Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Postprint (478)
- Article (54)
- Doctoral Thesis (5)
- Preprint (1)
Language
- English (538) (remove)
Keywords
- climate-change (16)
- model (16)
- climate (13)
- variability (9)
- evolution (8)
- precipitation (7)
- transport (7)
- Model (6)
- adaptation (6)
- ancient DNA (6)
- anomalous diffusion (6)
- answer set programming (6)
- climate change (6)
- damage (6)
- diffusion (6)
- models (6)
- system (6)
- trends (6)
- Germany (5)
- agriculture (5)
- algae (5)
- basin (5)
- carbon (5)
- dynamics (5)
- gene-expression (5)
- growth (5)
- lake (5)
- machine learning (5)
- metabolomics (5)
- scale (5)
- vulnerability (5)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (4)
- CO2 (4)
- Crystal lattices (4)
- Escherichia coli (4)
- Europe (4)
- Heterostructures (4)
- Holocene (4)
- New-Zealand (4)
- Phonons (4)
- West Antarctica (4)
- arabidopsis-thaliana (4)
- buildings (4)
- collapse (4)
- data analysis (4)
- drought (4)
- elevated CO2 (4)
- erosion (4)
- expression (4)
- fault (4)
- flood risk (4)
- functional traits (4)
- gene (4)
- hybridization (4)
- ice-sheet (4)
- inflammation (4)
- insurance (4)
- landscape (4)
- networks (4)
- ocean (4)
- parameters (4)
- patterns (4)
- pollen (4)
- scenarios (4)
- sea-level rise (4)
- sediment (4)
- spectroscopy (4)
- stars: abundances (4)
- surface (4)
- temperature (4)
- vegetation (4)
- Atlantic-Ocean (3)
- Greenland (3)
- North-Atlantic climate (3)
- Tibetan Plateau (3)
- alignment (3)
- bacteria (3)
- biomarker (3)
- catchment (3)
- chemistry (3)
- circulation (3)
- classification (3)
- codon usage (3)
- conservation (3)
- delta-D values (3)
- diet (3)
- dogs (3)
- ecosystem services (3)
- event coincidence analysis (3)
- executive function (3)
- flow (3)
- frequency (3)
- genome sequence (3)
- global sensitivity analysis (3)
- instabilities (3)
- last glacial maximum (3)
- losses (3)
- magnetic fields (3)
- management (3)
- mechanism (3)
- migration (3)
- organic-matter (3)
- permafrost (3)
- phylogeny (3)
- population (3)
- prediction (3)
- preferential flow (3)
- priming (3)
- projections (3)
- protein (3)
- rainfall (3)
- reactive oxygen species (3)
- recovery (3)
- responses (3)
- simulations (3)
- states (3)
- strategies (3)
- time (3)
- topography (3)
- 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (2)
- 21st-Century (2)
- Alaska (2)
- Ancient DNA (2)
- Antibody generation (2)
- Arabidopsis-thaliana (2)
- Arvicolinae (2)
- Ascophyllum nodosum (2)
- Assay systems (2)
- Baltic Sea (2)
- Bragg peak (2)
- CO2 fluxes (2)
- Campylomormyrus (2)
- Catalysis (2)
- Chiroptera (2)
- Community-level effects (2)
- Complex (2)
- Conservation biology (2)
- Costs (2)
- DNA (2)
- DNA polymerase (2)
- Damage (2)
- Dictyostelium (2)
- Dirac operators (2)
- Disasters (2)
- E. coli (2)
- Event (2)
- Femtosecond lasers (2)
- Gas (2)
- Genetics (2)
- Geomagnetism (2)
- Hazards (2)
- Herbicide risk assessment (2)
- Hybridisation capture (2)
- Hydrological drought (2)
- IDP (2)
- Individual-based modeling (2)
- Induced neutropenia (2)
- Inoperability (2)
- Ionic Liquid Precursor (2)
- JNK (2)
- June 2013 (2)
- LEA protein (2)
- Landsat (2)
- Laptev Sea (2)
- Lasers (2)
- Last Glacial Maximum (2)
- Leopards (2)
- Losses (2)
- LysoPC(20:0) (2)
- MHD (2)
- MS neurodegeneration (2)
- Magnetism (2)
- Magnetooptical effects (2)
- Manganese (2)
- Metal oxides (2)
- MiSpEx Network (2)
- Microtus arvalis (2)
- Mitochondrial genomes (2)
- Mitogenomes (2)
- Myelosuppression (2)
- NE81 (2)
- Nanostructures (2)
- Netherlands (2)
- Non-target terrestrial plants (2)
- Nordeste (2)
- PCR (2)
- PLFA (2)
- PPMS (2)
- Palaeogenetics (2)
- Panthera pardus (2)
- Patterns (2)
- Photoexcitations (2)
- Plant community model (2)
- Pleistocene (2)
- Precipitation (2)
- Prediction (2)
- RPA (2)
- Random Forests (2)
- River-Basin (2)
- SCFA (2)
- Salts (2)
- Sentinel-1 InSAR (2)
- Siberia (2)
- Snow Cover Extent (SCE) (2)
- Sobo-Sise Island (2)
- Solanaceae (2)
- Solvents (2)
- Strain measurement (2)
- Sun: activity (2)
- Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs) (2)
- TerraSAR-X (2)
- Thermal effects (2)
- Thermochromism (2)
- Transition metals (2)
- Ultrafast X-ray diffraction (2)
- Ultrafast X-rays (2)
- Variability (2)
- X-rays: binaries (2)
- Yedoma uplands (2)
- abiotic stress (2)
- active layer (2)
- admixture (2)
- aldehyde oxidase (2)
- ancient (2)
- arabidopsis (2)
- array (2)
- athmospheric circulation (2)
- attenuation tomography (2)
- august 2002 (2)
- auxin (2)
- azobenzene (2)
- behavior (2)
- benzaldehyde (2)
- bias (2)
- binaries: spectroscopic (2)
- binding (2)
- bioactive peptides (2)
- biogeochemistry (2)
- biomarkers (2)
- biostimulant (2)
- biosynthesis (2)
- birth weight (2)
- brain (2)
- business interruption (2)
- carotenoids (2)
- catchments (2)
- cell polarity (2)
- charge generation (2)
- cholesterol (2)
- classical conditioning (2)
- climate variability (2)
- climate varibility (2)
- coastal flood damage (2)
- cocoa processing (2)
- cocoa proteins (2)
- coevolution (2)
- coexistence (2)
- common vole (2)
- communication (2)
- community (2)
- community assembly (2)
- community structure (2)
- companies (2)
- competition (2)
- complexes (2)
- conformational rearrangement (2)
- congeneric species (2)
- coupled oscillators model (2)
- cryolithology (2)
- crystal-structure (2)
- cyanobacteria (2)
- deficiency (2)
- dehydration (2)
- dissolution (2)
- diversity (2)
- dynamic light scattering (2)
- ecdysone (2)
- ecoevolutionary dynamics (2)
- electric fishes (2)
- electron transport chain (2)
- electronic tool integration (2)
- electronic-structure (2)
- ensemble Kalman filter (2)
- environmental DNA (2)
- escherichia-coli (2)
- events (2)
- exchange (2)
- expansion microscopy (2)
- extraction (2)
- extraction and characterization methods (2)
- extremes (2)
- fatty acids (2)
- fermentation-related enzymes (2)
- field (2)
- floods (2)
- floral scent (2)
- flourescence (2)
- focal zone (2)
- fracture (2)
- freshwater (2)
- future (2)
- gas-production (2)
- gene family (2)
- genome-wide association (2)
- genomics (2)
- geomagnetic field (2)
- glycoprotein (2)
- gold (2)
- heart rate variability (2)
- heath potentials (2)
- human impact (2)
- hydrodynamics (2)
- hydrology (2)
- identification (2)
- impact (2)
- impacts (2)
- in-situ stress (2)
- in-vivo (2)
- inbreeding depression (2)
- index (2)
- insulin receptor (2)
- insulin signaling (2)
- iron regulatory protein (2)
- isotopic composition (2)
- karst (2)
- lamin (2)
- light (2)
- lipid bilayer membrane dynamics (2)
- lipid membranes (2)
- locations (2)
- low-back pain (2)
- magnetoreceptor (2)
- magnetosphere (2)
- map project (2)
- membrane stabilization (2)
- metabolic network (2)
- microbial interactions (2)
- microrna (2)
- mitochondria (2)
- mitochondrial genome (2)
- mitoflashes (2)
- molecular dynamics (2)
- morphology (2)
- mountain belt (2)
- mtDNA (2)
- multidisciplinary pain treatment (2)
- multiwavelength lidar (2)
- natural hazards (2)
- near-surface snow (2)
- net ecosystem exchange (2)
- next generation sequencing (NGS) (2)
- nitrogen (2)
- nuclear envelope (2)
- nuclear lamina (2)
- nucleic-acids (2)
- obesity (2)
- organic-carbon (2)
- oxidative stress (2)
- oxidative stress tolerance (2)
- palaeogenomics (2)
- paleoecology (2)
- paraquat (2)
- part 1 (2)
- particle (2)
- pathways (2)
- people (2)
- permafrost thaw subsidence (2)
- perovskite solar cells (2)
- phase behavior (2)
- phase dynamics (2)
- phosphorus (2)
- phosphorylation (2)
- photoluminescence (2)
- photoswitch (2)
- phylogeography (2)
- plant macro-fossils (2)
- plants (2)
- plasma (2)
- plasma-membrane (2)
- platform (2)
- polysulfobetaines (2)
- polyzwitterion (2)
- polyzwitterions (2)
- population genomics (2)
- pre-zygotic isolation (2)
- precipitation extremes (2)
- predator-prey dynamics (2)
- preparedness (2)
- private households (2)
- productivity (2)
- propositional satisfiability (2)
- protection (2)
- protein–phenol interactions (2)
- purification (2)
- quiescent mitochondria (2)
- radiocarbon (2)
- radiocarbon dating (2)
- raman-scattering (2)
- rates (2)
- reanalysis (2)
- relativistic jets (2)
- residue (2)
- resilience (2)
- resistance (2)
- resolution (2)
- respiratory sinus arrhythmia (2)
- rhizopods (2)
- river-basin (2)
- rodents (2)
- runoff (2)
- satellite time series (2)
- seawater (2)
- sediment transport (2)
- seed dispersal (2)
- selfing syndrome (2)
- sensitivity-analysis (2)
- sensorimotor exercise training (2)
- sequence (2)
- sequence-structure-function relationship (2)
- sexual selection (2)
- shelf (2)
- shepherd’s purse (2)
- simulation (2)
- single ribosomes (2)
- site (2)
- size (2)
- small Arctic catchments (2)
- social valuation (2)
- soil (2)
- soil interface (2)
- soil moisture (2)
- solute transport (2)
- solver (2)
- southern Alps (2)
- spatial-distribution (2)
- species recognition (2)
- spectra (2)
- stability (2)
- stable-isotopes (2)
- stars: atmospheres (2)
- stars: early-type (2)
- stars: mass loss (2)
- stochastic processes (2)
- stochastic time series (2)
- stream-power (2)
- streambed structure (2)
- stress (2)
- sulfate reduction (2)
- summer (2)
- summer heave (2)
- summer monsoon (2)
- surface snow (2)
- swarm earthquakes (2)
- systems biology (2)
- terrestrial carbon (2)
- thermal state (2)
- time-series (2)
- top-down control (2)
- total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (2)
- tracer (2)
- transcription factors (2)
- translation (2)
- truncated power-law correlated noise (2)
- type 2 diabetes (2)
- untargeted metabolomics (2)
- variable importance (2)
- vesicles (2)
- vitamin A (2)
- water (2)
- water-balance (2)
- weather extremes (2)
- west bohemia (2)
- wet snow (2)
- 13C stable isotopes (1)
- 1988 Saguenay (1)
- 1994 Northridge (1)
- 2010 Haiti earthquake (1)
- 2010 M8.8 maule (1)
- 2016-origin (1)
- 3D geovisualization (1)
- 4-nitrophenol (1)
- 454 pyrosequencing (1)
- 454-pyrosequencing (1)
- 47A52 (1)
- 53C12 (1)
- 53C27 (1)
- 65R20 (1)
- 65R32 (1)
- 78A46 (1)
- A viruses (1)
- AL-26 (1)
- APC concentration gradient (1)
- Adar formation (1)
- Africa (1)
- African elephants (1)
- African indigenous vegetables (1)
- Agriotes Ustulatus (1)
- AgroScapeLabs (1)
- Ailuropoda melanoleuca (1)
- Alternaria mycotoxins (1)
- Alternaria species-groups (1)
- Amazon-River (1)
- Anatolia (1)
- Andesitic Avacha volcano (1)
- Angiogenesis (1)
- Ankarana (1)
- Anorexia nervosa (1)
- Antarctic Peninsula (1)
- Antiphospholipid antibody (1)
- Antiphospholipid syndrome (1)
- Antipredator Behaviour (1)
- Aphis fabae (1)
- Appalachian plateau (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 spot ages (1)
- Ar-Ar white-mica dating (1)
- Arabidopsis (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 (1)
- Aral Sea (1)
- Aral Sea basin (1)
- Archaea (1)
- Arctic (1)
- Arctic vegetation (1)
- Artof (1)
- Asia (1)
- Asian monsoon (1)
- Asian summer monsoon (1)
- AtIpk2 beta (1)
- Atlantic-ocean (1)
- Atomic Force Microscope (1)
- Australia (1)
- Avalonia (1)
- Avian Predation (1)
- B12-dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation (1)
- BE-10-derived erosion rates (1)
- BHLH transcription factor (1)
- BRU1 (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Barents Sea (1)
- Basic Service (1)
- Bayesian (1)
- Bayesian classification (1)
- Bayesian inversion (1)
- Bayesian standard ellipse (1)
- Be (1)
- Beaufort Sea coast (1)
- Beta2 - glycoprotein I (1)
- Bimolecular Reaction (1)
- Biophysik (1)
- Blasia (1)
- Blood-Brain Barrier (1)
- Bombyx mori silk (1)
- Borne encephalitis-virus (1)
- Borrelia-burgdorferi (1)
- Brazilian Amazon (1)
- Bruck-Reilly extension (1)
- Bulimia nervosa (1)
- Bulk-mediated diffusion; (1)
- C,H insertion crosslinking (CHic) (1)
- C-13 stable isotopes (1)
- C-asterisk-algebra (1)
- C. bonducella (1)
- CDNA (1)
- CM(-1) (1)
- CMIP5 (1)
- CMS (1)
- CU(110) (1)
- Caenorhabitis elegans (1)
- Camelus dromedarius (1)
- Cape Mamontov Klyk (1)
- Capsella (1)
- Carbon cycle (1)
- Carica papaya seeds (1)
- Cascadia margin (1)
- Catchment Hydrology (1)
- Central Europe (1)
- Central Great-Plains (1)
- Cervidae (1)
- Cheirogaleidae (1)
- Chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) (1)
- Chile earthquake (1)
- China (1)
- Chinese Loess Plateau (1)
- Chrysopidae (1)
- Clethrionomys-Glareolus (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Climate-Change (1)
- Compulsive exercise (1)
- Computation Tree Logic (1)
- Conjunctive Normal Form (1)
- Corolla Tube (1)
- CrNx coatings (1)
- Crab Nebula (1)
- Cross Contamination (1)
- Crotalus (1)
- Cryospheric science (1)
- D-galactose (1)
- D. melleri (1)
- DBD dye (1)
- DDM simulation (1)
- DELLA (1)
- DEM uncertainty (1)
- DFN (1)
- DFT (1)
- DNA extraction (1)
- DNA metabarcoding (1)
- DNA methylation (1)
- DNA sensor (1)
- DNA variation (1)
- DNA-binding (1)
- DOHaD (1)
- Database (1)
- Dermanyssus-gallinea (1)
- Devonian transpression (1)
- Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera (1)
- Dickkopf diffusion and feedback regulation (1)
- Dietary assessment (1)
- Dietary questionnaires (1)
- Dietary recalls (1)
- Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition (1)
- Dirac operator (1)
- Disjunctive Normal Form (1)
- Dome C (1)
- Dronning Maud Land (1)
- Dronning-Maud-Land (1)
- Dryas cold period (1)
- Duplication Event (1)
- E-cleavage (1)
- E. schliebenii (1)
- EEG (1)
- EFFECTIVE ELASTIC THICKNESS (1)
- EGFR (1)
- East Antarctica (1)
- East-Asian monsoon (1)
- Eastern Continental Asia (1)
- Eastern Gotland basin (1)
- Eastern pamirs (1)
- Eating disorders (1)
- El Nino (1)
- Endothelin (ET) (1)
- Engineering , Environmental (1)
- Engineering, Civil (1)
- Environmental Sciences (1)
- Environmental magnetism (1)
- Environmental sciences (1)
- Epidemiologic studies (1)
- Epoxide hydrolases (1)
- Equatorial Pacific (1)
- Equatorial plasma irregularities (1)
- Es (1)
- Escherichia-coli genome (1)
- Eukaryota (1)
- European Bioinformatics Institute (1)
- Evapotranspiration (1)
- Extraktion (1)
- F-statistics (1)
- FE (1)
- FGF23 (1)
- FTIR spectroscopy (1)
- FTO gene (1)
- Fagus-Sylvatica L (1)
- Falkland islands (1)
- Fano Factor (1)
- Fermi-LAT (1)
- Flow-cytometry (1)
- Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (1)
- Food Patch (1)
- Food frequency questionnaire (1)
- Food intake (1)
- Forest-savannah (1)
- Fredholm complexes (1)
- Full Adder (1)
- Fulleren (1)
- G-quadruplexes, (1)
- G1 (1)
- GAIA (1)
- GCM analysis (1)
- GEOMAGIA50 (1)
- GLDAS (1)
- GMPE (1)
- GNOM ARF-GEF (1)
- GNSS Reflectometry (1)
- GRACE (1)
- Gag (1)
- Galapagos-Islands (1)
- Gammastrahlungsastronomie (1)
- Ganymede (1)
- Gene Ontology (1)
- Gene Regulatory Network (1)
- Generierung von Ladungsträgern (1)
- Genome Assembly (1)
- Genome Scaffold (1)
- Genotype Inference (1)
- Genregulation (1)
- Geosciences, Multidisciplinary (1)
- German version (1)
- Gestational diabetes (1)
- Ginkgo biloba extract (1)
- Global Vegetation Model (1)
- Global vegetation model (1)
- Gn (1)
- Grave’s orbitopathy (1)
- Great Barrier Reef (1)
- Greenland ice-core (1)
- Greenland ice-sheet (1)
- Ground Penetrating Radar (1)
- Gulf of Mexico (1)
- H. pubescens (1)
- H.E.S.S. (1)
- HAART (1)
- HIV (1)
- HIV-1 infection (1)
- HT/LP metamorphism (1)
- Hamiltonella defensa (1)
- Hantaan-virus (1)
- Hantavirus infection (1)
- Haplotype Inference (1)
- Harvest Rate (1)
- Hauptspeicher Technologie (1)
- Healthy controls (1)
- Heat-Island (1)
- Hemorrhagic-fever (1)
- Hide Markov Model (1)
- Himalayan Rivers (1)
- Holocene climate change (1)
- Holocene peat sequence (1)
- Homeostasis (1)
- Hsp (1)
- Hydrus-2D (1)
- IP3 (1)
- Ice core records (1)
- Immobilization (1)
- India (1)
- Indian monsoon (1)
- Inner Mongolia (1)
- Inpatient (1)
- Input Validation (1)
- Ionosphere (1)
- Ionosphere (equatorial ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities) (1)
- Iron Gates (1)
- Island (1)
- Ixodes-ricinus ticks (1)
- Japan (1)
- Jura (1)
- Kalman filter (1)
- Kenya Rift (1)
- KiK-net (1)
- Kinase Family (1)
- Kohnen Station (1)
- Kohnen station (1)
- Krebsnebel (1)
- Kristallisation von Magnetit-Nanopartikeln (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- Lake Bonneville (1)
- Lake Lisan (1)
- Lake Mead (1)
- Lake Suigetsu (1)
- Lake Towuti (1)
- Lake Van (1)
- Lake sediments (1)
- Large-scale studies on food intake (1)
- Late Quaternary (1)
- Leavenworthia alabamica (1)
- Lefschetz number (1)
- Lena River Delta (1)
- Lena River delta (1)
- Levy flights (1)
- Line immunoassay (1)
- Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (1)
- Lu/Hf dating of garnet (1)
- Lyakhovsky Island (1)
- Lyme-disease (1)
- Lysiphlebus fabarum (1)
- Lysophosphatidylcholine (1)
- Lythrum salicaria (1)
- Madagascar (1)
- Maximum Parsimony (1)
- Maximum Parsimony tree (1)
- Membrane (1)
- Metal Metabolism (1)
- Mexico (1)
- Mexico-City (1)
- Microcebus berthae (1)
- Microcontact Printing (1)
- Microtus agrestis (1)
- Middle-east (1)
- Mitochondrial-DNA analysis (1)
- Mojave toxin (1)
- Monte-Carlo simulations (1)
- Morocco (1)
- Motives for exercise (1)
- Mountain Belt (1)
- Mozambique belt (1)
- Muntjac (1)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1)
- Myodes glareolus (1)
- Myodes voles (1)
- N-E (1)
- N-linked glycosylation (1)
- N157B (1)
- NCOP (1)
- NDVI (1)
- NE Siberia (1)
- NFS1 (1)
- NGAL (1)
- NM (1)
- NRPS (1)
- NW Iran (1)
- Natural-waters (1)
- Near-east (1)
- Neo-Tethys (1)
- Neoromicia (1)
- Neotropics (1)
- Nephrorathia-Epidemica (1)
- Neurotoxicity (1)
- Nordic catchments (1)
- North Atlantic (1)
- North Central region (1)
- North-America (1)
- North-Sea (1)
- North-sea (1)
- Northeast Siberia (1)
- Northern Kenya (1)
- Northern Minnesota (1)
- Nostoc (1)
- Ocean acidification (1)
- Ordinary Differential Equation model (1)
- Oregon coast range (1)
- PAS domain (1)
- PCK (1)
- PCO(2) levels (1)
- PDMS (1)
- PKS (1)
- PLK1 (1)
- PMIP2 coupled simulations (1)
- Pacific-Northwest (1)
- Palaeoloxodon-antiquus (1)
- Palaeotropics (1)
- Paleomagnetism (1)
- Palynology (1)
- Particle Vision Microscope measurement (1)
- Patagonian Shelf (1)
- Pediastrum (1)
- Peece-III (1)
- Peel Plateau (1)
- Permafrost (1)
- Pex1 (1)
- Pex6 (1)
- Phospholipid binding proteins (1)
- Phosphorylation Site (1)
- Photon Density Wave spectroscopy (1)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) (1)
- Pine Island (1)
- Pine Island Glacier (1)
- Pipistrellus (1)
- Plasmodium falciparum (1)
- Pollen trap (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polymerase Chain Reaction Experiment (1)
- Poshtuk metapelites (1)
- Postmasburg manganese field (1)
- Precise Point Positioning (1)
- Predation Risk (1)
- Predictor (1)
- Primates (1)
- Pulsarwindnebel (1)
- RIXS (resonant inelastic X-ray scattering) (1)
- RNA-Seq (1)
- ROP2 GTPASE (1)
- Raman-Lidar (1)
- Rattus norvegicus (1)
- Rattus rattus (1)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (1)
- Reaction Rate Constant (1)
- Recombinase polymerase amplification (1)
- Regional & Urban Planning (1)
- Retinol (1)
- Retinyl esters (1)
- Review (1)
- Rheic Ocean (1)
- Ribosome (1)
- Riesz continuity (1)
- Rock magnetism (1)
- Rodent populations (1)
- Romania (1)
- Roth GmbH (1)
- Russia (1)
- Röntgenbeugung (1)
- S4-S5 linker (1)
- SAT (1)
- SMT (1)
- SOA (1)
- SRTM (1)
- SSAP marker (1)
- STM (1)
- SUB1A (1)
- Salmonella Thyphimurium (1)
- Savanna (1)
- Scotland (1)
- Scotophilus (1)
- Sediment magnetism (1)
- Segmental Duplication (1)
- Semliki-forest-virus (1)
- Sentinel-2 MSI (1)
- Shallow Lake (1)
- Sin-Nombre-Virus (1)
- SmB 6 (1)
- Small Aral Sea (1)
- Sorex araneus (1)
- South Africa (1)
- South Pole (1)
- South-Asia (1)
- Southeast Asia (1)
- Southeast Finland (1)
- Southern Alps (1)
- Southern Ethiopia (1)
- Southern Levant (1)
- Southern-Hemisphere (1)
- Southwestern Taiwan (1)
- Sporadic E (1)
- Statistical modelling (1)
- Statistische Datenanalyse (1)
- Stochastic Simulation (1)
- Stressantwort (1)
- Sun: flares (1)
- Sun: magnetic fields (1)
- Sundaland (1)
- Supernovae (1)
- Swarm constellation (1)
- Systembiologie (1)
- Taiwan (1)
- Takab (1)
- Tandem Duplication (1)
- Tandem-X (1)
- Tho city (1)
- Thwaites Glacier (1)
- Transcriptome Assembly (1)
- Transporters (1)
- Tribology (1)
- Tundra ecosystem (1)
- Turkana-Basin (1)
- Turkey (1)
- Twister TM (1)
- Type 2 Diabetes (1)
- UAV (1)
- UK (1)
- UNESCO (1)
- United States (1)
- Unscented Kalman Filter (1)
- Ursus arctos (1)
- V-ATPase (1)
- VI (1)
- Valley fever virus (1)
- Veris (1)
- Vietnam (1)
- Vostok station (1)
- WGHM (1)
- WRKY (1)
- Wachstumskinetik (1)
- Wallace’s line (1)
- Water Resources (1)
- Weibel instability (1)
- West African monsoon (1)
- West Greenland (1)
- Western Nanling mountains (1)
- Winter rainfall (1)
- Wnt/ β-catenin signalling pathway (1)
- X-ray diffraction (1)
- X-rays: ISM (1)
- X-rays: general (1)
- Xanthomonas (1)
- XopJ (1)
- Yedoma region (1)
- Yellow-River (1)
- Younger Dryas (1)
- Zea-mays L. (1)
- Zebrafish embryo (1)
- Zellweger (1)
- Zellweger syndrome spectrum disorder (ZSSD) (1)
- ab-initio (1)
- aba biosynthesis (1)
- abiotic germination niche (1)
- abrupt monsoon transitions (1)
- abscisic-acid (1)
- absorption (1)
- absorption-spectra (1)
- abundance (1)
- acceleration (1)
- accelerometer records (1)
- accretion (1)
- accretionary prism (1)
- accumulation (1)
- accumulation rates (1)
- accuracy (1)
- accuracy assessment (1)
- acquired thermotolerance (1)
- actin cytoskeleton (1)
- action language (1)
- activ-layer (1)
- activation (1)
- active tectonics (1)
- active-layer (1)
- acute kidney injury (1)
- acyltransferase gene family (1)
- adaptation to climate change (1)
- adaption measure (1)
- adenoassociated virus (1)
- adult height (1)
- aerophobicity (1)
- aerosol optical-properties (1)
- aerosol size distribution (1)
- aerosol-size distribution (1)
- affect (1)
- affected residents (1)
- aflatoxin B1 (1)
- afterslip (1)
- age (1)
- age models (1)
- age resetting (1)
- aggregations (1)
- aggression (1)
- agricultural landscapes (1)
- air bubble repellence (1)
- air-pollution transport (1)
- air-temperature (1)
- albuminuria (1)
- aleatory variability (1)
- algorithm (1)
- algorithm schedules (1)
- alignment error (1)
- alleles (1)
- allelopathy (1)
- allometry (1)
- alluvial river (1)
- alpine foreland (1)
- alteration of magnetite (1)
- amino-acids (1)
- amorphous silica (1)
- amphiphile (1)
- amplification (1)
- anaerobic methane oxidation (1)
- ancient DNA (aDNA) (1)
- andean subduction zone (1)
- anemia (1)
- anhydrase CAH3 (1)
- aniline blue (1)
- animal experimentation (1)
- annually laminated sediments (1)
- anomalous Brownian motion (1)
- anorexia nervosa (1)
- answer (1)
- answer set (1)
- anti-fouling materials (1)
- anti-genotoxicity (1)
- anti-oxidant activity (1)
- antimicrobial resistance (1)
- antioxidant capacity (1)
- antioxidant response (1)
- antiplasmodial (1)
- antiretroviral drugs (1)
- aphids (1)
- apical-basal axis (1)
- aqmeii phase-2 (1)
- aquatic macrophytes (1)
- arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- arable land (1)
- archaeology (1)
- archaic humans (1)
- archival DNA (1)
- ardification (1)
- area (1)
- articulation (1)
- assessing uncertainties (1)
- assessment tool swat (1)
- association (1)
- aster data (1)
- astronomical databases: miscellaneous (1)
- atherosclerosis (1)
- athmosphere (1)
- athmospheric CO2 (1)
- athmospheric circulation patterns (1)
- atlantic forest (1)
- atmosphere (1)
- atmospheric nitrogen deposition (1)
- atomic multiplet (1)
- atomic processes (1)
- atopic dermatitis (1)
- attosecond phenomena (1)
- attraction (1)
- attrition bias (1)
- attrition rate (1)
- auger spectrum (1)
- autoclaving (1)
- autophagic clearance (1)
- auxin transport (1)
- avian influenza (1)
- avirulence (1)
- avoidance (1)
- azobenzene trimethylammonium bromide (1)
- backscatter lidar (1)
- backscatter lidar data (1)
- bacterial frataxin (1)
- bacterial growth (1)
- bacterial swimming strategies (1)
- bacterioplankton (1)
- balance analysis (1)
- basal accretion (1)
- basal mechanics (1)
- basaltic systems (1)
- base pairing (1)
- baseline shift (1)
- basin geometry (1)
- basis-sets (1)
- batch effect (1)
- bedrock (1)
- bedrock incision models (1)
- benefits (1)
- benzyl alcohol-dehydrogenase (1)
- bet-hedging (1)
- beta-diversity (1)
- beta-oxidation (1)
- bias correction (1)
- bile acids (1)
- binding cassette transporter (1)
- bio-optical modeling (1)
- biobanks (1)
- biochemical cycle (1)
- biodiversity exploratories (1)
- bioelectrocatalysis (1)
- biofortification (1)
- biogenesis (1)
- bioinformatics (1)
- biological anthropology (1)
- biological control (1)
- biological invasion (1)
- biological network (1)
- biological network model (1)
- biological networks (1)
- biological pest control (1)
- biomass (1)
- biophysics (1)
- bird (1)
- birds (1)
- bistable regime (1)
- black carbon (1)
- bleach (1)
- block copolymer (1)
- blueschist (1)
- body composition (1)
- body size (1)
- bones (1)
- boric-acid channel (1)
- bottlenecks (1)
- bottom waters (1)
- boundary element method (1)
- boundary value problems (1)
- boundary-layer (1)
- box domain (1)
- branching morphogenesis (1)
- breast cancer (1)
- breeding strategies (1)
- breeding system (1)
- brightness (1)
- brine migration (1)
- broad continuum (1)
- bromeliad (1)
- brook experimental forest (1)
- brown rot (1)
- bryophytes (1)
- building damage (1)
- bulimia nervosa (1)
- bulk heterojunction (1)
- c-type cytochromes (1)
- cAMP analog (1)
- cadherin (1)
- cadmium tolerance (1)
- calcareous grassland species (1)
- calibration (1)
- calibration standard (1)
- canalization (1)
- cancer chemoprevention (1)
- canopy effect (1)
- capture enrichment (1)
- carabid beetles (1)
- carbazole (1)
- carbon concentrating mechanism (1)
- carbon export (1)
- carbon isotopes (1)
- carbon isotopic composition (1)
- carbon-cycle (1)
- carbon-dioxide emissions (1)
- carbon-dioxide exchange (1)
- cardiac surgery (1)
- cardiovascular-disease (1)
- cardioverter-defibrillator (1)
- carotenoid biosynthesis (1)
- casparian strip formation (1)
- catalysis (1)
- categories (1)
- cave records (1)
- cell-level kinetics (1)
- cell-proliferation (1)
- cell-size (1)
- cellulose (1)
- cellulose fibers (1)
- cenozoic Turkana depression (1)
- central Mongolia (1)
- ceramide (1)
- cetacean strandings (1)
- challenges (1)
- chamber system (1)
- channel changes (1)
- chaotic neural dynamics (1)
- charge carrier dynamics (1)
- charge localisation (1)
- charge transfers (1)
- charge-transfer (1)
- chemotaxis (1)
- chemotaxonomy (1)
- chlorophyll (1)
- chlorophyll degradation (1)
- chloroplast (1)
- chromatin (1)
- chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (1)
- chronic kidney disease (1)
- chronic kidney-disease (1)
- cinnamate-CoA ligase (1)
- cinnamate:CoA ligase (1)
- circadian clock (1)
- circuits (1)
- circular dichroism (1)
- circulation patterns (1)
- cirrus detection (1)
- cities (1)
- citizen science (1)
- class-i (1)
- classes of logic programs (1)
- clause elimination (1)
- clay (1)
- climate change adaptation (1)
- climate controls (1)
- climate extremes (1)
- climate modelling (1)
- climate reconstructions (1)
- climate-change impacts (1)
- climatic controls (1)
- cloning (1)
- cloud (1)
- cloud computing (1)
- cloud detection (1)
- cluster model (1)
- co-limitation (1)
- co2 concentrating mechanism (1)
- co2 concentration (1)
- coastal erosion (1)
- coastal sediments (1)
- codon adaptation index (1)
- cognitive enhancer (1)
- coherence (1)
- cold-stratification (1)
- collective dynamics (1)
- colonization (1)
- colorectal cancer (1)
- combined task and motion planning (1)
- command surfaces (1)
- commitment (1)
- communities (1)
- community effect in height (1)
- commutator subgroup (1)
- compact groups (1)
- complex heterogeneous systems (1)
- complex optimization (1)
- complex rupture (1)
- composite material (1)
- composite service (1)
- compulsive exercis (1)
- computational morphodynamics (1)
- computer science (1)
- computer security (1)
- conduction (1)
- confidence intervals (1)
- conifer plantations (1)
- connectivity (1)
- consequences (1)
- conservation genetics (1)
- consistency (1)
- constraints (1)
- contamination (1)
- continental lithosphere (1)
- continuous GPS measurements (1)
- continuous temperature logging (1)
- continuous-time data assimilation (1)
- control (1)
- convergence (1)
- convergent extension (1)
- cooling effect (1)
- copepod carcasses (1)
- coral-reefs (1)
- core field modeling (1)
- core flow modeling (1)
- core protein (1)
- core shell UCNP (1)
- core-shell materials (1)
- coronal mass ejections (1)
- coronal mass ejections (CMEs) (1)
- corporeality (1)
- correlated noise (1)
- cortical network models (1)
- cortical oscillations (1)
- cosmology : large-scale structure of the Universe (1)
- costs (1)
- couple reaction (1)
- coupled oscillators (1)
- coupling relationship (1)
- course timetabling (1)
- covariance (1)
- craterostigma-plantagineum (1)
- creep stability (1)
- crop (1)
- crown compounds (1)
- crustacean zooplankton (1)
- crustal structure (1)
- crystallization of magnetite nanoparticle (1)
- cues (1)
- curvature (1)
- cycle decomposition (1)
- cyclic nucleotide (1)
- cyclic-GMP (1)
- cysteine desulfurase (1)
- cysteine synthase complex (1)
- cytochrome bd oxidase (1)
- cytochrome c (1)
- cytoplasm (1)
- cytoplasmic tails (1)
- daffodil Narcissus longispathus (1)
- data assimilation (1)
- data fusion (1)
- data series (1)
- data standardisation and formatting (1)
- database technology (1)
- debris-covered glaciers (1)
- decision trees (1)
- decomposition (1)
- deep biosphere (1)
- defense (1)
- defenses (1)
- defensive symbiosis (1)
- deformation (1)
- degradation (1)
- degraded DNA (1)
- delta (1)
- democratic form (1)
- denali fault (1)
- dendritic network (1)
- dendrometer measurements (1)
- depression (1)
- dermal delivery (1)
- desert (1)
- desynchronization (1)
- deuterium content (1)
- deuterium excess (1)
- developing leaves (1)
- diabetes (1)
- diabetes-melllitus (1)
- diabetic control (1)
- diabetic nephropathy (1)
- diagnosis (1)
- dictyostelium cell (1)
- diet coloring (1)
- dietary fibre (1)
- differential gene expression (1)
- differential split-sample test (1)
- differentiation (1)
- digital elevation model (1)
- dioxide exchange (1)
- dip test (1)
- direct electron transfer (1)
- disaster management (1)
- discharge (1)
- discrimination (1)
- disease (1)
- dispersal (1)
- dissociation kinetics (1)
- dissolution mechanism (1)
- dissolved organic matter (1)
- distance seed dispersial (1)
- distinct (1)
- distribution patterns (1)
- distributions (1)
- disturbance (1)
- ditch irrigation (1)
- diversification (1)
- divide position (1)
- dog growth (1)
- domestication (1)
- drainage basins (1)
- driven (1)
- dronning maud-land (1)
- drosophila (1)
- drought tolerance (1)
- dry deciduous forest (1)
- drying-induced micro cracks (1)
- duration of gestation (1)
- dynamic flow (1)
- early diagnosis (1)
- east-african rift (1)
- eating disorders (1)
- eclogite (1)
- eco-evolutionary experience (1)
- ecological niches (1)
- ecology (1)
- ecosystem (1)
- ecosystem history (1)
- ecosystem service (1)
- ecosystems (1)
- edar (1)
- eddy covariance (1)
- edge turbulence (1)
- educational timetabling (1)
- efficient (1)
- efflux (1)
- elbow breadth (1)
- electric fields and currents (1)
- electron (1)
- electron acceleration (1)
- electron cryotomography (1)
- electron crytomography (1)
- electron spectroscopy (1)
- electropolymerization (1)
- electro‐optical materials (1)
- element chemistry (1)
- elevation (1)
- elliptic complexes (1)
- elongation (1)
- emission (1)
- emission depletion microscopy (1)
- emissions (1)
- emotion (1)
- endogenous content (1)
- endoplasmic reticulum (1)
- endosomal escape (1)
- endothelial dysfunction (1)
- eneolithic (1)
- energy extraction (1)
- energy harvest (1)
- energy intake (1)
- energy resolution (1)
- energy-conversion (1)
- ensemble (1)
- ensemble method (1)
- entry (1)
- environmental association studies (1)
- environmental changes (1)
- environmental genomics (1)
- environmental stress response (1)
- environmental-factors (1)
- enzyme activities (1)
- epidemiology (1)
- epigenetics and behaviour (1)
- equation (1)
- error (1)
- european bat species (1)
- european flora (1)
- evapotranspiration (1)
- evolutionary history (1)
- evolving systems (1)
- exact results (1)
- excess carbon (1)
- exhumation (1)
- exocyst complex (1)
- experiment description (1)
- experimental metadata (1)
- exposure (1)
- expression library (1)
- extracellular DNA (1)
- extreme flood (1)
- extreme weather (1)
- eye movements (1)
- facilitation (1)
- failure (1)
- fall risk assessment (1)
- false positive signal (1)
- fast dissociation (1)
- fasting glucose (1)
- fat (1)
- fat mass (1)
- fatty acid amide hydrolase (1)
- fatty-acid (1)
- fault reactivation (1)
- fault slip (1)
- fault zone (1)
- fen (1)
- fertilization (1)
- fetus (1)
- fever (1)
- fibers (1)
- field voles (1)
- field-scale (1)
- filamentous cyanobacteria (1)
- filaments (1)
- films (1)
- finite element modeling (1)
- finite-element model (1)
- flash floods (1)
- flood generating processes (1)
- flood seasonality (1)
- flood-affected residents (1)
- floodplains (1)
- floral morph (1)
- floral traits (1)
- flow-duration curves (1)
- flower size (1)
- fluctuations (1)
- fluid secretion (1)
- fluid-flow (1)
- fluid-structure interaction (1)
- fluorescence lifetime (1)
- fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (1)
- fluorescence microscopy (1)
- fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- fluorescent probes (1)
- fluorescent protein (1)
- flux balance analysis (1)
- flux rate (1)
- flycatchers (1)
- folding free-energies (1)
- foliations (1)
- football (1)
- fore-arc basin (1)
- forest (1)
- forest management intensity (1)
- forest structure (1)
- forest-fire smoke (1)
- forested headwater catchment (1)
- formazine (1)
- fractional dynamics (1)
- fragmentation (1)
- fragmented habitats (1)
- fragrance (1)
- framework (1)
- free amino-acids (1)
- free shear layers (1)
- fresh-water (1)
- frontal accretion (1)
- frozen sediments (1)
- frozen-flux (1)
- fructose (1)
- fuel (1)
- full-stokes model (1)
- functional annotation (1)
- functional calculus (1)
- functional-analysis (1)
- fur (1)
- fuzzy logic (1)
- gait (1)
- galaxies : intergalactic medium (1)
- gamma-ray astronomy (1)
- gamma-ray bursts (1)
- gammalib/ctools (1)
- gap (1)
- gas-exchange (1)
- gate effect (1)
- gender (1)
- gene expression matrix (1)
- gene ontology (1)
- gene regulation (1)
- general quantitative theory (1)
- generalization (1)
- generalized Bruck-Reilly ∗-extension (1)
- generalized Langevin equation (1)
- genes (1)
- genetic adaptation (1)
- genetic-control (1)
- genetic-structure (1)
- genetic-variation (1)
- genetics (1)
- genome (1)
- genome annotation (1)
- genome-wide analysis (1)
- genome-wide association study (1)
- genotype (1)
- genus capsella (1)
- geodetic measurements (1)
- geographical-distribution (1)
- geological CO2 storage (1)
- geomagnetic models (1)
- geomagnetic storm (1)
- geomechanical model (1)
- geomorphometry (1)
- geothermal applications in Oman (1)
- geothermal-reservoirs (1)
- geovisualization (1)
- germplasm collection (1)
- giant panda (1)
- glacial erosion (1)
- glacier (1)
- gliadin and glutenin fractions (1)
- glims project (1)
- global analysis (1)
- global and regional change (1)
- global climate (1)
- global database (1)
- global food demand (1)
- global jets (1)
- global monsoon (1)
- global vegetation model (1)
- glutathione homeostasis (1)
- gluten (1)
- glycaemic control (1)
- glycosylation (1)
- grain size (1)
- grain-size (1)
- granitoids (1)
- granular gas (1)
- grassland diversity (1)
- gravity (1)
- gravity measurements (1)
- gravity-anomalies (1)
- green algae (1)
- greenhouse gas fluxes (1)
- gross primary production (1)
- ground-ice (1)
- ground-penetrating radar (1)
- grounding line motion (1)
- grounding-line (1)
- grounding-line migration (1)
- groundwater level (1)
- groundwater surface water interaction (1)
- growth adaptation (1)
- growth efficiency (1)
- growth kinetics (1)
- growth response (1)
- growth-factor 23 (1)
- guanylate cyclase (1)
- gut microbiota (1)
- habitat use (1)
- habitats (1)
- hair development (1)
- harbor porpoises (1)
- hazard (1)
- hazard analysis (1)
- hazards (1)
- head-to-tail surfactant associates (1)
- healthy controls (1)
- heart failure (1)
- heart-failure (1)
- heat shock proteins (1)
- heat stress response (1)
- heat-capacity (1)
- heat-flow (1)
- helical magnetic fields (1)
- hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (1)
- hepatocellular carcinoma (1)
- heterogeneity (1)
- heterogeneous tissue (1)
- heterosis (1)
- heterotrophic bacteria (1)
- hexapoda (1)
- hierarchical modular networks (1)
- high CO2 ocean (1)
- high resolution paleoclimatology (1)
- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (1)
- high-rate GPS (1)
- high-resolution (1)
- high-resolution record (1)
- hillslope geomorphology (1)
- hillslope sediment transport (1)
- hillslopes (1)
- history (1)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (1)
- holocene (1)
- hologene (1)
- home-away effect (1)
- homogeneous cell population (1)
- homogenization (1)
- homolog (1)
- hsp-70 (1)
- human behaviour (1)
- human brain (1)
- human dendritic cells (1)
- human evolution (1)
- human intelligence (1)
- human introduction (1)
- human population genomics (1)
- humid forest (1)
- hybrid origin (1)
- hybridisation capture (1)
- hydraulic conductivity (1)
- hydraulic properties (1)
- hydraulic tomography (1)
- hydrogen isotopes (1)
- hydrogen-isotopic composition (1)
- hydrogenase (1)
- hydrogenation (1)
- hydrogeophysics (1)
- hydrologic-response simulation (1)
- hydrological condition (1)
- hydrological modelling (1)
- hydrological models (1)
- hydrothermal (1)
- hydroxypyridine-pyridone (1)
- hyena (1)
- hygroscopic growth (1)
- hypercalciuria (1)
- hyperspectral measurements (1)
- hypertension (1)
- ice (1)
- ice core (1)
- ice-core (1)
- ice-core records (1)
- ice-rich permafrost (1)
- iceberg discharges (1)
- image-based representation (1)
- immature stages (1)
- immunogenic protein (1)
- implicit (1)
- in vivo (1)
- in-situ (1)
- incision model (1)
- incompatibility locus (1)
- incomplete lineage sorting (1)
- independent activation (1)
- indian monsoon (1)
- induced seismicity (1)
- infanticide (1)
- infection pathway (1)
- information (1)
- infrared: stars (1)
- infrastructure (1)
- ingredients (1)
- injection (1)
- injury (1)
- inland water (1)
- inorganic nutrients (1)
- inositol phosphate (1)
- inpatient (1)
- input type (1)
- insects (1)
- insertion polymorphism (1)
- insitu stress (1)
- insolation (1)
- instability control (1)
- instrumentation: photometers (1)
- instrumentation: spectrographs (1)
- insulin analog (1)
- insulin resistance (1)
- intact polar lipids (1)
- intangible impacts (1)
- integral equation (1)
- integral equations (1)
- integrated assessments (1)
- integrated kinetic-energy (1)
- intensification (1)
- interacting protein (1)
- interactions (1)
- interacts (1)
- interannual variability (1)
- interannuel variability (1)
- interception (1)
- interdependences (1)
- interfacial recombination (1)
- interference (1)
- intergalactic medium (1)
- internal transcribe spacer (1)
- international polar year (1)
- international trade (1)
- internet (1)
- intertropical convergence zone (1)
- intervention (1)
- intestinal absorption (1)
- intestinal microbiota (1)
- intracellular-transport (1)
- intraspecific diversity (1)
- intrinsic neuronal diversity (1)
- introgression (1)
- invasion ecology (1)
- invasive species (1)
- invection (1)
- inventories (1)
- inventory (1)
- inverse ill-posed problem (1)
- inverse problem (1)
- inverse scattering (1)
- inversion (1)
- inward rectification (1)
- ionic strength (1)
- ionosphere (1)
- ionospheric current (1)
- ionospheric scale lengths (1)
- iron complexes (1)
- iron reduction (1)
- iron(II) (1)
- iron-rich sediment (1)
- irradiation (1)
- irregular firing activity (1)
- ischemia/reperfusion (1)
- island-arc (1)
- isolation (1)
- isolation by distance (IBD) (1)
- isolation by environment (IBE) (1)
- isothermal amplification (1)
- isothermal nucleic acid amplification (1)
- iterative regularization (1)
- jet (1)
- joint normal distribution (1)
- jomon skeletons (1)
- june 2013 Flood (1)
- kinase (1)
- kinetic instabilities (1)
- kink instability (1)
- km depth (1)
- l-edge xas (1)
- laboratory practice (1)
- lacustrine sedimentary sequence (1)
- lake Meerfelder Maar (1)
- lake community (1)
- lake eutrophication (1)
- lake-sediments (1)
- land ice measurements (1)
- land-surface (1)
- land-use (1)
- land-use intensity (1)
- landmark visibility (1)
- landscape controls (1)
- landscape evolution (1)
- landscape evolution modeling (1)
- landscape response (1)
- landscapes (1)
- landslide (1)
- lanthanides (1)
- lard (1)
- large-scale (1)
- larix-sibirica (1)
- laser remote sensing (1)
- last 15 kyr (1)
- last glacial period (1)
- late wintertime (1)
- late-glacial (1)
- late-glacial chronology (1)
- lateral flow (1)
- lawsonite (1)
- leaf economics (1)
- leaf development (1)
- leaf senescence (1)
- leaf water (1)
- leakage (1)
- learning and memory (1)
- lech catchment (1)
- left-right asymmetry (1)
- level rise (1)
- levy fight (1)
- lichen Lobaria pulmonaria (1)
- lichens (1)
- lidar (1)
- life-style intervention (1)
- ligand (1)
- light modulator (1)
- light scattering (1)
- lignin content (1)
- limiting factors (1)
- linagliptin (1)
- linear programming problem (1)
- linkage disequilibrium (1)
- lipid biomarkers (1)
- lipid-metabolism (1)
- liquid chromatography tandem mass (1)
- liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (1)
- liquid water (1)
- literature review (1)
- lithosphere (1)
- liver disease (1)
- liver regeneration (1)
- liver-regeneration (1)
- living cells (1)
- local adaptation (1)
- local hydrology (1)
- locality (1)
- localization microscopy (1)
- logic (1)
- long-distance dispersal (1)
- longitudinal (1)
- longitudinal profiles (1)
- loop formulas (1)
- low-dimensional models (1)
- low-grade inflammation (1)
- lower channel (1)
- lowland catchment (1)
- lubrication (1)
- lunar tide (1)
- lycopene (1)
- lynx (1)
- mRNA structure (1)
- macrosurfactant (1)
- magnetic field generation (1)
- magnetic-field (1)
- magnetische Eigenschaften (1)
- magnetohydrodynamics (1)
- mai 29th (1)
- main Himalayan thrust (1)
- main memory computing (1)
- mammals (1)
- manganese (1)
- manganese ore (1)
- manipulation planning (1)
- mantled hillslopes (1)
- map-based cloning (1)
- marine mammal (1)
- marine predator (1)
- marine snow (1)
- marine subsurface sediments (1)
- marine viruses (1)
- marine-phytoplankton (1)
- mass index (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- mass-balance (1)
- mathematical model (1)
- mathematical-analysis (1)
- mating-system variation (1)
- matter (1)
- mechanical properties (1)
- mechanisms (1)
- medium-sized carnivores (1)
- megathrust earthquake (1)
- melanocortin-4 receptor gene (1)
- melt (1)
- meltice-sheet motion (1)
- memory effects (1)
- mental-health (1)
- mesocosm experiment (1)
- mesolithic (1)
- messenger-RNA (1)
- meta-programming (1)
- metaanalysis (1)
- metabarcoding (1)
- metabolic ecology (1)
- metabolic syndrome (1)
- metabolism (1)
- metabolite (1)
- metabolite concentration (1)
- metabolite markers (1)
- metabolite profile (1)
- metagenomics (1)
- metagenomics 2.0 (1)
- metamorphic sole (1)
- meteorology (1)
- meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (1)
- methane oxidation (1)
- methods: numerical (1)
- mice (1)
- micro/mesoporous (1)
- microarray data (1)
- microbial activity (1)
- microbial carbon (1)
- microbial communities (1)
- microbial diversity (1)
- microbial ecology (1)
- microbial lipids (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microbiology techniques (1)
- microbiomics (1)
- microchip (1)
- microdissection (1)
- microfluidic device (1)
- micronutrient (1)
- microsatellite (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microtubules (1)
- mild cognitive impairment (1)
- mineral fertilization (1)
- minimum information recommendations (1)
- mites acari (1)
- mitigation behavior (1)
- mitigation measures (1)
- mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) (1)
- mixed cultures (1)
- model PISM-PIK (1)
- model comparison (1)
- model output (1)
- modeling (1)
- moisture evolution (1)
- moisture observing system (1)
- moisture reconstructions (1)
- moisture-advection feedback (1)
- molecular evolution (1)
- molecular network (1)
- molecular-structure (1)
- molecularly imprinted polymers (1)
- molecule (1)
- molecule-1 KIM-1 (1)
- molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis (1)
- monetary valuation (1)
- monitoring networks (1)
- monsoon (1)
- monsoons (1)
- morphological similarities/ dissimilarities of plants (1)
- morphotypes (1)
- mothers (1)
- motion correction (1)
- motivation (1)
- motives for exercise (1)
- motor control (1)
- mountain-ranges (1)
- mountains (1)
- mountains near cities (1)
- mouse heart (1)
- mouse models (1)
- mouse studies (1)
- mowing (1)
- multi-domain nanoparticles (1)
- multi-locus data (1)
- multi-modular morphology (1)
- multi-scale diffusion processes (1)
- multi-scale habitat modeling (1)
- multidrug-resistant (1)
- multilayer (1)
- multimodel ensemble (1)
- multiobjective calibration (1)
- multiple scales (1)
- multiple sequence alignment (1)
- multiple-pest infestation (1)
- multiply-substituted isotopologues (1)
- multiscale analysis (1)
- multispectral (1)
- multivalent ions (1)
- mutation (1)
- mutational analysis (1)
- myocardial infarction (1)
- n-alkaline distributions (1)
- n-alkanes record (1)
- nanocomposite (1)
- nanomaterials (1)
- nanoscopy (1)
- nanostructures (1)
- native electrophoresis (1)
- natural-populations (1)
- nematic liquid crystals (1)
- neolithic transition (1)
- nest protection (1)
- nested expressions (1)
- net primary production (1)
- network vulnerability (1)
- neural networks (1)
- neural-network (1)
- neuraminidase (1)
- neuronal connectivity (1)
- neutralizing antibody (1)
- neutrophil (1)
- next-generation sequencing (1)
- next/second-generation sequencing (1)
- nicht geminale Rekombination (1)
- nitrate (1)
- nitric-oxide (1)
- nitrogen-fertilization (1)
- nitrogen-fixation (1)
- no-till ecosystem (1)
- nodal flow (1)
- nodularia spumigena (1)
- noise-levels (1)
- non geminate recombination (1)
- non-Langevin recombination (1)
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (1)
- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (1)
- non-monetary valuation (1)
- non-vascular epiphyte (1)
- nonconsumptive mortality (1)
- nondemonic intrusions (1)
- noninvasive sampling (1)
- nonlinear dynamical systems (1)
- nonlinear site response (1)
- nonpredatory mortality (1)
- norcaesalpin D (1)
- northeast germany (1)
- northern Baltic Sea (1)
- northern Siberia (1)
- northern high‐latitudes (1)
- northwestern Iran (1)
- nuclear-localization (1)
- nucleocapsid protein (1)
- numerical data analysis (1)
- numerical simulations (1)
- numerical-simulation (1)
- nutrient ratios (1)
- nutrient availability (1)
- nutrition (1)
- o-acetylserine(thiol)lyase gene (1)
- observables (1)
- observatories (1)
- occidental europe (1)
- oceanic lithospere (1)
- of-the-art (1)
- offspring (1)
- old carbon (1)
- oligotrophic lake Stechlin (1)
- olorgesailie formation (1)
- ombrotrophic peat (1)
- onset extreme obesity (1)
- ontology (1)
- opalinus clay (1)
- open‐circuit voltage (1)
- opportunity (1)
- optical reconstruction microscopy (1)
- optical-data (1)
- optical-excitation (1)
- optimal foraging (1)
- ordinary differential equation (1)
- organic aerosol (1)
- organic matter (1)
- organic solar cells (1)
- organic-acids (1)
- orientation (1)
- origin (1)
- oryza-sativa (1)
- osmotic seed priming (1)
- otters (1)
- outbreeding depression (1)
- overruns (1)
- overweight children (1)
- oxazolone (1)
- oxidation-state (1)
- oxygen fugacity (1)
- oxygen isotope (1)
- oxygen isotopes (1)
- oxygen-isotope (1)
- ozone (1)
- ozone concentrations (1)
- p53 (1)
- pacemaker channels (1)
- package (1)
- pairwise distance (1)
- palaeoecology (1)
- palaeolimnology (1)
- paleoclimate (1)
- paleoclimate reconstruction (1)
- paleogenomics (1)
- panel (1)
- paracrine and autocrine regulation (1)
- parallel execution (1)
- parameter estimation (1)
- parameter inference (1)
- parameter uncertainty (1)
- parameter-estimation (1)
- parameterization methods (1)
- parasitoid (1)
- parathyroid-hormone (1)
- partial correlation (1)
- partial melting (1)
- partial synchronization (1)
- participatory research (1)
- particle acceleration (1)
- particle-associated and free-living bacteria (1)
- particle-in-cell simulations (1)
- passerines (1)
- past 2 kyr (1)
- past land-use (1)
- pathway (1)
- pattern formation (1)
- pedestrian navigation (1)
- pedotransfer functions (1)
- pelvic breadth (1)
- penetration enhancement (1)
- peptides (1)
- perception (1)
- performance (1)
- peridotite xenoliths (1)
- periglacial landscape (1)
- period (1)
- periods (1)
- permafrost carbon (1)
- permafrost coasts (1)
- permafrost thaw (1)
- permeability (1)
- perturbations (1)
- perylene quinone derivatives (1)
- petal growth (1)
- petunia flowers (1)
- pharmacokinetic models (1)
- phase (1)
- phenology (1)
- phenomenology (1)
- phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C 32:1 (1)
- phosphorylated amino acid (1)
- photo crosslinking (1)
- photocatalytic water splitting (1)
- photochemical oxidation (1)
- photochemistry (1)
- photoelectron (1)
- photoemission (1)
- photon density wave spectroscopy (1)
- photosynthetic apparatus (1)
- photosystem-II (1)
- photovoltaic devices (1)
- phylogenetic analysis (1)
- phylogenetic inference (1)
- phylogeographic structure (1)
- physeter-macrocephalus (1)
- physical and physiological dormancy (1)
- physical controls (1)
- physical erosion (1)
- physical properties (1)
- physical rock properties (1)
- physiological solution (1)
- phytoliths (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- pine Island (1)
- pink1 (1)
- planar polarity (1)
- planetary nebulae: general (1)
- planetary nebulae: individual (A 30) (1)
- planetary rings (1)
- plankton community (1)
- plant biology (1)
- plant cell wall (1)
- plant diversity (1)
- plant functional traits (1)
- plant migration (1)
- plant phenology (1)
- plant phenotyping (1)
- plant respiration (1)
- plant strategies (1)
- plant volatiles (1)
- plant–soil (belowground) interactions (1)
- plasma convection (1)
- platypus (1)
- pocket gophers (1)
- point-of-care (1)
- point-of-care testing (1)
- polar firn (1)
- pollen flow (1)
- pollen mapping (1)
- pollen-ovule ratios (1)
- pollinators (1)
- pollutants (1)
- poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (1)
- polyclonal seron (1)
- polygon (1)
- polymer (1)
- polymer thin films (1)
- polymorohism (1)
- population history (1)
- population-dynamics (1)
- population-genetics (1)
- population-structure (1)
- pore (1)
- pore pressure generation (1)
- porpoises phococena-phococena (1)
- portfolio-based solving (1)
- positive selection (1)
- post-translational modifications (1)
- postglacial sea-level (1)
- postseismic deformation (1)
- postural stability (1)
- potassium channel (1)
- potato (1)
- potato (Solanum tuberosum) (1)
- potential fields (gravity, geomagnetism) (1)
- potential-energy surface (1)
- power spectral density (1)
- power-law (1)
- pre-digestion (1)
- preadaptation (1)
- precursor indole-3-butyric acid (1)
- predictability (1)
- predicting stress (1)
- prediction models (1)
- predictor (1)
- preference handling (1)
- preferences in land management (1)
- pressure management (1)
- prime pair (1)
- primer pair design (1)
- principal component (1)
- probability density function (1)
- probe (1)
- process analytical technology (1)
- professional knowledge (1)
- project (1)
- proliferation (1)
- proline (1)
- promiscuous (1)
- prostate cancer (1)
- protein adsorption (1)
- protein aggregation (1)
- protein phosphatase (1)
- protein-synthesis (1)
- proteome (1)
- proteomic analysis (1)
- proteomics (1)
- protomeric equilibria (1)
- protonation (1)
- protozoic Si pool (1)
- provitamin A (1)
- proxy forward modeling (1)
- proxy records (1)
- pseudo-differential operators (1)
- psychological distress (1)
- psychometric properties (1)
- psychopathology (1)
- public sector (1)
- public-participation (1)
- pulmonary hypertension (1)
- pulmonary syndrome (1)
- pulmonary-hypertension (1)
- pulsars: individual (SXP 1062) (1)
- puppies (1)
- pure parsimony (1)
- pyrenees (1)
- qualitative comparative analysis (1)
- quantification protocol (1)
- quantile normalization (1)
- quantitative trait loci (1)
- quasars : absorption lines (1)
- rabies spread (1)
- radar (1)
- radiation (1)
- radiation belts (1)
- radiation mechanisms: thermal (1)
- radio occultation (1)
- radio science (radio wave propagation) (1)
- rain attenuation (1)
- rain effect (1)
- rainfall thresholds (1)
- rainfall-runoff response (1)
- raman-lidar (1)
- random forest (1)
- range edge populations (1)
- ranges (1)
- rapid test (1)
- rapid-acting (1)
- ratchet transport (1)
- rate-dependent lower critical solution temperature (1)
- ratiometric (1)
- ray-emission-spectroscopy (1)
- reaction-advection-diffusion equation (1)
- reaction-diffusion system (1)
- reading (1)
- reads (1)
- real-variable harmonic analysis (1)
- recent speciation (1)
- receptor-binding (1)
- reclassification (1)
- recombinant antibodies (1)
- recombinat-human-erythropoietin (1)
- reconstruction (1)
- record (1)
- records (1)
- redox marker (1)
- redox state (1)
- reduced major axis (1)
- reductase (1)
- reduction (1)
- reference database (1)
- reference proteomes (1)
- reflection (1)
- regional patterns (1)
- regression (1)
- regression toward the mean (1)
- regular monoid (1)
- regularization method (1)
- regulatory networks (1)
- reintroduction (1)
- relaxation dynamics (1)
- remodeling atpase brahma (1)
- remote sensing (1)
- remote-sensing data (1)
- renal-failure (1)
- reproductive success (1)
- required minimum runoff (1)
- reservior (1)
- reservoir (1)
- residential structures (1)
- resistance training (1)
- resonance energy transfer (1)
- rest service (1)
- retinol (1)
- retrieval (1)
- retrotransposon insertion (1)
- retroviral integration (1)
- reveal (1)
- reveals (1)
- reverse transcription (1)
- reversible reaction (1)
- review (1)
- reward anticipation (1)
- ribosomal RNA (1)
- ribosome profiling (1)
- rice (1)
- rice leaves (1)
- risk (1)
- risk assessment (1)
- risk management (1)
- risk model (1)
- risk perceptions (1)
- risk reduction (1)
- risk-assessment (1)
- risk-factors (1)
- river (1)
- river Rhine (1)
- river floods (1)
- river incision model (1)
- river-basins (1)
- rock (1)
- rock mass (1)
- rock-uplift rates (1)
- root gravitropism (1)
- root hair initiation (1)
- rubbing tree (1)
- run and tumble (1)
- runoff generation (1)
- rupture process (1)
- s-str (1)
- salicylic acid (1)
- salinity (1)
- salinity gradient (1)
- salivary gland (1)
- salivary-glands (1)
- salmonella typhimurium (1)
- salt spray (1)
- salting-in (1)
- sandy-beach (1)
- sat (1)
- satellite data (1)
- scaling laws (1)
- scaling relationships (1)
- scarcity (1)
- schematic maps (1)
- sea level (1)
- sea plankton community (1)
- sea-level (1)
- sea-surface temperature (1)
- search (1)
- seasonal dynamics (1)
- seasonal evolution (1)
- seasonal snow cover (1)
- seasonal variation (1)
- seasonality (1)
- seasons (1)
- secondary forests (1)
- secondary metabolite profiling (1)
- secondary metabolites (1)
- secondary structure (1)
- secretion (1)
- sediment flux (1)
- sedimentary basin (1)
- sedimentary microbes (1)
- sedimentation (1)
- seed mass (1)
- seed sowing (1)
- seismic tomography (1)
- seismic velocity structure (1)
- selection (1)
- selective bond cleavage (1)
- self-association (1)
- self-esteem (1)
- self-sustained activity (1)
- semantic web services (1)
- seniors (1)
- sensitivity (1)
- sensor (1)
- sequence determinants (1)
- sequestration (1)
- serine acetyltransferase (1)
- serine and trypsin protease (1)
- serum amyloid A (SAA) (1)
- service description (1)
- service mediation (1)
- service orchestration (1)
- service-oriented architecture (1)
- services (1)
- sets (1)
- sexual conflict (1)
- shadow detection (1)
- shallow firn cores (1)
- shear layers (1)
- sheet models (1)
- siberian reservoir (1)
- signal transduction (1)
- signal-transduction system (1)
- significant edge (1)
- single nucleotide polymorphism (1)
- single nucleotide polymorphism mapping (1)
- single-trajectory analysis (1)
- sinking speed (1)
- sischarge (1)
- site-condition proxies (1)
- sites (1)
- situ produced BE-10 (1)
- size distribution (1)
- size distributions (1)
- size reduction (1)
- skin (1)
- skipping (1)
- slim term (1)
- slip (1)
- small mammalian herbivores (1)
- small mammals (1)
- small-spored Alternaria fungi (1)
- snow detection (1)
- sodium (1)
- software (1)
- software reference architecture (1)
- soil landscape (1)
- soil organic-carbon (1)
- soil organic-matter (1)
- soil production function (1)
- soil-moisture (1)
- soil-moisture dynamics (1)
- soil-nitrogen (1)
- soil-water content (1)
- soils (1)
- solanum (1)
- solar tide (1)
- soreq cave (1)
- source population (1)
- source siscrimination (1)
- south-central Chile (1)
- south-pole (1)
- southeastern Spain (1)
- southern Africa (1)
- southern African plateau (1)
- space mission (1)
- sparse proxy data (1)
- spatial data infrastructure (1)
- spatial variations (1)
- special holonomy (1)
- specialization (1)
- species coexistence (1)
- species complex (1)
- species composition (1)
- species differences (1)
- specific prime pair (1)
- spectral exponent (1)
- spectral flow (1)
- spectrum (1)
- spherical harmonics (1)
- spherical mantle convection (1)
- sphingolipids (1)
- sphingosine-1-phosphate (1)
- sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) (1)
- spin geometry (1)
- spin-related factors (1)
- spin-state (1)
- stable carbon (1)
- stable carbon isotope (1)
- stable fixed point (1)
- stable isotopes (1)
- stable laws (1)
- stable model semantics (1)
- stable nitrogen (1)
- stable nitrogen isotope (1)
- stadium (1)
- standard western blot (1)
- standardization (1)
- stars: AGB and post-AGB (1)
- stars: Wolf-Rayet (1)
- stars: emission-line (1)
- stars: fundamental parameters (1)
- stars: individual (HD 164492C, CPD –57 ◦ 3509, HD 54879, β CMa, ε CMa) (1)
- stars: late-type (1)
- stars: magnetic fields (1)
- stars: mass-loss (1)
- stars: massive stars (1)
- stars: stellar evolution (1)
- statistical-analysis (1)
- statistical-model (1)
- statistics (1)
- stimulated emission (1)
- stimulated glucose-uptake (1)
- stochastic (1)
- stochastic rainfall model (1)
- stochastic-process (1)
- stoichiometric controls (1)
- stopover (1)
- storage changes (1)
- storm damage (1)
- strain rate (1)
- stream power law (1)
- stream-B (1)
- stress drop (1)
- stress response (1)
- stress tolerance (1)
- striatum (1)
- strong and uniform equivalence (1)
- strong ground motion (1)
- structure (1)
- structure beneath (1)
- structured illumination (1)
- subdiffraction-resolution (1)
- subduction (1)
- subduction zones (1)
- subglacial drainage (1)
- subjective well-being (1)
- submarine mud volcano (1)
- submergence tolerance (1)
- subrosion (1)
- subseafloor sediments (1)
- subsidence (1)
- subsurface flow (1)
- subsurface stormflow (1)
- sulfabetaine (1)
- sulfite (1)
- sulfite oxidase (1)
- sulfobetaine (1)
- sulfur cluster formation (1)
- sulfur metabolism (1)
- sulfur speciation (1)
- summer monsoon precipitation (1)
- summer rainfall (1)
- sun (1)
- sun: activity (1)
- sun: photosphere (1)
- sun: sunspots (1)
- supernovae (1)
- surface reflection (1)
- surface-water (1)
- surface/subsurface flow (1)
- surfaces (1)
- survival (1)
- sustainability science (1)
- swiss-model (1)
- switchable wettability (1)
- symbiosis (1)
- synchronization (1)
- synchrotron (1)
- synthesis algorithm (1)
- synthesis methodology (1)
- systems (1)
- table-top sources (1)
- taxonomic levels (1)
- tecdissolved organic nitrogen (1)
- technical note (1)
- techniques: image processing (1)
- teleconnections (1)
- telmisartan (1)
- temperate forest (1)
- temperature fluctuation (1)
- temperature variability (1)
- temperature-memory effect (1)
- temporal dynamics (1)
- tephra (1)
- term management impacts (1)
- terrain (1)
- testate amebas (1)
- testing procedure (1)
- thaliana (1)
- thaw (1)
- thaw-lake basins (1)
- the Consensus Model (1)
- thematic mapper (1)
- therapeutic proteins (1)
- therapeutic target (1)
- thermal overprint (1)
- thermal regime (1)
- thermo-responsive polymer (1)
- thermobarometry (1)
- thermokarst lakes (1)
- thermoresponsive self-assembly (1)
- thin films (1)
- thin magnetic layers (1)
- threshold hillslopes (1)
- tidal flats (1)
- tight integration (1)
- time of flight (1)
- time resolved FRET (1)
- time-resolved luminescence (1)
- tip growth (1)
- titania (1)
- tocopherols (1)
- tocotrienols (1)
- tomato (1)
- tomography (1)
- topical treatment (1)
- topographic data (1)
- topological Kondo-insulator (1)
- tor kinase (1)
- total internal reflection fluorescence (1)
- toxic hydrogen-sulfide (1)
- toxins (1)
- trace gases (1)
- tracer tomography (1)
- trafficking (1)
- trait measurements (1)
- trajectories (1)
- transcript markers (1)
- transcription (1)
- transcription factor (1)
- transcriptional memory (1)
- transcriptome (1)
- transcriptomics (1)
- transduction (1)
- transfer-RNA genes (1)
- transgenerational inheritance (1)
- transgenic tobacco (1)
- transitive action (1)
- translation initiation (1)
- transport model (1)
- transversal instabilities (1)
- travel-time distributions (1)
- traveling waves (1)
- treeline (1)
- trimethylamine n-oxide (1)
- tritium assay (1)
- tritrophic system (1)
- tropical plumes (1)
- tropospheric aerosol (1)
- tundra (1)
- turbidity measurement (1)
- turbidity probes (1)
- turbulence (1)
- turbulence control (1)
- turnover (1)
- type-III effector (1)
- ultra-high energy cosmic rays (1)
- ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) (1)
- ultrafast molecular dynamics (1)
- ultraviolet: general (1)
- uncertainty (1)
- unfounded sets (1)
- units (1)
- untreatable Gonorrhea (1)
- up-down states (1)
- upconversion (1)
- uplift (1)
- upper critical solution temperature (UCST) (1)
- upper-mantle (1)
- urban canopy model (1)
- urban green spaces (1)
- urban site (1)
- urinary ph (1)
- usability testing (1)
- usage (1)
- user-centred design (1)
- vaccine antigens (1)
- vadose zone (1)
- valence (1)
- validation (1)
- vapor (1)
- varve chronology (1)
- vascular epiphyte (1)
- vegetation degradation (1)
- vegetation expansion (1)
- vegetation patterns (1)
- venom (1)
- verteilte Datenbanken (1)
- vertical motion (1)
- vertical-distribution (1)
- very low-low-grade metamorphism (1)
- vibrational structure (1)
- virtualisierte IT-Infrastruktur (1)
- viscoelasticity (1)
- volume (1)
- volunteered geographic information (1)
- vulgaris (1)
- vulnerability mapping; (1)
- walking (1)
- water availability (1)
- water balance (1)
- water balance model (1)
- water budget (1)
- water content (1)
- water fluxes (1)
- water isotopes (1)
- water methane emissions (1)
- water remediation (1)
- water storage capacity (1)
- water-flow (1)
- water-isotopes (1)
- water-oxidation (1)
- water-table (1)
- water-uptake (1)
- water-vapor (1)
- wave tomography (1)
- waves and tides (1)
- weather (1)
- web services (1)
- welfare (1)
- wetland (1)
- wetlands (1)
- wheat (1)
- whole-genome association (1)
- wide angle (1)
- wind (1)
- wind shear (1)
- wind speed (1)
- wind speeds (1)
- winter warming events (1)
- wireworms coloptera (1)
- within-type variability (1)
- woolly mammoth (1)
- x-ray (1)
- x-ray free-electron lasers (1)
- x-ray spectroscopies and phenomena (1)
- x-rays: general (1)
- yedoma (1)
- yield (1)
- zebrafish heart (1)
- zero-order basin (1)
- zinc (1)
- zircon fission tracks (1)
- zircon fission-track dating (1)
- zonation (1)
- γ -rays: general (1)
- π -inverse monoid (1)
Institute
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät (538) (remove)
Forest microclimate can buffer biotic responses to summer heat waves, which are expected to become more extreme under climate warming. Prediction of forest microclimate is limited because meteorological observation standards seldom include situations inside forests.
We use eXtreme Gradient Boosting - a Machine Learning technique - to predict the microclimate of forest sites in Brandenburg, Germany, using seasonal data comprising weather features.
The analysis was amended by applying a SHapley Additive explanation to show the interaction effect of variables and individualised feature attributions.
We evaluate model performance in comparison to artificial neural networks, random forest, support vector machine, and multi-linear regression.
After implementing a feature selection, an ensemble approach was applied to combine individual models for each forest and improve robustness over a given single prediction model.
The resulting model can be applied to translate climate change scenarios into temperatures inside forests to assess temperature-related ecosystem services provided by forests.
Sporadic E or Es is a transient phenomenon where thin layers of enhanced electron density appear in the ionospheric E region (90-120 km altitude). The neutral wind shear caused by atmospheric tides can lead ions to converge vertically at E-region heights and form the Es layer. This research aims to determine the role of atmospheric solar and lunar tides in Es occurrence. For this purpose, radio occultation data of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC have been used, which provide complete global coverage of Es events. Moreover, GAIA model simulations have been employed to evaluate the vertical ion convergence induced by solar tides. The results show both migrating and non-migrating solar tidal signatures and the semidiurnal migrating lunar tidal signature mainly in low and mid-latitude Es occurrence. The seasonal variation of the migrating solar tidal components of Es is in good agreement with those in the vertical ion convergence derived from GAIA at higher altitudes. Furthermore, some non-migrating components of solar tides, including semidiurnal westward wavenumbers 1 and 3 and diurnal eastward wavenumbers 2 and 3, also significantly affect the Es occurrence rate.
The response of rapidly compressed highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) normal to its basal plane was investigated at a pressure of & SIM;80 GPa. Ultrafast x-ray diffraction using & SIM;100 fs pulses at the Materials Under Extreme Conditions sector of the Linac Coherent Light Source was used to probe the changes in crystal structure resulting from picosecond timescale compression at laser drive energies ranging from 2.5 to 250 mJ. A phase transformation from HOPG to a highly textured hexagonal diamond structure is observed at the highest energy, followed by relaxation to a still highly oriented, but distorted graphite structure following release. We observe the formation of a highly oriented lonsdaleite within 20 ps, subsequent to compression. This suggests that a diffusionless martensitic mechanism may play a fundamental role in phase transition, as speculated in an early work on this system, and more recent static studies of diamonds formed in impact events. Published by AIP Publishing.
Similar Yet Different
(2020)
The importance of intrinsically disordered late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins in the tolerance to abiotic stresses involving cellular dehydration is undisputed. While structural transitions of LEA proteins in response to changes in water availability are commonly observed and several molecular functions have been suggested, a systematic, comprehensive and comparative study of possible underlying sequence-structure-function relationships is still lacking. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations as well as spectroscopic and light scattering experiments to characterize six members of two distinct, lowly homologous clades of LEA_4 family proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana. We compared structural and functional characteristics to elucidate to what degree structure and function are encoded in LEA protein sequences and complemented these findings with physicochemical properties identified in a systematic bioinformatics study of the entire Arabidopsis thaliana LEA_4 family. Our results demonstrate that although the six experimentally characterized LEA_4 proteins have similar structural and functional characteristics, differences concerning their folding propensity and membrane stabilization capacity during a freeze/thaw cycle are obvious. These differences cannot be easily attributed to sequence conservation, simple physicochemical characteristics or the abundance of sequence motifs. Moreover, the folding propensity does not appear to be correlated with membrane stabilization capacity. Therefore, the refinement of LEA_4 structural and functional properties is likely encoded in specific patterns of their physicochemical characteristics.
Magnetite containing aerogels were synthesized by freeze-drying olive oil/silicone oil-based Janus emulsion gels containing gelatin and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC). The magnetite nanoparticles dispersed in olive oil are processed into the gel and remain in the macroporous aerogel after removing the oil components. The coexistence of macropores from the Janus droplets and mesopores from freeze-drying of the hydrogels in combination with the magnetic properties offer a special hierarchical pore structure, which is of relevance for smart supercapacitors, biosensors, and spilled oil sorption and separation. The morphology of the final structure was investigated in dependence on initial compositions. More hydrophobic aerogels with magnetic responsiveness were synthesized by bisacrylamide-crosslinking of the hydrogel. The crosslinked aerogels can be successfully used in magnetically responsive clean up experiments of the cationic dye methylene blue.
Similar Yet Different
(2020)
The importance of intrinsically disordered late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins in the tolerance to abiotic stresses involving cellular dehydration is undisputed. While structural transitions of LEA proteins in response to changes in water availability are commonly observed and several molecular functions have been suggested, a systematic, comprehensive and comparative study of possible underlying sequence-structure-function relationships is still lacking. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations as well as spectroscopic and light scattering experiments to characterize six members of two distinct, lowly homologous clades of LEA_4 family proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana. We compared structural and functional characteristics to elucidate to what degree structure and function are encoded in LEA protein sequences and complemented these findings with physicochemical properties identified in a systematic bioinformatics study of the entire Arabidopsis thaliana LEA_4 family. Our results demonstrate that although the six experimentally characterized LEA_4 proteins have similar structural and functional characteristics, differences concerning their folding propensity and membrane stabilization capacity during a freeze/thaw cycle are obvious. These differences cannot be easily attributed to sequence conservation, simple physicochemical characteristics or the abundance of sequence motifs. Moreover, the folding propensity does not appear to be correlated with membrane stabilization capacity. Therefore, the refinement of LEA_4 structural and functional properties is likely encoded in specific patterns of their physicochemical characteristics.
Magnetite containing aerogels were synthesized by freeze-drying olive oil/silicone oil-based Janus emulsion gels containing gelatin and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC). The magnetite nanoparticles dispersed in olive oil are processed into the gel and remain in the macroporous aerogel after removing the oil components. The coexistence of macropores from the Janus droplets and mesopores from freeze-drying of the hydrogels in combination with the magnetic properties offer a special hierarchical pore structure, which is of relevance for smart supercapacitors, biosensors, and spilled oil sorption and separation. The morphology of the final structure was investigated in dependence on initial compositions. More hydrophobic aerogels with magnetic responsiveness were synthesized by bisacrylamide-crosslinking of the hydrogel. The crosslinked aerogels can be successfully used in magnetically responsive clean up experiments of the cationic dye methylene blue.
Electrochemical methods offer the simple characterization of the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and the readouts of target binding. The binding of electroinactive analytes can be detected indirectly by their modulating effect on the diffusional permeability of a redox marker through thin MIP films. However, this process generates an overall signal, which may include nonspecific interactions with the nonimprinted surface and adsorption at the electrode surface in addition to (specific) binding to the cavities. Redox-active low-molecular-weight targets and metalloproteins enable a more specific direct quantification of their binding to MIPs by measuring the faradaic current. The in situ characterization of enzymes, MIP-based mimics of redox enzymes or enzyme-labeled targets, is based on the indication of an electroactive product. This approach allows the determination of both the activity of the bio(mimetic) catalyst and of the substrate concentration.
All you can feed
(2020)
The laboratory mouse is the most common used mammalian research model in biomedical research. Usually these animals are maintained in germ-free, gnotobiotic, or specific-pathogen-free facilities. In these facilities, skilled staff takes care of the animals and scientists usually don’t pay much attention about the formulation and quality of diets the animals receive during normal breeding and keeping. However, mice have specific nutritional requirements that must be met to guarantee their potential to grow, reproduce and to respond to pathogens or diverse environmental stress situations evoked by handling and experimental interventions. Nowadays, mouse diets for research purposes are commercially manufactured in an industrial process, in which the safety of food products is addressed through the analysis and control of all biological and chemical materials used for the different diet formulations. Similar to human food, mouse diets must be prepared under good sanitary conditions and truthfully labeled to provide information of all ingredients. This is mandatory to guarantee reproducibility of animal studies. In this review, we summarize some information on mice research diets and general aspects of mouse nutrition including nutrient requirements of mice, leading manufacturers of diets, origin of nutrient compounds, and processing of feedstuffs for mice including dietary coloring, autoclaving and irradiation. Furthermore, we provide some critical views on the potential pitfalls that might result from faulty comparisons of grain-based diets with purified diets in the research data production resulting from confounding nutritional factors.
The Feasibility and Effectiveness of a New Practical Multidisciplinary Treatment for Low-Back Pain
(2020)
Low-back pain is a major health problem exacerbated by the fact that most treatments are not suitable for self-management in everyday life. Particularly, interdisciplinary programs consist of intensive therapy lasting several weeks. Additionally, therapy components are rarely coordinated regarding reinforcing effects, which would improve complaints in persons with higher pain. This study assesses the effectiveness of a self-management program, firstly for persons suffering from higher pain and secondly compared to regular routines. Study objectives were treated in a single-blind multicenter controlled trial. A total of n = 439 volunteers (age 18–65 years) were randomly assigned to a twelve-week multidisciplinary sensorimotor training (3-weeks-center- and 9-weeks-homebased) or control group. The primary outcome pain (Chronic-Pain-Grade) as well as mental health were assessed by questionnaires at baseline and follow-up (3/6/12/24 weeks, M2-M5). For statistical analysis, multiple linear regression models were used. N = 291 (age 39.7 ± 12.7 years, female = 61.1%, 77% CPG = 1) completed training (M1/M4/M5), showing a significantly stronger reduction of mental health complaints (anxiety, vital exhaustion) in people with higher than those with lower pain in multidisciplinary treatment. Compared to regular routines, the self-management–multidisciplinary treatment led to a clinically relevant reduction of pain–disability and significant mental health improvements. Low-cost exercise programs may provide enormous relief for therapeutic processes, rehabilitation aftercare, and thus, cost savings for the health system
The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is declining in large parts of Europe but populations in some German cities remained so far unaffected by this decline. The question arises of how urbanization affects patterns of population genetic variation and differentiation in German rabbit populations, as urban habitat fragmentation may result in altered meta-population dynamics. To address this question, we used microsatellite markers to genotype rabbit populations occurring along a rural-to-urban gradient in and around the city of Frankfurt, Germany. We found no effect of urbanization on allelic richness. However, the observed heterozygosity was significantly higher in urban than rural populations and also the inbreeding coefficients were lower, most likely reflecting the small population sizes and possibly on-going loss of genetic diversity in structurally impoverished rural areas. Global FST and G'ST-values suggest moderate but significant differentiation between populations. Multiple matrix regression with randomization ascribed this differentiation to isolation-by-environment rather than isolation-by-distance. Analyses of migration rates revealed asymmetrical gene flow, which was higher from rural into urban populations than vice versa and may again reflect intensified agricultural land-use practices in rural areas. We discuss that populations inhabiting urban areas will likely play an important role in the future distribution of European rabbits.
The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is declining in large parts of Europe but populations in some German cities remained so far unaffected by this decline. The question arises of how urbanization affects patterns of population genetic variation and differentiation in German rabbit populations, as urban habitat fragmentation may result in altered meta-population dynamics. To address this question, we used microsatellite markers to genotype rabbit populations occurring along a rural-to-urban gradient in and around the city of Frankfurt, Germany. We found no effect of urbanization on allelic richness. However, the observed heterozygosity was significantly higher in urban than rural populations and also the inbreeding coefficients were lower, most likely reflecting the small population sizes and possibly on-going loss of genetic diversity in structurally impoverished rural areas. Global FST and G'ST-values suggest moderate but significant differentiation between populations. Multiple matrix regression with randomization ascribed this differentiation to isolation-by-environment rather than isolation-by-distance. Analyses of migration rates revealed asymmetrical gene flow, which was higher from rural into urban populations than vice versa and may again reflect intensified agricultural land-use practices in rural areas. We discuss that populations inhabiting urban areas will likely play an important role in the future distribution of European rabbits.
The use of monoclonal antibodies is ubiquitous in science and biomedicine but the generation and validation process of antibodies is nevertheless complicated and time-consuming. To address these issues we developed a novel selective technology based on an artificial cell surface construct by which secreted antibodies were connected to the corresponding hybridoma cell when they possess the desired antigen-specificity. Further the system enables the selection of desired isotypes and the screening for potential cross-reactivities in the same context. For the design of the construct we combined the transmembrane domain of the EGF-receptor with a hemagglutinin epitope and a biotin acceptor peptide and performed a transposon-mediated transfection of myeloma cell lines. The stably transfected myeloma cell line was used for the generation of hybridoma cells and an antigen- and isotype-specific screening method was established. The system has been validated for globular protein antigens as well as for haptens and enables a fast and early stage selection and validation of monoclonal antibodies in one step.
The use of monoclonal antibodies is ubiquitous in science and biomedicine but the generation and validation process of antibodies is nevertheless complicated and time-consuming. To address these issues we developed a novel selective technology based on an artificial cell surface construct by which secreted antibodies were connected to the corresponding hybridoma cell when they possess the desired antigen-specificity. Further the system enables the selection of desired isotypes and the screening for potential cross-reactivities in the same context. For the design of the construct we combined the transmembrane domain of the EGF-receptor with a hemagglutinin epitope and a biotin acceptor peptide and performed a transposon-mediated transfection of myeloma cell lines. The stably transfected myeloma cell line was used for the generation of hybridoma cells and an antigen- and isotype-specific screening method was established. The system has been validated for globular protein antigens as well as for haptens and enables a fast and early stage selection and validation of monoclonal antibodies in one step.
The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa necessitates effective approaches to improve provitamin A content of major staple crops. Cassava holds much promise for food security in sub-Saharan Africa, but a negative correlation between beta-carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid, and dry matter content has been reported, which poses a challenge to cassava biofortification by conventional breeding. To identify suitable material for genetic transformation in tissue culture with the overall aim to increase beta-carotene and maintain starch content as well as better understand carotenoid composition, root and leaf tissues from thirteen field-grown cassava landraces were analyzed for agronomic traits, carotenoid, chlorophyll, and starch content. The expression of five genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis were determined in selected landraces. Analysis revealed a weak negative correlation between starch and beta-carotene content, whereas there was a strong positive correlation between root yield and many carotenoids including beta-carotene. Carotenoid synthesis genes were expressed in both white and yellow cassava roots, but phytoene synthase 2 (PSY2), lycopene-epsilon-cyclase (LCY epsilon), and beta-carotenoid hydroxylase (CHY beta) expression were generally higher in yellow roots. This study identified lines with reasonably high content of starch and beta-carotene that could be candidates for biofortification by further breeding or plant biotechnological means.
The Feasibility and Effectiveness of a New Practical Multidisciplinary Treatment for Low-Back Pain
(2020)
Low-back pain is a major health problem exacerbated by the fact that most treatments are not suitable for self-management in everyday life. Particularly, interdisciplinary programs consist of intensive therapy lasting several weeks. Additionally, therapy components are rarely coordinated regarding reinforcing effects, which would improve complaints in persons with higher pain. This study assesses the effectiveness of a self-management program, firstly for persons suffering from higher pain and secondly compared to regular routines. Study objectives were treated in a single-blind multicenter controlled trial. A total of n = 439 volunteers (age 18–65 years) were randomly assigned to a twelve-week multidisciplinary sensorimotor training (3-weeks-center- and 9-weeks-homebased) or control group. The primary outcome pain (Chronic-Pain-Grade) as well as mental health were assessed by questionnaires at baseline and follow-up (3/6/12/24 weeks, M2-M5). For statistical analysis, multiple linear regression models were used. N = 291 (age 39.7 ± 12.7 years, female = 61.1%, 77% CPG = 1) completed training (M1/M4/M5), showing a significantly stronger reduction of mental health complaints (anxiety, vital exhaustion) in people with higher than those with lower pain in multidisciplinary treatment. Compared to regular routines, the self-management–multidisciplinary treatment led to a clinically relevant reduction of pain–disability and significant mental health improvements. Low-cost exercise programs may provide enormous relief for therapeutic processes, rehabilitation aftercare, and thus, cost savings for the health system
Optical excitation of spin-ordered rare earth metals triggers a complex response of the crystal lattice since expansive stresses from electron and phonon excitations compete with a contractive stress induced by spin disorder. Using ultrafast x-ray diffraction experiments, we study the layer specific strain response of a dysprosium film within a metallic heterostructure upon femtosecond laser-excitation. The elastic and diffusive transport of energy to an adjacent, non-excited detection layer clearly separates the contributions of strain pulses and thermal excitations in the time domain. We find that energy transfer processes to magnetic excitations significantly modify the observed conventional bipolar strain wave into a unipolar pulse. By modeling the spin system as a saturable energy reservoir that generates substantial contractive stress on ultrafast timescales, we can reproduce the observed strain response and estimate the time- and space dependent magnetic stress. The saturation of the magnetic stress contribution yields a non-monotonous total stress within the nanolayer, which leads to unconventional picosecond strain pulses.
Abiotic stresses cause oxidative damage in plants. Here, we demonstrate that foliar application of an extract from the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum, SuperFifty (SF), largely prevents paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. While PQ-stressed plants develop necrotic lesions, plants pre-treated with SF (i.e., primed plants) were unaffected by PQ. Transcriptome analysis revealed induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) marker genes, genes involved in ROS-induced programmed cell death, and autophagy-related genes after PQ treatment. These changes did not occur in PQ-stressed plants primed with SF. In contrast, upregulation of several carbohydrate metabolism genes, growth, and hormone signaling as well as antioxidant-related genes were specific to SF-primed plants. Metabolomic analyses revealed accumulation of the stress-protective metabolite maltose and the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates fumarate and malate in SF-primed plants. Lipidome analysis indicated that those lipids associated with oxidative stress-induced cell death and chloroplast degradation, such as triacylglycerols (TAGs), declined upon SF priming. Our study demonstrated that SF confers tolerance to PQ-induced oxidative stress in A. thaliana, an effect achieved by modulating a range of processes at the transcriptomic, metabolic, and lipid levels.
Abiotic stresses cause oxidative damage in plants. Here, we demonstrate that foliar application of an extract from the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum, SuperFifty (SF), largely prevents paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. While PQ-stressed plants develop necrotic lesions, plants pre-treated with SF (i.e., primed plants) were unaffected by PQ. Transcriptome analysis revealed induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) marker genes, genes involved in ROS-induced programmed cell death, and autophagy-related genes after PQ treatment. These changes did not occur in PQ-stressed plants primed with SF. In contrast, upregulation of several carbohydrate metabolism genes, growth, and hormone signaling as well as antioxidant-related genes were specific to SF-primed plants. Metabolomic analyses revealed accumulation of the stress-protective metabolite maltose and the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates fumarate and malate in SF-primed plants. Lipidome analysis indicated that those lipids associated with oxidative stress-induced cell death and chloroplast degradation, such as triacylglycerols (TAGs), declined upon SF priming. Our study demonstrated that SF confers tolerance to PQ-induced oxidative stress in A. thaliana, an effect achieved by modulating a range of processes at the transcriptomic, metabolic, and lipid levels.
Bayesian Data Assimilation to Support Informed Decision Making in Individualized Chemotherapy
(2020)
An essential component of therapeutic drug/biomarker monitoring (TDM) is to combine patient data with prior knowledge for model-based predictions of therapy outcomes. Current Bayesian forecasting tools typically rely only on the most probable model parameters (maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate). This MAP-based approach, however, does neither necessarily predict the most probable outcome nor does it quantify the risks of treatment inefficacy or toxicity. Bayesian data assimilation (DA) methods overcome these limitations by providing a comprehensive uncertainty quantification. We compare DA methods with MAP-based approaches and show how probabilistic statements about key markers related to chemotherapy-induced neutropenia can be leveraged for more informative decision support in individualized chemotherapy. Sequential Bayesian DA proved to be most computationally efficient for handling interoccasion variability and integrating TDM data. For new digital monitoring devices enabling more frequent data collection, these features will be of critical importance to improve patient care decisions in various therapeutic areas.
Bayesian Data Assimilation to Support Informed Decision Making in Individualized Chemotherapy
(2020)
An essential component of therapeutic drug/biomarker monitoring (TDM) is to combine patient data with prior knowledge for model-based predictions of therapy outcomes. Current Bayesian forecasting tools typically rely only on the most probable model parameters (maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate). This MAP-based approach, however, does neither necessarily predict the most probable outcome nor does it quantify the risks of treatment inefficacy or toxicity. Bayesian data assimilation (DA) methods overcome these limitations by providing a comprehensive uncertainty quantification. We compare DA methods with MAP-based approaches and show how probabilistic statements about key markers related to chemotherapy-induced neutropenia can be leveraged for more informative decision support in individualized chemotherapy. Sequential Bayesian DA proved to be most computationally efficient for handling interoccasion variability and integrating TDM data. For new digital monitoring devices enabling more frequent data collection, these features will be of critical importance to improve patient care decisions in various therapeutic areas.
Optical excitation of spin-ordered rare earth metals triggers a complex response of the crystal lattice since expansive stresses from electron and phonon excitations compete with a contractive stress induced by spin disorder. Using ultrafast x-ray diffraction experiments, we study the layer specific strain response of a dysprosium film within a metallic heterostructure upon femtosecond laser-excitation. The elastic and diffusive transport of energy to an adjacent, non-excited detection layer clearly separates the contributions of strain pulses and thermal excitations in the time domain. We find that energy transfer processes to magnetic excitations significantly modify the observed conventional bipolar strain wave into a unipolar pulse. By modeling the spin system as a saturable energy reservoir that generates substantial contractive stress on ultrafast timescales, we can reproduce the observed strain response and estimate the time- and space dependent magnetic stress. The saturation of the magnetic stress contribution yields a non-monotonous total stress within the nanolayer, which leads to unconventional picosecond strain pulses.
Interplay of Dietary Fatty Acids and Cholesterol Impacts Brain Mitochondria and Insulin Action
(2020)
Overconsumption of high-fat and cholesterol-containing diets is detrimental for metabolism and mitochondrial function, causes inflammatory responses and impairs insulin action in peripheral tissues. Dietary fatty acids can enter the brain to mediate the nutritional status, but also to influence neuronal homeostasis. Yet, it is unclear whether cholesterol-containing high-fat diets (HFDs) with different combinations of fatty acids exert metabolic stress and impact mitochondrial function in the brain. To investigate whether cholesterol in combination with different fatty acids impacts neuronal metabolism and mitochondrial function, C57BL/6J mice received different cholesterol-containing diets with either high concentrations of long-chain saturated fatty acids or soybean oil-derived poly-unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, CLU183 neurons were stimulated with combinations of palmitate, linoleic acid and cholesterol to assess their effects on metabolic stress, mitochondrial function and insulin action. The dietary interventions resulted in a molecular signature of metabolic stress in the hypothalamus with decreased expression of occludin and subunits of mitochondrial electron chain complexes, elevated protein carbonylation, as well as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Palmitate caused mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) resistance, while cholesterol and linoleic acid did not cause functional alterations. Finally, we defined insulin receptor as a novel negative regulator of metabolically stress-induced JNK activation.
Interplay of Dietary Fatty Acids and Cholesterol Impacts Brain Mitochondria and Insulin Action
(2020)
Overconsumption of high-fat and cholesterol-containing diets is detrimental for metabolism and mitochondrial function, causes inflammatory responses and impairs insulin action in peripheral tissues. Dietary fatty acids can enter the brain to mediate the nutritional status, but also to influence neuronal homeostasis. Yet, it is unclear whether cholesterol-containing high-fat diets (HFDs) with different combinations of fatty acids exert metabolic stress and impact mitochondrial function in the brain. To investigate whether cholesterol in combination with different fatty acids impacts neuronal metabolism and mitochondrial function, C57BL/6J mice received different cholesterol-containing diets with either high concentrations of long-chain saturated fatty acids or soybean oil-derived poly-unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, CLU183 neurons were stimulated with combinations of palmitate, linoleic acid and cholesterol to assess their effects on metabolic stress, mitochondrial function and insulin action. The dietary interventions resulted in a molecular signature of metabolic stress in the hypothalamus with decreased expression of occludin and subunits of mitochondrial electron chain complexes, elevated protein carbonylation, as well as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Palmitate caused mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) resistance, while cholesterol and linoleic acid did not cause functional alterations. Finally, we defined insulin receptor as a novel negative regulator of metabolically stress-induced JNK activation.
Spiked gold nanotriangles
(2020)
We show the formation of metallic spikes on the surface of gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) by using the same reduction process which has been used for the synthesis of gold nanostars. We confirm that silver nitrate operates as a shape-directing agent in combination with ascorbic acid as the reducing agent and investigate the mechanism by dissecting the contribution of each component, i.e., anionic surfactant dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT), ascorbic acid (AA), and AgNO3. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that AA attaches to the AOT bilayer of nanotriangles, and covers the surface of gold clusters, which is of special relevance for the spike formation process at the AuNT surface. The surface modification goes hand in hand with a change of the optical properties. The increased thickness of the triangles and a sizeable fraction of silver atoms covering the spikes lead to a blue-shift of the intense near infrared absorption of the AuNTs. The sponge-like spiky surface increases both the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) cross section of the particles and the photo-catalytic activity in comparison with the unmodified triangles, which is exemplified by the plasmon-driven dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) to 4,4'-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB).
Spiked gold nanotriangles
(2020)
We show the formation of metallic spikes on the surface of gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) by using the same reduction process which has been used for the synthesis of gold nanostars. We confirm that silver nitrate operates as a shape-directing agent in combination with ascorbic acid as the reducing agent and investigate the mechanism by dissecting the contribution of each component, i.e., anionic surfactant dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT), ascorbic acid (AA), and AgNO3. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that AA attaches to the AOT bilayer of nanotriangles, and covers the surface of gold clusters, which is of special relevance for the spike formation process at the AuNT surface. The surface modification goes hand in hand with a change of the optical properties. The increased thickness of the triangles and a sizeable fraction of silver atoms covering the spikes lead to a blue-shift of the intense near infrared absorption of the AuNTs. The sponge-like spiky surface increases both the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) cross section of the particles and the photo-catalytic activity in comparison with the unmodified triangles, which is exemplified by the plasmon-driven dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) to 4,4'-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB).
Extreme weather resilience has been defined as being based on three pillars: resistance (the ability to lower impacts), recovery (the ability to bounce back), and adaptive capacity (the ability to learn and improve). These resilience pillars are important both before and after the occurrence of extreme weather events. Extreme weather insurance can influence these pillars of resilience depending on how particular insurance mechanisms are structured. We explore how the lessons learnt from the current best insurance practices can improve resilience to extreme weather events. We employ an extensive inventory of private property and agricultural crop insurance mechanisms to conduct a multi-criteria analysis of insurance market outcomes. We draw conclusions regarding the patterns in the best practice from six European countries to increase resilience. We suggest that requirements to buy a bundle extreme weather event insurance with general insurance packages are strengthened and supported with structures to financing losses through public-private partnerships. Moreover, support for low income households through income vouchers could be provided. Similarly, for the agricultural sector we propose moving towards comprehensive crop yield insurance linked to general agricultural subsidies. In both cases a nationally representative body can coordinate the various stakeholders into acting in concert.
The novel space-borne Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technique has recently shown promise in monitoring the ocean state and surface wind speed with high spatial coverage and unprecedented sampling rate. The L-band signals of GNSS are structurally able to provide a higher quality of observations from areas covered by dense clouds and under intense precipitation, compared to those signals at higher frequencies from conventional ocean scatterometers. As a result, studying the inner core of cyclones and improvement of severe weather forecasting and cyclone tracking have turned into the main objectives of GNSS-R satellite missions such as Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS). Nevertheless, the rain attenuation impact on GNSS-R wind speed products is not yet well documented. Evaluating the rain attenuation effects on this technique is significant since a small change in the GNSS-R can potentially cause a considerable bias in the resultant wind products at intense wind speeds. Based on both empirical evidence and theory, wind speed is inversely proportional to derived bistatic radar cross section with a natural logarithmic relation, which introduces high condition numbers (similar to ill-posed conditions) at the inversions to high wind speeds. This paper presents an evaluation of the rain signal attenuation impact on the bistatic radar cross section and the derived wind speed. This study is conducted simulating GNSS-R delay-Doppler maps at different rain rates and reflection geometries, considering that an empirical data analysis at extreme wind intensities and rain rates is impossible due to the insufficient number of observations from these severe conditions. Finally, the study demonstrates that at a wind speed of 30 m/s and incidence angle of 30 degrees, rain at rates of 10, 15, and 20 mm/h might cause overestimation as large as approximate to 0.65 m/s (2%), 1.00 m/s (3%), and 1.3 m/s (4%), respectively, which are still smaller than the CYGNSS required uncertainty threshold. The simulations are conducted in a pessimistic condition (severe continuous rainfall below the freezing height and over the entire glistening zone) and the bias is expected to be smaller in size in real environments.
Fractures serve as highly conductive preferential flow paths for fluids in rocks, which are difficult to exactly reconstruct in numerical models. Especially, in low-conductive rocks, fractures are often the only pathways for advection of solutes and heat. The presented study compares the results from hydraulic and tracer tomography applied to invert a theoretical discrete fracture network (DFN) that is based on data from synthetic cross-well testing. For hydraulic tomography, pressure pulses in various injection intervals are induced and the pressure responses in the monitoring intervals of a nearby observation well are recorded. For tracer tomography, a conservative tracer is injected in different well levels and the depth-dependent breakthrough of the tracer is monitored. A recently introduced transdimensional Bayesian inversion procedure is applied for both tomographical methods, which adjusts the fracture positions, orientations, and numbers based on given geometrical fracture statistics. The used Metropolis-Hastings-Green algorithm is refined by the simultaneous estimation of the measurement error’s variance, that is, the measurement noise. Based on the presented application to invert the two-dimensional cross-section between source and the receiver well, the hydraulic tomography reveals itself to be more suitable for reconstructing the original DFN. This is based on a probabilistic representation of the inverted results by means of fracture probabilities.
The success of the ensemble Kalman filter has triggered a strong interest in expanding its scope beyond classical state estimation problems. In this paper, we focus on continuous-time data assimilation where the model and measurement errors are correlated and both states and parameters need to be identified. Such scenarios arise from noisy and partial observations of Lagrangian particles which move under a stochastic velocity field involving unknown parameters. We take an appropriate class of McKean–Vlasov equations as the starting point to derive ensemble Kalman–Bucy filter algorithms for combined state and parameter estimation. We demonstrate their performance through a series of increasingly complex multi-scale model systems.
Nuclear lamins are nucleus-specific intermediate filaments (IF) found at the inner nuclear membrane (INM) of the nuclear envelope (NE). Together with nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins, they form the nuclear lamina and are crucial for gene regulation and mechanical robustness of the nucleus and the whole cell. Recently, we characterized Dictyostelium NE81 as an evolutionarily conserved lamin-like protein, both on the sequence and functional level. Here, we show on the structural level that the Dictyostelium NE81 is also capable of assembling into filaments, just as metazoan lamin filament assemblies. Using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, we show that NE81 expressed in Xenopous oocytes forms filamentous structures with an overall appearance highly reminiscent of Xenopus lamin B2. The in vitro assembly properties of recombinant His-tagged NE81 purified from Dictyostelium extracts are very similar to those of metazoan lamins.
Super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) and expansion microscopy (ExM), as well as transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained purified NE81, demonstrated its capability of forming filamentous structures under low-ionic-strength conditions. These results recommend Dictyostelium as a non-mammalian model organism with a well-characterized nuclear envelope involving all relevant protein components known in animal cells.
Nuclear lamins are nucleus-specific intermediate filaments (IF) found at the inner nuclear membrane (INM) of the nuclear envelope (NE). Together with nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins, they form the nuclear lamina and are crucial for gene regulation and mechanical robustness of the nucleus and the whole cell. Recently, we characterized Dictyostelium NE81 as an evolutionarily conserved lamin-like protein, both on the sequence and functional level. Here, we show on the structural level that the Dictyostelium NE81 is also capable of assembling into filaments, just as metazoan lamin filament assemblies. Using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, we show that NE81 expressed in Xenopous oocytes forms filamentous structures with an overall appearance highly reminiscent of Xenopus lamin B2. The in vitro assembly properties of recombinant His-tagged NE81 purified from Dictyostelium extracts are very similar to those of metazoan lamins.
Super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) and expansion microscopy (ExM), as well as transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained purified NE81, demonstrated its capability of forming filamentous structures under low-ionic-strength conditions. These results recommend Dictyostelium as a non-mammalian model organism with a well-characterized nuclear envelope involving all relevant protein components known in animal cells.
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are nontreatable hereditary diseases with a broad range of severity. Approximately 65% of patients are affected by mutations in the peroxins Pex1 and Pex6. The proteins form the heteromeric Pex1/Pex6 complex, which is important for protein import into peroxisomes. To date, no structural data are available for this AAA+ ATPase complex. However, a wealth of information can be transferred from low-resolution structures of the yeast scPex1/scPex6 complex and homologous, well-characterized AAA+ ATPases. We review the abundant records of missense mutations described in PBD patients with the aim to classify and rationalize them by mapping them onto a homology model of the human Pex1/Pex6 complex. Several mutations concern functionally conserved residues that are implied in ATP hydrolysis and substrate processing. Contrary to fold destabilizing mutations, patients suffering from function-impairing mutations may not benefit from stabilizing agents, which have been reported as potential therapeutics for PBD patients.
During the last few decades, the rapid separation of the Small Aral Sea from the isolated basin has changed its hydrological and ecological conditions tremendously. In the present study, we developed and validated the hybrid model for the Syr Darya River basin based on a combination of state-of-the-art hydrological and machine learning models. Climate change impact on freshwater inflow into the Small Aral Sea for the projection period 2007–2099 has been quantified based on the developed hybrid model and bias corrected and downscaled meteorological projections simulated by four General Circulation Models (GCM) for each of three Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios (RCP). The developed hybrid model reliably simulates freshwater inflow for the historical period with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.72 and a Kling–Gupta efficiency of 0.77. Results of the climate change impact assessment showed that the freshwater inflow projections produced by different GCMs are misleading by providing contradictory results for the projection period. However, we identified that the relative runoff changes are expected to be more pronounced in the case of more aggressive RCP scenarios. The simulated projections of freshwater inflow provide a basis for further assessment of climate change impacts on hydrological and ecological conditions of the Small Aral Sea in the 21st Century.
Lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNP) are being extensively studied for bioapplications due to their unique photoluminescence properties and low toxicity. Interest in RET applications involving UCNP is also increasing, but due to factors such as large sizes, ion emission distributions within the particles, and complicated energy transfer processes within the UCNP, there are still many questions to be answered. In this study, four types of core and core-shell NaYF4-based UCNP co-doped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ as sensitizer and activator, respectively, were investigated as donors for the Methyl 5-(8-decanoylbenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d ']bis([1,3]dioxole)-4-yl)-5-oxopentanoate (DBD-6) dye. The possibility of resonance energy transfer (RET) between UCNP and the DBD-6 attached to their surface was demonstrated based on the comparison of luminescence intensities, band ratios, and decay kinetics. The architecture of UCNP influenced both the luminescence properties and the energy transfer to the dye: UCNP with an inert shell were the brightest, but their RET efficiency was the lowest (17%). Nanoparticles with Tm3+ only in the shell have revealed the highest RET efficiencies (up to 51%) despite the compromised luminescence due to surface quenching.
Surface modification by polyzwitterions of the sulfabetaine-type, and their resistance to biofouling
(2019)
Films of zwitterionic polymers are increasingly explored for conferring fouling resistance to materials. Yet, the structural diversity of polyzwitterions is rather limited so far, and clear structure-property relationships are missing. Therefore, we synthesized a series of new polyzwitterions combining ammonium and sulfate groups in their betaine moieties, so-called poly(sulfabetaine)s. Their chemical structures were varied systematically, the monomers carrying methacrylate, methacrylamide, or styrene moieties as polymerizable groups. High molar mass homopolymers were obtained by free radical polymerization. Although their solubilities in most solvents were very low, brine and lower fluorinated alcohols were effective solvents in most cases. A set of sulfabetaine copolymers containing about 1 mol % (based on the repeat units) of reactive benzophenone methacrylate was prepared, spin-coated onto solid substrates, and photo-cured. The resistance of these films against the nonspecific adsorption by two model proteins (bovine serum albumin—BSA, fibrinogen) was explored, and directly compared with a set of references. The various polyzwitterions reduced protein adsorption strongly compared to films of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) that were used as a negative control. The poly(sulfabetaine)s showed generally even somewhat higher anti-fouling activity than their poly(sulfobetaine) analogues, though detailed efficacies depended on the individual polymer–protein pairs. Best samples approach the excellent performance of a poly(oligo(ethylene oxide) methacrylate) reference.
Arboreal epiphytes (plants residing in forest canopies) are present across all major climate zones and play important roles in forest biogeochemistry. The substantial water storage capacity per unit area of the epiphyte “bucket” is a key attribute underlying their capability to influence forest hydrological processes and their related mass and energy flows. It is commonly assumed that the epiphyte bucket remains saturated, or near-saturated, most of the time; thus, epiphytes (particularly vascular epiphytes) can store little precipitation, limiting their impact on the forest canopy water budget. We present evidence that contradicts this common assumption from (i) an examination of past research; (ii) new datasets on vascular epiphyte and epi-soil water relations at a tropical montane cloud forest (Monteverde, Costa Rica); and (iii) a global evaluation of non-vascular epiphyte saturation state using a process-based vegetation model, LiBry. All analyses found that the external and internal water storage capacity of epiphyte communities is highly dynamic and frequently available to intercept precipitation. Globally, non-vascular epiphytes spend <20% of their time near saturation and regionally, including the humid tropics, model results found that non-vascular epiphytes spend ~1/3 of their time in the dry state (0–10% of water storage capacity). Even data from Costa Rican cloud forest sites found the epiphyte community was saturated only 1/3 of the time and that internal leaf water storage was temporally dynamic enough to aid in precipitation interception. Analysis of the epi-soils associated with epiphytes further revealed the extent to which the epiphyte bucket emptied—as even the canopy soils were often <50% saturated (29–53% of all days observed). Results clearly show that the epiphyte bucket is more dynamic than currently assumed, meriting further research on epiphyte roles in precipitation interception, redistribution to the surface and chemical composition of “net” precipitation waters reaching the surface.
On a smooth complete Riemannian spin manifold with smooth compact boundary, we demonstrate that Atiyah-Singer Dirac operator in depends Riesz continuously on perturbations of local boundary conditions The Lipschitz bound for the map depends on Lipschitz smoothness and ellipticity of and bounds on Ricci curvature and its first derivatives as well as a lower bound on injectivity radius away from a compact neighbourhood of the boundary. More generally, we prove perturbation estimates for functional calculi of elliptic operators on manifolds with local boundary conditions.
Historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) and its extinct Eurasian populations
(2019)
Background
Resolving the historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) is a complex issue, because patterns inferred from fossils and from molecular data lack congruence. Fossil evidence supports an African origin, and suggests that leopards were already present in Eurasia during the Early Pleistocene. Analysis of DNA sequences however, suggests a more recent, Middle Pleistocene shared ancestry of Asian and African leopards. These contrasting patterns led researchers to propose a two-stage hypothesis of leopard dispersal out of Africa: an initial Early Pleistocene colonisation of Asia and a subsequent replacement by a second colonisation wave during the Middle Pleistocene. The status of Late Pleistocene European leopards within this scenario is unclear: were these populations remnants of the first dispersal, or do the last surviving European leopards share more recent ancestry with their African counterparts?
Results
In this study, we generate and analyse mitogenome sequences from historical samples that span the entire modern leopard distribution, as well as from Late Pleistocene remains. We find a deep bifurcation between African and Eurasian mitochondrial lineages (~ 710 Ka), with the European ancient samples as sister to all Asian lineages (~ 483 Ka). The modern and historical mainland Asian lineages share a relatively recent common ancestor (~ 122 Ka), and we find one Javan sample nested within these.
Conclusions
The phylogenetic placement of the ancient European leopard as sister group to Asian leopards suggests that these populations originate from the same out-of-Africa dispersal which founded the Asian lineages. The coalescence time found for the mitochondrial lineages aligns well with the earliest undisputed fossils in Eurasia, and thus encourages a re-evaluation of the identification of the much older putative leopard fossils from the region. The relatively recent ancestry of all mainland Asian leopard lineages suggests that these populations underwent a severe population bottleneck during the Pleistocene. Finally, although only based on a single sample, the unexpected phylogenetic placement of the Javan leopard could be interpreted as evidence for exchange of mitochondrial lineages between Java and mainland Asia, calling for further investigation into the evolutionary history of this subspecies.
The DNA origami technique has great potential for the development of brighter and more sensitive reporters for fluorescence based detection schemes such as a microbead-based assay in diagnostic applications. The nanostructures can be programmed to include multiple dye molecules to enhance the measured signal as well as multiple probe strands to increase the binding strength of the target oligonucleotide to these nanostructures. Here we present a proof-of-concept study to quantify short oligonucleotides by developing a novel DNA origami based reporter system, combined with planar microbead assays. Analysis of the assays using the VideoScan digital imaging platform showed DNA origami to be a more suitable reporter candidate for quantification of the target oligonucleotides at lower concentrations than a conventional reporter that consists of one dye molecule attached to a single stranded DNA. Efforts have been made to conduct multiplexed analysis of different targets as well as to enhance fluorescence signals obtained from the reporters. We therefore believe that the quantification of short oligonucleotides that exist in low copy numbers is achieved in a better way with the DNA origami nanostructures as reporters.
The DNA origami technique has great potential for the development of brighter and more sensitive reporters for fluorescence based detection schemes such as a microbead-based assay in diagnostic applications. The nanostructures can be programmed to include multiple dye molecules to enhance the measured signal as well as multiple probe strands to increase the binding strength of the target oligonucleotide to these nanostructures. Here we present a proof-of-concept study to quantify short oligonucleotides by developing a novel DNA origami based reporter system, combined with planar microbead assays. Analysis of the assays using the VideoScan digital imaging platform showed DNA origami to be a more suitable reporter candidate for quantification of the target oligonucleotides at lower concentrations than a conventional reporter that consists of one dye molecule attached to a single stranded DNA. Efforts have been made to conduct multiplexed analysis of different targets as well as to enhance fluorescence signals obtained from the reporters. We therefore believe that the quantification of short oligonucleotides that exist in low copy numbers is achieved in a better way with the DNA origami nanostructures as reporters.
Over the years, we developed highly selective fluorescent probes for K+ in water, which show K+-induced fluorescence intensity enhancements, lifetime changes, or a ratiometric behavior at two emission wavelengths (cf. Scheme 1, K1-K4). In this paper, we introduce selective fluorescent probes for Na+ in water, which also show Na+ induced signal changes, which are analyzed by diverse fluorescence techniques. Initially, we synthesized the fluorescent probes 2, 4, 5, 6 and 10 for a fluorescence analysis by intensity enhancements at one wavelength by varying the Na+ responsive ionophore unit and the fluorophore moiety to adjust different K-d values for an intra- or extracellular Na+ analysis. Thus, we found that 2, 4 and 5 are Na+ selective fluorescent tools, which are able to measure physiologically important Na+ levels at wavelengths higher than 500 nm. Secondly, we developed the fluorescent probes 7 and 8 to analyze precise Na+ levels by fluorescence lifetime changes. Herein, only 8 (K-d=106 mm) is a capable fluorescent tool to measure Na+ levels in blood samples by lifetime changes. Finally, the fluorescent probe 9 was designed to show a Na+ induced ratiometric fluorescence behavior at two emission wavelengths. As desired, 9 (K-d=78 mm) showed a ratiometric fluorescence response towards Na+ ions and is a suitable tool to measure physiologically relevant Na+ levels by the intensity change of two emission wavelengths at 404 nm and 492 nm.
Hantavirus assembly and budding are governed by the surface glycoproteins Gn and Gc. In this study, we investigated the glycoproteins of Puumala, the most abundant Hantavirus species in Europe, using fluorescently labeled wild-type constructs and cytoplasmic tail (CT) mutants. We analyzed their intracellular distribution, co-localization and oligomerization, applying comprehensive live, single-cell fluorescence techniques, including confocal microscopy, imaging flow cytometry, anisotropy imaging and Number&Brightness analysis. We demonstrate that Gc is significantly enriched in the Golgi apparatus in absence of other viral components, while Gn is mainly restricted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Importantly, upon co-expression both glycoproteins were found in the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, we show that an intact CT of Gc is necessary for efficient Golgi localization, while the CT of Gn influences protein stability. Finally, we found that Gn assembles into higher-order homo-oligomers, mainly dimers and tetramers, in the ER while Gc was present as mixture of monomers and dimers within the Golgi apparatus. Our findings suggest that PUUV Gc is the driving factor of the targeting of Gc and Gn to the Golgi region, while Gn possesses a significantly stronger self-association potential.
Cocoa Bean Proteins
(2019)
The protein fractions of cocoa have been implicated influencing both the bioactive potential and sensory properties of cocoa and cocoa products. The objective of the present review is to show the impact of different stages of cultivation and processing with regard to the changes induced in the protein fractions. Special focus has been laid on the major seed storage proteins throughout the different stages of processing. The study starts with classical introduction of the extraction and the characterization methods used, while addressing classification approaches of cocoa proteins evolved during the timeline. The changes in protein composition during ripening and maturation of cocoa seeds, together with the possible modifications during the post-harvest processing (fermentation, drying, and roasting), have been documented. Finally, the bioactive potential arising directly or indirectly from cocoa proteins has been elucidated. The “state of the art” suggests that exploration of other potentially bioactive components in cocoa needs to be undertaken, while considering the complexity of reaction products occurring during the roasting phase of the post-harvest processing. Finally, the utilization of partially processed cocoa beans (e.g., fermented, conciliatory thermal treatment) can be recommended, providing a large reservoir of bioactive potentials arising from the protein components that could be instrumented in functionalizing foods.
Cocoa Bean Proteins
(2019)
The protein fractions of cocoa have been implicated influencing both the bioactive potential and sensory properties of cocoa and cocoa products. The objective of the present review is to show the impact of different stages of cultivation and processing with regard to the changes induced in the protein fractions. Special focus has been laid on the major seed storage proteins throughout the different stages of processing. The study starts with classical introduction of the extraction and the characterization methods used, while addressing classification approaches of cocoa proteins evolved during the timeline. The changes in protein composition during ripening and maturation of cocoa seeds, together with the possible modifications during the post-harvest processing (fermentation, drying, and roasting), have been documented. Finally, the bioactive potential arising directly or indirectly from cocoa proteins has been elucidated. The “state of the art” suggests that exploration of other potentially bioactive components in cocoa needs to be undertaken, while considering the complexity of reaction products occurring during the roasting phase of the post-harvest processing. Finally, the utilization of partially processed cocoa beans (e.g., fermented, conciliatory thermal treatment) can be recommended, providing a large reservoir of bioactive potentials arising from the protein components that could be instrumented in functionalizing foods.
When dealing with issues that are of high so-cietal relevance, Earth sciences still face a lack of accep-tance, which is partly rooted in insufficient communicationstrategies on the individual and local community level. Toincrease the efficiency of communication routines, sciencehas to transform its outreach concepts to become more awareof individual needs and demands. The “encoding/decoding”concept as well as critical intercultural communication stud-ies can offer pivotal approaches for this transformation.
Trait-based approaches to investigate (short- and long-term) phytoplankton dynamics and community assembly have become increasingly popular in freshwater and marine science. Although the nature of the pelagic habitat and the main phytoplankton taxa and ecology are relatively similar in both marine and freshwater systems, the lines of research have evolved, at least in part, separately. We compare and contrast the approaches adopted in marine and freshwater ecosystems with respect to phytoplankton functional traits. We note differences in study goals relating to functional trait use that assess community assembly and those that relate to ecosystem processes and biogeochemical cycling that affect the type of characteristics assigned as traits to phytoplankton taxa. Specific phytoplankton traits relevant for ecological function are examined in relation to
herbivory, amplitude of environmental change and spatial and temporal scales of study. Major differences are identified, including the shorter time scale for regular environmental change in freshwater ecosystems compared to that in the open oceans as well as the
type of sampling done by researchers based on site-accessibility. Overall, we encourage researchers to better motivate why they apply trait-based analyses to their studies and to make use of process-driven approaches, which are more common in marine studies. We further propose fully comparative trait studies conducted along the habitat gradient spanning freshwater to brackish to marine systems, or along geographic gradients. Such studies will benefit from the combined strength of both fields.
Trait-based approaches to investigate (short- and long-term) phytoplankton dynamics and community assembly have become increasingly popular in freshwater and marine science. Although the nature of the pelagic habitat and the main phytoplankton taxa and ecology are relatively similar in both marine and freshwater systems, the lines of research have evolved, at least in part, separately. We compare and contrast the approaches adopted in marine and freshwater ecosystems with respect to phytoplankton functional traits. We note differences in study goals relating to functional trait use that assess community assembly and those that relate to ecosystem processes and biogeochemical cycling that affect the type of characteristics assigned as traits to phytoplankton taxa. Specific phytoplankton traits relevant for ecological function are examined in relation to
herbivory, amplitude of environmental change and spatial and temporal scales of study. Major differences are identified, including the shorter time scale for regular environmental change in freshwater ecosystems compared to that in the open oceans as well as the
type of sampling done by researchers based on site-accessibility. Overall, we encourage researchers to better motivate why they apply trait-based analyses to their studies and to make use of process-driven approaches, which are more common in marine studies. We further propose fully comparative trait studies conducted along the habitat gradient spanning freshwater to brackish to marine systems, or along geographic gradients. Such studies will benefit from the combined strength of both fields.
The size structure of autotroph communities – the relative abundance of small vs. large individuals – shapes the functioning of ecosystems. Whether common mechanisms underpin the size structure of unicellular and multicellular autotrophs is, however, unknown. Using a global data compilation, we show that individual body masses in tree and phytoplankton communities follow power-law distributions and that the average exponents of these individual size distributions (ISD) differ. Phytoplankton communities are characterized by an average ISD exponent consistent with three-quarter-power scaling of metabolism with body
mass and equivalence in energy use among mass classes. Tree communities deviate from this pattern in a manner consistent with equivalence in energy use among diameter size classes. Our findings suggest that whilst universal metabolic constraints ultimately underlie the emergent size structure of autotroph communities, divergent aspects of body size (volumetric vs. linear dimensions) shape the ecological outcome of metabolic scaling in forest vs. pelagic ecosystems.
Alluvial and transport-limited bedrock rivers constitute the majority of fluvial systems on Earth. Their long profiles hold clues to their present state and past evolution. We currently possess first-principles-based governing equations for flow, sediment transport, and channel morphodynamics in these systems, which we lack for detachment-limited bedrock rivers. Here we formally couple these equations for transport-limited gravel-bed river long-profile evolution. The result is a new predictive relationship whose functional form and parameters are grounded in theory and defined through experimental data. From this, we produce a power-law analytical solution and a finite-difference numerical solution to long-profile evolution. Steady-state channel concavity and steepness are diagnostic of external drivers: concavity decreases with increasing uplift rate, and steepness increases with an increasing sediment-to-water supply ratio. Constraining free parameters explains common observations of river form: to match observed channel concavities, gravel-sized sediments must weather and fine – typically rapidly – and valleys typically should widen gradually. To match the empirical square-root width–discharge scaling in equilibrium-width gravel-bed rivers, downstream fining must occur. The ability to assign a cause to such observations is the direct result of a deductive approach to developing equations for landscape evolution.
Background
Semi-natural plant communities such as field boundaries play an important ecological role in agricultural landscapes, e.g., provision of refuge for plant and other species, food web support or habitat connectivity. To prevent undesired effects of herbicide applications on these communities and their structure, the registration and application are regulated by risk assessment schemes in many industrialized countries. Standardized individual-level greenhouse experiments are conducted on a selection of crop and wild plant species to characterize the effects of herbicide loads potentially reaching off-field areas on non-target plants. Uncertainties regarding the protectiveness of such approaches to risk assessment might be addressed by assessment factors that are often under discussion. As an alternative approach, plant community models can be used to predict potential effects on plant communities of interest based on extrapolation of the individual-level effects measured in the standardized greenhouse experiments. In this study, we analyzed the reliability and adequacy of the plant community model IBC-grass (individual-based plant community model for grasslands) by comparing model predictions with empirically measured effects at the plant community level.
Results
We showed that the effects predicted by the model IBC-grass were in accordance with the empirical data. Based on the species-specific dose responses (calculated from empirical effects in monocultures measured 4 weeks after application), the model was able to realistically predict short-term herbicide impacts on communities when compared to empirical data.
Conclusion
The results presented in this study demonstrate an approach how the current standard greenhouse experiments—measuring herbicide impacts on individual-level—can be coupled with the model IBC-grass to estimate effects on plant community level. In this way, it can be used as a tool in ecological risk assessment.
The Postmasburg Manganese Field (PMF), Northern Cape Province, South Africa, once represented one of the largest sources of manganese ore worldwide. Two belts of manganese ore deposits have been distinguished in the PMF, namely the Western Belt of ferruginous manganese ores and the Eastern Belt of siliceous manganese ores. Prevailing models of ore formation in these two belts invoke karstification of manganese-rich dolomites and residual accumulation of manganese wad which later underwent diagenetic and low-grade metamorphic processes. For the most part, the role of hydrothermal processes and metasomatic alteration towards ore formation has not been adequately discussed. Here we report an abundance of common and some rare Al-, Na-, K- and Ba-bearing minerals, particularly aegirine, albite, microcline, banalsite, sérandite-pectolite, paragonite and natrolite in Mn ores of the PMF, indicative of hydrothermal influence. Enrichments in Na, K and/or Ba in the ores are generally on a percentage level for most samples analysed through bulk-rock techniques. The presence of As-rich tokyoite also suggests the presence of As and V in the hydrothermal fluid. The fluid was likely oxidized and alkaline in nature, akin to a mature basinal brine. Various replacement textures, particularly of Na- and K- rich minerals by Ba-bearing phases, suggest sequential deposition of gangue as well as ore-minerals from the hydrothermal fluid, with Ba phases being deposited at a later stage. The stratigraphic variability of the studied ores and their deviation from the strict classification of ferruginous and siliceous ores in the literature, suggests that a re-evaluation of genetic models is warranted. New Ar-Ar ages for K-feldspars suggest a late Neoproterozoic timing for hydrothermal activity. This corroborates previous geochronological evidence for regional hydrothermal activity that affected Mn ores at the PMF but also, possibly, the high-grade Mn ores of the Kalahari Manganese Field to the north. A revised, all-encompassing model for the development of the manganese deposits of the PMF is then proposed, whereby the source of metals is attributed to underlying carbonate rocks beyond the Reivilo Formation of the Campbellrand Subgroup. The main process by which metals are primarily accumulated is attributed to karstification of the dolomitic substrate. The overlying Asbestos Hills Subgroup banded iron formation (BIF) is suggested as a potential source of alkali metals, which also provides a mechanism for leaching of these BIFs to form high-grade residual iron ore deposits.
There has been much research regarding the perceptions, preferences, behaviour, and responses of people exposed to flooding and other nat- ural hazards. Cross-sectional surveys have been the predominant method applied in such research. While cross-sectional data can provide a snapshot of a respondent’s behaviour and perceptions, it cannot be assumed that the respondent’s perceptions are constant over time. As a result, many important research questions relating to dynamic processes, such as changes in risk perceptions, adaptation behaviour, and resilience cannot be fully addressed by cross-sectional surveys. To overcome these shortcomings, there has been a call for developing longitudinal (or panel) datasets in research on natural hazards, vulnerabilities, and risks. However, experiences with implementing longitudinal surveys in the flood risk domain (FRD), which pose distinct methodological challenges, are largely lacking. The key problems are sample recruitment, attrition rate, and attrition bias. We present a review of the few existing longitudinal surveys in the FRD. In addition, we investigate the potential attrition bias and attrition rates in a panel dataset of flood-affected households in Germany. We find little potential for attrition bias to occur. High attrition rates across longitudinal survey waves are the larger concern. A high attrition rate rapidly depletes the longitudinal sample. To overcome high attrition, longitudinal data should be collected as part of a multisector partnership to allow for sufficient resources to implement sample retention strategies. If flood-specific panels are developed, different sample retention strategies should be applied and evaluated in future research to understand how much-needed longitudinal surveying techniques can be successfully applied to the study of individuals threatened by flooding.
The intangible impacts of floods on welfare are not well investigated, even though they are important aspects of welfare. Moreover, flooding has gender based impacts on welfare. These differing impacts create a gender based flood risk resilience gap. We study the intangible impacts of flood risk on the subjective well-being of residents in central Vietnam. The measurement of intangible impacts through subjective well-being is a growing field within flood risk research. We find an initial drop in welfare through subjective well-being across genders when a flood is experienced. Male respondents tended to recover their welfare losses by around 80% within 5 years while female respondents were associated with a welfare recovery of around 70%. A monetization of the impacts floods have on an individual’s subjective well-being shows that for the average female respondent, between 41% to 86% of annual income would be required to compensate subjective well-being losses after 5 years of experiencing a flood. The corresponding value for males is 30% to 57% of annual income. This shows that the intangible impacts of flood risk are important (across genders) and need to be integrated into flood (or climate) risk assessments to develop more socially appropriate risk management strategies.
In active mountain belts with steep terrain, bedrock landsliding is a major erosional agent. In the Himalayas, landsliding is driven by annual hydro-meteorological forcing due to the summer monsoon and by rarer, exceptional events, such as earthquakes. Independent methods yield erosion rate estimates that appear to increase with sampling time, suggesting that rare, high-magnitude erosion events dominate the erosional budget. Nevertheless, until now, neither the contribution of monsoon and earthquakes to landslide erosion nor the proportion of erosion due to rare, giant landslides have been quantified in the Himalayas. We address these challenges by combining and analysing earthquake- and monsoon-induced landslide inventories across different timescales. With time series of 5 m satellite images over four main valleys in central Nepal, we comprehensively mapped landslides caused by the monsoon from 2010 to 2018. We found no clear correlation between monsoon properties and landsliding and a similar mean landsliding rate for all valleys, except in 2015, where the valleys
affected by the earthquake featured ∼ 5–8 times more landsliding than the pre-earthquake mean rate. The longterm size–frequency distribution of monsoon-induced landsliding (MIL) was derived from these inventories and from an inventory of landslides larger than ∼ 0.1 km 2 that occurred between 1972 and 2014. Using a published landslide inventory for the Gorkha 2015 earthquake, we derive the size–frequency distribution for earthquake-induced landsliding (EQIL). These two distributions are dominated by infrequent, large and giant landslides but under-predict an estimated Holocene frequency of giant landslides (> 1 km 3 ) which we derived from a literature compilation. This discrepancy can be resolved when modelling the effect of a full distribution of earthquakes of variable magnitude and when considering that a shallower earthquake may cause larger landslides. In this case, EQIL and MIL contribute about equally to a total long-term erosion of ∼ 2 ± 0.75 mm yr −1 in agreement with most thermo-chronological data. Independently of the specific total and relative erosion rates, the heavy-tailed size–frequency distribution from MIL and EQIL and the very large maximal landslide size in the Himalayas indicate that mean landslide erosion rates increase with sampling time, as has been observed for independent erosion estimates. Further, we find that the sampling timescale required to adequately capture the frequency of the largest landslides, which is necessary for deriving long-term mean erosion rates, is often much longer than the averaging time of cosmogenic 10 Be methods. This observation presents a strong caveat when interpreting spatial or temporal variability in erosion rates from this method. Thus, in areas where a very large, rare landslide contributes heavily to long-term erosion (as the Himalayas), we recommend 10 Be sample in catchments with source areas > 10 000 km 2 to reduce the method mean bias to below ∼ 20 % of the long-term erosion.
We develop an amplitude spectral ratio method for event couples from clustered earthquakes to estimate seismic wave attenuation (Q-1) in the source volume. The method allows to study attenuation within the source region of earthquake swarms or aftershocks at depth, independent of wave path and attenuation between source region and surface station. We exploit the high-frequency slope of phase spectra using multitaper spectral estimates. The method is tested using simulated full wave-field seismograms affected by recorded noise and finite source rupture. The synthetic tests verify the approach and show that solutions are independent of focal mechanisms but also show that seismic noise may broaden the scatter of results. We apply the event couple spectral ratio method to northwest Bohemia, Czech Republic, a region characterized by the persistent occurrence of earthquake swarms in a confined source region at mid-crustal depth. Our method indicates a strong anomaly of high attenuation in the source region of the swarm with an averaged attenuation factor of Qp < 100. The application to S phases fails due to scattered P-phase energy interfering with S phases. The Qp anomaly supports the common hypothesis of highly fractured and fluid saturated rocks in the source region of the swarms in northwest Bohemia. However, high temperatures in a small volume around the swarms cannot be excluded to explain our observations.
Understanding and quantifying total economic impacts of flood events is essential for flood risk management and adaptation planning. Yet, detailed estimations of joint direct and indirect flood-induced economic impacts are rare. In this study an innovative modeling procedure for the joint assessment of short-term direct and indirect economic flood impacts is introduced. The procedure is applied to 19 economic sectors in eight federal states of Germany after the flood events in 2013. The assessment of the direct economic impacts is object-based and considers uncertainties associated with the hazard, the exposed objects and their vulnerability. The direct economic impacts are then coupled to a supply-side Input-Output-Model to estimate the indirect economic impacts. The procedure provides distributions of direct and indirect economic impacts which capture the associated uncertainties. The distributions of the direct economic impacts in the federal states are plausible when compared to reported values. The ratio between indirect and direct economic impacts shows that the sectors Manufacturing, Financial and Insurance activities suffered the most from indirect economic impacts. These ratios also indicate that indirect economic impacts can be almost as high as direct economic impacts. They differ strongly between the economic sectors indicating that the application of a single factor as a proxy for the indirect impacts of all economic sectors is not appropriate.
Understanding and quantifying total economic impacts of flood events is essential for flood risk management and adaptation planning. Yet, detailed estimations of joint direct and indirect flood-induced economic impacts are rare. In this study an innovative modeling procedure for the joint assessment of short-term direct and indirect economic flood impacts is introduced. The procedure is applied to 19 economic sectors in eight federal states of Germany after the flood events in 2013. The assessment of the direct economic impacts is object-based and considers uncertainties associated with the hazard, the exposed objects and their vulnerability. The direct economic impacts are then coupled to a supply-side Input-Output-Model to estimate the indirect economic impacts. The procedure provides distributions of direct and indirect economic impacts which capture the associated uncertainties. The distributions of the direct economic impacts in the federal states are plausible when compared to reported values. The ratio between indirect and direct economic impacts shows that the sectors Manufacturing, Financial and Insurance activities suffered the most from indirect economic impacts. These ratios also indicate that indirect economic impacts can be almost as high as direct economic impacts. They differ strongly between the economic sectors indicating that the application of a single factor as a proxy for the indirect impacts of all economic sectors is not appropriate.
Today's perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are limited mainly by their open‐circuit voltage (VOC) due to nonradiative recombination. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the relevant recombination pathways is needed. Here, intensity‐dependent measurements of the quasi‐Fermi level splitting (QFLS) and of the VOC on the very same devices, including pin‐type PSCs with efficiencies above 20%, are performed. It is found that the QFLS in the perovskite lies significantly below its radiative limit for all intensities but also that the VOC is generally lower than the QFLS, violating one main assumption of the Shockley‐Queisser theory. This has far‐reaching implications for the applicability of some well‐established techniques, which use the VOC as a measure of the carrier densities in the absorber. By performing drift‐diffusion simulations, the intensity dependence of the QFLS, the QFLS‐VOC offset and the ideality factor are consistently explained by trap‐assisted recombination and energetic misalignment at the interfaces. Additionally, it is found that the saturation of the VOC at high intensities is caused by insufficient contact selectivity while heating effects are of minor importance. It is concluded that the analysis of the VOC does not provide reliable conclusions of the recombination pathways and that the knowledge of the QFLS‐VOC relation is of great importance.
Perovskite solar cells combine high carrier mobilities with long carrier lifetimes and high radiative efficiencies. Despite this, full devices suffer from significant nonradiative recombination losses, limiting their VOC to values well below the Shockley–Queisser limit. Here, recent advances in understanding nonradiative recombination in perovskite solar cells from picoseconds to steady state are presented, with an emphasis on the interfaces between the perovskite absorber and the charge transport layers. Quantification of the quasi‐Fermi level splitting in perovskite films with and without attached transport layers allows to identify the origin of nonradiative recombination, and to explain the VOC of operational devices. These measurements prove that in state‐of‐the‐art solar cells, nonradiative recombination at the interfaces between the perovskite and the transport layers is more important than processes in the bulk or at grain boundaries. Optical pump‐probe techniques give complementary access to the interfacial recombination pathways and provide quantitative information on transfer rates and recombination velocities. Promising optimization strategies are also highlighted, in particular in view of the role of energy level alignment and the importance of surface passivation. Recent record perovskite solar cells with low nonradiative losses are presented where interfacial recombination is effectively overcome—paving the way to the thermodynamic efficiency limit.
We combine ultrafast X-ray diffraction (UXRD) and time-resolved Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) measurements to monitor the strain pulses in laser-excited TbFe2/Nb heterostructures. Spatial separation of the Nb detection layer from the laser excitation region allows for a background-free characterization of the laser-generated strain pulses. We clearly observe symmetric bipolar strain pulses if the excited TbFe2 surface terminates the sample and a decomposition of the strain wavepacket into an asymmetric bipolar and a unipolar pulse, if a SiO2 glass capping layer covers the excited TbFe2 layer. The inverse magnetostriction of the temporally separated unipolar strain pulses in this sample leads to a MOKE signal that linearly depends on the strain pulse amplitude measured through UXRD. Linear chain model simulations accurately predict the timing and shape of UXRD and MOKE signals that are caused by the strain reflections from multiple interfaces in the heterostructure.
A new micro/mesoporous hybrid clay nanocomposite prepared from kaolinite clay, Carica papaya seeds, and ZnCl2 via calcination in an inert atmosphere is presented. Regardless of the synthesis temperature, the specific surface area of the nanocomposite material is between ≈150 and 300 m2/g. The material contains both micro- and mesopores in roughly equal amounts. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy suggest the formation of several new bonds in the materials upon reaction of the precursors, thus confirming the formation of a new hybrid material. Thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis and elemental analysis confirm the presence of carbonaceous matter. The new composite is stable up to 900 °C and is an efficient adsorbent for the removal of a water micropollutant, 4-nitrophenol, and a pathogen, E. coli, from an aqueous medium, suggesting applications in water remediation are feasible.
We combine ultrafast X-ray diffraction (UXRD) and time-resolved Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) measurements to monitor the strain pulses in laser-excited TbFe2/Nb heterostructures. Spatial separation of the Nb detection layer from the laser excitation region allows for a background-free characterization of the laser-generated strain pulses. We clearly observe symmetric bipolar strain pulses if the excited TbFe2 surface terminates the sample and a decomposition of the strain wavepacket into an asymmetric bipolar and a unipolar pulse, if a SiO2 glass capping layer covers the excited TbFe2 layer. The inverse magnetostriction of the temporally separated unipolar strain pulses in this sample leads to a MOKE signal that linearly depends on the strain pulse amplitude measured through UXRD. Linear chain model simulations accurately predict the timing and shape of UXRD and MOKE signals that are caused by the strain reflections from multiple interfaces in the heterostructure.
The in‐depth understanding of charge carrier photogeneration and recombination mechanisms in organic solar cells is still an ongoing effort. In donor:acceptor (bulk) heterojunction organic solar cells, charge photogeneration and recombination are inter‐related via the kinetics of charge transfer states—being singlet or triplet states. Although high‐charge‐photogeneration quantum yields are achieved in many donor:acceptor systems, only very few systems show significantly reduced bimolecular recombination relative to the rate of free carrier encounters, in low‐mobility systems. This is a serious limitation for the industrialization of organic solar cells, in particular when aiming at thick active layers. Herein, a meta‐analysis of the device performance of numerous bulk heterojunction organic solar cells is presented for which field‐dependent photogeneration, charge carrier mobility, and fill factor are determined. Herein, a “spin‐related factor” that is dependent on the ratio of back electron transfer of the triplet charge transfer (CT) states to the decay rate of the singlet CT states is introduced. It is shown that this factor links the recombination reduction factor to charge‐generation efficiency. As a consequence, it is only in the systems with very efficient charge generation and very fast CT dissociation that free carrier recombination is strongly suppressed, regardless of the spin‐related factor.
The transition from pollinator-mediated outbreeding to selfing has occurred many times in angiosperms. This is generally accompanied by a reduction in traits attracting pollinators, including reduced emission of floral scent. In Capsella, emission of benzaldehyde as a main component of floral scent has been lost in selfing C. rubella by mutation of cinnamate-CoA ligase CNL1. However, the biochemical basis and evolutionary history of this loss remain unknown, as does the reason for the absence of benzaldehyde emission in the independently derived selfer Capsella orientalis. We used plant transformation, in vitro enzyme assays, population genetics and quantitative genetics to address these questions. CNL1 has been inactivated twice independently by point mutations in C. rubella, causing a loss of enzymatic activity. Both inactive haplotypes are found within and outside of Greece, the centre of origin of C. rubella, indicating that they arose before its geographical spread. By contrast, the loss of benzaldehyde emission in C. orientalis is not due to an inactivating mutation in CNL1. CNL1 represents a hotspot for mutations that eliminate benzaldehyde emission, potentially reflecting the limited pleiotropy and large effect of its inactivation. Nevertheless, even closely related species have followed different evolutionary routes in reducing floral scent.
Local observations indicate that climate change and shifting disturbance regimes are causing permafrost degradation. However, the occurrence and distribution of permafrost region disturbances (PRDs) remain poorly resolved across the Arctic and Subarctic. Here we quantify the abundance and distribution of three primary PRDs using time-series analysis of 30-m resolution Landsat imagery from 1999 to 2014. Our dataset spans four continental-scale transects in North America and Eurasia, covering ~10% of the permafrost region. Lake area loss (−1.45%) dominated the study domain with enhanced losses occurring at the boundary between discontinuous and continuous permafrost regions. Fires were the most extensive PRD across boreal regions (6.59%), but in tundra regions (0.63%) limited to Alaska. Retrogressive thaw slumps were abundant but highly localized (<10−5%). Our analysis synergizes the global-scale importance of PRDs. The findings highlight the need to include PRDs in next-generation land surface models to project the permafrost carbon feedback.
Permafrost warming has the potential to amplify global climate change, because when frozen sediments thaw it unlocks soil organic carbon. Yet to date, no globally consistent assessment of permafrost temperature change has been compiled. Here we use a global data set of permafrost temperature time series from the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost to evaluate temperature change across permafrost regions for the period since the International Polar Year (2007–2009). During the reference decade between 2007 and 2016, ground temperature near the depth of zero annual amplitude in the continuous permafrost zone increased by 0.39 ± 0.15 °C. Over the same period, discontinuous permafrost warmed by 0.20 ± 0.10 °C. Permafrost in mountains warmed by 0.19 ± 0.05 °C and in Antarctica by 0.37 ± 0.10 °C. Globally, permafrost temperature increased by 0.29 ± 0.12 °C. The observed trend follows the Arctic amplification of air temperature increase in the Northern Hemisphere. In the discontinuous zone, however, ground warming occurred due to increased snow thickness while air temperature remained statistically unchanged.
We show that the codifference is a useful tool in studying the ergodicity breaking and non-Gaussianity properties of stochastic time series. While the codifference is a measure of dependence that was previously studied mainly in the context of stable processes, we here extend its range of applicability to random-parameter and diffusing-diffusivity models which are important in contemporary physics, biology and financial engineering. We prove that the codifference detects forms of dependence and ergodicity breaking which are not visible from analysing the covariance and correlation functions. We also discuss a related measure of dispersion, which is a nonlinear analogue of the mean squared displacement.
Abstract
The emerging diffusive dynamics in many complex systems show a characteristic crossover behaviour from anomalous to normal diffusion which is otherwise fitted by two independent power-laws. A prominent example for a subdiffusive–diffusive crossover are viscoelastic systems such as lipid bilayer membranes, while superdiffusive–diffusive crossovers occur in systems of actively moving biological cells. We here consider the general dynamics of a stochastic particle driven by so-called tempered fractional Gaussian noise, that is noise with Gaussian amplitude and power-law correlations, which are cut off at some mesoscopic time scale. Concretely we consider such noise with built-in exponential or power-law tempering, driving an overdamped Langevin equation (fractional Brownian motion) and fractional Langevin equation motion. We derive explicit expressions for the mean squared displacement and correlation functions, including different shapes of the crossover behaviour depending on the concrete tempering, and discuss the physical meaning of the tempering. In the case of power-law tempering we also find a crossover behaviour from faster to slower superdiffusion and slower to faster subdiffusion. As a direct application of our model we demonstrate that the obtained dynamics quantitatively describes the subdiffusion–diffusion and subdiffusion–subdiffusion crossover in lipid bilayer systems. We also show that a model of tempered fractional Brownian motion recently proposed by Sabzikar and Meerschaert leads to physically very different behaviour with a seemingly paradoxical ballistic long time scaling.
We show that the codifference is a useful tool in studying the ergodicity breaking and non-Gaussianity properties of stochastic time series. While the codifference is a measure of dependence that was previously studied mainly in the context of stable processes, we here extend its range of applicability to random-parameter and diffusing-diffusivity models which are important in contemporary physics, biology and financial engineering. We prove that the codifference detects forms of dependence and ergodicity breaking which are not visible from analysing the covariance and correlation functions. We also discuss a related measure of dispersion, which is a nonlinear analogue of the mean squared displacement.
Natural hazard prediction and efficient crust exploration require dense seismic observations both in time and space. Seismological techniques provide ground-motion data, whose accuracy depends on sensor characteristics and spatial distribution. Here we demonstrate that dynamic strain determination is possible with conventional fibre-optic cables deployed for telecommunication. Extending recently distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) studies, we present high resolution spatially un-aliased broadband strain data. We recorded seismic signals from natural and man-made sources with 4-m spacing along a 15-km-long fibre-optic cable layout on Reykjanes Peninsula, SW-Iceland. We identify with unprecedented resolution structural features such as normal faults and volcanic dykes in the Reykjanes Oblique Rift, allowing us to infer new dynamic fault processes. Conventional seismometer recordings, acquired simultaneously, validate the spectral amplitude DAS response between 0.1 and 100 Hz bandwidth. We suggest that the networks of fibre-optic telecommunication lines worldwide could be used as seismometers opening a new window for Earth hazard assessment and exploration.
Iron sulfur (Fe-S) clusters and the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) are present at enzyme sites, where the active metal facilitates electron transfer. Such enzyme systems are soluble in the mitochondrial matrix, cytosol and nucleus, or embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, but virtually absent from the cell secretory pathway. They are of ancient evolutionary origin supporting respiration, DNA replication, transcription, translation, the biosynthesis of steroids, heme, catabolism of purines, hydroxylation of xenobiotics, and cellular sulfur metabolism. Here, Fe-S cluster and Moco biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster is reviewed and the multiple biochemical and physiological functions of known Fe-S and Moco enzymes are described. We show that RNA interference of Mocs3 disrupts Moco biosynthesis and the circadian clock. Fe-S-dependent mitochondrial respiration is discussed in the context of germ line and somatic development, stem cell differentiation and aging. The subcellular compartmentalization of the Fe-S and Moco assembly machinery components and their connections to iron sensing mechanisms and intermediary metabolism are emphasized. A biochemically active Fe-S core complex of heterologously expressed fly Nfs1, Isd11, IscU, and human frataxin is presented. Based on the recent demonstration that copper displaces the Fe-S cluster of yeast and human ferredoxin, an explanation for why high dietary copper leads to cytoplasmic iron deficiency in flies is proposed. Another proposal that exosomes contribute to the transport of xanthine dehydrogenase from peripheral tissues to the eye pigment cells is put forward, where the Vps16a subunit of the HOPS complex may have a specialized role in concentrating this enzyme within pigment granules. Finally, we formulate a hypothesis that (i) mitochondrial superoxide mobilizes iron from the Fe-S clusters in aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase; (ii) increased iron transiently displaces manganese on superoxide dismutase, which may function as a mitochondrial iron sensor since it is inactivated by iron; (iii) with the Krebs cycle thus disrupted, citrate is exported to the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis, while succinyl-CoA and the iron are used for heme biosynthesis; (iv) as iron is used for heme biosynthesis its concentration in the matrix drops allowing for manganese to reactivate superoxide dismutase and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis to reestablish the Krebs cycle.
Ice-rich yedoma-dominated landscapes store con-
siderable amounts of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N)
and are vulnerable to degradation under climate warming.
We investigate the C and N pools in two thermokarst-affected
yedoma landscapes – on Sobo-Sise Island and on Bykovsky
Peninsula in the north of eastern Siberia. Soil cores up to 3 m
depth were collected along geomorphic gradients and anal-
ysed for organic C and N contents. A high vertical sampling
density in the profiles allowed the calculation of C and N
stocks for short soil column intervals and enhanced under-
standing of within-core parameter variability. Profile-level C
and N stocks were scaled to the landscape level based on
landform classifications from 5 m resolution, multispectral
RapidEye satellite imagery. Mean landscape C and N storage
in the first metre of soil for Sobo-Sise Island is estimated to
be 20.2 kg C m −2 and 1.8 kg N m −2 and for Bykovsky Penin-
sula 25.9 kg C m −2 and 2.2 kg N m −2 . Radiocarbon dating
demonstrates the Holocene age of thermokarst basin de-
posits but also suggests the presence of thick Holocene-
age cover layers which can reach up to 2 m on top of in-
tact yedoma landforms. Reconstructed sedimentation rates
of 0.10–0.57 mm yr −1 suggest sustained mineral soil accu-
mulation across all investigated landforms. Both yedoma and
thermokarst landforms are characterized by limited accumu-
lation of organic soil layers (peat).
We further estimate that an active layer deepening of
about 100 cm will increase organic C availability in a sea-
sonally thawed state in the two study areas by ∼ 5.8 Tg
(13.2 kg C m −2 ). Our study demonstrates the importance of
increasing the number of C and N storage inventories in ice-
rich yedoma and thermokarst environments in order to ac-
count for high variability of permafrost and thermokarst en-
vironments in pan-permafrost soil C and N pool estimates.
Ecological and physiological factors lead to different contamination patterns in individual marine mammals. The objective of the present study was to assess whether variations in contamination profiles are indicative of social structures of young male sperm whales as they might reflect a variation in feeding preferences and/or in utilized feeding grounds. We used a total of 61 variables associated with organic compounds and trace element concentrations measured in muscle, liver, kidney and blubber gained from 24 sperm whales that stranded in the North Sea in January and February 2016. Combining contaminant and genetic data, there is evidence for at least two cohorts with different origin among these stranded sperm whales; one from the Canary Island region and one from the northern part of the Atlantic. While genetic data unravel relatedness and kinship, contamination data integrate over areas, where animals occured during their lifetime. Especially in long-lived animals with a large migratory potential, as sperm whales, contamination data may carry highly relevant information about aggregation through time and space.
Ecological and physiological factors lead to different contamination patterns in individual marine mammals. The objective of the present study was to assess whether variations in contamination profiles are indicative of social structures of young male sperm whales as they might reflect a variation in feeding preferences and/or in utilized feeding grounds. We used a total of 61 variables associated with organic compounds and trace element concentrations measured in muscle, liver, kidney and blubber gained from 24 sperm whales that stranded in the North Sea in January and February 2016. Combining contaminant and genetic data, there is evidence for at least two cohorts with different origin among these stranded sperm whales; one from the Canary Island region and one from the northern part of the Atlantic. While genetic data unravel relatedness and kinship, contamination data integrate over areas, where animals occured during their lifetime. Especially in long-lived animals with a large migratory potential, as sperm whales, contamination data may carry highly relevant information about aggregation through time and space.
ShapeRotator
(2018)
The quantification of complex morphological patterns typically involves comprehensive shape and size analyses, usually obtained by gathering morphological data from all the structures that capture the phenotypic diversity of an organism or object. Articulated structures are a critical component of overall phenotypic diversity, but data gathered from these structures are difficult to incorporate into modern analyses because of the complexities associated with jointly quantifying 3D shape in multiple structures. While there are existing methods for analyzing shape variation in articulated structures in two-dimensional (2D) space, these methods do not work in 3D, a rapidly growing area of capability and research. Here, we describe a simple geometric rigid rotation approach that removes the effect of random translation and rotation, enabling the morphological analysis of 3D articulated structures. Our method is based on Cartesian coordinates in 3D space, so it can be applied to any morphometric problem that also uses 3D coordinates (e.g., spherical harmonics). We demonstrate the method by applying it to a landmark-based dataset for analyzing shape variation using geometric morphometrics. We have developed an R tool (ShapeRotator) so that the method can be easily implemented in the commonly used R package geomorph and MorphoJ software. This method will be a valuable tool for 3D morphological analyses in articulated structures by allowing an exhaustive examination of shape and size diversity.
Effective communication among sympatric species is often instrumental for behavioural isolation, where the failure to successfully discriminate between potential mates could lead to less fit hybrid offspring. Discrimination between con- and heterospecifics tends to occur more often in the sex that invests more in offspring production, i.e. females, but males may also mediate reproductive isolation. In this study, we show that among two Campylomormyrus Africanweakly electric fish species, males preferentially associate with conspecific females during choice tests using live fish as stimuli, i.e. when all sensory modalities potentially used for communication were present. We then conducted playback experiments to determine whether the species-specific electric organ discharge (EOD) used for electrocommunication serves as the cue for this conspecific association preference. Interestingly, only C. compressirostris males associated significantly more with the conspecific EOD waveform when playback stimuli were provided, while no such association preference was observed in C. tamandua males. Given our results, the EOD appears to serve, in part, as a male-mediated pre-zygotic isolation mechanism among sympatric species. However, the failure of C. tamandua males to discriminate between con- and heterospecific playback discharges suggests that multiple modalities may be necessary for species recognition in some African weakly electric fish species.
Effective communication among sympatric species is often instrumental for behavioural isolation, where the failure to successfully discriminate between potential mates could lead to less fit hybrid offspring. Discrimination between con- and heterospecifics tends to occur more often in the sex that invests more in offspring production, i.e. females, but males may also mediate reproductive isolation. In this study, we show that among two Campylomormyrus Africanweakly electric fish species, males preferentially associate with conspecific females during choice tests using live fish as stimuli, i.e. when all sensory modalities potentially used for communication were present. We then conducted playback experiments to determine whether the species-specific electric organ discharge (EOD) used for electrocommunication serves as the cue for this conspecific association preference. Interestingly, only C. compressirostris males associated significantly more with the conspecific EOD waveform when playback stimuli were provided, while no such association preference was observed in C. tamandua males. Given our results, the EOD appears to serve, in part, as a male-mediated pre-zygotic isolation mechanism among sympatric species. However, the failure of C. tamandua males to discriminate between con- and heterospecific playback discharges suggests that multiple modalities may be necessary for species recognition in some African weakly electric fish species.
Losses due to floods have dramatically increased over the past decades, and losses of companies, comprising direct and indirect losses, have a large share of the total economic losses. Thus, there is an urgent need to gain more quantitative knowledge about flood losses, particularly losses caused by business interruption, in order to mitigate the economic loss of companies. However, business interruption caused by floods is rarely assessed because of a lack of sufficiently detailed data. A survey was undertaken to explore processes influencing business interruption, which collected information on 557 companies affected by the severe flood in June 2013 in Germany. Based on this data set, the study aims to assess the business interruption of directly affected companies by means of a Random Forests model. Variables that influence the duration and costs of business interruption were identified by the variable importance measures of Random Forests. Additionally, Random Forest-based models were developed and tested for their capacity to estimate business interruption duration and associated costs. The water level was found to be the most important variable influencing the duration of business interruption. Other important variables, relating to the estimation of business interruption duration, are the warning time, perceived danger of flood recurrence and inundation duration. In contrast, the amount of business interruption costs is strongly influenced by the size of the company, as assessed by the number of employees, emergency measures undertaken by the company and the fraction of customers within a 50 km radius. These results provide useful information and methods for companies to mitigate their losses from business interruption. However, the heterogeneity of companies is relatively high, and sector-specific analyses were not possible due to the small sample size. Therefore, further sector-specific analyses on the basis of more flood loss data of companies are recommended.
In the current work, the microstructure, hydrogen permeability, and properties of chromium nitride (CrNx) thin films deposited on the Inconel 718 superalloy using direct current reactive sputtering are investigated. The influence of the substrate bias voltage on the crystal structure, mechanical, and tribological properties before and after hydrogen exposure was studied. It was found that increasing the substrate bias voltage leads to densification of the coating. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results reveal a change from mixed fcc-CrN + hcp-Cr2N to the approximately stoichiometric hcp-Cr2N phase with increasing substrate bias confirmed by wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS). The texture coefficients of (113), (110), and (111) planes vary significantly with increasing substrate bias voltage. The hydrogen permeability was measured by gas-phase hydrogenation. The CrN coating deposited at 60 V with mixed c-CrN and (113) textured hcp-Cr2N phases exhibits the lowest hydrogen absorption at 873 K. It is suggested that the crystal orientation is only one parameter influencing the permeation resistance of the CrNx coating together with the film structure, the presence of mixing phases, and the packing density of the structure. After hydrogenation, the hardness increased for all coatings, which could be related to the formation of a Cr2O3 oxide film on the surface, as well as the defect formation after hydrogen loading. Tribological tests reveal that hydrogenation leads to a decrease of the friction coefficient by up to 40%. The lowest value of 0.25 +/- 0.02 was reached for the CrNx coating deposited at 60 V after hydrogenation.
WRKY23 is a component of the transcriptional network mediating auxin feedback on PIN polarity
(2018)
Auxin is unique among plant hormones due to its directional transport that is mediated by the polarly distributed PIN auxin transporters at the plasma membrane. The canalization hypothesis proposes that the auxin feedback on its polar flow is a crucial, plant-specific mechanism mediating multiple self-organizing developmental processes. Here, we used the auxin effect on the PIN polar localization in Arabidopsis thaliana roots as a proxy for the auxin feedback on the PIN polarity during canalization. We performed microarray experiments to find regulators of this process that act downstream of auxin. We identified genes that were transcriptionally regulated by auxin in an AXR3/IAA17-and ARF7/ARF19-dependent manner. Besides the known components of the PIN polarity, such as PID and PIP5K kinases, a number of potential new regulators were detected, among which the WRKY23 transcription factor, which was characterized in more detail. Gain-and loss-of-function mutants confirmed a role for WRKY23 in mediating the auxin effect on the PIN polarity. Accordingly, processes requiring auxin-mediated PIN polarity rearrangements, such as vascular tissue development during leaf venation, showed a higher WRKY23 expression and required the WRKY23 activity. Our results provide initial insights into the auxin transcriptional network acting upstream of PIN polarization and, potentially, canalization-mediated plant development.
In this report, we investigate small proteins involved in bacterial alternative respiratory systems that improve the enzymatic efficiency through better anchorage and multimerization of membrane components. Using the small protein TorE of the respiratory TMAO reductase system as a model, we discovered that TorE is part of a subfamily of small proteins that are present in proteobacteria in which they play a similar role for bacterial respiratory systems. We reveal by microscopy that, in Shewanella oneidensis MR1, alternative respiratory systems are evenly distributed in the membrane contrary to what has been described for Escherichia coli. Thus, the better efficiency of the respiratory systems observed in the presence of the small proteins is not due to a specific localization in the membrane, but rather to the formation of membranous complexes formed by TorE homologs with their c-type cytochrome partner protein. By an in vivo approach combining Clear Native electrophoresis and fluorescent translational fusions, we determined the 4: 4 stoichiometry of the complexes. In addition, mild solubilization of the cytochrome indicates that the presence of the small protein reinforces its anchoring to the membrane. Therefore, assembly of the complex induced by this small protein improves the efficiency of the respiratory system.
Nearly 13,000 years ago, the warming trend into the Holocene was sharply interrupted by a reversal to near glacial conditions. Climatic causes and ecological consequences of the Younger Dryas (YD) have been extensively studied, however proxy archives from the Mediterranean basin capturing this period are scarce and do not provide annual resolution. Here, we report a hydroclimatic reconstruction from stable isotopes (delta O-18, delta C-13) in subfossil pines from southern France. Growing before and during the transition period into the YD (12 900-12 600 cal BP), the trees provide an annually resolved, continuous sequence of atmospheric change. Isotopic signature of tree sourcewater (delta O-18(sw)) and estimates of relative air humidity were reconstructed as a proxy for variations in air mass origin and precipitation regime. We find a distinct increase in inter-annual variability of sourcewater isotopes (delta O-18(sw)), with three major downturn phases of increasing magnitude beginning at 12 740 cal BP. The observed variation most likely results from an amplified intensity of North Atlantic (low delta O-18(sw)) versus Mediterranean (high delta O-18(sw)) precipitation. This marked pattern of climate variability is not seen in records from higher latitudes and is likely a consequence of atmospheric circulation oscillations at the margin of the southward moving polar front.
Peatlands represent large terrestrial carbon banks. Given that most peat accumulates in boreal regions, where low temperatures and water saturation preserve organic matter, the existence of peat in (sub)tropical regions remains enigmatic. Here we examined peat and plant chemistry across a latitudinal transect from the Arctic to the tropics. Near-surface low-latitude peat has lower carbohydrate and greater aromatic content than near-surface high-latitude peat, creating a reduced oxidation state and resulting recalcitrance. This recalcitrance allows peat to persist in the (sub)tropics despite warm temperatures. Because we observed similar declines in carbohydrate content with depth in high-latitude peat, our data explain recent field-scale deep peat warming experiments in which catotelm (deeper) peat remained stable despite temperature increases up to 9 degrees C. We suggest that high-latitude deep peat reservoirs may be stabilized in the face of climate change by their ultimately lower carbohydrate and higher aromatic composition, similar to tropical peats.
Left-right (L-R) asymmetry in the body plan is determined by nodal flow in vertebrate embryos. Shinohara et al. (Shinohara K et al. 2012 Nat. Commun. 3, 622 (doi:10.1038/ncomms1624)) used Dpcd and Rfx3 mutant mouse embryos and showed that only a few cilia were sufficient to achieve L-R asymmetry. However, the mechanism underlying the breaking of symmetry by such weak ciliary flow is unclear. Flow-mediated signals associated with the L-R asymmetric organogenesis have not been clarified, and two different hypotheses-vesicle transport and mechanosensing-are now debated in the research field of developmental biology. In this study, we developed a computational model of the node system reported by Shinohara et al. and examined the feasibilities of the two hypotheses with a small number of cilia. With the small number of rotating cilia, flow was induced locally and global strong flow was not observed in the node. Particles were then effectively transported only when they were close to the cilia, and particle transport was strongly dependent on the ciliary positions. Although the maximum wall shear rate was also influenced by ciliary position, the mean wall shear rate at the perinodal wall increased monotonically with the number of cilia. We also investigated the membrane tension of immotile cilia, which is relevant to the regulation of mechanotransduction. The results indicated that tension of about 0.1 mu Nm(-1) was exerted at the base even when the fluid shear rate was applied at about 0.1 s(-1). The area of high tension was also localized at the upstream side, and negative tension appeared at the downstream side. Such localization may be useful to sense the flow direction at the periphery, as time-averaged anticlockwise circulation was induced in the node by rotation of a few cilia. Our numerical results support the mechanosensing hypothesis, and we expect that our study will stimulate further experimental investigations of mechanotransduction in the near future.
In two-dimensional reaction-diffusion systems, local curvature perturbations on traveling waves are typically damped out and vanish. However, if the inhibitor diffuses much faster than the activator, transversal instabilities can arise, leading from flat to folded, spatio-temporally modulated waves and to spreading spiral turbulence. Here, we propose a scheme to induce or inhibit these instabilities via a spatio-temporal feedback loop. In a piecewise-linear version of the FitzHugh-Nagumo model, transversal instabilities and spiral turbulence in the uncontrolled system are shown to be suppressed in the presence of control, thereby stabilizing plane wave propagation. Conversely, in numerical simulations with the modified Oregonator model for the photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, which does not exhibit transversal instabilities on its own, we demonstrate the feasibility of inducing transversal instabilities and study the emerging wave patterns in a well-controlled manner.
Lifestyle-related disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, have become a primary risk factor for the development of liver pathologies that can progress from hepatic steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis, to the most severe condition of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While the prevalence of liver pathologies is steadily increasing in modern societies, there are currently no approved drugs other than chemotherapeutic intervention in late stage HCC. Hence, there is a pressing need to identify and investigate causative molecular pathways that can yield new therapeutic avenues. The transcription factor p53 is well established as a tumor suppressor and has recently been described as a central metabolic player both in physiological and pathological settings. Given that liver is a dynamic tissue with direct exposition to ingested nutrients, hepatic p53, by integrating cellular stress response, metabolism and cell cycle regulation, has emerged as an important regulator of liver homeostasis and dysfunction. The underlying evidence is reviewed herein, with a focus on clinical data and animal studies that highlight a direct influence of p53 activity on different stages of liver diseases. Based on current literature showing that activation of p53 signaling can either attenuate or fuel liver disease, we herein discuss the hypothesis that, while hyper-activation or loss of function can cause disease, moderate induction of hepatic p53 within physiological margins could be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of liver pathologies. Hence, stimuli that lead to a moderate and temporary p53 activation could present new therapeutic approaches through several entry points in the cascade from hepatic steatosis to HCC.
Although hydrologic models provide hypothesis testing of complex dynamics occurring at catchments, fresh-water quality modeling is still incipient at many subtropical headwaters. In Brazil, a few modeling studies assess freshwater nutrients, limiting policies on hydrologic ecosystem services. This paper aims to compare freshwater quality scenarios under different land-use and land-cover (LULC) change, one of them related to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), in Brazilian headwaters. Using the spatially semi-distributed Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, nitrate, total phosphorous (TP) and sediment were modeled in catchments ranging from 7.2 to 1037 km(2). These head-waters were eligible areas of the Brazilian payment for ecosystem services (PES) projects in the Cantareira water supply system, which had supplied water to 9 million people in the Sao Paulo metropolitan region (SPMR). We considered SWAT modeling of three LULC scenarios: (i) recent past scenario (S1), with historical LULC in 1990; (ii) current land-use scenario (S2), with LULC for the period 2010-2015 with field validation; and (iii) future land-use scenario with PES (S2 + EbA). This latter scenario proposed forest cover restoration through EbA following the river basin plan by 2035. These three LULC scenarios were tested with a selected record of rainfall and evapotranspiration observed in 2006-2014, with the occurrence of extreme droughts. To assess hydrologic services, we proposed the hydrologic service index (HSI), as a new composite metric comparing water pollution levels (WPL) for reference catchments, related to the grey water footprint (greyWF) and water yield. On the one hand, water quality simulations allowed for the regionalization of greyWF at spatial scales under LULC scenarios. According to the critical threshold, HSI identified areas as less or more sustainable catchments. On the other hand, conservation practices simulated through the S2 + EbA scenario envisaged not only additional and viable best management practices (BMP), but also preventive decision-making at the headwaters of water supply systems.
Salt marshes filter pollutants, protect coastlines against storm surges, and sequester carbon, yet are under threat from sea level rise and anthropogenic modification. The sustained existence of the salt marsh ecosystem depends on the topographic evolution of marsh platforms. Quantifying marsh platform topography is vital for improving the management of these valuable landscapes. The determination of platform boundaries currently relies on supervised classification methods requiring near-infrared data to detect vegetation, or demands labour-intensive field surveys and digitisation. We propose a novel, unsupervised method to reproducibly isolate salt marsh scarps and platforms from a digital elevation model (DEM), referred to as Topographic Identification of Platforms (TIP). Field observations and numerical models show that salt marshes mature into subhorizontal platforms delineated by subvertical scarps. Based on this premise, we identify scarps as lines of local maxima on a slope raster, then fill landmasses from the scarps upward, thus isolating mature marsh platforms. We test the TIP method using lidar-derived DEMs from six salt marshes in England with varying tidal ranges and geometries, for which topographic platforms were manually isolated from tidal flats. Agreement between manual and unsupervised classification exceeds 94% for DEM resolutions of 1 m, with all but one site maintaining an accuracy superior to 90% for resolutions up to 3 m. For resolutions of 1 m, platforms detected with the TIP method are comparable in surface area to digitised platforms and have similar elevation distributions. We also find that our method allows for the accurate detection of local block failures as small as 3 times the DEM resolution. Detailed inspection reveals that although tidal creeks were digitised as part of the marsh platform, unsupervised classification categorises them as part of the tidal flat, causing an increase in false negatives and overall platform perimeter. This suggests our method may benefit from combination with existing creek detection algorithms. Fallen blocks and high tidal flat portions, associated with potential pioneer zones, can also lead to differences between our method and supervised mapping. Although pioneer zones prove difficult to classify using a topographic method, we suggest that these transition areas should be considered when analysing erosion and accretion processes, particularly in the case of incipient marsh platforms. Ultimately, we have shown that unsupervised classification of marsh platforms from high-resolution topography is possible and sufficient to monitor and analyse topographic evolution.
The lateral and vertical temperature distribution in Oman is so far only poorly understood, particularly in the area between Muscat and the Batinah coast, which is the area of this study and which is composed of Cenozoic sediments developed as part of a foreland basin of the Makran Thrust Zone. Temperature logs (T-logs) were run and physical rock properties of the sediments were analyzed to understand the temperature distribution, thermal and hydraulic properties, and heat-transport processes within the sedimentary cover of northern Oman. An advective component is evident in the otherwise conduction-dominated geothermal play system, and is caused by both topography and density driven flow. Calculated temperature gradients (T-gradients) in two wells that represent conductive conditions are 18.7 and 19.5 degrees C km(-1), corresponding to about 70-90 degrees C at 2000-3000 m depth. This indicates a geothermal potential that can be used for energy intensive applications like cooling or water desalinization. Sedimentation in the foreland basin was initiated after the obduction of the Semail Ophiolite in the late Campanian, and reflects the complex history of alternating periods of transgressive and regressive sequences with erosion of the Oman Mountains. Thermal and hydraulic parameters were analyzed of the basin's heterogeneous clastic and carbonate sedimentary sequence. Surface heat-flow values of 46.4 and 47.9 mW m(-2) were calculated from the T-logs and calculated thermal conductivity values in two wells. The results of this study serve as a starting point for assessing different geothermal applications that may be suitable for northern Oman.
We present an optically addressed non-pixelated spatial light modulator. The system is based on reversible photoalignment of a LC cell using a red light sensitive novel azobenzene photoalignment layer. It is an electrode-free device that manipulates the liquid crystal orientation and consequently the polarization via light without artifacts caused by electrodes. The capability to miniaturize the spatial light modulator allows the integration into a microscope objective. This includes a miniaturized 200 channel optical addressing system based on a VCSEL array and hybrid refractive-diffractive beam shapers. As an application example, the utilization as a microscope objective integrated analog phase contrast modulator is shown. (C) 2018 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
Stable isotope ratios delta O-18 and delta D in polar ice provide a wealth of information about past climate evolution. Snow-pit studies allow us to relate observed weather and climate conditions to the measured isotope variations in the snow. They therefore offer the possibility to test our understanding of how isotope signals are formed and stored in firn and ice. As delta O-18 and delta D in the snowfall are strongly correlated to air temperature, isotopes in the near-surface snow are thought to record the seasonal cycle at a given site. Accordingly, the number of seasonal cycles observed over a given depth should depend on the accumulation rate of snow. However, snow-pit studies from different accumulation conditions in East Antarctica reported similar isotopic variability and comparable apparent cycles in the delta O-18 and delta D profiles with typical wavelengths of similar to 20 cm. These observations are unexpected as the accumulation rates strongly differ between the sites, ranging from 20 to 80mmw.e.yr(-1) (similar to 6-21 cm of snow per year). Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the isotopic variations individually at each site; however, none of these are consistent with the similarity of the different profiles independent of the local accumulation conditions.
Here, we systematically analyse the properties and origins of delta O-18 and delta D variations in high-resolution firn profiles from eight East Antarctic sites. First, we confirm the suggested cycle length (mean distance between peaks) of similar to 20 cm by counting the isotopic maxima. Spectral analysis further shows a strong similarity between the sites but indicates no dominant periodic features. Furthermore, the appar-ent cycle length increases with depth for most East Antarctic sites, which is inconsistent with burial and compression of a regular seasonal cycle. We show that these results can be explained by isotopic diffusion acting on a noise-dominated isotope signal. The firn diffusion length is rather stable across the Antarctic Plateau and thus leads to similar power spectral densities of the isotopic variations. This in turn implies a similar distance between isotopic maxima in the firn profiles. Our results explain a large set of observations discussed in the literature, providing a simple explanation for the interpretation of apparent cycles in shallow isotope records, without invoking complex mechanisms. Finally, the results underline previous suggestions that isotope signals in single ice cores from low-accumulation regions have a small signal-to-noise ratio and thus likely do not allow the reconstruction of interannual to decadal climate variations.
Iron sulfur (Fe-S) clusters and the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) are present at enzyme sites, where the active metal facilitates electron transfer. Such enzyme systems are soluble in the mitochondrial matrix, cytosol and nucleus, or embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, but virtually absent from the cell secretory pathway. They are of ancient evolutionary origin supporting respiration, DNA replication, transcription, translation, the biosynthesis of steroids, heme, catabolism of purines, hydroxylation of xenobiotics, and cellular sulfur metabolism. Here, Fe-S cluster and Moco biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster is reviewed and the multiple biochemical and physiological functions of known Fe-S and Moco enzymes are described. We show that RNA interference of Mocs3 disrupts Moco biosynthesis and the circadian clock. Fe-S-dependent mitochondrial respiration is discussed in the context of germ line and somatic development, stem cell differentiation and aging. The subcellular compartmentalization of the Fe-S and Moco assembly machinery components and their connections to iron sensing mechanisms and intermediary metabolism are emphasized. A biochemically active Fe-S core complex of heterologously expressed fly Nfs1, Isd11, IscU, and human frataxin is presented. Based on the recent demonstration that copper displaces the Fe-S cluster of yeast and human ferredoxin, an explanation for why high dietary copper leads to cytoplasmic iron deficiency in flies is proposed. Another proposal that exosomes contribute to the transport of xanthine dehydrogenase from peripheral tissues to the eye pigment cells is put forward, where the Vps16a subunit of the HOPS complex may have a specialized role in concentrating this enzyme within pigment granules. Finally, we formulate a hypothesis that (i) mitochondrial superoxide mobilizes iron from the Fe-S clusters in aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase; (ii) increased iron transiently displaces manganese on superoxide dismutase, which may function as a mitochondrial iron sensor since it is inactivated by iron; (iii) with the Krebs cycle thus disrupted, citrate is exported to the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis, while succinyl-CoA and the iron are used for heme biosynthesis; (iv) as iron is used for heme biosynthesis its concentration in the matrix drops allowing for manganese to reactivate superoxide dismutase and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis to reestablish the Krebs cycle.
Plant roots control uptake of water and nutrients and cope with environmental challenges. The root epidermis provides the first selective interface for nutrient absorption, while the endodermis produces the main apoplastic diffusion barrier in the form of a structure called the Casparian strip. The positioning of root hairs on epidermal cells, and of the Casparian strip around endodermal cells, requires asymmetries along cellular axes (cell polarity). Cell polarity is termed planar polarity, when coordinated within the plane of a given tissue layer. Here, we review recent molecular advances towards understanding both the polar positioning of the proteo-lipid membrane domain instructing root hair initiation, and the cytoskeletal, trafficking and polar tethering requirements of proteins at outer or inner plasma membrane domains. Finally, we highlight progress towards understanding mechanisms of Casparian strip formation and underlying endodermal cell polarity.
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) shows a highly variable disease progression with poor prognosis and a characteristic accumulation of disabilities in patients. These hallmarks of PPMS make it difficult to diagnose and currently impossible to efficiently treat. This study aimed to identify plasma metabolite profiles that allow diagnosis of PPMS and its differentiation from the relapsing remitting subtype (RRMS), primary neurodegenerative disease (Parkinson’s disease, PD), and healthy controls (HCs) and that significantly change during the disease course and could serve as surrogate markers of multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated neurodegeneration over time. We applied untargeted high-resolution metabolomics to plasma samples to identify PPMS-specific signatures, validated our findings in independent sex- and age-matched PPMS and HC cohorts and built discriminatory models by partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). This signature was compared to sex- and age-matched RRMS patients, to patients with PD and HC. Finally, we investigated these metabolites in a longitudinal cohort of PPMS patients over a 24-month period. PLS-DA yielded predictive models for classification along with a set of 20 PPMS-specific informative metabolite markers. These metabolites suggest disease-specific alterations in glycerophospholipid and linoleic acid pathways. Notably, the glycerophospholipid LysoPC(20:0) significantly decreased during the observation period. These findings show potential for diagnosis and disease course monitoring, and might serve as biomarkers to assess treatment efficacy in future clinical trials for neuroprotective MS therapies.
Background: Compulsive exercise (CE) is a frequent symptom in patients with eating disorders (EDs). It includes, in addition to quantitatively excessive exercise behaviour, a driven aspect and specific motives of exercise. CE is generally associated with worse therapy outcomes. The aims of the study were to compare self-reported quantity of exercise, compulsiveness of exercise as well as motives for exercise between patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and healthy controls (HC). Additionally, we wanted to explore predictors of compulsive exercise (CE) in each group. Methods: We investigated 335 female participants (n = 226 inpatients, n = 109 HC) and assessed self-reported quantity of exercise, compulsiveness of exercise (Compulsive Exercise Test), motives for exercise (Exercise Motivations Inventory-2), ED symptoms (Eating Disorder Inventory-2), obsessive-compulsiveness (Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised), general psychopathology (Brief Symptom Inventory-18) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-2). Results: Both patients with AN and BN exercised significantly more hours per week and showed significantly higher CE than HC; no differences were found between patients with AN and BN. Patients with EDs and HC also partly varied in motives for exercise. Specific motives were enjoyment, challenge, recognition and weight management in patients with EDs in contrast to ill-health avoidance and affiliation in HC. Patients with AN and BN only differed in regard to exercise for appearance reasons in which patients with BN scored higher. The most relevant predictor of CE across groups was exercise for weight and shape reasons. Conclusions: Exercise behaviours and motives differ between patients with EDs and HC. CE was pronounced in both patients with AN and BN. Therefore, future research should focus not only on CE in patients with AN, but also on CE in patients with BN. Similarities in CE in patients with AN and BN support a transdiagnostic approach during the development of interventions specifically targeting CE in patients with EDs.
Biomembranes are constantly remodeled and in cells, these processes are controlled and modulated by an assortment of membrane proteins. Here, it is shown that such remodeling can also be induced by photoresponsive molecules. The morphological control of giant vesicles in the presence of a water-soluble ortho-tetrafluoroazobenzene photoswitch (F-azo) is demonstrated and it is shown that the shape transformations are based on an increase in membrane area and generation of spontaneous curvature. The vesicles exhibit budding and the buds can be retracted by using light of a different wavelength. In the presence of F-azo, the membrane area can increase by more than 5% as assessed from vesicle electrodeformation. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism and the partitioning of F-azo in the membrane, molecular dynamics simulations are employed. Comparison with theoretically calculated shapes reveals that the budded shapes are governed by curvature elasticity, that the spontaneous curvature can be decomposed into a local and a nonlocal contribution, and that the local spontaneous curvature is about 1/(2.5 mu m). The results show that exo- and endocytotic events can be controlled by light and that these photoinduced processes provide an attractive method to change membrane area and morphology.
One important organizational property of morphology is competition. Different means of expression are in conflict with each other for encoding the same grammatical function. In the current study, we examined the nature of this control mechanism by testing the formation of comparative adjectives in English during language production. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during cued silent production, the first study of this kind for comparative adjective formation. We specifically examined the ERP correlates of producing synthetic relative to analytic comparatives, e.g. angriervs. more angry. A frontal, bilaterally distributed, enhanced negative-going waveform for analytic comparatives (vis-a-vis synthetic ones) emerged approximately 300ms after the (silent) production cue. We argue that this ERP effect reflects a control mechanism that constrains grammatically-based computational processes (viz. more comparative formation). We also address the possibility that this particular ERP effect may belong to a family of previously observed negativities reflecting cognitive control monitoring, rather than morphological encoding processes per se.