disc (2)
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- Iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSS) (2)
- Isoflavone (2)
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- Isotopes (2)
- JSP (2)
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- Just so stories (2)
- Kalahari (2)
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- Knees (2)
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- Korean (2)
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- L11 (2)
- L26 (2)
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- LC/MS (2)
- LEA protein (2)
- LED (2)
- LEM-domain (2)
- LGM (2)
- LPS (2)
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- Lake Malawi (2)
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- Land-use history (2)
- Landsat-8 (2)
- Landscape (2)
- Landscape of fear (2)
- Landscape planning (2)
- Laplacian (2)
- Large fragment deletion (2)
- Larger Foraminifera (2)
- Larger foraminifera (2)
- Larix cajanderi (2)
- Laser (2)
- Laser powder bed fusion (2)
- Laser-SNMS (2)
- Late positive potential (2)
- Lateglacial (2)
- Latent Class Analysis (2)
- Latent profile analysis (2)
- Lateralization (2)
- Layer-by-layer (2)
- Leadership (2)
- Leaf area index (2)
- Leaf senescence (2)
- Left-ordered groups (2)
- Legitimacy (2)
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- Leishmania (2)
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- Levant (2)
- Level of confidence (2)
- Levenberg-Marquardt method (2)
- Levy walks (2)
- Liberia (2)
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- Ligand design (2)
- Linagliptin (2)
- Lindenmayer systems (2)
- Linear mixed effect model (2)
- Linguistic annotation (2)
- Linguistics (2)
- Lipase (2)
- Lipid (2)
- Liquids (2)
- Literature review (2)
- Lithospheric structure (2)
- Local Autonomy Index (2)
- Local adaptation (2)
- Local authorities (2)
- Local self-government (2)
- Locality (2)
- Localized surface plasmon resonance (2)
- Locally structured standard deviation (2)
- Locomotion (2)
- Loess (2)
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- Longitudinal Study (2)
- Loss (2)
- Low back pain (2)
- Lower crust (2)
- Lu-Hf (2)
- Luingo caldera (2)
- Lysozyme (2)
- MADS-domain transcription factor (2)
- MAOA (2)
- MASW (2)
- MAT (2)
- MCMC (2)
- MODIS (2)
- MOOCs (2)
- MRI (2)
- MS (2)
- MSAP (2)
- MSMEs (2)
- Macarorchestia remyi (2)
- Machiavellianism (2)
- Macrocycles (2)
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- Magnetic field variations through time (2)
- Magnetic field, photosphere, corona (2)
- Magnetic fields, corona (2)
- Magnetism (2)
- Magnetosphere (2)
- Major depressive disorder (2)
- Makran (2)
- Maltose-modified PEI (2)
- Maltose-modified poly(ethyleneimine) (2)
- Manufacturing (2)
- Mapping (2)
- Markov processes (2)
- Martial arts (2)
- Marx (2)
- Masked priming (2)
- Mastery goals (2)
- Mating system (2)
- Maule (2)
- Maximal subsemigroups (2)
- Maximum expected earthquake magnitude (2)
- Mean July temperature (2)
- Meat (2)
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- Mechanotransduction (2)
- Media (2)
- Media in education (2)
- Mediation analysis (2)
- Mediterranean basin (2)
- Mediterranean shrubland (2)
- Meerfelder Maar (2)
- Mellin symbols with values in the edge calculus (2)
- Mellin transform (2)
- Menarche (2)
- Mental disorder (2)
- Mercuric mercury (2)
- Mercury (2)
- Meromorphic operator-valued symbols (2)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (2)
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- Metacognition (2)
- Metal complexation (2)
- Metasomatism (2)
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- Methanogenic archaea (2)
- Method (2)
- Method comparison (2)
- Methylation (2)
- Mexico (2)
- Mice (2)
- Michael addition (2)
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- Microcystis (2)
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- Mittag-Leffler function (2)
- Mixotrophy (2)
- Mixtures (2)
- MoVo (2)
- Mobile devices (2)
- Mobilität (2)
- Model order reduction (2)
- Model transformation (2)
- Model-data comparison (2)
- Modern analogue technique (2)
- Modified mycotoxins (2)
- Molecular orientation (2)
- Molybdenum (2)
- Molybdenum cofactor (2)
- Molybdoenzymes (2)
- Monetary Fund (2)
- Mongolia (2)
- Mont Terri (2)
- Monte Carlo (2)
- Monte Carlo simulation (2)
- Monte-Carlo simulations (2)
- Mood (2)
- Moon (2)
- Morphogenesis (2)
- Morphological structure (2)
- Mother-infant interaction (2)
- Motion (2)
- Motor system (2)
- Mountain basins (2)
- Mowing (2)
- MtDNA (2)
- Multi-locus phylogeny (2)
- Multilayer (2)
- Multilevel latent change model (2)
- Multilevel modeling (2)
- Multilingualism (2)
- Multimodal analysis (2)
- Multimodality (2)
- Multiple Spell-Out (2)
- Multiple sclerosis (2)
- Multiple zeta values (2)
- Multiplex mutagenesis (2)
- Multivariate data analysis (2)
- Muscle (2)
- Muscle power (2)
- Music (2)
- Music cognition (2)
- Mycotoxins (2)
- Mysticism (2)
- N ligands (2)
- N-2 reduction (2)
- N2 (2)
- NAC (2)
- NAC transcription factor (2)
- NAP-XPS (2)
- NCA (2)
- NF1 (2)
- NHCs (2)
- NOR (2)
- NP-completeness (2)
- NW Iran (2)
- Nanohybrid (2)
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- Nanotechnology (2)
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- National Socialism (2)
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- Near East (2)
- Negative (2)
- Neoliberalism (2)
- Nest predation (2)
- Nested graph conditions (2)
- Network (2)
- Network reconstruction (2)
- Network structure (2)
- Networked foresight (2)
- Netzwerke des Wissens (2)
- Neuropeptide Y (2)
- Neutral tone (2)
- New Guinea (2)
- New business formation (2)
- New institutionalism (2)
- Nigeria (2)
- Niobium (2)
- Nitrate (2)
- Nitrogen-limitation hypothesis (2)
- Non-canonical sentences (2)
- Non-fluent aphasia (2)
- Non-independent mate choice (2)
- Non-monotonic reasoning (2)
- Non-stationarity (2)
- Non-target terrestrial plants (2)
- Nonlinear coupling (2)
- Nordeste (2)
- North America (2)
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- Nursing home (2)
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- Nutrient (2)
- Nutritional quality (2)
- Nyctereutes procyonoides (2)
- O-serotyping (2)
- ODBA (2)
- OSL dating (2)
- Object Shift (2)
- Offending (2)
- Office chair (2)
- Oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Oligopoly competition (2)
- Onsager-Machlup functional (2)
- OpenStreetMap (2)
- Ophrys (2)
- Optionality (2)
- Orchestia montagui (2)
- Order-preserving transformations (2)
- Organic carbon (2)
- Organic electronics (2)
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- Organic matter (2)
- Organic matter degradation (2)
- Organic semiconductors (2)
- Organic solar cells (2)
- Organization theory (2)
- Organizations (2)
- Organogenesis (2)
- Orogenic wedge (2)
- Oryctolagus cuniculus (2)
- Oscillator ensembles (2)
- Ostracods (2)
- Othering (2)
- Outcrossing (2)
- Outflows (2)
- Oxygen (2)
- Ozone (2)
- P ligands (2)
- P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymer (2)
- P-waves (2)
- P300 (2)
- PCLake (2)
- PCR (2)
- PER (2)
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- PI3K (2)
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- PTEN (2)
- Pak choi (2)
- Palaeoclimatology (2)
- Palaeoecology (2)
- Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- Paleoceanography (2)
- Paleoecology (2)
- Paleoenvironment (2)
- Palmitate (2)
- Panama (2)
- Parameterized complexity (2)
- Paratethys (2)
- Paris agreement (2)
- Paris-Edinburgh press (2)
- Parkinson disease (2)
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- Path modelling (2)
- Patterning (2)
- Peat (2)
- Pedagogical content knowledge (2)
- Pedagogical issues (2)
- Perceived ankle instability (2)
- Periphyton (2)
- Peronosporaceae (2)
- Perovskites (2)
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- Personality traits (2)
- Personalization (2)
- Perylene (2)
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- Pfadmodell (2)
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- Pharmacokinetics (2)
- Phase morphology (2)
- Phase variation (2)
- Phenological modelling (2)
- Phenylpropanoids (2)
- Philosophical anthropology (2)
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- Photoelectron spectroscopy (2)
- Photosensitive polymer brushes (2)
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- Physiology (2)
- Phytoliths (2)
- Picard-Fuchs equations (2)
- Pickering emulsions (2)
- Picture-word interference (2)
- Pigments (2)
- Pipe networks (2)
- Pitch (2)
- Planar polarity (2)
- Plant community (2)
- Plant community model (2)
- Plant functional groups (2)
- Plant height (2)
- Plant macrofossils (2)
- Plant performance (2)
- Plant-based diet (2)
- Plate tectonics (2)
- Platform economy (2)
- Plato (2)
- Pliocene (2)
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- Plyometric exercise (2)
- Poeciliidae (2)
- Poincare inequality (2)
- Point-based rendering (2)
- Point-light action (2)
- Pointing (2)
- Polarization (2)
- Policy change (2)
- Pollen record (2)
- Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Polyampholytes (2)
- Polyethyleneimine (2)
- Polymer dispersions (2)
- Polymerization (2)
- Ponds (2)
- Pontides (2)
- Population density (2)
- Population structure (2)
- Population viability analysis (2)
- Porosity (2)
- Porous silicon (2)
- Porphyrins (2)
- Position Generator (2)
- Positive selection (2)
- Postural stability (2)
- Potassium (2)
- Precipitation gradient (2)
- Precise Point Positioning (2)
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- Prediabetes (2)
- Predictability (2)
- Predictor (2)
- Preference (2)
- Preferential flow (2)
- Preprocessing (2)
- Pressure distribution (2)
- Preterm birth (2)
- Prior knowledge (2)
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- Probability distributions (2)
- Problem solving (2)
- Process (2)
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- Programming (2)
- Proliferation (2)
- Prominences, active (2)
- Pronoun resolution (2)
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- Protein complexes (2)
- Protein expression (2)
- Protein oxidation (2)
- Protein restriction (2)
- Protein secondary structure (2)
- Proteins (2)
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- Pseudomonas syringae (2)
- Psycholinguistics (2)
- Psychological functioning (2)
- Psychopathology (2)
- Psychophysiology (2)
- Psychosocial stress (2)
- Public administration (2)
- Public sector (2)
- Pump-probe (2)
- Puna Plateau (2)
- Push-pull character (2)
- Push-pull effect (2)
- QCA (2)
- QTL (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- Quality assurance (2)
- Quantitative Trait Locus (2)
- Quantitative Trait Locus analysis (2)
- Quantum dots (2)
- Quantum dynamics (2)
- Quartz (2)
- Quasilinear equations (2)
- Query optimization (2)
- R (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RAFT (2)
- RCT (2)
- REDD+ (2)
- REE (2)
- REMPI (2)
- RNA-guided Cas9 (2)
- RNA-seq (2)
- RNAseq (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RPA (2)
- Radiation belts (2)
- Radiative transfer (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Rainfall (2)
- Rainfall gradient (2)
- Raman imaging (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Randomized-controlled trial (2)
- Ranking (2)
- Rapeseed oil (2)
- Rapid automatized naming (2)
- Rationality (2)
- Rattus norvegicus (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Real time (2)
- Reanalysis (2)
- Rearing experiment (2)
- Rearrangement (2)
- Reasoning (2)
- Recurrence plot (2)
- Redox polymer (2)
- Regionalization (2)
- Regression (2)
- Rehearsal (2)
- Relapse (2)
- Relation historique (2)
- Relative clause (2)
- Relative clauses (2)
- Release (2)
- Religion (2)
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- Removable sets (2)
- Renal failure (2)
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- Renewable resources (2)
- Replication (2)
- Reproducibility (2)
- ResNet (2)
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- Resistance (2)
- Resurvey (2)
- Retention (2)
- Retina (2)
- Retinol (2)
- Retrieval (2)
- Ring tensiometry (2)
- Ring-opening polymerization (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risk factor (2)
- Risk factors (2)
- Risk perception (2)
- River (2)
- River restoration (2)
- Rock magnetism (2)
- Rodent (2)
- Rossby waves (2)
- Rotifera (2)
- Rougon-Macquart (2)
- Royden boundary (2)
- Run time analysis (2)
- Running (2)
- Runtime analysis (2)
- S receiver functions (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SAR (2)
- SAUR (2)
- SDG interactions (2)
- SDS PAGE (2)
- SEIRA spectroelectrochemistry (2)
- SEMG-pattern (2)
- SEPE (2)
- SIMS (2)
- SLA (2)
- SMARC (2)
- SOEP (2)
- SPARQL (2)
- SPM (2)
- SQL (2)
- SRTM (2)
- SSW (2)
- Salmonella Typhimurium (2)
- Sampling rate (2)
- Satellite magnetics (2)
- Saturated hydraulic conductivity (2)
- Scaling (2)
- Scattering theory (2)
- Scenario (2)
- Scenario planning (2)
- Schrodinger equation (2)
- Schrodinger operators (2)
- Scientific discovery learning (2)
- Sclerochronology (2)
- Second Empire (2)
- Secularism (2)
- Sediment Transport (2)
- Sediment fingerprinting (2)
- Sediment geochemistry (2)
- Sediment reuse (2)
- Sedimentary basin (2)
- Sedimentology (2)
- Sediments (2)
- Seed mass (2)
- Seismic anisotropy (2)
- Seismic interferometry (2)
- Seismic monitoring and test-ban treaty verification (2)
- Seismology (2)
- Seismotectonic segmentation (2)
- Seismotectonics (2)
- Selection (2)
- Selection vs. age-class forests (2)
- Self (2)
- Self-assembly (2)
- Self-concept (2)
- Self-harm (2)
- Self-organization (2)
- Self-reflection (2)
- Self-stigmatization (2)
- Semantic preview benefit (2)
- Semantic priming (2)
- Semantics (2)
- Semi-arid (2)
- Semiconductors (2)
- Semitic (2)
- Sensor fusion (2)
- Sensors (2)
- Sentence-picture matching (2)
- Sentinel-1 InSAR (2)
- Sentinel-2 (2)
- Sequence analysis (2)
- Sequential instruction (2)
- Serotonin (2)
- Service-oriented computing (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
- Sexual conflict (2)
- Sexual dimorphism (2)
- Shame (2)
- Shannon diversity (2)
- Shannon entropy (2)
- Shape memory (2)
- Shape-memory effect (2)
- Shape-memory polymer (2)
- Shire River (2)
- Shona (2)
- Shrews (2)
- Si fractions (2)
- Signal detection theory (2)
- Signal transduction (2)
- Signaling (2)
- Signalling (2)
- Silicon isotopes (2)
- Simulation model (2)
- Sinai diffusion (2)
- Single/dual tasking (2)
- Site characterization (2)
- Site response (2)
- Situated cognition (2)
- Siwaliks (2)
- Skeletal muscle (2)
- Skin (2)
- Skin nanocarrier (2)
- Skin penetration (2)
- Slope (2)
- Slope exposure (2)
- Small (2)
- Small for gestational age (2)
- Small mammals (2)
- Smart micro-grids (2)
- Smoking (2)
- Social cognition (2)
- Social cues (2)
- Social environment (2)
- Social learning (2)
- Social origin (2)
- Software (2)
- Soil fertility (2)
- Soil function (2)
- Soil heterogeneity (2)
- Soil texture (2)
- Solanum tuberosum (2)
- Solidago gigantea (2)
- Solvent effects (2)
- Solvents (2)
- Solvothermal synthesis (2)
- Somatoform disorder (2)
- South American Monsoon System (2)
- South American monsoon system (2)
- Southern Italy (2)
- Soziale Herkunft (2)
- Sozialer Survey Österreich (2)
- Sozialkapital (2)
- Space geodetic surveys (2)
- Spatial analysis (2)
- Spatial autocorrelation (2)
- Spatial bias (2)
- Spatial distribution (2)
- Spatial-numerical associations (2)
- Species co-existence (2)
- Species comparison (2)
- Species complex (2)
- Species distribution models (2)
- Species loss (2)
- Specific entropy (2)
- Spectral analysis (2)
- Spectrophotometry (2)
- Speech production (2)
- Speed (2)
- Speleothems (2)
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- Squeak (2)
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- Starch (2)
- Statistical techniques (2)
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- Stemflow (2)
- Steric effect (2)
- Sterols (2)
- Stochastic differential equations (2)
- Strain (2)
- Stress pattern (2)
- Stress response (2)
- Strike-slip faults (2)
- Strong-motion (2)
- Structural equation modeling (2)
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- Student motivation (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
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- Subsurface biosphere (2)
- Suguta Valley (2)
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- Sumatra (2)
- Sun: UV radiation (2)
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- Support (2)
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- Surface (2)
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- Surface exudates (2)
- Surface functionalization (2)
- Surface relief grating (2)
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- Surfactant (2)
- Surfactants (2)
- Survival (2)
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- Swedish (2)
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- Synchrotron (2)
- Syntax-semantics interface (2)
- Synthetic biology (2)
- Systematic review (2)
- Systematics (2)
- TGF-beta 1 (2)
- TIG-welding (2)
- TMAO reductase (2)
- TMR (2)
- TRLFS (2)
- TRP channels (2)
- TRPC6 (2)
- Taft equation (2)
- Tailspike protein (2)
- Talik (2)
- TanDEM-X (2)
- Tanzania (2)
- Taphonomy (2)
- Teacher beliefs (2)
- Teacher education (2)
- Teacher educator (2)
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- Teacher learning (2)
- Teacher support (2)
- Team sports (2)
- Technical enzymes (2)
- Telehealth (2)
- Telemedicine (2)
- Temperate forest (2)
- Temperature-memory effect (2)
- Tense (2)
- Tephrosia purpurea (2)
- TerraSAR-X (2)
- Terrestrial Si cycle (2)
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- Text difficulty (2)
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- Tools (2)
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- Two forms of isometric muscle action (2)
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- Understanding (2)
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- acceptance (2)
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- acidophile (2)
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- assembly (2)
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- asymmetry (2)
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- atherosclerosis (2)
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- attachment (2)
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- fuzzy logic (2)
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- galaxies (2)
- galaxies: clusters: general (2)
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- galaxies: individual: SMC (2)
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- hepatic steatosis (2)
- hermeneutical injustice (2)
- heterogeneous catalysis (2)
- heterostyly (2)
- hierarchical clustering (2)
- high-intensity interval training (2)
- high-intensity-interval training (2)
- high-pressure (2)
- high-sodium (2)
- hillslopes (2)
- histone modification (2)
- historical DNA (2)
- holding isometric muscle action (HIMA) (2)
- homeostasis (2)
- honeybee (2)
- horizontal-branch (2)
- hormones (2)
- hospitalization (2)
- hospitals (2)
- hostile attribution bias (2)
- household analysis (2)
- hoverflies (2)
- human activity (2)
- human capital (2)
- human sulfite oxidase (2)
- human-computer interaction (2)
- human-wildlife conflict (2)
- humidity (2)
- hyaluronic acid (2)
- hybrid capture (2)
- hybrid material (2)
- hybrid model (2)
- hybridoma technology (2)
- hydrochemistry (2)
- hydrocortisone (2)
- hydrogeology (2)
- hydrological drought (2)
- hydrological modeling (2)
- hydrological models (2)
- hydrolysis (2)
- hyperbolic attractor (2)
- hyperbolic tilings (2)
- hypnosis (2)
- hypoechogenicities (2)
- hypotheses (2)
- identity theory (2)
- ideology (2)
- illness anxiety disorder (2)
- imidazolium (2)
- immunoassay (2)
- immunology (2)
- impacts (2)
- implicit attitude (2)
- implicit learning (2)
- in situ (2)
- in-service teacher training (2)
- in-situ (2)
- inclination shallowing (2)
- income inequality (2)
- indigenous people (2)
- indirect facilitation (2)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (2)
- industrial organization (2)
- inequalities (2)
- inertial measurement unit (2)
- infection pathway (2)
- inflammatory bowel disease (2)
- influenza (2)
- informatics education (2)
- information integration (2)
- information technology (2)
- information theory (2)
- infrared thermography (2)
- infrared: galaxies (2)
- infrared: general (2)
- inorganic carbon uptake kinetics (2)
- input frequency (2)
- insect (2)
- insects (2)
- institutional interplay (2)
- instrumental variables (2)
- instrumentation: miscellaneous (2)
- insulin signaling (2)
- integrated assessment models (2)
- intensification (2)
- interactional linguistics (2)
- intercultural competence (2)
- interest (2)
- interference model (2)
- interferometry (2)
- interindividual differences (2)
- interleukin-8 (2)
- international bureaucracies (2)
- international comparison (2)
- international migration (2)
- international non-governmental organizations (2)
- international public administration (2)
- interoceptive sensitivity (2)
- interpersonal behavior (2)
- intersectionality (2)
- intervention locality (2)
- intonation (2)
- intonation units (2)
- intransitivity (2)
- intraspecific variation (2)
- intrinsic motivation (2)
- intrinsically disordered proteins (2)
- intuition (2)
- invasion (2)
- inverse modelling (2)
- inverse problem (2)
- ion exchange (2)
- ionic conductivity (2)
- ionic liquid crystals (2)
- ionic liquid precursors (2)
- ionic strength (2)
- ionogels (2)
- ionospheric precursors of earthquakes (2)
- iron-sulfur clusters (2)
- irrigation (2)
- island biogeography (2)
- isotopic tiling theory (2)
- iterative regularization (2)
- jasmonic acid (2)
- job (2)
- job creation (2)
- job demands-resources model (2)
- job satisfaction (2)
- job stress (2)
- joint action (2)
- jumps (2)
- justice (2)
- kana (2)
- kanji (2)
- kernel density estimation (2)
- ketones (2)
- kettle hole (2)
- kidney (2)
- kidney transplantation (2)
- kinetic instabilities (2)
- kink-like instability (2)
- knee (2)
- knee joint angle (2)
- knickpoints (2)
- knowledge (2)
- knowledge management (2)
- knowledge sharing (2)
- labor market (2)
- lactate threshold (2)
- lactones (2)
- land cover change (2)
- land management (2)
- land-use (2)
- landscape connectivity (2)
- landscape diversity (2)
- landscape evolution modeling (2)
- landscape homogenization (2)
- landscape structure (2)
- language and aging (2)
- language attitudes (2)
- language contact (2)
- language courses (2)
- language portraits (2)
- lanthanides (2)
- larch (2)
- large herbivores (2)
- laser pulses (2)
- last glacial (2)
- late Quaternary (2)
- latent profile analysis (2)
- leadership (2)
- leaf area (2)
- leaf development (2)
- leaf senescence (2)
- learning factories (2)
- learning factory (2)
- leptin (2)
- leucine zipper (2)
- lexical decision (2)
- lexical development (2)
- lexical tone (2)
- life course (2)
- life cycle (2)
- life satisfaction (2)
- lifestyle (2)
- ligands (2)
- light intensity (irradiance) (2)
- limits (2)
- linear formula (2)
- linear mixed models (2)
- linear programming (2)
- linear tree language (2)
- linearized gravity (2)
- lipid membranes (2)
- lipid rafts (2)
- lipidation (2)
- lipidomics (2)
- lipopolysaccharide (2)
- liquid crystal (2)
- liquids (2)
- literacy acquisition (2)
- literatures of the world (2)
- lithium-sulfur battery (2)
- lithography (2)
- litter decomposition (2)
- liver metabolism (2)
- local (2)
- locus coeruleus (2)
- locus of control (2)
- logarithmic source condition (2)
- logic programming (2)
- long-term effects (2)
- longitudinal analysis (2)
- low (2)
- low temperature (2)
- low-back-pain (2)
- low-temperature NMR spectroscopy (2)
- low-wage employment (2)
- lower (2)
- lunar tide (2)
- lung infection (2)
- lupin (2)
- lysosomal storage disorders (2)
- mAb disposition (2)
- mHealth (2)
- macroecology (2)
- macrophages (2)
- macropores (2)
- magnesium (2)
- magnetic nanoparticles (2)
- magnetoconvection (2)
- magnetostriction (2)
- magnitude estimation (2)
- maintenance of functional diversity (2)
- maize (2)
- majority rule (2)
- maleimide (2)
- manipulation (2)
- mantle transition zone (2)
- manufacturing (2)
- marine terraces (2)
- marketization (2)
- mass media (2)
- master narratives (2)
- mastication (2)
- matched time (2)
- matching (2)
- maternal effects (2)
- mathematics instruction (2)
- maximal subsemigroups (2)
- maximum a posteriori (2)
- maximum magnitude (2)
- measles virus (2)
- measurement error (2)
- mechanical (2)
- mechanical properties (2)
- mechanical tendinous oscillations (2)
- melts (2)
- membrane proteins (2)
- memory and delay (2)
- memory studies (2)
- mental imagery (2)
- mental simulation (2)
- mesocosm (2)
- metaanalysis (2)
- metabolic disease (2)
- metabolic engineering (2)
- metabolic network (2)
- metadata (2)
- metal coordination (2)
- metal-organic frameworks (2)
- metaphor (2)
- methane (2)
- method comparison (2)
- methodological quality (2)
- methyl orange (2)
- methylene blue (2)
- methylmercury (2)
- mica (2)
- micelles (2)
- micro-CT (2)
- microRNA (2)
- microbes (2)
- microbial (2)
- microbial communities (2)
- microbial interactions (2)
- microclimate (2)
- microcracking (2)
- microemulsion (2)
- micronutrients (2)
- microscopy (2)
- microtubule-organization (2)
- mid-temperature transition (2)
- mild cognitive impairment (2)
- military culture (2)
- minimal pairs (2)
- minimax convergence rates (2)
- minorities (2)
- mirror (2)
- mirror illusion (2)
- mirror therapy (2)
- miscellaneous (2)
- miscibility gap (2)
- missing-VP effect (2)
- mitochondrial dysfunction (2)
- mitochondrial function (2)
- mitogenome (2)
- mitogenomes (2)
- mixtures (2)
- mobile applications (2)
- mobile health (2)
- mobile links (2)
- modal verbs (2)
- modality compatibility (2)
- model coupling (2)
- model validation (2)
- model verification (2)
- modeling language (2)
- modern art (2)
- modified Mannich reaction (2)
- modular production (2)
- molecular architecture (2)
- molecular clock (2)
- molecular dynamics simulations (2)
- molecular phylogeny (2)
- molecular weight (2)
- molecules (2)
- molybdenum (2)
- monolayer formation (2)
- monomers (2)
- moral disengagement (2)
- morality (2)
- morpho-orthography (2)
- morphological decomposition (2)
- morphological priming (2)
- morphologically complex words (2)
- motion capture (2)
- motivation in mathematics (2)
- motivational interviewing (2)
- motor resonance (2)
- motor skills (2)
- motor system (2)
- mountains (2)
- movement kinematics (2)
- movement patterns (2)
- mowing (2)
- multi-agent system (2)
- multi-level system (2)
- multicultural policy (2)
- multiculturalism (2)
- multidiversity (2)
- multifunctional polymers (2)
- multilateralism (2)
- multiple (2)
- multiple light scattering (2)
- multiple stressors (2)
- multiscale analysis (2)
- multispectral (2)
- muscle action (2)
- muscle metabolism (2)
- muscle oxygen saturation (2)
- muscle physiology (2)
- muscle power (2)
- muscle spindle (2)
- muscle stability (2)
- muscle weakness (2)
- musculoskeletal (2)
- musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (2)
- musculoskeletal ultrasound (2)
- music (2)
- music cognition (2)
- music industry (2)
- music information retrieval (2)
- music perception (2)
- mutants (2)
- mutation (2)
- myopathy (2)
- myth (2)
- n-Alkanes (2)
- naming (2)
- nanoclusters (2)
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- nanoelectrodes (2)
- nanogranites (2)
- nanolenses (2)
- nanoparticle dimers (2)
- nanoreactor (2)
- naphthalenes (2)
- natal dispersal (2)
- national identity (2)
- natural climate solutions (2)
- natural habitats (2)
- natural hazard (2)
- naturalism (2)
- naturalized species (2)
- nature conservation (2)
- nearshore zone (2)
- need satisfaction (2)
- negative strengthening (2)
- neo-liberalism (2)
- neotectonics (2)
- network analysis (2)
- network dynamics (2)
- neurodegenerative diseases (2)
- neuromuscular functioning (2)
- neuronal networks (2)
- neuropsychology (2)
- neurotoxicity (2)
- neutrality (2)
- neutron powder diffraction (2)
- new combination (2)
- new technology (2)
- next generation sequencing (2)
- niche and fitness differences (2)
- niche width (2)
- nitrile (2)
- nitrogen limitation (2)
- nitrogen-doped carbon (2)
- noisy systems (2)
- nominalization (2)
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- non-linear dynamics (2)
- non-native speakers (2)
- non-native speech perception (2)
- nonfullerene acceptors (2)
- nonlinear dynamics (2)
- nonlinear filtering (2)
- nonlinear operator (2)
- nonmodel species (2)
- nonradiative recombination (2)
- nonradiative voltage losses (2)
- nonstationarity (2)
- norepinephrine (2)
- normal faults (2)
- noun (2)
- novae, cataclysmic variables (2)
- novel ecosystems (2)
- novelty (2)
- number and brightness (2)
- number concepts (2)
- number processing (2)
- numerical (2)
- numerical distance effect (2)
- numerical model (2)
- numerical simulation (2)
- nursing home (2)
- nutrient (2)
- nutrient retention (2)
- nutrient stoichiometry (2)
- nutrient supply (2)
- nutritional ecology (2)
- oarsmen (2)
- object search (2)
- observation (2)
- occlusion (2)
- ocean acidification (2)
- ocean color remote sensing (2)
- ocean heat uptake (2)
- oil (2)
- oil palm (2)
- oil yield (2)
- oligodepsipeptides (2)
- oligomerization (2)
- omics (2)
- on-water performance (2)
- oncology (2)
- one-carbon metabolism (2)
- online disinhibition (2)
- ontogenesis (2)
- ontogeny (2)
- open (2)
- open clusters and associations: general (2)
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- open education (2)
- open-field (2)
- operator-valued symbols (2)
- oppositions (2)
- optical imaging (2)
- optical remote sensing (2)
- optical sensors (2)
- optics (2)
- optimality theory (2)
- orbifolds (2)
- orchard management (2)
- orchestration (2)
- order (2)
- organic carbon (2)
- organic electronics (2)
- origins (2)
- oroclinal bending (2)
- orogenic peridotite (2)
- orogenic processes (2)
- orogeny (2)
- orographic rainfall (2)
- orthopedic (2)
- osmotic-pressure (2)
- osteoblast (2)
- other-race effect (2)
- outbreak (2)
- outcome measures (2)
- overland flow (2)
- overreaching (2)
- overtraining (2)
- oxidation state (2)
- oxygen heterocycles (2)
- oxygen plasma (2)
- p-Aminophenol (2)
- p53 (2)
- pQCT (2)
- palaeoenvironmental proxies (2)
- palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- paleo-sediment (2)
- paleoceanography (2)
- paleoecology (2)
- paleolimnology (2)
- paleovegetation (2)
- palmitoylation (2)
- parafoveal preview benefit (2)
- parafoveal vision (2)
- parameters (2)
- parasites (2)
- parasitoid (2)
- parchment (2)
- parents (2)
- participation (2)
- particle filter (2)
- particulate matter (2)
- party competition (2)
- pasture (2)
- pathway (2)
- pathways (2)
- patient education (2)
- pea (2)
- peace (2)
- peak height velocity (2)
- peak torque (2)
- pediatrics (2)
- peer influences (2)
- perceived predation risk (2)
- perceived stress (2)
- perception of robots (2)
- perceptual reorganization (2)
- performance budget (2)
- performance information (2)
- performance measurement (2)
- periphyton (2)
- permafrost thaw (2)
- permittivity enhancement (2)
- permutation entropy (2)
- perovskite solar cell (2)
- personality change (2)
- personality traits (2)
- perspective taking (2)
- pesticides (2)
- phagocytosis (2)
- pharmacokinetics (2)
- phase behavior (2)
- phase dynamics (2)
- phase morphology (2)
- phase separation (2)
- phase transfer (2)
- phenolic compounds (2)
- phenology (2)
- phosphatidylserine (2)
- phosphorylase (2)
- phosphorylation (2)
- photochromism (2)
- photoelectron (2)
- photogrammetry (2)
- photoisomerization (2)
- photoluminescence quenching (2)
- photon density wave spectroscopy (2)
- photonic crystals (2)
- photoswitches (2)
- photosynthetic rate (2)
- phreeqc (2)
- phylogenomics (2)
- physical performance (2)
- physics education (2)
- physiological consequences (2)
- phytoplankton communities (2)
- pigment composition (2)
- pitch angle (2)
- planetary boundaries (2)
- planetary rings (2)
- planetary systems (2)
- planets and satellites: fundamental parameters (2)
- planets and satellites: general (2)
- plant architecture (2)
- plant cell wall (2)
- plant invasions (2)
- plant species richness (2)
- plant volatiles (2)
- plant-soil (belowground) interactions (2)
- plasma instabilities (2)
- plasmaspheric hiss (2)
- plateau (2)
- platform (2)
- platinum (2)
- plausibility (2)
- playa (2)
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- plyometric exercise (2)
- plyometrics (2)
- point clouds (2)
- polarity (2)
- policy advice (2)
- policy analysis (2)
- policy reform (2)
- policy-making (2)
- politics (2)
- pollinator shift (2)
- poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- polyadenylation (2)
- polyampholytes (2)
- polyelectrolytes (2)
- polyester (2)
- polyesterurethanes (2)
- polymer degradation (2)
- polymersomes (2)
- polyphenols (2)
- polysemy (2)
- polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (2)
- population cycles (2)
- population growth rate (2)
- population pharmacokinetics (2)
- population size (2)
- population structure (2)
- populations (2)
- pore pressure (2)
- pornography (2)
- porous silicon (2)
- positioning (2)
- positive solutions (2)
- possessives (2)
- post-natal (2)
- postural sway (2)
- potassium channel (2)
- power spectral analysis (2)
- pp-wave solutions (2)
- pragmaticalisation (2)
- pragmatics (2)
- pre-activity (2)
- pre-natal (2)
- pre-school (2)
- pre-service teachers (2)
- preactivation (2)
- precaution (2)
- precision agriculture (2)
- predation risk (2)
- predator (2)
- predictability (2)
- prediction error (2)
- predictive models (2)
- preference (2)
- preference assessment (2)
- preferential flow (2)
- prefixes (2)
- prefrontal cortex (2)
- preschool children (2)
- presidentialism (2)
- pressure (2)
- pressures (2)
- prevalence information (2)
- primary care (2)
- printing (2)
- privatization (2)
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- probability (2)
- probability density function (2)
- probiotics (2)
- problem (2)
- problems (2)
- process (2)
- process mining (2)
- process modeling (2)
- process-based modeling (2)
- processes (2)
- prognosis (2)
- proliferation (2)
- proper motions (2)
- property rights (2)
- prosocial (2)
- prosody processing (2)
- prospective (2)
- protected area (2)
- protection motivation theory (2)
- protein carbonyls (2)
- protein engineering (2)
- protein search (2)
- protein translocation (2)
- protein-phenol interactions (2)
- protein-protein (2)
- proteomic analysis (2)
- protest (2)
- protonation (2)
- prototype-willingness-model (2)
- provenance (2)
- psycho-oncology (2)
- psychological detachment (2)
- psychological distress (2)
- psychological well-being (2)
- psychologinguistics (2)
- psychopathy (2)
- psychophysics (2)
- psychopower (2)
- psychosocial moderators (2)
- pubertal timing (2)
- puberty (2)
- public (2)
- public good (2)
- public policy (2)
- publication bias (2)
- pulling isometric muscle action (PIMA) (2)
- pulsars: individual: PSR B0833-45 (2)
- purification (2)
- quantum (2)
- quantum field theory (2)
- quartz crystal microbalance (2)
- quasi-Fermi level splitting (2)
- questioning solutions (2)
- radhard design (2)
- radial flow (2)
- radiation mechanisms: nonthermal (2)
- radiation therapy (2)
- radiative forcing (2)
- radiocarbon dating (2)
- radiogenic isotopes (2)
- radiosensitizers (2)
- rainfall (2)
- rainfall gradient (2)
- rampage (2)
- random diffusivity (2)
- random matrix theory (2)
- random-walks (2)
- randomized controlled trial (2)
- range dynamics (2)
- range of motion (2)
- range size (2)
- rank (2)
- ranking (2)
- rapid test kit (2)
- rare events (2)
- rate of perceived exertion (2)
- rate of torque development (2)
- ray tracing (2)
- reactance (2)
- reaction kinetics theory (2)
- reaction monitoring (2)
- reactive transport modeling (2)
- reading fluency (2)
- real options (2)
- real-time (2)
- receiver function (2)
- reciprocal class (2)
- recollection (2)
- recollimation shocks (2)
- recombinant inbred line (2)
- recombination order (2)
- record (2)
- record linkage (2)
- recruitment (2)
- redox homeostasis (2)
- redox polymers (2)
- redox processes (2)
- redox state (2)
- reduction (2)
- reed (2)
- referential choice (2)
- refinement (2)
- reflexives (2)
- reforms (2)
- refugee (2)
- refugee youth (2)
- regional development (2)
- regionalisation (2)
- regulations (2)
- regulatory T cells (2)
- regulatory physiology (2)
- reinforcement (2)
- relations (2)
- relationship (2)
- relationship constellations (2)
- relative clause (2)
- relative pollen productivity (2)
- relaxation (2)
- relevance (2)
- remission (2)
- remote teaching (2)
- renormalization Hopf algebra (2)
- replacement (2)
- repository far-field (2)
- representation (2)
- reproducing kernel Hilbert space (2)
- reproductive strategies (2)
- reproductive success (2)
- requirements (2)
- resampling (2)
- research design (2)
- research framework (2)
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- reservoir (2)
- reservoir characterization (2)
- resetting (2)
- resonance energy transfer (2)
- resonances (2)
- resource allocation (2)
- resource selection (2)
- restricted range (2)
- resurrection plants (2)
- retrogressive thaw slumps (2)
- return to work (2)
- reward anticipation (2)
- rewards (2)
- rhizosphere (2)
- rhythm (2)
- rifting (2)
- ring current (2)
- ring current electrons (2)
- risk analysis (2)
- risk assessment (2)
- risk aversion (2)
- risk communication (2)
- risk governance (2)
- risk perceptions (2)
- risk reduction (2)
- risk-factors (2)
- risks (2)
- river erosion (2)
- rock (2)
- rock glacier (2)
- role-play (2)
- rolling averages (2)
- root water uptake (2)
- rotational diffusion (2)
- rotifer (2)
- runners (2)
- running mechanics (2)
- rupturing of metal film (2)
- réchauffement planétaire (2)
- sACC (2)
- salamanders (2)
- salience (2)
- saliency (2)
- salinity (2)
- salivary alpha-amylase (2)
- salt (2)
- salt diffusion (2)
- salt pan (2)
- salt structures (2)
- sample preparation (2)
- sarcopenia (2)
- satellite data (2)
- satisfaction (2)
- savanna ecology (2)
- scaffolding (2)
- scalability (2)
- scanning tunneling microscopy (2)
- scenario analysis (2)
- scene perception (2)
- school mathematics (2)
- school quality (2)
- school shooting (2)
- science mapping (2)
- scope of focus (2)
- sea level (2)
- sea level rise (2)
- second chambers (2)
- second language processing (2)
- secondary education (2)
- sedentary (2)
- sediment core (2)
- sediment routing (2)
- sediment storage (2)
- sediment supply (2)
- sediment yield (2)
- sediments (2)
- seed (2)
- seed dispersal syndrome (2)
- seed provisioning (2)
- seismic monitoring (2)
- seismic tomography (2)
- selective laser melting (2)
- selective laser melting (SLM) (2)
- selenoprotein P (2)
- self threat (2)
- self-assembled monolayers (2)
- self-control (2)
- self-evaluation (2)
- self-harm (2)
- self-isolation (2)
- self-objectification (2)
- self-organisation (2)
- self-regulated learning (2)
- self-similarity (2)
- semantic transparency (2)
- semi-arid hydrology (2)
- semi-parliamentarism (2)
- semi-parliamentary government (2)
- semiconducting polymers (2)
- semiconductor lasers (2)
- sensor (2)
- sensor alignment (2)
- sensor data (2)
- sensor fusion (2)
- sensors and actuators (2)
- sentence parsing (2)
- sentinel-1 (2)
- sequential data assimilation (2)
- serum (2)
- sexual behavior (2)
- sexual coercion (2)
- sexual reproduction (2)
- sexual self-esteem (2)
- sexual victimisation (2)
- shallow structure hypothesis (2)
- shieldings (TSNMRS) (2)
- short-read mapping (2)
- shotgun sequencing (2)
- shoulder (2)
- shrub-encroachment (2)
- sibilant (2)
- sick leave (2)
- signal propagation (2)
- simulation model (2)
- simulation-based (2)
- simultaneous bilingualism (2)
- single-case experimental design (2)
- single-particle tracking (2)
- singularity (2)
- size (2)
- size distribution (2)
- skill (2)
- slope aspect (2)
- smart materials (2)
- soccer players (2)
- social class (2)
- social environment (2)
- social epistemology (2)
- social interaction (2)
- social network analysis (2)
- social networking sites (2)
- social reactivity (2)
- social status (2)
- sodium hydroxide etching (2)
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FicucariconeD (1) and its 4 '-demethyl congener 2 are isoflavones isolated from fruits of Ficus carica that share a 5,7-dimethoxy-6-prenyl-substituted A-ring. Both naturalproducts were, for the first time, obtained by chemical synthesisin six steps, starting from 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone. Key stepsare a microwave-promoted tandem sequence of Claisen- and Cope-rearrangementsto install the 6-prenyl substituent and a Suzuki-Miyaura crosscoupling for installing the B-ring. By using various boronic acids,non-natural analogues become conveniently available. All compoundswere tested for cytotoxicity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistanthuman leukemia cell lines, but were found to be inactive. The compoundswere also tested for antimicrobial activities against a panel of eightGram-negative and two Gram-positive bacterial strains. Addition ofthe efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine-beta-naphthylamide(PA beta N) significantly improved the antibiotic activity in mostcases, with MIC values as low as 2.5 mu M and activity improvementfactors as high as 128-fold.
Analyzing social wrongs
(2023)
Effect of magnesium salts with chaotropic anions on the swelling behavior of PNIPMAM thin films
(2023)
Poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM) is a stimuli responsive polymer, which in thin film geometry exhibits a volume-phase transition upon temperature increase in water vapor. The swelling behavior of PNIPMAM thin films containing magnesium salts in water vapor is investigated in view of their potential application as nanodevices. Both the extent and the kinetics of the swelling ratio as well as the water content are probed with in situ time-of-flight neutron reflectometry. Additionally, in situ Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy provides information about the local solvation of the specific functional groups, while two-dimensional FTIR correlation analysis further elucidates the temporal sequence of solvation events. The addition of Mg(ClO4)2 or Mg(NO3)2 enhances the sensitivity of the polymer and therefore the responsiveness of switches and sensors based on PNIPMAM thin films. It is found that Mg(NO3)2 leads to a higher relative water uptake and therefore achieves the highest thickness gain in the swollen state.
We tested whether a brief self-affirmation writing intervention protected against identity-threats (i.e., stereotyping and discrimination) for adolescents' school-related adjustment. The longitudinal study followed 639 adolescents in Germany (65% of immigrant descent, 50% female, M-age = 12.35 years, SDage = .69) from 7(th) grade (pre-intervention at T1, five to six months post-intervention at T2) to the end of 8(th) grade (one-year follow-up at T3). We tested for direct and moderated (by heritage group, discrimination, classroom cultural diversity climate) effects using regression and latent change models. The self-affirmation intervention did not promote grades or math competence. However, in the short-term and for adolescents of immigrant descent, the intervention prevented a downward trajectory in mastery reactions to academic challenges for those experiencing greater discrimination. Further, it protected against a decline in behavioral school engagement for those in positive classroom cultural diversity climates. In the long-term and for all adolescents, the intervention lessened an upward trajectory in disruptive behavior. Overall, the self-affirmation intervention benefited some aspects of school-related adjustment for adolescents of immigrant and non-immigrant descent. The intervention context is important, with classroom cultural diversity climate acting as a psychological affordance enhancing affirmation effects. Our study supports the ongoing call for theorizing and empirically testing student and context heterogeneity to better understand for whom and under which conditions this intervention may work.
Private international law (PIL) might seem disconnected from peacebuilding and peacekeeping efforts. However, this perception falls short. PIL, contrary to public international law’s direct peacekeeping potential, indirectly contributes to peace by fostering mutual respect between states. The relationship between PIL and peace stems from the recognition and respect states show for each other’s legal systems. PIL operates on the principle of comity, where states acknowledge the applicability of foreign laws to resolve cases. In essence, while PIL’s impact on peace is indirect and modest, its emphasis on mutual respect and fair treatment contributes to peaceful relations between states, making it an important element in the broader context of peacebuilding and peacekeeping efforts. Private international law (PIL) does not determine substantive fairness for parties but focuses on localizing cases at a meta-level of conflict-of-laws. This localization is guided by party, trade, and regulatory interests, and is rooted in neutrality and respect for other legal systems. While the principle of equivalence and neutrality remains foundational in PIL, exceptions and limitations have been established over time to address specific scenarios, ensuring a balanced approach that respects both foreign legal systems and fundamental legal principles.
Effects of exercise treatment on functional outcome parameters in mid-portion achilles tendinopathy
(2023)
Exercise interventions are evident in the treatment of mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy (AT). However, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning the effect of different exercise treatments on improving a specific function (e.g., strength) in this population. Thus, this study aimed to systematically review the effect of exercise treatments on different functional outcomes in mid-portion AT. An electronic database of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to 21 February 2023. Studies that investigated changes in plantar flexor function with exercise treatments were considered in mid-portion AT. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical controlled trials (CCTs) were included. Functional outcomes were classified by kinetic (e.g., strength), kinematic [e.g., ankle range of motion (ROM)], and sensorimotor (e.g., balance index) parameters. The types of exercise treatments were classified into eccentric, concentric, and combined (eccentric plus concentric) training modes. Quality assessment was appraised using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale for RCTs, and the Joanna Briggs Institute scale for CCTs. The search yielded 2,260 records, and a total of ten studies were included. Due to the heterogeneity of the included studies, a qualitative synthesis was performed. Eccentric training led to improvements in power outcomes (e.g., height of countermovement jump), and in strength outcomes (e.g., peak torque). Concentric training regimens showed moderate enhanced power outcomes. Moreover, one high-quality study showed an improvement in the balance index by eccentric training, whereas the application of concentric training did not. Combined training modalities did not lead to improvements in strength and power outcomes. Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion ROM measures did not show relevant changes by the exercise treatments. In conclusion, eccentric training is evident in improving strength outcomes in AT patients. Moreover, it shows moderate evidence improvements in power and the sensorimotor parameter "balance index". Concentric training presents moderate evidence in the power outcomes and can therefore be considered as an alternative to improve this function. Kinematic analysis of plantarflexion and dorsiflexion ROM might not be useful in AT people. This study expands the knowledge what types of exercise regimes should be considered to improve the functional outcomes in AT.
Perception of peripersonal space (PPS) and interpersonal distance (IPD) has been shown to be modified by external factors such as perceived danger, the use of tools, and social factors. Especially in times of social distancing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital to study factors that modify PPS and IPD. The present work addresses the question of whether wearing a face mask as a protection tool and social interaction impact the perception of IPD. We tested estimated IPD in pictures at three distances: 50 cm, 90 cm, and 150 cm in both social interaction (shaking hands) and without interaction and when the two people in the pictures wore a face mask or not. Data from 60 subjects were analyzed in a linear mixed model (on both difference in distance estimation to the depicted distance and in absolute distance estimation) and in a 3 (distance: 50, 90, 150) x 2 (interaction: no interaction, shake hands), x 2 face mask (no mask, mask) rmANOVA on distance estimation difference. All analyses showed that at a distance of 50 and 90 cm, participants generally underestimated the IPD while at an IPD of 150 cm, participants overestimated the distance. This could be grounded in perceived danger and avoidance behavior at closer distances, while the wider distance between persons was not perceived as dangerous. Our findings at an IPD of 90 cm show that social interaction has the largest effect at the border of our PPS, while the face mask did not affect social interaction at either distance. In addition, the ANOVA results indicate that when no social interaction was displayed, participants felt less unsafe when depicted persons wore a face mask at distances of 90 and 150 cm. This shows that participants are on the one hand aware of the given safety measures and internalized them; on the other hand, that refraining from physical social interaction helps to get close to other persons.
Geometry, 11B, 13C chemical shifts and the spatial magnetic properties (Through-Space NMR Shieldings -TSNMRS) of both cations and anions of boron-trapped N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) and of the corresponding diborane/diborene/diboryne dis-carbene adducts have been calculated using the GIAO perturbation method employing the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) concept; the TSNMRS results are visualized as iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSS) of various size and direction. The ICSS of the TSNMRS (actually the anisotropy effects measurable in 1H NMR spectroscopy) are employed to qualify and quantify the present multiple bond character of the Carbene-Boron bond in the trapped NHCs and CAACs. Results are confirmed by bond length and 11B/13C chemical shift variations. Thus the partial multiple bond character of the Carbene-Boron bond cannot be expressed by the arrow of weak, much longer dative bonds and should be omitted as in other covalent lone pair-it or triel bonds. & COPY; 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Balance is vital for human health and experiments have been conducted to measure the mechanisms of postural control, for example studying reflex responses to simulated perturbations. Such studies are frequent in walking but less common in running, and an understanding of reflex responses to trip-like disturbances could enhance our understanding of human gait and improve approaches to training and rehabilitation. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the technical validity and reliability of a treadmill running protocol with perturbations. A further exploratory aim was to evaluate the associated neuromuscular reflex responses to the perturbations, in the lower limbs.
Methods
Twelve healthy participants completed a running protocol (9 km/h) test-retest (2 weeks apart), whereby 30 unilateral perturbations were executed via the treadmill belts (presets:2.0 m/s amplitude;150 ms delay (post-heel contact);100ms duration). Validity of the perturbations was assessed via mean +/- SD comparison, percentage error calculation between the preset and recorded perturbation characteristics (PE%), and coefficient of variation (CV%). Test-retest reliability (TRV%) and Bland-Altman analysis (BLA; bias +/- 1.96 * SD) was calculated for reliability. To measure reflex activity, electromyography (EMG) was applied in both legs. EMG amplitudes (root mean square normalized to unperturbed strides) and latencies [ms] were analysed descriptively.
Results
Left-side perturbation amplitude was 1.9 +/- 0.1 m/s, delay 105 +/- 2 ms, and duration 78 +/- 1 ms. Right-side perturbation amplitude was 1.9 +/- 0.1 m/s, delay 118 +/- 2 ms, duration 78 +/- 1 ms. PE% ranged from 5-30% for the recorded perturbations. CV% of the perturbations ranged from 19.5-76.8%. TRV% for the perturbations was 6.4-16.6%. BLA for the left was amplitude: 0.0 +/- 0.3m/s, delay: 0 +/- 17 ms, duration: 2 +/- 13 ms, and for the right was amplitude: 0.1 +/- 0.7, delay: 4 +/- 40 ms, duration: 1 +/- 35 ms. EMG amplitudes ranged from 175 +/- 141%-454 +/- 359% in both limbs. Latencies were 109 +/- 12-116 +/- 23 ms in the tibialis anterior, and 128 +/- 49-157 +/- 20 ms in the biceps femoris.
Discussion
Generally, this study indicated sufficient validity and reliability of the current setup considering the technical challenges and limitations, although the reliability of the right-sided perturbations could be questioned. The protocol provoked reflex responses in the lower extremities, especially in the leading leg. Acute neuromusculoskeletal adjustments to the perturbations could be studied and compared in clinical and healthy running populations, and the protocol could be utilised to monitor chronic adaptations to interventions over time.
Case report
(2023)
The increasing prevalence of Long COVID is an imminent public health disaster, and established approaches have not provided adequate diagnostics or treatments. Recently, anesthetic blockade of the stellate ganglion was reported to improve Long COVID symptoms in a small case series, purportedly by "rebooting" the autonomic nervous system. Here, we present a novel diagnostic approach based on the Adaptive Force (AF), and report sustained positive outcome for one severely affected Long COVID patient using individualized pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) at the area C7/T1. AF reflects the capacity of the neuromuscular system to adapt adequately to external forces in an isometric holding manner. In case, maximal isometric AF (AFiso(max)) is exceeded, the muscle merges into eccentric muscle action. Thereby, the force usually increases further until maximal AF (AFmax) is reached. In case adaptation is optimal, AFiso(max) is similar to 99-100% of AFmax. This holding capacity (AFiso(max)) was found to be vulnerable to disruption by unpleasant stimulus and, hence, was regarded as functional parameter. AF was assessed by an objectified manual muscle test using a handheld device. Prior to treatment, AFiso(max) was considerably lower than AFmax for hip flexors (62 N = similar to 28% AFmax) and elbow flexors (71 N = similar to 44% AFmax); i.e., maximal holding capacity was significantly reduced, indicating dysfunctional motor control. We tested PEMF at C7/T1, identified a frequency that improved neuromuscular function, and applied it for similar to 15 min. Immediately post-treatment, AFiso(max) increased to similar to 210 N (similar to 100% AFmax) at hip and 184 N (similar to 100% AFmax) at elbow. Subjective Long COVID symptoms resolved the following day. At 4 weeks post-treatment, maximal holding capacity was still on a similarly high level as for immediately post-treatment (similar to 100% AFmax) and patient was symptom-free. At 6 months the patient's Long COVID symptoms have not returned. This case report suggests (1) AF could be a promising diagnostic for post-infectious illness, (2) AF can be used to test effective treatments for post-infectious illness, and (3) individualized PEMF may resolve post-infectious symptoms.
The Gutenberg-Richter (GR) and the Omori-Utsu (OU) law describe the earthquakes' energy release and temporal clustering and are thus of great importance for seismic hazard assessment. Motivated by experimental results, which indicate stress-dependent parameters, we consider a combined global data set of 127 main shock-aftershock sequences and perform a systematic study of the relationship between main shock-induced stress changes and associated seismicity patterns. For this purpose, we calculate space-dependent Coulomb Stress (& UDelta;CFS) and alternative receiver-independent stress metrics in the surrounding of the main shocks. Our results indicate a clear positive correlation between the GR b-value and the induced stress, contrasting expectations from laboratory experiments and suggesting a crucial role of structural heterogeneity and strength variations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the aftershock productivity increases nonlinearly with stress, while the OU parameters c and p systematically decrease for increasing stress changes. Our partly unexpected findings can have an important impact on future estimations of the aftershock hazard.
Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a debilitating injury in athletes, especially for those engaged in repetitive stretch-shortening cycle activities. Clinical risk factors are numerous, but it has been suggested that altered biomechanics might be associated with AT. No systematic review has been conducted investigating these biomechanical alterations in specifically athletic populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the lower-limb biomechanics of athletes with AT to athletically matched asymptomatic controls. Databases were searched for relevant studies investigating biomechanics during gait activities and other motor tasks such as hopping, isolated strength tasks, and reflex responses. Inclusion criteria for studies were an AT diagnosis in at least one group, cross-sectional or prospective data, at least one outcome comparing biomechanical data between an AT and healthy group, and athletic populations. Studies were excluded if patients had Achilles tendon rupture/surgery, participants reported injuries other than AT, and when only within-subject data was available.. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for relevant outcomes. The initial search yielded 4,442 studies. After screening, twenty studies (775 total participants) were synthesised, reporting on a wide range of biomechanical outcomes. Females were under-represented and patients in the AT group were three years older on average. Biomechanical alterations were identified in some studies during running, hopping, jumping, strength tasks and reflex activity. Equally, several biomechanical variables studied were not associated with AT in included studies, indicating a conflicting picture. Kinematics in AT patients appeared to be altered in the lower limb, potentially indicating a pattern of “medial collapse”. Muscular activity of the calf and hips was different between groups, whereby AT patients exhibited greater calf electromyographic amplitudes despite lower plantar flexor strength. Overall, dynamic maximal strength of the plantar flexors, and isometric strength of the hips might be reduced in the AT group. This systematic review reports on several biomechanical alterations in athletes with AT. With further research, these factors could potentially form treatment targets for clinicians, although clinical approaches should take other contributing health factors into account. The studies included were of low quality, and currently no solid conclusions can be drawn.
The Adaptive Force (AF) reflects the neuromuscular capacity to adapt to external loads during holding muscle actions and is similar to motions in real life and sports. The maximal isometric AF (AFisoₘₐₓ) was considered to be the most relevant parameter and was assumed to have major importance regarding injury mechanisms and the development of musculoskeletal pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of different torque parameters over the course of 30 repeated maximal AF trials. In addition, maximal holding vs. maximal pushing isometric muscle actions were compared. A side consideration was the behavior of torques in the course of repeated AF actions when comparing strength and endurance athletes. The elbow flexors of n = 12 males (six strength/six endurance athletes, non-professionals) were measured 30 times (120 s rest) using a pneumatic device. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) was measured pre and post. MVIC, AFisoₘₐₓ, and AFₘₐₓ (maximal torque of one AF measurement) were evaluated regarding different considerations and statistical tests. AFₘₐₓ and AFisoₘₐₓ declined in the course of 30 trials [slope regression (mean ± standard deviation): AFₘₐₓ = −0.323 ± 0.263; AFisoₘₐₓ = −0.45 ± 0.45]. The decline from start to end amounted to −12.8% ± 8.3% (p < 0.001) for AFₘₐₓ and −25.41% ± 26.40% (p < 0.001) for AFisoₘₐₓ. AF parameters declined more in strength vs. endurance athletes. Thereby, strength athletes showed a rather stable decline for AFmax and a plateau formation for AFisoₘₐₓ after 15 trials. In contrast, endurance athletes reduced their AFₘₐₓ, especially after the first five trials, and remained on a rather similar level for AFisomax. The maximum of AFisoₘₐₓ of all 30 trials amounted 67.67% ± 13.60% of MVIC (p < 0.001, n = 12), supporting the hypothesis of two types of isometric muscle action (holding vs. pushing). The findings provided the first data on the behavior of torque parameters after repeated isometric–eccentric actions and revealed further insights into neuromuscular control strategies. Additionally, they highlight the importance of investigating AF parameters in athletes based on the different behaviors compared to MVIC. This is assumed to be especially relevant regarding injury mechanisms.
Long COVID patients show symptoms, such as fatigue, muscle weakness and pain. Adequate diagnostics are still lacking. Investigating muscle function might be a beneficial approach. The holding capacity (maximal isometric Adaptive Force; AFisomax) was previously suggested to be especially sensitive for impairments. This longitudinal, non-clinical study aimed to investigate the AF in long COVID patients and their recovery process. AF parameters of elbow and hip flexors were assessed in 17 patients at three time points (pre: long COVID state, post: immediately after first treatment, end: recovery) by an objectified manual muscle test. The tester applied an increasing force on the limb of the patient, who had to resist isometrically for as long as possible. The intensity of 13 common symptoms were queried. At pre, patients started to lengthen their muscles at ~50% of the maximal AF (AFmax), which was then reached during eccentric motion, indicating unstable adaptation. At post and end, AFisomax increased significantly to ~99% and 100% of AFmax, respectively, reflecting stable adaptation. AFmax was statistically similar for all three time points. Symptom intensity decreased significantly from pre to end. The findings revealed a substantially impaired maximal holding capacity in long COVID patients, which returned to normal function with substantial health improvement. AFisomax might be a suitable sensitive functional parameter to assess long COVID patients and to support therapy process
State- and private-led search-and-rescue are hypothesized to foster irregular migration (and thereby migrant fatalities) by altering the decision calculus associated with the journey. We here investigate this ‘pull factor’ claim by focusing on the Central Mediterranean route, the most frequented and deadly irregular migration route towards Europe during the past decade. Based on three intervention periods—(1) state-led Mare Nostrum, (2) private-led search-and-rescue, and (3) coordinated pushbacks by the Libyan Coast Guard—which correspond to substantial changes in laws, policies, and practices of search-and-rescue in the Mediterranean, we are able to test the ‘pull factor’ claim by employing an innovative machine learning method in combination with causal inference. We employ a Bayesian structural time-series model to estimate the effects of these three intervention periods on the migration flow as measured by crossing attempts (i.e., time-series aggregate counts of arrivals, pushbacks, and deaths), adjusting for various known drivers of irregular migration. We combine multiple sources of traditional and non-traditional data to build a synthetic, predicted counterfactual flow. Results show that our predictive modeling approach accurately captures the behavior of the target time-series during the various pre-intervention periods of interest. A comparison of the observed and predicted counterfactual time-series in the post-intervention periods suggest that pushback policies did affect the migration flow, but that the search-and-rescue periods did not yield a discernible difference between the observed and the predicted counterfactual number of crossing attempts. Hence we do not find support for search-and-rescue as a driver of irregular migration. In general, this modeling approach lends itself to forecasting migration flows with the goal of answering causal queries in migration research.
Worldwide, companies are increasingly making claims about their current climate efforts and their future mitigation commitments. These claims tend to be underpinned by carbon credits issued in voluntary carbon markets to offset emissions. Corporate climate claims are largely unregulated which means that they are often (perceived to be) misleading and deceptive. As such, corporate climate claims risk undermining, rather than contributing to, global climate mitigation. This paper takes as its point of departure the proposition that a better understanding of corporate climate claims is needed to govern such claims in a manner that adequately addresses potential greenwashing risks. To that end, the paper reviews the nascent literature on corporate climate claims relying on the use of voluntary carbon credits. Drawing on the reviewed literature, three key dimensions of corporate climate claims as related to carbon credits are discussed: 1) the intended use of carbon credits: offsetting versus non-offsetting claims; 2) the framing and meaning of headline terms: net-zero versus carbon neutral claims; and 3) the status of the claim: future aspirational commitments versus stated achievements. The paper thereby offers a preliminary categorization of corporate climate claims and discusses risks associated with and governance implications for each of these categories.
This paper is founded on two philosophical assumptions. The first is that there is a difference between two patterns of recognition: the dialectical and the dialogical. The second assumption is that the origins of the dialogical pattern may be found in the relationship between human beings and God, a relationship in which prayer has a major role. The second assumption leads to the supposition that the emphasis of the dialogic approach on moral responsibility is theologically grounded. In other words, the relationship between humanity and God serves as a paradigm for human relationships. By focusing on Hermann Cohen and Franz Rosenzweig, in the context of prayer and dialectic, this paper highlights the complexity of these themes in modern Jewish thought. These two important philosophers utilize dialectical reasoning while also criticizing it and offering an alternative. The conclusions of their thought, in general, and their position on prayer, in particular, demonstrate a preference for a relational way of thinking over a dialectical one, but without renouncing the latter.
Risk perceptions of individuals living in single-parent households during the COVID-19 crisis
(2023)
The COVID-19 crisis had severe social and economic impact on the life of most citizens around the globe. Individuals living in single-parent households were particularly at risk, revealing detrimental labour market outcomes and assessments of future perspectives marked by worries. As it has not been investigated yet, in this paper we study, how their perception about the future and their outlook on how the pandemic will affect them is related to their objective economic resources. Against this background, we examine the subjective risk perception of worsening living standards of individuals living in single-parent households compared to other household types, their objective economic situation based on the logarithmised equivalised disposable household incomes and analyse the relationship between those indicators. Using the German SOEP, including the SOEP-CoV survey from 2020, our findings based on regression modelling reveal that individuals living in single-parent households have been worse off during the pandemic, facing high economic insecurity. Path and interaction models support our assumption that the association between those indicators may not be that straightforward, as there are underlying mechanisms–such as mediation and moderation–of income affecting its direction and strength. With respect to our central hypotheses, our empirical findings point toward (1) a mediation effect, by demonstrating that the subjective risk perception of single-parent households can be partly explained by economic conditions. (2) The moderating effect suggests that the concrete position at the income distribution of households matters as well. While at the lower end of the income distribution, single-parent households reveal particularly worse risk perceptions during the pandemic, at the high end of the income spectrum, risk perceptions are similar for all household types. Thus, individuals living in single-parent households do not perceive higher risks of worsening living standards due to their household situation per se, but rather because they are worse off in terms of their economic situation compared to individuals living in other household types.
Design thinking is a well-established practical and educational approach to fostering high-level creativity and innovation, which has been refined since the 1950s with the participation of experts like Joy Paul Guilford and Abraham Maslow. Through real-world projects, trainees learn to optimize their creative outcomes by developing and practicing creative cognition and metacognition. This paper provides a holistic perspective on creativity, enabling the formulation of a comprehensive theoretical framework of creative metacognition. It focuses on the design thinking approach to creativity and explores the role of metacognition in four areas of creativity expertise: Products, Processes, People, and Places. The analysis includes task-outcome relationships (product metacognition), the monitoring of strategy effectiveness (process metacognition), an understanding of individual or group strengths and weaknesses (people metacognition), and an examination of the mutual impact between environments and creativity (place metacognition). It also reviews measures taken in design thinking education, including a distribution of cognition and metacognition, to support students in their development of creative mastery. On these grounds, we propose extended methods for measuring creative metacognition with the goal of enhancing comprehensive assessments of the phenomenon. Proposed methodological advancements include accuracy sub-scales, experimental tasks where examinees explore problem and solution spaces, combinations of naturalistic observations with capability testing, as well as physiological assessments as indirect measures of creative metacognition.
This study investigates the sensitivity and uncertainty of evaporation assessment in a tropical reservoir in northeastern Brazil. For this purpose, four approaches were used: Penman, a Dalton-modified equation, a pressure meter and a novel acoustic sensor. The main objective is to evaluate whether sensors can be employed to adequately assess lake evaporation. The sensors were installed in floating pans and the equations are based on variables collected from a raft. The wind-inducted waves in the reservoir often disturbed the measurements using both pressure (uncertainty of +/- 0.6 mm) and acoustic (uncertainty of +/- 0.1 mm) sensors, causing flaws and affecting continuous monitoring. The modified Dalton model, based on data collected with a floating station, estimated values over three-hour courses of evaporation similar to those measured by the pressure meter. These findings are important contributions to an accurate monitoring of water losses through evaporation and reservoir operation, particularly in dry regions.
This contribution presents an analysis of the structure and conflictual dynamics of contemporary German sociology which has recently separated into two professional societies. Using geometric data analysis, we present an empirical construction of the power/knowledge structure of the field, its paradigmatic plurality, and the various forms of sociological practices involved.
Reliability of the active knee joint position sense test and influence of limb dominance and sex
(2023)
The output of a sensorimotor performance can be measured with the joint position sense (JPS) test. However, investigations of leg dominance, sex and quality measures on this test are limited. Therefore, these potential influencing factors as well as reliability and consistency measures were evaluated for angular reproduction performance and neuromuscular activity during the active knee JPS test in healthy participants. Twenty healthy participants (10 males; 10 females; age 29 +/- 8 years; height 165 +/- 39 cm; body mass 69 +/- 13 kg) performed a seated knee JPS test with a target angle of 50 degrees. Measurements were conducted in two sessions separated by two weeks and consisted of two blocks of continuous angular reproduction (three minutes each block). The difference between reproduced and target angle was identified as angular error measured by an electrogoniometer. During reproduction, the neuromuscular activity of the quadriceps muscle was assessed by surface electromyography. Neuromuscular activity was normalized to submaximal voluntary contraction (subMVC) and displayed per muscle and movement phase. Differences between leg dominance and sex were calculated using Friedman-test (alpha = 0.05). Reliability measures including intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman analysis (bias +/- limits of agreement (LoA)) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were analysed. No significant differences between leg dominance and sex were found in angular error and neuromuscular activity. Angular error demonstrated inter-session ICC scores of 0.424 with a bias of 2.4 degrees (+/- 2.4 degrees LoA) as well as MDC of 6.8 degrees and moderate intra-session ICC (0.723) with a bias of 1.4 degrees (+/- 1.65 degrees LoA) as well as MDC of 4.7 degrees. Neuromuscular activity for all muscles and movement phases illustrated inter-session ICC ranging from 0.432 to 0.809 with biases between - 2.5 and 13.6% subMVC and MDC from 13.4 to 63.9% subMVC. Intra-session ICC ranged from 0.705 to 0.987 with biases of - 7.7 to 2.4% subMVC and MDC of 2.7 to 46.5% subMVC. Leg dominance and sex seem not to influence angular reproduction performance and neuromuscular activity. Poor to excellent relative reliability paired with an acceptable consistency confirm findings of previous studies. Comparisons to pathological populations should be conducted with caution.
Students enter school with a vast range of individual differences, resulting from the complex interplay between genetic dispositions and unequal environmental conditions. Schools thus face the challenge of organizing instruction and providing equal opportunities for students with diverse needs. Schools have traditionally managed student heterogeneity by sorting students both within and between schools according to their academic ability. However, empirical evidence suggests that such tracking approaches increase inequalities. In more recent years, driven largely by technological advances, there have been calls to embrace students' individual differences in the classroom and to personalize students' learning experiences. A central justification for personalized learning is its potential to improve educational equity. In this paper, we discuss whether and under which conditions personalized learning can indeed increase equity in K-12 education by bringing together empirical and theoretical insights from different fields, including the learning sciences, philosophy, psychology, and sociology. We distinguish between different conceptions of equity and argue that personalized learning is unlikely to result in "equality of outcomes" and, by definition, does not provide "equality of inputs". However, if implemented in a high-quality way, personalized learning is in line with "adequacy" notions of equity, which aim to equip all students with the basic competencies to participate in society as active members and to live meaningful lives.
Using time-resolved x-ray diffraction, we demonstrate the manipulation of the picosecond strain response of a metallic heterostructure consisting of a dysprosium (Dy) transducer and a niobium (Nb) detection layer by an external magnetic field. We utilize the first-order ferromagnetic–antiferromagnetic phase transition of the Dy layer, which provides an additional large contractive stress upon laser excitation compared to its zerofield response. This enhances the laser-induced contraction of the transducer and changes the shape of the picosecond strain pulses driven in Dy and detected within the buried Nb layer. Based on our experiment with rare-earth metals we discuss required properties for functional transducers, which may allow for novel field-control of the emitted picosecond strain pulses.
Background
Self-regulation (SR) as the ability to regulate one's own physical state, emotions, cognitions, and behavior, is considered to play a pivotal role in the concurrent and subsequent mental and physical health of an individual. Although SR skills encompass numerous sub-facets, previous research has often focused on only one or a few of these sub-facets, and only rarely on adolescence. Therefore, little is known about the development of the sub-facets, their interplay, and their specific contributions to future developmental outcomes, particularly in adolescence. To fill these research gaps, this study aims to prospectively examine (1) the development of SR and (2) their influence on adolescent-specific developmental outcomes in a large community sample.
Methods/design
Based on previously collected data from the Potsdam Intrapersonal Developmental Risk (PIER) study with three measurement points, the present prospective, longitudinal study aims to add a fourth measurement point (PIERYOUTH). We aim to retain at least 1074 participants now between 16 and 23 years of the initially 1657 participants (6-11 years of age at the first measurement point in 2012/2013; 52.2% female). The study will continue to follow a multi-method (questionnaires, physiological assessments, performance-based computer tasks), multi-facet (assessing various domains of SR), and multi-rater (self-, parent-, and teacher-report) approach. In addition, a broad range of adolescent-specific developmental outcomes is considered. In doing so, we will cover the development of SR and relevant outcomes over the period of 10 years. In addition, we intend to conduct a fifth measurement point (given prolonged funding) to investigate development up to young adulthood.
Discussion
With its broad and multimethodological approach, PIERYOUTH aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the development and role of various SR sub-facets from middle childhood to adolescence. The large sample size and low drop-out rates in the first three measurements points form a sound database for our present prospective research.Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register, registration number DRKS00030847.
Core-collapse supernova remnants are structures of the interstellar medium (ISM) left behind the explosive death of most massive stars ( ?40 M-?). Since they result in the expansion of the supernova shock wave into the gaseous environment shaped by the star's wind history, their morphology constitutes an insight into the past evolution of their progenitor star. Particularly, fast-mo ving massiv e stars can produce asymmetric core-collapse superno va remnants. We inv estigate the mixing of materials in core-collapse supernova remnants generated by a moving massive 35 M-? star, in a magnetized ISM. Stellar rotation and the wind magnetic field are time-dependently included into the models which follow the entire evolution of the stellar surroundings from the zero-age main-sequence to 80 kyr after the supernova explosion. It is found that very little main-sequence material is present in remnants from moving stars, that the Wolf-Rayet wind mixes very efficiently within the 10 kyr after the explosion, while the red supergiant material is still unmixed by 30 per cent within 50 kyr after the supernova. Our results indicate that the faster the stellar motion, the more complex the internal organization of the supernova remnant and the more ef fecti ve the mixing of ejecta therein. In contrast, the mixing of stellar wind material is only weakly affected by progenitor motion, if at all.
Understanding the origin of inefficient photocurrent generation in organic solar cells with low energy offset remains key to realizing high-performance donor-acceptor systems. Here, we probe the origin of field-dependent free-charge generation and photoluminescence in wnon-fullereneacceptor (NFA)-based organic solar cells using the polymer PM6 and the NFA Y5-a non-halogenated sibling to Y6, with a smaller energetic offset to PM6. By performing time-delayed collection field (TDCF) measurements on a variety of samples with different electron transport layers and active layer thickness, we show that the fill factor and photocurrent are limited by field-dependent free charge generation in the bulk of the blend. We also introduce a new method of TDCF called m-TDCF to prove the absence of artifacts from non-geminate recombination of photogenerated and dark charge carriers near the electrodes. We then correlate free charge generation with steady-state photoluminescence intensity and find perfect anticorrelation between these two properties. Through this, we conclude that photocurrent generation in this low-offset system is entirely controlled by the field-dependent dissociation of local excitons into charge-transfer states. (c) 2023 Author(s).
Sensorimotor control can be impaired by slacked muscle spindles. This was shown for reflex responses and, recently, also for muscular stability in the sense of Adaptive Force (AF). The slack in muscle spindles was generated by contracting the lengthened muscle followed by passive shortening. AF was suggested to specifically reflect sensorimotor control since it requires tension-length control in adaptation to an increasing load. This study investigated AF parameters in reaction to another, manually performed slack procedure in a preselected sample (n = 13). The AF of 11 elbow and 12 hip flexors was assessed by an objectified manual muscle test (MMT) using a handheld device. Maximal isometric AF was significantly reduced after manual spindle technique vs. regular MMT. Muscle lengthening started at 64.93 & PLUSMN; 12.46% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). During regular MMT, muscle length could be maintained stable until 92.53 & PLUSMN; 10.12% of MVIC. Hence, muscular stability measured by AF was impaired after spindle manipulation. Force oscillations arose at a significantly lower level for regular vs. spindle. This supports the assumption that they are a prerequisite for stable adaptation. Reduced muscular stability in reaction to slack procedures is considered physiological since sensory information is misled. It is proposed to use slack procedures to test the functionality of the neuromuscular system, which is relevant for clinical practice.
When two initially thermal many-body systems start to interact strongly, their transient states quickly become non-Gibbsian, even if the systems eventually equilibrate. To see beyond this apparent lack of structure during the transient regime, we use a refined notion of thermality, which we call g-local. A system is g-locally thermal if the states of all its small subsystems are marginals of global thermal states. We numerically demonstrate for two harmonic lattices that whenever the total system equilibrates in the long run, each lattice remains g-locally thermal at all times, including the transient regime. This is true even when the lattices have long-range interactions within them. In all cases, we find that the equilibrium is described by the generalized Gibbs ensemble, with three-dimensional lattices requiring special treatment due to their extended set of conserved charges. We compare our findings with the well-known two-temperature model. While its standard form is not valid beyond weak coupling, we show that at strong coupling it can be partially salvaged by adopting the concept of a g-local temperature.
How to confuse motor control
(2023)
Adaptation to external forces relies on a well-functioning proprioceptive system including muscle spindle afferents. Muscle length and tension control in reaction to external forces is most important regarding the Adaptive Force (AF). This study investigated the effect of different procedures, which are assumed to influence the function of muscle spindles, on the AF. Elbow flexors of 12 healthy participants (n = 19 limbs) were assessed by an objectified manual muscle test (MMT) with different procedures: regular MMT, MMT after precontraction (self-estimated 20% MVIC) in lengthened position with passive return to test position (CL), and MMT after CL with a second precontraction in test position (CL-CT). During regular MMTs, muscles maintained their length up to 99.7% +/- 1.0% of the maximal AF (AF(max)). After CL, muscles started to lengthen at 53.0% +/- 22.5% of AF(max). For CL-CT, muscles were again able to maintain the static position up to 98.3% +/- 5.5% of AF(max). AFiso(max) differed highly significantly between CL vs. CL-CT and regular MMT. CL was assumed to generate a slack of muscle spindles, which led to a substantial reduction of the holding capacity. This was immediately erased by a precontraction in the test position. The results substantiate that muscle spindle sensitivity seems to play an important role for neuromuscular functioning and musculoskeletal stability.
This review discusses picosecond ultrasonics experiments using ultrashort hard x-ray probe pulses to extract the transient strain response of laser-excited nanoscopic structures from Bragg-peak shifts. This method provides direct, layer-specific, and quantitative information on the picosecond strain response for structures down to few-nm thickness. We model the transient strain using the elastic wave equation and express the driving stress using Gruneisen parameters stating that the laser-induced stress is proportional to energy density changes in the microscopic subsystems of the solid, i.e., electrons, phonons and spins. The laser-driven strain response can thus serve as an ultrafast proxy for local energy-density and temperature changes, but we emphasize the importance of the nanoscale morphology for an accurate interpretation due to the Poisson effect. The presented experimental use cases encompass ultrathin and opaque metal-heterostructures, continuous and granular nanolayers as well as negative thermal expansion materials, that each pose a challenge to established all-optical techniques.
We present a Reduced Order Model (ROM) which exploits recent developments in Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) for solving inverse problems for the Navier-Stokes equations (NSE). In the proposed approach, the presence of simulated data for the fluid dynamics fields is assumed. A POD-Galerkin ROM is then constructed by applying POD on the snapshots matrices of the fluid fields and performing a Galerkin projection of the NSE (or the modified equations in case of turbulence modeling) onto the POD reduced basis. A POD-Galerkin PINN ROM is then derived by introducing deep neural networks which approximate the reduced outputs with the input being time and/or parameters of the model. The neural networks incorporate the physical equations (the POD-Galerkin reduced equations) into their structure as part of the loss function. Using this approach, the reduced model is able to approximate unknown parameters such as physical constants or the boundary conditions. A demonstration of the applicability of the proposed ROM is illustrated by three cases which are the steady flow around a backward step, the flow around a circular cylinder and the unsteady turbulent flow around a surface mounted cubic obstacle.
Knowledge on the response of sediment export to recent climate change in glacierized areas in the European Alps is limited, primarily because long-term records of suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) are scarce. Here we tested the estimation of sediment export of the past five decades using quantile regression forest (QRF), a nonparametric, multivariate regression based on random forest. The regression builds on short-term records of SSCs and long records of the most important hydroclimatic drivers (discharge, precipitation and air temperature - QPT). We trained independent models for two nested and partially glacier-covered catchments, Vent (98 km(2)) and Vernagt (11.4 km(2)), in the upper otztal in Tyrol, Austria (1891 to 3772 m a.s.l.), where available QPT records start in 1967 and 1975. To assess temporal extrapolation ability, we used two 2-year SSC datasets at gauge Vernagt, which are almost 20 years apart, for a validation. For Vent, we performed a five-fold cross-validation on the 15 years of SSC measurements. Further, we quantified the number of days where predictors exceeded the range represented in the training dataset, as the inability to extrapolate beyond this range is a known limitation of QRF. Finally, we compared QRF performance to sediment rating curves (SRCs). We analyzed the modeled sediment export time series, the predictors and glacier mass balance data for trends (Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator) and step-like changes (using the widely applied Pettitt test and a complementary Bayesian approach).Our validation at gauge Vernagt demonstrated that QRF performs well in estimating past daily sediment export (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.73) and satisfactorily for SSCs (NSE of 0.51), despite the small training dataset. The temporal extrapolation ability of QRF was superior to SRCs, especially in periods with high-SSC events, which demonstrated the ability of QRF to model threshold effects. Days with high SSCs tended to be underestimated, but the effect on annual yields was small. Days with predictor exceedances were rare, indicating a good representativity of the training dataset. Finally, the QRF reconstruction models outperformed SRCs by about 20 percent points of the explained variance.Significant positive trends in the reconstructed annual suspended sediment yields were found at both gauges, with distinct step-like increases around 1981. This was linked to increased glacier melt, which became apparent through step-like increases in discharge at both gauges as well as change points in mass balances of the two largest glaciers in the Vent catchment. We identified exceptionally high July temperatures in 1982 and 1983 as a likely cause. In contrast, we did not find coinciding change points in precipitation. Opposing trends at the two gauges after 1981 suggest different timings of "peak sediment". We conclude that, given large-enough training datasets, the presented QRF approach is a promising tool with the ability to deepen our understanding of the response of high-alpine areas to decadal climate change.
Graphene is well-knownfor its unique combination of electricaland mechanical properties. However, its vanishing band gap limitsthe use of graphene in microelectronics. Covalent functionalizationof graphene has been a common approach to address this critical issueand introduce a band gap. In this Article, we systematically analyzethe functionalization of single-layer graphene (SLG) and bilayer graphene(BLG) with methyl (CH3) using periodic density functionaltheory (DFT) at the PBE+D3 level of theory. We also include a comparisonof methylated single-layer and bilayer graphene, as well as a discussionof different methylation options (radicalic, cationic, and anionic).For SLG, methyl coverages ranging from 1/8 to 1/1, (i.e.,the fully methylated analogue of graphane) are considered. We findthat up to a coverage theta of 1/2, graphene readily accepts CH3, with neighbor CH3 groups preferring trans positions. Above theta = 1/2, the tendency to accept further CH3 weakens and the lattice constant increases. The band gapbehaves less regularly, but overall it increases with increasing methylcoverage. Thus, methylated graphene shows potential for developingband gap-tuned microelectronics devices and may offer further functionalizationoptions. To guide in the interpretation of methylation experiments,vibrational signatures of various species are characterized by normal-modeanalysis (NMA), their vibrational density of states (VDOS), and infrared(IR) spectra, the latter two are obtained from ab initio moleculardynamics (AIMD) in combination with a velocity-velocity autocorrelationfunction (VVAF) approach.
Efficient Removal of Tetracycline and Bisphenol A from Water with a New Hybrid Clay/TiO2 Composite
(2023)
New TiO2 hybrid composites were prepared fromkaolinclay, predried and carbonized biomass, and titanium tetraisopropoxideand explored for tetracycline (TET) and bisphenol A (BPA) removalfrom water. Overall, the removal rate is 84% for TET and 51% for BPA.The maximum adsorption capacities (q (m))are 30 and 23 mg/g for TET and BPA, respectively. These capacitiesare far greater than those obtained for unmodified TiO2. Increasing the ionic strength of the solution does not change theadsorption capacity of the adsorbent. pH changes only slightly changeBPA adsorption, while a pH > 7 significantly reduces the adsorptionof TET on the material. The Brouers-Sotolongo fractal modelbest describes the kinetic data for both TET and BPA adsorption, predictingthat the adsorption process occurs via a complex mechanism involvingvarious forces of attraction. Temkin and Freundlich isotherms, whichbest fit the equilibrium adsorption data for TET and BPA, respectively,suggest that adsorption sites are heterogeneous in nature. Overall,the composite materials are much more effective for TET removal fromaqueous solution than for BPA. This phenomenon is assigned to a differencein the TET/adsorbent interactions vs the BPA/adsorbent interactions:the decisive factor appears to be favorable electrostatic interactionsfor TET yielding a more effective TET removal.
In precision agriculture, the estimation of soil parameters via sensors and the creation of nutrient maps are a prerequisite for farmers to take targeted measures such as spatially resolved fertilization. In this work, 68 soil samples uniformly distributed over a field near Bonn are investigated using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). These investigations include the determination of the total contents of macro- and micronutrients as well as further soil parameters such as soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM) content, and soil texture. The applied LIBS instruments are a handheld and a platform spectrometer, which potentially allows for the single-point measurement and scanning of whole fields, respectively. Their results are compared with a high-resolution lab spectrometer. The prediction of soil parameters was based on multivariate methods. Different feature selection methods and regression methods like PLS, PCR, SVM, Lasso, and Gaussian processes were tested and compared. While good predictions were obtained for Ca, Mg, P, Mn, Cu, and silt content, excellent predictions were obtained for K, Fe, and clay content. The comparison of the three different spectrometers showed that although the lab spectrometer gives the best results, measurements with both field spectrometers also yield good results. This allows for a method transfer to the in-field measurements.
High-solid-content polystyrene and polyvinyl acetate dispersions of polymer particles with a 50 nm to 500 nm mean particle diameter and 12-55% (w/w) solid content have been produced via emulsion polymerization and characterized regarding their optical and physical properties. Both systems have been analyzed with common particle-size-measuring techniques like dynamic light scattering (DLS) and static light scattering (SLS) and compared to inline particle size distribution (PSD) measurements via photon density wave (PDW) spectroscopy in undiluted samples. It is shown that particle size measurements of undiluted polystyrene dispersions are in good agreement between analysis methods. However, for polyvinyl acetate particles, size determination is challenging due to bound water in the produced polymer. For the first time, water-swelling factors were determined via an iterative approach of PDW spectroscopy error (X-2) minimization. It is shown that water-swollen particles can be analyzed in high-solid-content solutions and their physical properties can be assumed to determine the refractive index, density, and volume fraction in dispersion. It was found that assumed water swelling improved the reduced scattering coefficient fit by PDW spectroscopy by up to ten times and particle size determination was refined and enabled. Particle size analysis of the water-swollen particles agreed well with offline-based state-of-the-art techniques.
This study provides a synthesis of corpus-based and experimental investigations of word-order preferences in German infinitival complementation. We carried out a systematic analysis of present-day German corpora to establish frequency distributions of different word-order options: extraposition, intraposition, and 'third construction'. We then examined, firstly, whether and to what extent corpus frequencies and processing economy constraints can predict the acceptability of these three word-order variants, and whether subject raising and subject control verbs form clearly distinguishable subclasses of infinitive-embedding verbs in terms of their word-order behaviour. Secondly, our study looks into the issue of coherence by comparing acceptability ratings for monoclausal coherent and biclausal incoherent construals of intraposed infinitives, and by examining whether a biclausal incoherent analysis gives rise to local and/or global processing difficulty. Taken together, our results revealed that (i) whilst the extraposition pattern consistently wins out over all other word-order variants for control verbs, neither frequency nor processing-based approaches to word-order variation can account for the acceptability of low-frequency variants, (ii) there is considerable verb-specific variation regarding word-order preferences both between and within the two sets of raising and control verbs under investigation, and (iii) although monoclausal coherent intraposition is rated above biclausal incoherent intraposition, the latter is not any more difficult to process than the former. Our findings indicate that frequency of occurrence and processing-related constraints interact with idiosyncratic lexical properties of individual verbs in determining German speakers' structural preferences.
Granitoids of the Slavkov Domain of the Brunovistulian microcontinent (BVM) in the Czech Republic have Ediacaran U-Pb zircon crystallization ages with the dominant magmatic activity occurring between ca. 597 and 595 Ma. The ages overlap published ages for the adjacent Thaya Domain, showing that both domains formed coevally in the same subduction setting. The data support published models in which the Slavkov Domain formed as arc crust. The main stage of magmatism stopped after ca. 595-590 Ma and was quickly followed by cooling accompanied by intrusion of small volumes of rhyolite dykes at ca. 594 Ma. Slavkov Domain metasedimentary rocks are dominated by Cryogenian-Ediacaran detrital zircon populations and their protoliths were locally derived erosional products of Cryogenian to Ediacaran arc rocks of the Thaya and Slavkov domains. Metasedi-mentary rocks from the NE part of the BVM contain younger, ca. 550 Ma zircons indicating that the BVM grew northeastward by accretion of progressively younger material derived from magmatic rocks with latest Ediacaran crystallization ages. In contrast to the Thaya and Slavkov domains, the Metavolcanic Zone that lies between them formed between ca. 740 and 725 Ma in the late Tonian to early Cryogenian. It predates the main stage magmatic activity in the BVM by 135 to 150 Ma and is probably a relic of older crust that formed during rifting of the Rodinia supercontinent. At ca. 552-551 Ma in the latest Ediacaran, parts of the BVM were exposed at the surface, during which time red, terrestrial siliciclastic sediments (Basal Clastics) were deposited. These largely had (very) proximal sources such as the main stage granitoids of the Thaya and Slavkov domains. Clasts of (meta)sandstones contain much older zircon populations and provide evidence that Neoarchaean and Palaeo-, meso- and early Neoproterozoic crustal rocks were exposed in erosional position nearby.
The ZuCo benchmark on cross-subject reading task classification with EEG and eye-tracking data
(2023)
We present a new machine learning benchmark for reading task classification with the goal of advancing EEG and eye-tracking research at the intersection between computational language processing and cognitive neuroscience. The benchmark task consists of a cross-subject classification to distinguish between two reading paradigms: normal reading and task-specific reading. The data for the benchmark is based on the Zurich Cognitive Language Processing Corpus (ZuCo 2.0), which provides simultaneous eye-tracking and EEG signals from natural reading of English sentences. The training dataset is publicly available, and we present a newly recorded hidden testset. We provide multiple solid baseline methods for this task and discuss future improvements. We release our code and provide an easy-to-use interface to evaluate new approaches with an accompanying public leaderboard: .
Introduction:
Hydrocortisone is the standard of care in cortisol replacement therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia patients. Challenges in mimicking cortisol circadian rhythm and dosing individualization can be overcome by the support of mathematical modelling. Previously, a non-linear mixed-effects (NLME) model was developed based on clinical hydrocortisone pharmacokinetic (PK) pediatric and adult data. Additionally, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for adults and a pediatric model was obtained using maturation functions for relevant processes. In this work, a middle-out approach was applied. The aim was to investigate whether PBPK-derived maturation functions could provide a better description of hydrocortisone PK inter-individual variability when implemented in the NLME framework, with the goal of providing better individual predictions towards precision dosing at the patient level.
Methods:
Hydrocortisone PK data from 24 adrenal insufficiency pediatric patients and 30 adult healthy volunteers were used for NLME model development, while the PBPK model and maturation functions of clearance and cortisol binding globulin (CBG) were developed based on previous studies published in the literature.
Results:
Clearance (CL) estimates from both approaches were similar for children older than 1 year (CL/F increasing from around 150 L/h to 500 L/h), while CBG concentrations differed across the whole age range (CBG(NLME) stable around 0.5 mu M vs. steady increase from 0.35 to 0.8 mu M for CBG (PBPK)). PBPK-derived maturation functions were subsequently included in the NLME model. After inclusion of the maturation functions, none, a part of, or all parameters were re-estimated. However, the inclusion of CL and/or CBG maturation functions in the NLME model did not result in improved model performance for the CL maturation function (& UDelta;OFV > -15.36) and the re-estimation of parameters using the CBG maturation function most often led to unstable models or individual CL prediction bias.
Discussion:
Three explanations for the observed discrepancies could be postulated, i) non-considered maturation of processes such as absorption or first-pass effect, ii) lack of patients between 1 and 12 months, iii) lack of correction of PBPK CL maturation functions derived from urinary concentration ratio data for the renal function relative to adults. These should be investigated in the future to determine how NLME and PBPK methods can work towards deriving insights into pediatric hydrocortisone PK.
Pressure overload in patients with aortic valve stenosis and volume overload in mitral valve regurgitation trigger specific forms of cardiac remodeling; however, little is known about similarities and differences in myocardial proteome regulation. We performed proteome profiling of 75 human left ventricular myocardial biopsies (aortic stenosis = 41, mitral regurgitation = 17, and controls = 17) using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry next to clinical and hemodynamic parameter acquisition. In patients of both disease groups, proteins related to ECM and cytoskeleton were more abundant, whereas those related to energy metabolism and proteostasis were less abundant compared with controls. In addition, disease group-specific and sex-specific differences have been observed. Male patients with aortic stenosis showed more proteins related to fibrosis and less to energy metabolism, whereas female patients showed strong reduction in proteostasis-related proteins. Clinical imaging was in line with proteomic findings, showing elevation of fibrosis in both patient groups and sex differences. Disease-and sex-specific proteomic profiles provide insight into cardiac remodeling in patients with heart valve disease and might help improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms and the development of individualized treatment strategies.
Background:
Contamination detection is a important step that should be carefully considered in early stages when designing and performing microbiome studies to avoid biased outcomes. Detecting and removing true contaminants is challenging, especially in low-biomass samples or in studies lacking proper controls. Interactive visualizations and analysis platforms are crucial to better guide this step, to help to identify and detect noisy patterns that could potentially be contamination. Additionally, external evidence, like aggregation of several contamination detection methods and the use of common contaminants reported in the literature, could help to discover and mitigate contamination.
Results:
We propose GRIMER, a tool that performs automated analyses and generates a portable and interactive dashboard integrating annotation, taxonomy, and metadata. It unifies several sources of evidence to help detect contamination. GRIMER is independent of quantification methods and directly analyzes contingency tables to create an interactive and offline report. Reports can be created in seconds and are accessible for nonspecialists, providing an intuitive set of charts to explore data distribution among observations and samples and its connections with external sources. Further, we compiled and used an extensive list of possible external contaminant taxa and common contaminants with 210 genera and 627 species reported in 22 published articles.
Conclusion:
GRIMER enables visual data exploration and analysis, supporting contamination detection in microbiome studies. The tool and data presented are open source and available at https://gitlab.com/dacs-hpi/grimer.
Physical fitness of primary school children differs depending on their timing of school enrollment
(2023)
Previous research has shown that children who were enrolled to school according to the legal key date (i.e., keyage children, between eight and nine years in third grade) exhibited a linear physical fitness development in the ninth year of life. In contrast, children who were enrolled with a delay (i.e., older-than-keyage children [OTK], between nine and ten years in third grade) exhibited a lower physical fitness compared to what would be expected for their age. In these studies, cross-sectional age differences within third grade and timing of school enrollment were confounded. The present study investigated the longitudinal development of keyage and OTK children from third to fifth grade. This design also afforded a comparison of the two groups at the same average chronological age, that is a dissociation of the effects of timing of school enrollment and age. We tested six physical fitness components: cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed, power of lower and upper limbs, and static balance. 1502 children (i.e., 1206 keyage and 296 OTK children) from 35 schools were tested in third, fourth, and fifth grade. Except for cardiorespiratory endurance, both groups developed from third to fourth and from fourth to fifth grade and keyage children outperformed OTK children at the average ages of 9.5 or 10.5 years. For cardiorespiratory endurance, there was no significant gain from fourth to fifth grade and keyage and OTK children did not differ significantly at 10.5 years of age. One reason for a delayed school enrollment could be that a child is (or is perceived as) biologically younger than their chronological age at the school entry examination, implying a negative correlation between chronological and biological age for OTK children. Indeed, a simple reflection of chronological age brought the developmental rate of the chronologically youngest OTK children in line with the developmental rate observed for keyage children, but did not eliminate all differences. The mapping of chronological and biological age of OTK children and other possible reasons for lower physical fitness of OTK children remain a task for future research.
Protein-protein-interactions play an important role in many cellular functions. Quantitative non-invasive techniques are applied in living cells to evaluate such interactions, thereby providing a broader understanding of complex biological processes. Fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy describes a group of quantitative microscopy approaches for the characterization of molecular interactions at single cell resolution. Through the obtained molecular brightness, it is possible to determine the oligomeric state of proteins. This is usually achieved by fusing fluorescent proteins (FPs) to the protein of interest. Recently, the number of novel green FPs has increased, with consequent improvements to the quality of fluctuation-based measurements. The photophysical behavior of FPs is influenced by multiple factors (including photobleaching, protonation-induced "blinking" and long-lived dark states). Assessing these factors is critical for selecting the appropriate fluorescent tag for live cell imaging applications. In this work, we focus on novel green FPs that are extensively used in live cell imaging. A systematic performance comparison of several green FPs in living cells under different pH conditions using Number & Brightness (N & B) analysis and scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy was performed. Our results show that the new FP Gamillus exhibits higher brightness at the cost of lower photostability and fluorescence probability (pf), especially at lower pH. mGreenLantern, on the other hand, thanks to a very high pf, is best suited for multimerization quantification at neutral pH. At lower pH, mEGFP remains apparently the best choice for multimerization investigation. These guidelines provide the information needed to plan quantitative fluorescence microscopy involving these FPs, both for general imaging or for protein-protein-interactions quantification via fluorescence fluctuation-based methods.
Genomic and epigenomic determinants of heat stress-induced transcriptional memory in Arabidopsis
(2023)
Background
Transcriptional regulation is a key aspect of environmental stress responses. Heat stress induces transcriptional memory, i.e., sustained induction or enhanced re-induction of transcription, that allows plants to respond more efficiently to a recurrent HS. In light of more frequent temperature extremes due to climate change, improving heat tolerance in crop plants is an important breeding goal. However, not all heat stress-inducible genes show transcriptional memory, and it is unclear what distinguishes memory from non-memory genes. To address this issue and understand the genome and epigenome architecture of transcriptional memory after heat stress, we identify the global target genes of two key memory heat shock transcription factors, HSFA2 and HSFA3, using time course ChIP-seq.
Results
HSFA2 and HSFA3 show near identical binding patterns. In vitro and in vivo binding strength is highly correlated, indicating the importance of DNA sequence elements. In particular, genes with transcriptional memory are strongly enriched for a tripartite heat shock element, and are hallmarked by several features: low expression levels in the absence of heat stress, accessible chromatin environment, and heat stress-induced enrichment of H3K4 trimethylation. These results are confirmed by an orthogonal transcriptomic data set using both de novo clustering and an established definition of memory genes.
Conclusions
Our findings provide an integrated view of HSF-dependent transcriptional memory and shed light on its sequence and chromatin determinants, enabling the prediction and engineering of genes with transcriptional memory behavior.
Spatial and temporal variation in perceived predation risk is an important determinant of movement and foraging activity of animals. Foraging in this landscape of fear, individuals need to decide where and when to move, and what resources to choose. Foraging theory predicts the outcome of these decisions based on energetic trade-offs, but complex interactions between perceived predation risk and preferences of foragers for certain functional traits of their resources are rarely considered. Here, we studied the interactive effects of perceived predation risk on food trait preferences and foraging behavior in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in experimental landscapes. Individuals (n = 19) were subjected for periods of 24 h to two extreme, risk-uniform landscapes (either risky or safe), containing 25 discrete food patches, filled with seeds of four plant species in even amounts. Seeds varied in functional traits: size, nutrients, and shape. We evaluated whether and how risk modifies forager preference for functional traits. We also investigated whether perceived risk and distance from shelter affected giving-up density (GUD), time in patches, and number of patch visits. In safe landscapes, individuals increased time spent in patches, lowered GUD and visited distant patches more often compared to risky landscapes. Individuals preferred bigger seeds independent of risk, but in the safe treatment they preferred fat-rich over carb-rich seeds. Thus, higher densities of resource levels remained in risky landscapes, while in safe landscapes resource density was lower and less diverse due to selective foraging. Our results suggest that the interaction of perceived risk and dietary preference adds an additional layer to the cascading effects of a landscape of fear which affects biodiversity at resource level.
Ore precipitation in porphyry copper systems is generally characterized by metal zoning (Cu-Mo to Zn-Pb-Ag), which is suggested to be variably related to solubility decreases during fluid cooling, fluid-rock interactions, partitioning during fluid phase separation and mixing with external fluids. Here, we present new advances of a numerical process model by considering published constraints on the temperature- and salinity-dependent solubility of Cu, Pb and Zn in the ore fluid. We quantitatively investigate the roles of vapor-brine separation, halite saturation, initial metal contents, fluid mixing and remobilization as first-order controls of the physical hydrology on ore formation. The results show that the magmatic vapor and brine phases ascend with different residence times but as miscible fluid mixtures, with salinity increases generating metal-undersaturated bulk fluids. The release rates of magmatic fluids affect the location of the thermohaline fronts, leading to contrasting mechanisms for ore precipitation: higher rates result in halite saturation without significant metal zoning, lower rates produce zoned ore shells due to mixing with meteoric water. Varying metal contents can affect the order of the final metal precipitation sequence. Redissolution of precipitated metals results in zoned ore shell patterns in more peripheral locations and also decouples halite saturation from ore precipitation.
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) produces a large amount of oil from the fruit. However, increasing the oil production in this fruit is still challenging. A recent study has shown that starch metabolism is essential for oil synthesis in fruit-producing species. Therefore, the transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq was performed to observe gene expression alteration related to starch metabolism genes throughout the maturity stages of oil palm fruit with different oil yields. Gene expression profiles were examined with three different oil yields group (low, medium, and high) at six fruit development phases (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 22 weeks after pollination). We successfully identified and analyzed differentially expressed genes in oil palm mesocarps during development. The results showed that the transcriptome profile for each developmental phase was unique. Sucrose flux to the mesocarp tissue, rapid starch turnover, and high glycolytic activity have been identified as critical factors for oil production in oil palms. For starch metabolism and the glycolytic pathway, we identified specific gene expressions of enzyme isoforms (isozymes) that correlated with oil production, which may determine the oil content. This study provides valuable information for creating new high-oil-yielding palm varieties via breeding programs or genome editing approaches.
Starch has been a convenient, economically important polymer with substantial applications in the food and processing industry. However, native starches present restricted applications, which hinder their industrial usage. Therefore, modification of starch is carried out to augment the positive characteristics and eliminate the limitations of the native starches. Modifications of starch can result in generating novel polymers with numerous functional and value-added properties that suit the needs of the industry. Here, we summarize the possible starch modifications in planta and outside the plant system (physical, chemical, and enzymatic) and their corresponding applications. In addition, this review will highlight the implications of each starch property adjustment.
Economic evaluation of digital therapeutic care apps for unsupervised treatment of low back pain
(2023)
Background:
Digital therapeutic care (DTC) programs are unsupervised app-based treatments that provide video exercises and educational material to patients with nonspecific low back pain during episodes of pain and functional disability. German statutory health insurance can reimburse DTC programs since 2019, but evidence on efficacy and reasonable pricing remains scarce. This paper presents a probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) to evaluate the efficacy and cost-utility of a DTC app against treatment as usual (TAU) in Germany.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to perform a PSA in the form of a Monte Carlo simulation based on the deterministic base case analysis to account for model assumptions and parameter uncertainty. We also intend to explore to what extent the results in this probabilistic analysis differ from the results in the base case analysis and to what extent a shortage of outcome data concerning quality-of-life (QoL) metrics impacts the overall results.
Methods:
The PSA builds upon a state-transition Markov chain with a 4-week cycle length over a model time horizon of 3 years from a recently published deterministic cost-utility analysis. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations and a cohort size of 10,000 was employed to evaluate the cost-utility from a societal perspective. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were derived from Veterans RAND 6-Dimension (VR-6D) and Short-Form 6-Dimension (SF-6D) single utility scores. Finally, we also simulated reducing the price for a 3-month app prescription to analyze at which price threshold DTC would result in being the dominant strategy over TAU in Germany.
Results:
The Monte Carlo simulation yielded on average a euro135.97 (a currency exchange rate of EUR euro1=US $1.069 is applicable) incremental cost and 0.004 incremental QALYs per person and year for the unsupervised DTC app strategy compared to in-person physiotherapy in Germany. The corresponding incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) amounts to an additional euro34,315.19 per additional QALY. DTC yielded more QALYs in 54.96% of the iterations. DTC dominates TAU in 24.04% of the iterations for QALYs. Reducing the app price in the simulation from currently euro239.96 to euro164.61 for a 3-month prescription could yield a negative ICUR and thus make DTC the dominant strategy, even though the estimated probability of DTC being more effective than TAU is only 54.96%.
Conclusions:
Decision-makers should be cautious when considering the reimbursement of DTC apps since no significant treatment effect was found, and the probability of cost-effectiveness remains below 60% even for an infinite willingness-to-pay threshold. More app-based studies involving the utilization of QoL outcome parameters are urgently needed to account for the low and limited precision of the available QoL input parameters, which are crucial to making profound recommendations concerning the cost-utility of novel apps.
Keeping cool on hot days
(2023)
Long-lived organisms are likely to respond to a rapidly changing climate with behavioral flexibility. Animals inhabiting the arid parts of southern Africa face a particularly rapid rise in temperature which in combination with food and water scarcity places substantial constraints on the ability of animals to tolerate heat. We investigated how three species of African antelope-springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and eland T. oryx-differing in body size, habitat preference and movement ecology, change their activity in response to extreme heat in an arid savanna. Serving as a proxy for activity, dynamic body acceleration data recorded every five minutes were analyzed for seven to eight individuals per species for the three hottest months of the year. Activity responses to heat during the hottest time of day (the afternoons) were investigated and diel activity patterns were compared between hot and cool days. Springbok, which prefer open habitat, are highly mobile and the smallest of the species studied, showed the greatest decrease in activity with rising temperature. Furthermore, springbok showed reduced mean activity over the 24 h cycle on hot days compared to cool days. Large-bodied eland seemed less affected by afternoon heat than springbok. While eland also reduced diurnal activity on hot days compared to cool days, they compensated for this by increasing nocturnal activity, possibly because their predation risk is lower. Kudu, which are comparatively sedentary and typically occupy shady habitat, seemed least affected during the hottest time of day and showed no appreciable difference in diel activity patterns between hot and cool days. The interplay between habitat preference, body size, movement patterns, and other factors seems complex and even sub-lethal levels of heat stress have been shown to impact an animal's long-term survival and reproduction. Thus, differing heat tolerances among species could result in a shift in the composition of African herbivore communities as temperatures continue to rise, with significant implications for economically important wildlife-based land use and conservation.
The heat is on
(2023)
Climate conditions severely impact the activity and, consequently, the fitness of wildlife species across the globe. Wildlife can respond to new climatic conditions, but the pace of human-induced change limits opportunities for adaptation or migration. Thus, how these changes affect behavior, movement patterns, and activity levels remains unclear. In this study, we investigate how extreme weather conditions affect the activity of European hares (Lepus europaeus) during their peak reproduction period. When hares must additionally invest energy in mating, prevailing against competitors, or lactating, we investigated their sensitivities to rising temperatures, wind speed, and humidity. To quantify their activity, we used the overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) calculated from tri-axial acceleration measurements of 33 GPS-collared hares. Our analysis revealed that temperature, humidity, and wind speed are important in explaining changes in activity, with a strong response for high temperatures above 25 & DEG;C and the highest change in activity during temperature extremes of over 35 & DEG;C during their inactive period. Further, we found a non-linear relationship between temperature and activity and an interaction of activity changes between day and night. Activity increased at higher temperatures during the inactive period (day) and decreased during the active period (night). This decrease was strongest during hot tropical nights. At a stage of life when mammals such as hares must substantially invest in reproduction, the sensitivity of females to extreme temperatures was particularly pronounced. Similarly, both sexes increased their activity at high humidity levels during the day and low wind speeds, irrespective of the time of day, while the effect of humidity was stronger for males. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the complex relationships between extreme weather conditions and mammal behavior, critical for conservation and management. With ongoing climate change, extreme weather events such as heat waves and heavy rainfall are predicted to occur more often and last longer. These events will directly impact the fitness of hares and other wildlife species and hence the population dynamics of already declining populations across Europe.
The active global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic caused more than 426 million cases and 5.8 million deaths worldwide. The development of completely new drugs for such a novel disease is a challenging, time intensive process. Despite researchers around the world working on this task, no effective treatments have been developed yet. This emphasizes the importance of drug repurposing, where treatments are found among existing drugs that are meant for different diseases. A common approach to this is based on knowledge graphs, that condense relationships between entities like drugs, diseases and genes. Graph neural networks (GNNs) can then be used for the task at hand by predicting links in such knowledge graphs. Expanding on state-of-the-art GNN research, Doshi et al. recently developed the Dr-COVID model. We further extend their work using additional output interpretation strategies. The best aggregation strategy derives a top-100 ranking of 8,070 candidate drugs, 32 of which are currently being tested in COVID-19-related clinical trials. Moreover, we present an alternative application for the model, the generation of additional candidates based on a given pre-selection of drug candidates using collaborative filtering. In addition, we improved the implementation of the Dr-COVID model by significantly shortening the inference and pre-processing time by exploiting data-parallelism. As drug repurposing is a task that requires high computation and memory resources, we further accelerate the post-processing phase using a new emerging hardware-we propose a new approach to leverage the use of high-capacity Non-Volatile Memory for aggregate drug ranking.
Psychology and nutritional science research has highlighted the impact of negative emotions and cognitive load on calorie consumption behaviour using subjective questionnaires. Isolated studies in other domains objectively assess cognitive load without considering its effects on eating behaviour. This study aims to explore the potential for developing an integrated eating behaviour assistant system that incorporates cognitive load factors. Two experimental sessions were conducted using custom-developed experimentation software to induce different stimuli. During these sessions, we collected 30 h of physiological, food consumption, and affective states questionnaires data to automatically detect cognitive load and analyse its effect on food choice. Utilising grid search optimisation and leave-one-subject-out cross-validation, a support vector machine model achieved a mean classification accuracy of 85.12% for the two cognitive load tasks using eight relevant features. Statistical analysis was performed on calorie consumption and questionnaire data. Furthermore, 75% of the subjects with higher negative affect significantly increased consumption of specific foods after high-cognitive-load tasks. These findings offer insights into the intricate relationship between cognitive load, affective states, and food choice, paving the way for an eating behaviour assistant system to manage food choices during cognitive load. Future research should enhance system capabilities and explore real-world applications.
The detection of communities in graph datasets provides insight about a graph's underlying structure and is an important tool for various domains such as social sciences, marketing, traffic forecast, and drug discovery. While most existing algorithms provide fast approaches for community detection, their results usually contain strictly separated communities. However, most datasets would semantically allow for or even require overlapping communities that can only be determined at much higher computational cost. We build on an efficient algorithm, FOX, that detects such overlapping communities. FOX measures the closeness of a node to a community by approximating the count of triangles which that node forms with that community. We propose LAZYFOX, a multi-threaded adaptation of the FOX algorithm, which provides even faster detection without an impact on community quality. This allows for the analyses of significantly larger and more complex datasets. LAZYFOX enables overlapping community detection on complex graph datasets with millions of nodes and billions of edges in days instead of weeks. As part of this work, LAZYFOX's implementation was published and is available as a tool under an MIT licence at https://github.com/TimGarrels/LazyFox.
Background
The aggregation of a series of N-of-1 trials presents an innovative and efficient study design, as an alternative to traditional randomized clinical trials. Challenges for the statistical analysis arise when there is carry-over or complex dependencies of the treatment effect of interest.
Methods
In this study, we evaluate and compare methods for the analysis of aggregated N-of-1 trials in different scenarios with carry-over and complex dependencies of treatment effects on covariates. For this, we simulate data of a series of N-of-1 trials for Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain based on assumed causal relationships parameterized by directed acyclic graphs. In addition to existing statistical methods such as regression models, Bayesian Networks, and G-estimation, we introduce a carry-over adjusted parametric model (COAPM).
Results
The results show that all evaluated existing models have a good performance when there is no carry-over and no treatment dependence. When there is carry-over, COAPM yields unbiased and more efficient estimates while all other methods show some bias in the estimation. When there is known treatment dependence, all approaches that are capable to model it yield unbiased estimates. Finally, the efficiency of all methods decreases slightly when there are missing values, and the bias in the estimates can also increase.
Conclusions
This study presents a systematic evaluation of existing and novel approaches for the statistical analysis of a series of N-of-1 trials. We derive practical recommendations which methods may be best in which scenarios.
Giving emotional intelligence to machines can facilitate the early detection and prediction of mental diseases and symptoms. Electroencephalography (EEG)-based emotion recognition is widely applied because it measures electrical correlates directly from the brain rather than indirect measurement of other physiological responses initiated by the brain. Therefore, we used non-invasive and portable EEG sensors to develop a real-time emotion classification pipeline. The pipeline trains different binary classifiers for Valence and Arousal dimensions from an incoming EEG data stream achieving a 23.9% (Arousal) and 25.8% (Valence) higher F1-Score on the state-of-art AMIGOS dataset than previous work. Afterward, the pipeline was applied to the curated dataset from 15 participants using two consumer-grade EEG devices while watching 16 short emotional videos in a controlled environment. Mean F1-Scores of 87% (Arousal) and 82% (Valence) were achieved for an immediate label setting. Additionally, the pipeline proved to be fast enough to achieve predictions in real-time in a live scenario with delayed labels while continuously being updated. The significant discrepancy from the readily available labels on the classification scores leads to future work to include more data. Thereafter, the pipeline is ready to be used for real-time applications of emotion classification.
Metabolic engineering of microalgae offers a promising solution for sustainable biofuel production, and rational design of engineering strategies can be improved by employing metabolic models that integrate enzyme turnover numbers. However, the coverage of turnover numbers for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a model eukaryotic microalga accessible to metabolic engineering, is 17-fold smaller compared to the heterotrophic cell factory Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we generate quantitative protein abundance data of Chlamydomonas covering 2337 to 3708 proteins in various growth conditions to estimate in vivo maximum apparent turnover numbers. Using constrained-based modeling we provide proxies for in vivo turnover numbers of 568 reactions, representing a 10-fold increase over the in vitro data for Chlamydomonas. Integration of the in vivo estimates instead of in vitro values in a metabolic model of Chlamydomonas improved the accuracy of enzyme usage predictions. Our results help in extending the knowledge on uncharacterized enzymes and improve biotechnological applications of Chlamydomonas.
Background
Machine learning models promise to support diagnostic predictions, but may not perform well in new settings. Selecting the best model for a new setting without available data is challenging. We aimed to investigate the transportability by calibration and discrimination of prediction models for cognitive impairment in simulated external settings with different distributions of demographic and clinical characteristics.
Methods
We mapped and quantified relationships between variables associated with cognitive impairment using causal graphs, structural equation models, and data from the ADNI study. These estimates were then used to generate datasets and evaluate prediction models with different sets of predictors. We measured transportability to external settings under guided interventions on age, APOE & epsilon;4, and tau-protein, using performance differences between internal and external settings measured by calibration metrics and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC).
Results
Calibration differences indicated that models predicting with causes of the outcome were more transportable than those predicting with consequences. AUC differences indicated inconsistent trends of transportability between the different external settings. Models predicting with consequences tended to show higher AUC in the external settings compared to internal settings, while models predicting with parents or all variables showed similar AUC.
Conclusions
We demonstrated with a practical prediction task example that predicting with causes of the outcome results in better transportability compared to anti-causal predictions when considering calibration differences. We conclude that calibration performance is crucial when assessing model transportability to external settings.
Introduction General and particularly sport-specific testing is an integral aspect of performance optimization in artistic gymnastics. In artistic gymnastics, however, only non-specific field tests have been used to assess endurance performance (e.g., Multistage Shuttle Run Test; Cooper's Test).
Methods This study aimed to examine the validity of a new sport-specific endurance test in artistic gymnastics. Fourteen elite-level gymnasts (i.e., eight males and six females) participated in this study. The newly developed artistic gymnastics-specific endurance test (AGSET) was conducted on two different occasions seven days apart to determine its reliability. To assess the concurrent validity of AGSET, participants performed the multistage shuttle run test (MSRT). Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were directly assessed using a portable gas analyzer system during both protocols. Additionally, the total time maintained (TTM) during the AGSET, maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximal aerobic speed (MAS), and blood lactate concentration (BLa) during the two protocols were collected.
Results The main findings indicated that all variables derived from the AGSET (i.e., VO2max, MAS, HRmax, BLa, and RER) displayed very good relative (all intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC] > 0.90) and absolute (all typical errors of measurement [TEM] < 5%) reliability. Further, results showed that the ability of the AGSET to detect small changes in VO2max, MAS, BLa, and RER was good (smallest worthwhile change [SWC0.2] > TEM), except HRmax (SWC0.2 < TEM). Additionally, results showed a nearly perfect association between the VO2max values derived from the AGSET and MSRT (r = 0.985; coefficient of determination [R-2] = 97%) with no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). The mean (bias) +/- 95% limits of agreement between the two protocols were 0.28 +/- 0.55 mlminkg-1.
Discussion AGSET seems to present very good reliability and concurrent validity for assessing endurance performance in elite artistic gymnastics. In addition, the newly developed protocol presents a good ability to detect small changes in performance.
Interfaith controversies and disputes regarding the role of reason in interpreting the Scriptures characterised scholarly discussion in the Low Countries between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Jewish author Abraham Gómez Silveira contributed to this discussion with an eclectic body of literature. This article focuses on his Libro Mudo (Mute Book), which embodies his efforts to present the Jewish religion as the only rational one and the Christian dogma as irrational. In order to corroborate his reading, Silveira mostly bases his argumentation on non-Jewish texts. By selecting passages from the New Testaments, Christian religious commentaries as well as Qur'anic excerpts, Silveira aims to demonstrate that even non-Jewish sources prove the rationality of the Jewish theological system. The novelty of Silveira's approach consists in confuting Christian dogma by accepting the Gospels as reliable historical sources. In this argumentative structure, the Qur'an has a similar although not identical function.
Miguel de Luna as arbitrista
(2023)
This article deals with Miguel de Luna, a Morisco from Granada, who is most famous for his involvement in the Lead Books of Sacromonte affair. In the following pages I will, however, focus on a facet of his life that has been rather neglected. Rather than recount again his activities as translator for Arabic, I will shed light on his work as physician and claim that his medical paper on the benefits of bathing and the reopening of public baths in Granada may very well put him in league with the arbitristas, a group of intellectuals who advised the monarch in economic and financial matters.
Progressive habitat fragmentation threatens plant species with narrow habitat requirements. While local environmental conditions define population growth rates and recruitment success at the patch level, dispersal is critical for population viability at the landscape scale. Identifying the dynamics of plant meta-populations is often confounded by the uncertainty about soil-stored population compartments. We combined a landscape-scale assessment of an amphibious plant's population structure with measurements of dispersal complexity in time to track dispersal and putative shifts in functional connectivity. Using 13 microsatellite markers, we analyzed the genetic structure of extant Oenanthe aquatica populations and their soil seed banks in a kettle hole system to uncover hidden connectivity among populations in time and space. Considerable spatial genetic structure and isolation-by-distance suggest limited gene flow between sites. Spatial isolation and patch size showed minor effects on genetic diversity. Genetic similarity found among extant populations and their seed banks suggests increased local recruitment, despite some evidence of migration and recent colonization. Results indicate stepping-stone dispersal across adjacent populations. Among permanent and ephemeral demes the resulting meta-population demography could be determined by source-sink dynamics. Overall, these spatiotemporal connectivity patterns support mainland-island dynamics in our system, highlighting the importance of persistent seed banks as enduring sources of genetic diversity.
Satisfaction and frustration of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, as assessed with the 24-item Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS), have been found to be crucial indicators of individuals’ psychological health. To increase the usability of this scale within a clinical and health services research context, we aimed to validate a German short version (12 items) of this scale in individuals with depression including the examination of the relations from need frustration and need satisfaction to ill-being and quality of life (QOL). This cross-sectional study involved 344 adults diagnosed with depression (Mage (SD) = 47.5 years (11.1); 71.8% females). Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the short version of the BPNSFS was not only reliable, but also fitted a six-factor structure (i.e., satisfaction/frustration X type of need). Subsequent structural equation modeling showed that need frustration related positively to indicators of ill-being and negatively to QOL. Surprisingly, need satisfaction did not predict differences in ill-being or QOL. The short form of the BPNSFS represents a practical instrument to measure need satisfaction and frustration in people with depression. Further, the results support recent evidence on the importance of especially need frustration in the prediction of psychopathology.
Introduction
Attempts to improve cognitive abilities via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have led to ambiguous results, likely due to the method's susceptibility to methodological and inter-individual factors. Conventional tDCS, i.e., using an active electrode over brain areas associated with the targeted cognitive function and a supposedly passive reference, neglects stimulation effects on entire neural networks.
Methods
We investigated the advantage of frontoparietal network stimulation (right prefrontal anode, left posterior parietal cathode) against conventional and sham tDCS in modulating working memory (WM) capacity dependent transfer effects of a single-session distractor inhibition (DIIN) training. Since previous results did not clarify whether electrode montage drives this individual transfer, we here compared conventional to frontoparietal and sham tDCS and reanalyzed data of 124 young, healthy participants in a more robust way using linear mixed effect modeling.
Results
The interaction of electrode montage and WM capacity resulted in systematic differences in transfer effects. While higher performance gains were observed with increasing WM capacity in the frontoparietal stimulation group, low WM capacity individuals benefited more in the sham condition. The conventional stimulation group showed subtle performance gains independent of WM capacity.
Discussion
Our results confirm our previous findings of WM capacity dependent transfer effects on WM by a single-session DIIN training combined with tDCS and additionally highlight the pivotal role of the specific electrode montage. WM capacity dependent differences in frontoparietal network recruitment, especially regarding the parietal involvement, are assumed to underlie this observation.
BackgroundIn spring of 2020, the Sars-CoV-2 incidence rate increased rapidly in Germany and around the world. Throughout the next 2 years, schools were temporarily closed and social distancing measures were put in place to slow the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Did these social restrictions and temporary school lockdowns affect children's physical fitness? The EMOTIKON project annually tests the physical fitness of all third-graders in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany. The tests assess cardiorespiratory endurance (6-min-run test), coordination (star-run test), speed (20-m sprint test), lower (powerLOW, standing long jump test), and upper (powerUP, ball-push test) limbs muscle power, and static balance (one-legged stance test with eyes closed). A total of 125,893 children were tested in the falls from 2016 to 2022. Primary analyses focused on 98,510 keyage third-graders (i.e., school enrollment according to the legal key date, aged 8 to 9 years) from 515 schools. Secondary analyses included 27,383 older-than-keyage third-graders (i.e., OTK, delayed school enrollment or repetition of a grade, aged 9 to 10 years), who have been shown to exhibit lower physical fitness than expected for their age. Linear mixed models fitted pre-pandemic quadratic secular trends, and took into account differences between children and schools.ResultsThird-graders exhibited lower cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed and powerUP in the Covid pandemic cohorts (2020-2022) compared to the pre-pandemic cohorts (2016-2019). Children's powerLOW and static balance were higher in the pandemic cohorts compared to the pre-pandemic cohorts. From 2020 to 2021, coordination, powerLOW and powerUP further declined. Evidence for some post-pandemic physical fitness catch-up was restricted to powerUP. Cohen's |ds| for comparisons of the pandemic cohorts 2020-2022 with pre-pandemic cohorts 2016-2019 ranged from 0.02 for powerLOW to 0.15 for coordination. Within the pandemic cohorts, keyage children exhibited developmental losses ranging from approximately 1 month for speed to 5 months for cardiorespiratory endurance. For powerLOW and static balance, the positive pandemic effects translate to developmental gains of 1 and 7 months, respectively. Pre-pandemic secular trends may account for some of the observed differences between pandemic and pre-pandemic cohorts, especially in powerLOW, powerUP and static balance. The pandemic further increased developmental delays of OTK children in cardiorespiratory endurance, powerUP and balance.ConclusionsThe Covid-19 pandemic was associated with declines in several physical fitness components in German third-graders. Pandemic effects are still visible in 2022. Health-related interventions should specifically target those physical fitness components that were negatively affected by the pandemic (cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed).
Objective:
Following a life course perspective, this study examines the link between partnership trajectories and three dimensions of psychological well-being: psychological health, overall sense of self-worth and quality of life.
Background:
Assuming that life outcomes are the result of prior decisions, experiences and events, partnership histories can be seen as a resource for psychological well-being. Furthermore, advantages or disadvantages from living with or without a partner should accumulate over time. While previous cross-sectional research has mainly focused on the influence of partnership status or a status change on well-being, prior longitudinal studies could not control for reverse causality of well-being and partnership trajectories. This research addresses the question of how different patterns of partnership biographies are related to a person's well-being in middle adulthood. Selection effects of pre-trajectory well-being as well as current life conditions are also taken into account.
Method:
Using data from the German LifE Study, the partnership trajectories between ages of 16 and 45 are classified by sequence and cluster analysis. OLS regression is then used to examine the link between types of partnership trajectories and depression, self-esteem and overall life satisfaction at age 45.
Results:
For women, well-being declined when experiencing unstable non-cohabitational union trajectories or divorce followed by unpartnered post-marital trajectories. Men suffered most from being long-term single. The results could not be explained by selection effects of pre-trajectory well-being.
Conclusion:
While women seem to 'recover' from most of the negative effects of unstable partnership trajectories through a new partnership, for men it was shown that being mainly unpartnered has long-lasting effects on their psychological well-being.
Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women’s employment rates but to decrease their wages in case of extended leave duration. In view of these potential trade-offs, many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers’ long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings-related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a ”daddy quota” of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effect of this policy mix on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-differences approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out seasonal effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for mothers with high pre-birth earnings. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in the selection of working mothers, working hours or changes in employer stability. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the ”daddy months”, could have facilitated mothers’ re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low pre-birth earnings, however, we do not find beneficial long-run effects of this parental leave reform.
Background Anxiety and depressive disorders share common features of mood dysfunctions. This has stimulated interest in transdiagnostic dimensional research as proposed by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) aiming to improve the understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the processing of RDoC domains in relation to disease severity in order to identify latent disorder-specific as well as transdiagnostic indicators of disease severity in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders.
Methods Within the German research network for mental disorders, 895 participants (n = 476 female, n = 602 anxiety disorder, n = 257 depressive disorder) were recruited for the Phenotypic, Diagnostic and Clinical Domain Assessment Network Germany (PD-CAN) and included in this cross-sectional study. We performed incremental regression models to investigate the association of four RDoC domains on disease severity in patients with affective disorders: Positive (PVS) and Negative Valance System (NVS), Cognitive Systems (CS) and Social Processes (SP).
Results The results confirmed a transdiagnostic relationship for all four domains, as we found significant main effects on disease severity within domain-specific models (PVS: & beta; = -0.35; NVS: & beta; = 0.39; CS: & beta; = -0.12; SP: & beta; = -0.32). We also found three significant interaction effects with main diagnosis showing a disease-specific association.
Limitations The cross-sectional study design prevents causal conclusions. Further limitations include possible outliers and heteroskedasticity in all regression models which we appropriately controlled for.
Conclusion Our key results show that symptom burden in anxiety and depressive disorders is associated with latent RDoC indicators in transdiagnostic and disease-specific ways.
Background
There is consistent evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with an increased psychosocial burden on children and adolescents and their parents. Relatively little is known about its particular impact on high-risk groups with chronic physical health conditions (CCs). Therefore, the primary aim of the study is to analyze the multiple impacts on health care and psychosocial well-being on these children and adolescents and their parents.
Methods
We will implement a two-stage approach. In the first step, parents and their underage children from three German patient registries for diabetes, obesity, and rheumatic diseases, are invited to fill out short questionnaires including questions about corona-specific stressors, the health care situation, and psychosocial well-being. In the next step, a more comprehensive, in-depth online survey is carried out in a smaller subsample.
Discussion
The study will provide insights into the multiple longer-term stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic in families with a child with a CC. The simultaneous consideration of medical and psycho-social endpoints will help to gain a deeper understanding of the complex interactions affecting family functioning, psychological well-being, and health care delivery.
How to not induce SNAs
(2023)
People respond faster to smaller numbers in their left space and to larger numbers in their right space. Here we argue that movements in space contribute to the formation of spatial-numerical associations (SNAs). We studied the impact of continuous isometric forces along the horizontal or vertical cardinal axes on SNAs while participants performed random number production and arithmetic verification tasks. Our results suggest that such isometric directional force do not suffice to induce SNAs.
Research within the framework of Basic Psychological Need Theory (BPNT) finds strong associations between basic need frustration and depressive symptoms. This study examined the role of rumination as an underlying mechanism in the association between basic psychological need frustration and depressive symptoms. A cross-sectional sample of N = 221 adults (55.2% female, mean age = 27.95, range = 18–62, SD = 10.51) completed measures assessing their level of basic psychological need frustration, rumination, and depressive symptoms. Correlational analyses and multiple mediation models were conducted. Brooding partially mediated the relation between need frustration and depressive symptoms. BPNT and Response Styles Theory are compatible and can further advance knowledge about depression vulnerabilities.
Pavlovian cues can influence ongoing instrumental behaviour via Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) processes. While appetitive Pavlovian cues tend to promote instrumental approach, they are detrimental when avoidance behaviour is required, and vice versa for aversive cues. We recently reported that susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control assessed via a PIT task was associated with risky alcohol use at age 18. We now investigated whether such susceptibility also predicts drinking trajectories until age 24, based on AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) consumption and binge drinking (gramme alcohol/drinking occasion) scores. The interference PIT effect, assessed at ages 18 and 21 during fMRI, was characterized by increased error rates (ER) and enhanced neural responses in the ventral striatum (VS), the lateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices (dmPFC) during conflict, that is, when an instrumental approach was required in the presence of an aversive Pavlovian cue or vice versa. We found that a stronger VS response during conflict at age 18 was associated with a higher starting point of both drinking trajectories but predicted a decrease in binge drinking. At age 21, high ER and enhanced neural responses in the dmPFC were associated with increasing AUDIT-C scores over the next 3 years until age 24. Overall, susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control might be viewed as a predisposing mechanism towards hazardous alcohol use during young adulthood, and the identified high-risk group may profit from targeted interventions.
Oxygen (O-2) availability in soils is vital for plant growth and productivity. The transport and consumption of O-2 in the root zone is closely linked to soil moisture content, the spatial distribution of roots, as well as structure and heterogeneity of the surrounding soil. In this study, we measure three-dimensional root system architecture and the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture (& theta;) and O-2 concentrations in the root zone of maize (Zea mays) via non-invasive imaging, and then construct and parameterize a reactive transport model based on the experimental data. The combination of three non-invasive imaging methods allowed for a direct comparison of simulation results with observations at high spatial and temporal resolution. In three different modeling scenarios, we investigated how the results obtained for different levels of conceptual complexity in the model were able to match measured & theta; and O-2 concentration patterns. We found that the modeling scenario that considers heterogeneous soil structure and spatial variability of hydraulic parameters (permeability, porosity, and van Genuchten & alpha; and n), better reproduced the measured & theta; and O-2 patterns relative to a simple model with a homogenous soil domain. The results from our combined imaging and modeling analysis reveal that experimental O-2 and water dynamics can be reproduced quantitatively in a reactive transport model, and that O-2 and water dynamics are best characterized when conditions unique to the specific system beyond the distribution of roots, such as soil structure and its effect on water saturation and macroscopic gas transport pathways, are considered.
Any system at play in a data-driven project has a fundamental requirement: the ability to load data. The de-facto standard format to distribute and consume raw data is CSV. Yet, the plain text and flexible nature of this format make such files often difficult to parse and correctly load their content, requiring cumbersome data preparation steps. We propose a benchmark to assess the robustness of systems in loading data from non-standard CSV formats and with structural inconsistencies. First, we formalize a model to describe the issues that affect real-world files and use it to derive a systematic lpollutionz process to generate dialects for any given grammar. Our benchmark leverages the pollution framework for the csv format. To guide pollution, we have surveyed thousands of real-world, publicly available csv files, recording the problems we encountered. We demonstrate the applicability of our benchmark by testing and scoring 16 different systems: popular csv parsing frameworks, relational database tools, spreadsheet systems, and a data visualization tool.
Background
Teleost fishes comprise more than half of the vertebrate species. Within teleosts, most phylogenies consider the split between Osteoglossomorpha and Euteleosteomorpha/Otomorpha as basal, preceded only by the derivation of the most primitive group of teleosts, the Elopomorpha. While Osteoglossomorpha are generally species poor, the taxon contains the African weakly electric fish (Mormyroidei), which have radiated into numerous species. Within the mormyrids, the genus Campylomormyrus is mostly endemic to the Congo Basin. Campylomormyrus serves as a model to understand mechanisms of adaptive radiation and ecological speciation, especially with regard to its highly diverse species-specific electric organ discharges (EOD). Currently, there are few well-annotated genomes available for electric fish in general and mormyrids in particular. Our study aims at producing a high-quality genome assembly and to use this to examine genome evolution in relation to other teleosts. This will facilitate further understanding of the evolution of the osteoglossomorpha fish in general and of electric fish in particular.
Results
A high-quality weakly electric fish (C. compressirostris) genome was produced from a single individual with a genome size of 862 Mb, consisting of 1,497 contigs with an N50 of 1,399 kb and a GC-content of 43.69%. Gene predictions identified 34,492 protein-coding genes, which is a higher number than in the two other available Osteoglossomorpha genomes of Paramormyrops kingsleyae and Scleropages formosus. A Computational Analysis of gene Family Evolution (CAFE5) comparing 33 teleost fish genomes suggests an overall faster gene family turnover rate in Osteoglossomorpha than in Otomorpha and Euteleosteomorpha. Moreover, the ratios of expanded/contracted gene family numbers in Osteoglossomorpha are significantly higher than in the other two taxa, except for species that had undergone an additional genome duplication (Cyprinus carpio and Oncorhynchus mykiss). As potassium channel proteins are hypothesized to play a key role in EOD diversity among species, we put a special focus on them, and manually curated 16 Kv1 genes. We identified a tandem duplication in the KCNA7a gene in the genome of C. compressirostris.
Conclusions
We present the fourth genome of an electric fish and the third well-annotated genome for Osteoglossomorpha, enabling us to compare gene family evolution among major teleost lineages. Osteoglossomorpha appear to exhibit rapid gene family evolution, with more gene family expansions than contractions. The curated Kv1 gene family showed seven gene clusters, which is more than in other analyzed fish genomes outside Osteoglossomorpha. The KCNA7a, encoding for a potassium channel central for EOD production and modulation, is tandemly duplicated which may related to the diverse EOD observed among Campylomormyrus species.
Open edX is an incredible platform to deliver MOOCs and SPOCs, designed to be robust and support hundreds of thousands of students at the same time. Nevertheless, it lacks a lot of the fine-grained functionality needed to handle students individually in an on-campus course. This short session will present the ongoing project undertaken by the 6 public universities of the Region of Madrid plus the Universitat Politècnica de València, in the framework of a national initiative called UniDigital, funded by the Ministry of Universities of Spain within the Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia of the European Union. This project, led by three of these Spanish universities (UC3M, UPV, UAM), is investing more than half a million euros with the purpose of bringing the Open edX platform closer to the functionalities required for an LMS to support on-campus teaching. The aim of the project is to coordinate what is going to be developed with the Open edX development community, so these developments are incorporated into the core of the Open edX platform in its next releases. Features like a complete redesign of platform analytics to make them real-time, the creation of dashboards based on these analytics, the integration of a system for customized automatic feedback, improvement of exams and tasks and the extension of grading capabilities, improvements in the graphical interfaces for both students and teachers, the extension of the emailing capabilities, redesign of the file management system, integration of H5P content, the integration of a tool to create mind maps, the creation of a system to detect students at risk, or the integration of an advanced voice assistant and a gamification mobile app, among others, are part of the functionalities to be developed. The idea is to transform a first-class MOOC platform into the next on-campus LMS.
It has been highlighted many times how difficult it is to draw a boundary between gift and bribe, and how the same transfer can be interpreted in different ways according to the position of the observer and the narrative frame into which it is inserted. This also applied of course to Ancient Rome; in both the Republic and Principate lawgivers tried to define the limits of acceptable transfers and thus also to identify what we might call ‘corruption’. Yet, such definitions remained to a large extent blurred, and what was constructed was mostly a ‘code of conduct’, allowing Roman politicians to perform their own ‘honesty’ in public duty – while being aware at all times that their involvement in different kinds of transfer might be used by their opponents against them and presented as a case of ‘corrupt’ behaviour.
This chapter provides an overview of methods to capture developments and changes in motivational beliefs. Motivational research has recently begun to venture beyond just examining average developmental trends in motivational variables by starting to investigate how developmental changes in motivational variables differ between and within individuals in different learning situations and across contexts. Although studies have started to uncover differences in motivational changes, a systematic overview of suitable methods for capturing motivational differences in developmental processes is still missing. In this chapter, we review key methods of change modelling, bringing together variable-centred approaches, such as growth modelling and true intraindividual change (TIC) models, and person-centred approaches, such as latent transition and growth mixture models. We illustrate the value of the reviewed statistical methods for the analysis of context-specific motivational changes by reviewing recent empirical studies that identify different patterns and trajectories of such motivational beliefs across time. Our focus is thereby on research grounded in situated expectancy-value theory as a core theory in motivational research.
This paper provides novel evidence on the impact of public transport subsidies on air pollution. We obtain causal estimates by leveraging a unique policy intervention in Germany that temporarily reduced nationwide prices for regional public transport to a monthly flat rate price of 9 Euros. Using DiD estimation strategies on air pollutant data, we show that this intervention causally reduced a benchmark air pollution index by more than eight percent and, after its termination, increased again. Our results illustrate that public transport subsidies – especially in the context of spatially constrained cities – offer a viable alternative for policymakers and city planers to improve air quality, which has been shown to crucially affect health outcomes.
Navigating the unknown
(2024)
Visionary leadership is considered to be one of the most important elements of effective leadership. Among other things, it is related to followers' perceived meaningfulness of their work. However, little is known about whether uncertainty in the workplace affects visionary leadership's effects. Given that uncertainty is rising in many, if not most, workplaces, it is vital to understand whether this development influences the extent to which visionary leadership is associated with followers' perceived meaningfulness. In a two-source, lagged design field study of 258 leader-follower dyads from different settings, we show that uncertainty moderates the relation between visionary leadership and followers' perceived meaningfulness such that this relation is more strongly positive when uncertainty is high, rather than low. Moreover, we show that with increasing uncertainty, visionary leadership is more negatively related to followers' turnover intentions via perceived meaningfulness. This research broadens our understanding of how visionary leadership may be a particularly potent tool in times of increasing uncertainty.
In many churches nowadays, there has been a standardized approach to premarital counseling for couples involving social, pastoral, and psychological perspectives. In contrast, many rabbis and other Jewish officials still concentrate on legal aspects alone. The need for resolving important issues on the verge of wedlock is too often left to secular experts in law, psychology, or counseling. However, in recent years, this lack of formal training for marriage preparation has also been acknowledged by the Jewish clergy in order to incorporate it in the preparatory period before the bond is tied. This case study focuses on Jewish and Roman Catholic conceptions of marriage, past and present. We intend to do a comparative analysis of the prerequisites of religious marriage based on the assumption that both Judaism and the Roman Catholic Church have a distinct legal framework to assess marriage preparation.
The planetary commons
(2024)
The Anthropocene signifies the start of a no- analogue trajectory of the Earth system that is fundamentally different from the Holocene. This new trajectory is characterized by rising risks of triggering irreversible and unmanageable shifts in Earth system functioning. We urgently need a new global approach to safeguard critical Earth system regulating functions more effectively and comprehensively. The global commons framework is the closest example of an existing approach with the aim of governing biophysical systems on Earth upon which the world collectively depends. Derived during stable Holocene conditions, the global commons framework must now evolve in the light of new Anthropocene dynamics. This requires a fundamental shift from a focus only on governing shared resources beyond national jurisdiction, to one that secures critical functions of the Earth system irrespective of national boundaries. We propose a new framework—the planetary commons—which differs from the global commons framework by including not only globally shared geographic regions but also critical biophysical systems that regulate the resilience and state, and therefore livability, on Earth. The new planetary commons should articulate and create comprehensive stewardship obligations through Earth system governance aimed at restoring and strengthening planetary resilience and justice.
Enhancing economic efficiency in modular production systems through deep reinforcement learning
(2024)
In times of increasingly complex production processes and volatile customer demands, the production adaptability is crucial for a company's profitability and competitiveness. The ability to cope with rapidly changing customer requirements and unexpected internal and external events guarantees robust and efficient production processes, requiring a dedicated control concept at the shop floor level. Yet in today's practice, conventional control approaches remain in use, which may not keep up with the dynamic behaviour due to their scenario-specific and rigid properties. To address this challenge, deep learning methods were increasingly deployed due to their optimization and scalability properties. However, these approaches were often tested in specific operational applications and focused on technical performance indicators such as order tardiness or total throughput. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning based production control to optimize combined techno-financial performance measures. Based on pre-defined manufacturing modules that are supplied and operated by multiple agents, positive effects were observed in terms of increased revenue and reduced penalties due to lower throughput times and fewer delayed products. The combined modular and multi-staged approach as well as the distributed decision-making further leverage scalability and transferability to other scenarios.
Comparative vote switching
(2024)
Large literatures focus on voter reactions to parties’ policy strategies, agency, or legislative performance. While many inquiries make explicit assumptions about the direction and magnitude of voter flows between parties, comparative empirical analyses of vote switching remain rare. In this article, we overcome three challenges that have previously impeded the comparative study of dynamic party competition based on voter flows: we present a novel conceptual framework for studying voter retention, defection, and attraction in multiparty systems, showcase a newly compiled data infrastructure that marries comparative vote switching data with information on party behavior and party systems in over 250 electoral contexts, and introduce a statistical model that renders our conceptual framework operable. These innovations enable first-time inquiries into the polyadic vote switching patterns underlying multiparty competition and unlock major research potentials on party competition and party system change.
The public health insurance in Germany will face huge economic challenges in the upcoming years. New diagnostic and therapeutic methods as well as the demographic change contribute to constantly rising expenditure. Although incentives for health-promoting behaviour or financial sanctions for an unhealthy lifestyle have been already discussed in the past, there has been a general reluctance to legally establish corresponding mechanisms for fear of eroding solidarity and increasing state control. In the course of the Coronavirus pandemic however, a stronger awareness rose to the fact that personal health-related life choices can have a huge impact on the stability of the healthcare system including public health insurance. Not only in Germany but throughout much of Europe, the pandemic led to a new and more fundamental debate about the relationship between individual responsibility for personal health and the wider responsibility for public health assumed by the community of solidarity.
We conduct a laboratory experiment to study how locus of control operates through people’s preferences and beliefs to influence their decisions. Using the principal–agent setting of the delegation game, we test four key channels that conceptually link locus of control to decision-making: (i) preference for agency, (ii) optimism and (iii) confidence regarding the return to effort, and (iv) illusion of control. Knowing the return and cost of stated effort, principals either retain or delegate the right to make an investment decision that generates payoffs for themselves and their agents. Extending the game to the context in which the return to stated effort is unknown allows us to explicitly study the relationship between locus of control and beliefs about the return to effort. We find that internal locus of control is linked to the preference for agency, an effect that is driven by women. We find no evidence that locus of control influences optimism and confidence about the return to stated effort, or that it operates through an illusion of control.
In this visualization, the authors show changes in family patterns by different race groups across two cohorts. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (born from 1957 to 1965) and 1997 (born from 1980 to 1984), the authors visualize the relationship-parenthood state distributions at each age between 15 and 35 years by race and cohort. The results suggest the rise of cohabiting mothers and the decline of married and divorced mothers among women born from 1980 to 1984. Black women born from 1980 to 1984 were more likely to experience single/childless and single/parent status compared with Black women born from 1957 to 1965. Although with some visible postponement in the recent cohort, white women in both cohorts were more likely to experience married/parent status than other race groups. The decline in married/parent status across the two generations was sharpest among Hispanic women. These descriptive findings highlight the importance of identifying race when discussing changes in family formation and dissolution trends across generations.
Invisible iterations: how formal and informal organization shape knowledge networks for coordination
(2024)
This study takes a network approach to investigate coordination among knowledge workers as grounded in both formal and informal organization. We first derive hypotheses regarding patterns of knowledge-sharing relationships by which workers pass on and exchange tacit and codified knowledge within and across organizational hierarchies to address the challenges that underpin contemporary knowledge work. We use survey data and apply exponential random graph models to test our hypotheses. We then extend the quantitative network analysis with insights from qualitative interviews and demonstrate that the identified knowledge-sharing patterns are the micro-foundational traces of collective coordination resulting from two underlying coordination mechanisms which we label ‘invisible iterations’ and ‘bringing in the big guns’. These mechanisms and, by extension, the associated knowledge-sharing patterns enable knowledge workers to perform in a setting that is characterized by complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity. Our research contributes to theory on the interplay between formal and informal organization for coordination by showing how self-directed, informal action is supported by the formal organizational hierarchy. In doing so, it also extends understanding of the role that hierarchy plays for knowledge-intensive work. Finally, it establishes the collective need to coordinate work as a previously overlooked driver of knowledge network relationships and network patterns. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of Management Studies published by Society for the Advancement of Management Studies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
With the surging reliance on videoconferencing tools, users may find themselves staring at their reflections for hours a day. We refer to this phenomenon as self-referential information (SRI) consumption and examine its consequences and the mechanism behind them. Building on self-awareness research and the strength model of self-control, we argue that SRI consumption heightens the state of self-awareness and thereby depletes participants’ mental resources, eventually undermining virtual meeting (VM) outcomes. Our findings from a European employee sample revealed contrary effects of SRI consumption across speaker vs listener roles. Engagement with self-view is positively associated with self-awareness, which, in turn, is negatively related to satisfaction with VM process, perceived productivity, and enjoyment. Looking at the self while listening to others exhibits adverse direct and indirect (via self-awareness) effects on VM outcomes. However, looking at the self when speaking exhibits positive direct effects on satisfaction with VM process and enjoyment.
Enhancing higher entrepreneurship education: insights from practitioners for curriculum improvement
(2024)
Curricula for higher entrepreneurship education should meet the requirements of both a solid theoretical foundation and a practical orientation. When these curricula are designed by education specialists, entrepreneurs are usually not consulted. To explore practitioners’ curricular recommendations, we conducted 73 semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs with at least five years of professional experience. We collected 49 items for teaching and learning objectives, 37 for contents, 28 for teaching methods, and 17 for assessment methods. The respondents are convinced that students should acquire solid knowledge in business and management, legal issues, and entrepreneurship. For the latter, only some core aspects are provided. The entrepreneurs put greater emphasis on entrepreneurial skills and attitudes and consider experiential learning designs as most suitable, both in the secure setting of the classroom and in real life. The findings can help reflect on current entrepreneurship curriculum designs.
In the debate on epistemic injustice, it is generally assumed that testimonial injustice as one form of epistemic injustice cannot be committed (fully) deliberately or intentionally because it involves unconscious identity prejudices. Drawing on the case of sexual violence against refugees in European refugee camps, this paper argues that there is a form of testimonial injustice—willful testimonial injustice—that is deliberate. To do so, the paper argues (a) that the hearer intentionally utilizes negative identity prejudices for a particular purpose and (b) that the hearer is aware of the fact that the intentionally used prejudices are in fact prejudices. Furthermore, the paper shows how testimonial injustice relates to recognition failures both in terms of a causal as well as a constitutive claim. In fact, introducing willful testimonial injustice can support the constitutive claim of such a relation that has so far received little attention. Besides arguing for a novel form of testimonial injustice and contributing to the recent debate on the relation between epistemic injustice and recognition failures, this paper is also motivated by the attempt to draw attention to the inhumane conditions for refugees at the border of Europe as well as elsewhere.
The growing use of digital tools in policy implementation has altered the work of street-level bureaucrats who are granted substantial discretionary power in decision-making. Digital tools can constrain discretionary power, like the curtailment thesis proposed, or serve as action resources, like the enablement thesis suggested. This article assesses empirical evidence of the impact of digital tools on street-level work and decision-making in service-oriented and regulation-oriented organisations based on a systematic literature review and thematic qualitative content analysis of 36 empirical studies published until 2021. The findings demonstrate different effects with regard to the role of digital tools and the core tasks of the public administration, depending on political and managerial goals and consequent system design. Leading or decisive digital tools mostly curtail discretion, especially in service-oriented organisations. In contrast, an enhanced information base or recommendations for actions enable decision-making, in particular in regulation-oriented organisations. By showing how street-level bureaucrats actively try to resist the curtailing effects caused by rigid design to address individual circumstances, for instance by establishing ways of coping like rule bending or rule breaking, using personal resources or prioritising among clients, this study demonstrates the importance of the continuation thesis and the persistently crucial role of human judgement in policy implementation.
Captive Red Army soldiers made up the majority of victims of Nazi Germany’s starvation policy against Soviet civilians and other non-combatants and thus constituted the largest single victim group of the German war of annihilation against the Soviet Union. Indeed, Soviet prisoners of war were the largest victim group of all National Socialist annihilation policies after the European Jews. Before the launch of Operation Barbarossa, it was clear to the Wehrmacht planning departments on exactly what scale they could expect to capture Soviet troops. Yet, they neglected to make the necessary preparations for feeding and sheltering the captured soldiers, who were viewed by the economic staffs and the military leadership alike as direct competitors of German troops and the German home front for precious food supplies. The number of extra mouths to feed was incompatible with German war aims. The obvious limitations on their freedom of movement and the relative ease with which large numbers could be segregated and their rations controlled were crucial factors in the death of over 3 million Soviet POWs, the vast majority directly or indirectly as a result of deliberate policies of neglect, undernourishment, and starvation while in the ‘care’ of the Wehrmacht. The most reliable figures for the mortality of Soviet POWs in German captivity reveal that up to 3.3 million died from a total of just over 5.7 million captured between June 1941 and February 1945 — a proportion of almost 58 percent. Of these, 2 million were already dead by the beginning of February 1942. In English, there is still neither a single monograph nor a single edited volume dedicated to the subject. This article now provides the first detailed stand-alone synthesis in that language addressing the whole period from 1941 to 1945.
The paper argues that economists’ position-taking in discourses of crises should be understood in the light of economists’ positions in the academic field of economics. This hypothesis is investigated by performing a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) on a prosopographical data set of 144 French economists who positioned themselves between 2008 and 2021 in controversies over the euro crisis, the French political economic model, and French economics. In these disciplinary controversies, different forms of (post-)national academic capital are used by economists to either initiate change or defend the status quo. These strategies are then interpreted as part of more general power struggles over the basic national or post-national constitution and legitimate governance of economy and society.
Economic crises as critical junctures for policy and structural changes towards decarbonization
(2024)
Crises may act as tipping points for decarbonization pathways by triggering structural economic change or offering windows of opportunity for policy change. We investigate both types of effects of the global financial and COVID-19 crises on decarbonization in Spain and Germany through a quantitative Kaya-decomposition analysis of CO2 emissions and through a qualitative review of climate and energy policy changes. We show that the global financial crisis resulted in a critical juncture for Spanish CO2 emissions due to the combined effects of the deep economic recession and crisis-induced structural change, resulting in reductions in carbon and energy intensities and shifts in the economic structure. However, the crisis also resulted in a rollback of renewable energy policy, halting progress in the transition to green electricity. The impacts were less pronounced in Germany, where pre-existing decarbonization and policy trends continued after the crisis. Recovery packages had modest effects, primarily due to their temporary nature and the limited share of climate-related spending. The direct short-term impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on CO2 emissions were more substantial in Spain than in Germany. The policy responses in both countries sought to align short-term economic recovery with the long-term climate change goals of decarbonization, but it is too soon to observe their lasting effects. Our findings show that crises can affect structural change and support decarbonization but suggest that such effects depend on pre-existing trends, the severity of the crisis and political manoeuvring during the crisis.