Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (2206)
- Doctoral Thesis (341)
- Postprint (167)
- Review (30)
- Other (26)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (13)
- Conference Proceeding (13)
- Habilitation Thesis (13)
- Preprint (7)
- Part of a Book (1)
Language
- English (2817) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (2817) (remove)
Keywords
- nanoparticles (26)
- self-assembly (22)
- DNA origami (19)
- biomaterials (19)
- Nanopartikel (16)
- block copolymers (15)
- Conformational analysis (14)
- ionic liquids (14)
- SERS (13)
- fluorescence (13)
- photochemistry (13)
- polymer (13)
- Palladium (12)
- Selbstorganisation (12)
- singlet oxygen (12)
- nanostructures (11)
- polymerization (11)
- ring-opening polymerization (11)
- synthesis (11)
- Fluorescence (10)
- Ionic liquids (10)
- LIBS (10)
- Polymer (10)
- conformational analysis (10)
- crystal structure (10)
- fluorescent probes (10)
- luminescence (10)
- metathesis (10)
- NMR (9)
- NMR spectroscopy (9)
- Nanoparticles (9)
- Synthetic methods (9)
- adsorption (9)
- carbohydrates (9)
- electrochemistry (9)
- gold nanoparticles (9)
- ruthenium (9)
- thermoresponsive (9)
- water (9)
- Arenes (8)
- DFT calculations (8)
- Hydrogel (8)
- Ion mobility spectrometry (8)
- RAFT (8)
- Theoretical calculations (8)
- Through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRS) (8)
- click chemistry (8)
- crystallization (8)
- isomerization (8)
- polymers (8)
- Adsorption (7)
- DNA radiation damage (7)
- FRET (7)
- Kinetics (7)
- NICS (7)
- SAXS (7)
- X-ray structure (7)
- anomalous diffusion (7)
- azobenzene (7)
- biomaterial (7)
- block copolymer (7)
- density functional calculations (7)
- dissociative electron attachment (7)
- hydrogel (7)
- ionic liquid (7)
- living cells (7)
- low-energy electrons (7)
- porous materials (7)
- potassium (7)
- shape-memory effect (7)
- surface chemistry (7)
- surfactants (7)
- Anisotropy effect (6)
- Aromaticity (6)
- Carbohydrates (6)
- Click chemistry (6)
- Dynamic NMR (6)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (6)
- Leguminosae (6)
- Oxygen heterocycles (6)
- Polymerchemie (6)
- Ring current effect (6)
- Synthese (6)
- Synthesis (6)
- X-ray (6)
- biodegradable polymers (6)
- carbon nitride (6)
- copper (6)
- crown compounds (6)
- energy storage (6)
- heterocycles (6)
- hydrogels (6)
- ion mobility spectrometry (6)
- mass spectrometry (6)
- morphology (6)
- photocatalysis (6)
- polyelectrolyte (6)
- polyzwitterion (6)
- porous carbon (6)
- quantum dots (6)
- radical polymerization (6)
- silver nanoparticles (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- surface modification (6)
- surface plasmon resonance (6)
- Biomaterial (5)
- Block copolymers (5)
- Blockcopolymer (5)
- Blockcopolymere (5)
- EPR (5)
- Heterocycles (5)
- Janus emulsions (5)
- Lactams (5)
- Lactones (5)
- Metathesis (5)
- Organic Chemistry (5)
- Quantum chemical calculations (5)
- Raman spectroscopy (5)
- Ruthenium (5)
- X-ray diffraction (5)
- anthracenes (5)
- atomic force microscopy (5)
- biomineralization (5)
- catalysis (5)
- charge transfer (5)
- chitosan (5)
- copolymers (5)
- dynamic NMR (5)
- heteroatoms (5)
- heterogeneous catalysis (5)
- hybrid materials (5)
- membranes (5)
- metal-organic frameworks (5)
- micelles (5)
- microcontact printing (5)
- molecular rods (5)
- nanocomposite (5)
- oxidative stress (5)
- perovskite solar cells (5)
- peroxides (5)
- poly(lactic acid) (5)
- quantum chemical calculations (5)
- sensors (5)
- sodium (5)
- spectroscopy (5)
- sulfur (5)
- surface (5)
- thermoresponsive polymers (5)
- 3D printing (4)
- Antiplasmodial (4)
- Biaryls (4)
- Bioraffinerie (4)
- Chitooligosaccharides (4)
- Cross-coupling (4)
- Crystal structure (4)
- Cytotoxicity (4)
- DFT (4)
- DNA (4)
- DNA Origami (4)
- DNA strand breaks (4)
- Degradation (4)
- Density functional calculations (4)
- Elektrokatalyse (4)
- Gold nanoparticles (4)
- HPLC (4)
- ICSS (4)
- IR-MALDI (4)
- Korrosion (4)
- Langmuir monolayer (4)
- Molecular dynamics (4)
- NCA (4)
- PCA (4)
- Photochemistry (4)
- Polymers (4)
- RAFT polymerization (4)
- Raman (4)
- Structure elucidation (4)
- TSNMRS (4)
- Tenside (4)
- Water (4)
- antifouling (4)
- antiplasmodial (4)
- arenes (4)
- arsenolipids present (4)
- biomass (4)
- calcium phosphate (4)
- carbon (4)
- carbon nitrides (4)
- catalysts (4)
- cod-liver (4)
- composites (4)
- copper(II) (4)
- corrosion (4)
- cytotoxicity (4)
- degradation (4)
- dye removal (4)
- electron paramagnetic resonance (4)
- electron transfer (4)
- electrospinning (4)
- enzyme (4)
- fatty-acids (4)
- glucose oxidation (4)
- gold (4)
- green chemistry (4)
- hemocompatibility (4)
- hydrolysis (4)
- identification (4)
- infection pathway (4)
- lanthanides (4)
- liposomes (4)
- lower critical solution temperature (4)
- macrocycles (4)
- magnetic nanoparticles (4)
- manganese (4)
- membrane (4)
- mesenchymal stem cells (4)
- methyl orange (4)
- methylene blue (4)
- microfluidics (4)
- microgels (4)
- microparticles (4)
- models (4)
- multiblock copolymer (4)
- nachhaltige Chemie (4)
- nanolenses (4)
- nanoparticle (4)
- nanotriangles (4)
- oxidation (4)
- palladium (4)
- photooxygenation (4)
- photophysics (4)
- physiological consequences (4)
- plasmonics (4)
- poly(ethylene glycol) (4)
- polymer chemistry (4)
- polyzwitterions (4)
- poröse Materialien (4)
- proteins (4)
- radicals (4)
- selectivity (4)
- shape memory (4)
- sorption (4)
- sustainable chemistry (4)
- systems (4)
- thermoresponsiv (4)
- thin films (4)
- visible-light (4)
- water treatment (4)
- water-soluble polymers (4)
- wettability (4)
- Absorption (3)
- Alkylpyridinium salts (3)
- Antifouling (3)
- Bacteria (3)
- Base pairing (3)
- Bioelectrocatalysis (3)
- Biomasse (3)
- Biomimetic (3)
- Birch reduction (3)
- C-C coupling (3)
- Carbene ligands (3)
- Chitooligosaccharide (3)
- Chitosan (3)
- Conformational equilibrium (3)
- Copper (3)
- Cryo-SEM (3)
- Cycloaddition (3)
- Direct electron transfer (3)
- EPR spectroscopy (3)
- Electrospinning (3)
- Energiespeicher (3)
- Energy (3)
- Europium (3)
- FhuA (3)
- GIAO (3)
- Gas phase electron diffraction (3)
- HRTEM (3)
- Hyaluronic acid (3)
- Hydrogenation (3)
- Imaging (3)
- Ionic liquid (3)
- Katalyse (3)
- Kohlenhydrate (3)
- Kohlenstoff (3)
- Kohlenstoffnitriden (3)
- Kolloid (3)
- LCST (3)
- Light scattering (3)
- Magnetic properties (3)
- Mass spectrometry (3)
- Massenspektrometrie (3)
- Metallnitride (3)
- Microemulsions (3)
- Molecular dynamics simulations (3)
- Molecular modeling (3)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (3)
- NBO analysis (3)
- Nanostructure (3)
- Nanotechnology (3)
- Phase transitions (3)
- Photochemie (3)
- Photoionisation (3)
- Photokatalyse (3)
- Pickering emulsions (3)
- Platinum group metals (3)
- Polyelektrolyte (3)
- Polymere (3)
- Quantum dynamics (3)
- Rheology (3)
- SANS (3)
- Scattering (3)
- Second-Year Undergraduate (3)
- Solid-phase extraction (3)
- Spectroscopy (3)
- Sulfonamides (3)
- Surfactant micelles (3)
- Thermoresponsive (3)
- Thin film (3)
- ToF-SIMS (3)
- Trifluoromethanesulfonamide (3)
- Vesikel (3)
- Water treatment (3)
- X-ray scattering (3)
- Zinc (3)
- [4+2] cycloaddition (3)
- ab initio calculations (3)
- actuation (3)
- artificial muscles (3)
- assemblies (3)
- auxiliary control (3)
- batteries (3)
- binding (3)
- biorefinery (3)
- calcium (3)
- calcium carbonate (3)
- carbon dots (3)
- cell adhesion (3)
- cellulose (3)
- colloids (3)
- complexes (3)
- configuration (3)
- conformation (3)
- controlled radical polymerization (3)
- crosslinking (3)
- cycloaddition (3)
- dynamics (3)
- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (3)
- emulsion (3)
- emulsion polymerization (3)
- endothelial cells (3)
- energy transfer (3)
- enzyme catalysis (3)
- enzymes (3)
- erosion (3)
- fluorescence lifetime (3)
- fluorescent dyes (3)
- functionalization (3)
- gas adsorption (3)
- gelatin (3)
- gels (3)
- glycopolymers (3)
- graphene (3)
- green (3)
- heterogene Katalyse (3)
- heterogene Photokatalyse (3)
- heterogeneous photocatalysis (3)
- hydrogen (3)
- interfaces (3)
- inverse micelles (3)
- ionic conductivity (3)
- ionothermal synthesis (3)
- iron (3)
- kinetics (3)
- langevin equation (3)
- ligand (3)
- liquid-phase catalysis (3)
- metal nitrides (3)
- methylmercury (3)
- microemulsion (3)
- microstructure (3)
- microwave irradiation (3)
- minerals (3)
- mixtures (3)
- molecules (3)
- monomer (3)
- monomers (3)
- nanoparticle dimers (3)
- naphthalenes (3)
- nucleation (3)
- organic synthesis (3)
- organosilica (3)
- peptides (3)
- photoionization (3)
- photoisomerization (3)
- polyelectrolytes (3)
- polyesters (3)
- polymersomes (3)
- polysulfobetaine (3)
- probes (3)
- properties (3)
- protein adsorption (3)
- protein self-assembly (3)
- quantum dynamics (3)
- random-walks (3)
- reaction mechanisms (3)
- rearrangement (3)
- redox chemistry (3)
- reduction (3)
- reference material (3)
- regioselectivity (3)
- resonance energy-transfer (3)
- roughness (3)
- sensitivity (3)
- shape (3)
- silica (3)
- simulations (3)
- single-particle tracking (3)
- size (3)
- smart materials (3)
- sodium hydroxide etching (3)
- soft robotics (3)
- sol-gel (3)
- solubility (3)
- spider silk (3)
- stability (3)
- stereoselectivity (3)
- stokes shift (3)
- structure elucidation (3)
- supercapacitors (3)
- surface functionalization (3)
- sustainability (3)
- tandem reaction (3)
- tandem reactions (3)
- temperature (3)
- tetrabromidocuprate(II) (3)
- theoretical chemistry (3)
- theoretische Chemie (3)
- thermal properties (3)
- upconversion (3)
- vesicles (3)
- zinc (3)
- (Anti)aromaticity (2)
- 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (2)
- 2-Azaspiro[4.5]deca-1-ones (2)
- 3-color fret (2)
- 3-mercaptopropionic acid (2)
- 4-nitrophenol (2)
- ADMET (2)
- AFM (2)
- AOT bilayer (2)
- APCI (2)
- ATCUN motif (2)
- ATRP (2)
- Abbau (2)
- Actuation (2)
- Adsorbent (2)
- AgI (2)
- Aktuator (2)
- Alkynes (2)
- Amides (2)
- Ammoniak (2)
- Anisotropic effect (2)
- Anisotropy (2)
- Anthraquinone (2)
- Antimicrobial (2)
- Antiplasmodial activity (2)
- Arenesulfonamides (2)
- Asphodelaceae (2)
- Asteraceae (2)
- Azobenzene (2)
- Barrier to ring inversion (2)
- Beschichtungen (2)
- Bindung (2)
- Biocompatible polymers (2)
- Biomass (2)
- Biomaterials (2)
- Biomimetics (2)
- Biopolymer (2)
- Boric acid (2)
- C1N1 (2)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (2)
- Calcium phosphate (2)
- Calcium phosphates (2)
- Carbenes (2)
- Carbon (2)
- Cd-free (2)
- Cellulose (2)
- Charge transfer (2)
- Chelatoaromaticity (2)
- Cis- and trans-form (2)
- Cluster (2)
- Colloid Chemistry (2)
- Configuration (2)
- Confocal microscopy (2)
- Conformation (2)
- Copper(II) (2)
- DBD dyes (2)
- DNA damage (2)
- DNA damage response (2)
- DNA nanotechnology (2)
- DNA repair (2)
- DR-UV-Vis (2)
- Degradable (2)
- Density functional theory (2)
- Depsipeptide (2)
- Diastereoselectivity (2)
- Drug design (2)
- Dynamic NMR spectroscopy (2)
- ESR (2)
- Electrocatalysis (2)
- Electrochemistry (2)
- Electrospray ionization (2)
- Emulsion (2)
- Energy storage (2)
- Escherichia coli (2)
- Extraction (2)
- Fiber (2)
- Flavanone (2)
- Flavone (2)
- Fluorescence imaging (2)
- Fluorescent probes (2)
- Fokker-Planck equations (2)
- Formgedächtnis (2)
- Fragmentation (2)
- Functionalization (2)
- Funktionalisierung (2)
- Funktionalisierung <Chemie> (2)
- Förster resonance energy transfer (2)
- Förster-Resonanzenergietransfer (2)
- G quadruplexes (2)
- Gasadsorption (2)
- Gelatin (2)
- Glycosylation (2)
- Gold (2)
- Grenzflächen (2)
- Grüne Chemie (2)
- H-1 NMR (2)
- HDAC1 (2)
- Heck reaction (2)
- Homogeneous catalysis (2)
- Hybrid materials (2)
- Hydrocarbons (2)
- Hydrogels (2)
- Hydrothermale Karbonisierung (2)
- Hypoxia (2)
- ITC (2)
- InP (2)
- InPZnS (2)
- Interfacial tension (2)
- Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie (2)
- Ionic Liquid (2)
- Ionische Flüssigkeiten (2)
- Ionization (2)
- Ionogels (2)
- Iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSS) (2)
- Isoflavone (2)
- Janus droplets (2)
- Kaolinite (2)
- Katalysatoren (2)
- Kinetically controlled nanocrystal growth (2)
- Kohlenstoffmaterialien (2)
- Kohlenstoffnitride (2)
- Kolloidchemie (2)
- Kristallisation (2)
- LCST behavior (2)
- Langmuir monolayers (2)
- Lanthanide (2)
- Lanthanides (2)
- Laser (2)
- Laser-SNMS (2)
- Ligand design (2)
- Lignin (2)
- Lumineszenz (2)
- MS (2)
- Macrocycles (2)
- Maltose-modified PEI (2)
- Maltose-modified poly(ethyleneimine) (2)
- Mars (2)
- Mechanical properties (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Membrane (2)
- Mesokristalle (2)
- Metabolomics (2)
- Michael addition (2)
- Microemulsion (2)
- Microwave chemistry (2)
- Mikrofluidik (2)
- Mineralization (2)
- Mixtures (2)
- Mizelle (2)
- Mizellen (2)
- Molecular orientation (2)
- Molekulardynamik (2)
- Monte-Carlo simulations (2)
- Multiblock copolymer (2)
- Multiple light scattering (2)
- N ligands (2)
- N-2 reduction (2)
- NMR structure (2)
- Nanokomposite (2)
- Nanoparticle (2)
- Nanostructures (2)
- Nanostrukturen (2)
- Nanotechnologie (2)
- Natural products (2)
- Network structure (2)
- Nicotinamide (2)
- Niobium (2)
- OTDR (2)
- Oberflächenchemie (2)
- Oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- On-demand release (2)
- Organic chemistry (2)
- Oxidation (2)
- P ligands (2)
- PEI coating (2)
- PLA (2)
- PLS regression (2)
- PLSR (2)
- Peptides (2)
- Perowskit-Solarzellen (2)
- Perylene (2)
- Pesticides (2)
- Phase morphology (2)
- Photon Density Wave spectroscopy (2)
- Photon density wave spectroscopy (2)
- Photopolymerization (2)
- Photosynthesis (2)
- Plasmodium falciparum (2)
- Plasmonik (2)
- Podanthus mitiqui (2)
- Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Polyampholytes (2)
- Polyelectrolytes (2)
- Polyelektrolyt (2)
- Polyethyleneimine (2)
- Polymer chemistry (2)
- Polymerisation (2)
- Polypeptid (2)
- Polyzwitterion (2)
- Porous carbon (2)
- Porous silicon (2)
- Porphyrins (2)
- Process analytical technology (2)
- Protein (2)
- Push-pull character (2)
- Push-pull effect (2)
- QDs (2)
- Quantenpunkte (2)
- Quantum dots (2)
- RAFT-Polymerisation (2)
- REMPI (2)
- ROMP (2)
- RP-HPLC (2)
- RUNX2 (2)
- Rearrangement (2)
- Regeneration (2)
- Renewable resources (2)
- Ring-opening polymerization (2)
- Roots (2)
- SEM (2)
- SERS enhancement factor (2)
- SPR (2)
- Salts (2)
- Salz (2)
- Salzschmelze-Templating (2)
- Selektivität (2)
- Selenium (2)
- Self-assembly (2)
- Sensors (2)
- Shadowgraphy (2)
- Shape memory (2)
- Shape-memory (2)
- Shape-memory effect (2)
- Shape-memory polymer (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Sol-Gel (2)
- Solarzellen (2)
- Solvent effects (2)
- Solvothermal synthesis (2)
- Spektroskopie (2)
- Spin probes (2)
- Stereochemistry (2)
- Steric effect (2)
- Struktur (2)
- Sulphoxide (2)
- Supramolecular chemistry (2)
- Surface exudates (2)
- Surface functionalization (2)
- Surfactant (2)
- Surfactants (2)
- Synthesis and processing (2)
- TD-DFT (2)
- TEM (2)
- TRLFS (2)
- Taft equation (2)
- Temperature-memory effect (2)
- Tephrosia purpurea (2)
- TiO2 nanoparticles (2)
- Transmembranprotein (2)
- UV (2)
- UVR (2)
- Ultrazentrifuge (2)
- WAXS (2)
- Wasser (2)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (2)
- XPS (2)
- Zwitterionen (2)
- ab initio (2)
- absorbtion fine-structure (2)
- acids (2)
- acinar-cells (2)
- activated carbon (2)
- activated urethane derivatives (2)
- adduct formation (2)
- air-water interface (2)
- aldehydes (2)
- ammonia synthesis (2)
- amorphous carbon (2)
- amorphous polymers (2)
- anchor peptides (2)
- anisotropic effects (2)
- anthracene (2)
- anti-fouling materials (2)
- antimicrobial polymers (2)
- antioxidants (2)
- aptamers (2)
- aqueous dispersion (2)
- aqueous-solution (2)
- aromaticity (2)
- arsenious acid (2)
- assembly (2)
- atropisomerism (2)
- attachment (2)
- augmented-wave method (2)
- azobenzenes (2)
- betaine (2)
- biocompatibility (2)
- biomarker (2)
- biorefineries (2)
- biosensors (2)
- bladder-cancer (2)
- bone tissue engineering (2)
- boronic acid (2)
- bottlebrush copolymers (2)
- bottom-up (2)
- bottom-up fabrication (2)
- brownian-motion (2)
- cadmium-free (2)
- calcium influx (2)
- calcium phosphate hybrid material (2)
- cancer (2)
- carbohydrate derivatives (2)
- carbohydrate‐ based (2)
- carbon materials (2)
- carbon-dioxide (2)
- carbon-dioxide capture (2)
- carboxyanhydrides (2)
- carcinogen exposure (2)
- carotenoids (2)
- catalyst (2)
- cathode (2)
- cell-death (2)
- cement admixtures (2)
- cement hydration (2)
- cementitious material (2)
- charge transport (2)
- chemistry (2)
- chemoradiation therapy (2)
- chromoionophore (2)
- citric acid (2)
- cluster (2)
- clusters (2)
- co-nonsolvency (2)
- coating (2)
- coatings (2)
- cobalt nanoparticles (2)
- cockroach salivary-glands (2)
- colloid (2)
- coloring agents (2)
- composite materials (2)
- concrete (2)
- construction (2)
- controlled polymerization (2)
- copolymerization (2)
- copper complex (2)
- copper-bearing minerals (2)
- coumarins (2)
- critical solution temperature (2)
- cross-linking (2)
- cryo-electron microscopy (2)
- cryogel (2)
- crystal structures (2)
- crystallization behavior (2)
- crystals (2)
- cyclic voltammetry (2)
- cytosine methylation (2)
- damage (2)
- dendrimers (2)
- density functional theory (2)
- detector development (2)
- diazo compounds (2)
- diblock copolymers (2)
- dielectric spectroscopy (2)
- dienes (2)
- diimine-complexes (2)
- dimerization (2)
- dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (2)
- dip-coating (2)
- disulfide (2)
- dna coiling (2)
- donor-acceptor systems (2)
- drug delivery system (2)
- drug discovery (2)
- drugs (2)
- dye (2)
- dye adsorption (2)
- dye mixture (2)
- dyes/pigments (2)
- dynamic HPLC (2)
- electrocatalysis (2)
- electrolytes (2)
- electron dynamics (2)
- electron-transfer (2)
- electropolymerization (2)
- electrostatic interactions (2)
- elemental composition (2)
- ellipsometry (2)
- endoperoxides (2)
- enthalpy-entropy compensation (EEC) (2)
- enzyme reactions (2)
- europium (2)
- excision-repair (2)
- excitation (2)
- excited states (2)
- excluded volume (2)
- explosives (2)
- exposure (2)
- fiber Bragg gratings (2)
- fiber actuators (2)
- fiber etching (2)
- fiber-optical sensors (2)
- fibers (2)
- fish (2)
- flight search patterns (2)
- fluctuation-dissipation theorem (2)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (2)
- fluorescence photobleaching recovery (2)
- fluorescent dyemonomers (2)
- foam (2)
- folding kinetics (2)
- fractional dynamics approach (2)
- frameworks (2)
- fronts (2)
- functional (2)
- g-quadruplex (2)
- gas (2)
- gas chromatography (2)
- gas permeation (2)
- gas sensing (2)
- gas-phase (2)
- gaussian processes (2)
- gene-expression (2)
- gene-regulation kinetics (2)
- genomic dna methylation (2)
- germacrane sesquiterpene lactone (2)
- glycolipids (2)
- gold nanoparticle assembly (2)
- gold nanostructures (2)
- gold nanotriangles (2)
- grafting-from (2)
- graphite (2)
- green polymers (2)
- hela-cells (2)
- hepcidin-25 (2)
- heteroatom-doped carbons (2)
- hierarchical porosity (2)
- hierarchische Porosität (2)
- human-cells (2)
- hybrid perovskites (2)
- hydrogen bonds (2)
- hydrogenation (2)
- hydrophilic polymers (2)
- hydrothermal (2)
- hydroxyl-functional poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (2)
- iPLS regression (2)
- imidazolium (2)
- in-vitro (2)
- indicators (2)
- induced malignant-transformation (2)
- initio molecular-dynamics (2)
- inorganic perovskites (2)
- interactions (2)
- interferometry (2)
- intermittent chaotic systems (2)
- intracellular na+ (2)
- intracellular-transport (2)
- ion exchange (2)
- ion optodes (2)
- ionic liquid crystals (2)
- ionic liquid precursors (2)
- ionische Flüssigkeiten (2)
- ionogel (2)
- ionogels (2)
- ionophore (2)
- ketones (2)
- kontrollierte Polymerisation (2)
- kontrollierte radikalische Polymerisationen (2)
- lactones (2)
- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (2)
- lasso (2)
- levy flights (2)
- lifetime microscopy (2)
- ligand exchange (2)
- ligands (2)
- light (2)
- light-programmable viscosity (2)
- lignocellulosic biomass (2)
- liquids (2)
- lithium-sulfur battery (2)
- lithography (2)
- low-temperature NMR spectroscopy (2)
- lower (2)
- lubricant (2)
- magnetic manipulation (2)
- magnetische Nanopartikel (2)
- magnetite nanoparticles (2)
- maleimide (2)
- marine oils (2)
- mass-spectrometry (2)
- materials science (2)
- mechanical (2)
- mechanical strength (2)
- mercaptocarboxylic acids (2)
- mesocrystals (2)
- mesoporous materials (2)
- metabolites (2)
- metal (2)
- metal complex (2)
- metal coordination (2)
- metal oxides (2)
- metal peptide (2)
- metal species (2)
- metallic nanolattices (2)
- metallopeptide (2)
- metalloprotein (2)
- methyltransferases dnmt3a (2)
- micelle (2)
- microemulsions (2)
- microporous organic polymers (2)
- microscopy (2)
- microwave synthesis (2)
- miniemulsion (2)
- modeling (2)
- modified Mannich reaction (2)
- molecular oxygen (2)
- molecular switches (2)
- molecular thermometers (2)
- molecular-mechanisms (2)
- molecularly imprinted polymers (2)
- molekulare Schalter (2)
- monolayer formation (2)
- mu-DSC (2)
- multiple light scattering (2)
- multishell (2)
- nanoclusters (2)
- nanocomposites (2)
- nanoflowers (2)
- nanoreactor (2)
- nanostructure fabrication (2)
- naphthalenophanes (2)
- naphthalimide (2)
- negative ions (2)
- neurodegenerative diseases (2)
- neurotoxicity (2)
- neutron reflectometry (2)
- nickel (2)
- nitrogen-doped carbon (2)
- nonaqueous synthesis (2)
- nonlinear optics (2)
- nutrients (2)
- oil (2)
- oligodepsipeptides (2)
- optical sensing (2)
- optical-properties (2)
- optimal control theory (2)
- organic chemistry (2)
- organic dye pigments (2)
- organic ligand (2)
- organic–inorganic hybrid (2)
- organische Synthese (2)
- oxaloacetic acid (2)
- oxygen (2)
- oxygen heterocycles (2)
- oxygen reduction reaction (2)
- oxygenation (2)
- pH-responsive (2)
- palmitoylation (2)
- paper (2)
- patchy particles (2)
- perfluorocarbon emulsion (2)
- periplaneta-americana (2)
- perovskite (2)
- phase morphology (2)
- phase transfer (2)
- phase-transitions (2)
- phenols (2)
- phosgene-free synthesis (2)
- photo-dehydro-Diels-Alder reaction (2)
- photochromism (2)
- photofragmentation (2)
- photoluminescence (2)
- photon density wave spectroscopy (2)
- photon-counting statistics (2)
- photonic crystals (2)
- photonic wires (2)
- photooxidation (2)
- photoswitches (2)
- pickering emulsion (2)
- platelets (2)
- poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (2)
- poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (2)
- poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (2)
- poly(dimethylsiloxane) (2)
- poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- poly(ionic liquid) (2)
- poly(ionic liquid)s (2)
- polyacrylamide (2)
- polyampholyte (2)
- polyampholytes (2)
- polydimethylsiloxane wrinkles (2)
- polyester (2)
- polyesterurethanes (2)
- polylactide (2)
- polymer amphiphile (2)
- polymer degradation (2)
- polymeric sensors (2)
- polypeptide (2)
- polypeptides (2)
- polypeptoids (2)
- polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (2)
- polysulfabetaine (2)
- poly‐ ε ‐ caprolactone (2)
- porosity (2)
- porous carbon materials (2)
- porous silicon (2)
- post-polymerization modification (2)
- precision agriculture (2)
- process analytical technology (2)
- protein (2)
- protein binding (2)
- protein carbonyls (2)
- protein-phenol interactions (2)
- protein-polymer conjugate (2)
- proximal soil sensing (2)
- purity (2)
- quantum chemistry (2)
- racemization (2)
- radiation therapy (2)
- radiosensitizers (2)
- rare earth elements (2)
- rat (2)
- ratiometric (2)
- reaction monitoring (2)
- reactive oxygen species (2)
- reactivity (2)
- recognition (2)
- recombinant protein (2)
- redox polymers (2)
- renewable resources (2)
- repair (2)
- resistive heating (2)
- resonant formation (2)
- responsive polymers (2)
- responsive systems (2)
- reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) (2)
- reversible shape-memory actuator (2)
- review (2)
- rheology (2)
- ringöffnende Polymerisation (2)
- rp-hplc (2)
- salt (2)
- salt melt templating (2)
- salts (2)
- samples (2)
- scale (2)
- self-assembled monolayers (2)
- self-healing (2)
- separation (2)
- sequence dependence (2)
- sers (2)
- shape-memory (2)
- shape-memory polymer (2)
- shape-memory polymers (2)
- shape‐memory polymer actuators (2)
- silica nanoparticles (2)
- single-molecule analysis (2)
- single-strand breaks (2)
- sodium green (2)
- soft actuators (2)
- soft-templating (2)
- soil (2)
- soil nutrients (2)
- solar cells (2)
- solvatochromism (2)
- solvent effect (2)
- sortase-mediated ligation (2)
- spatial-organization (2)
- spectroscopic ellipsometry (2)
- spent coffee (2)
- spiked and crumble gold nanotriangles (2)
- step (2)
- stereocomplexation (2)
- stereoselective-synthesis (2)
- strand breakage (2)
- structure (2)
- substituent effects (2)
- sulfur host (2)
- supercapacitor (2)
- superparamagnetic (2)
- supported gold (2)
- supramolecular chemistry (2)
- surface-enhanced Raman scattering (2)
- surfaces (2)
- switches (2)
- synthetic biology (2)
- system (2)
- tandem solar cells (2)
- tannic acid (2)
- tetrapyrroles (2)
- thermo-responsive polymers (2)
- thermochemistry (2)
- thermodynamics (2)
- thermoplastics (2)
- thermoresponsive Polymere (2)
- thermoresponsive materials (2)
- thermoresponsive polymer (2)
- thermosensitive (2)
- thimerosal (2)
- thio-dimethylarsinic acid (2)
- thrombogenicity (2)
- tight-binding (2)
- time random-walks (2)
- time-dependent configuration interaction (2)
- tin-rich ITO (2)
- transition (2)
- transmembrane protein (2)
- triangular-[4] phenylene (2)
- trivalent (2)
- ultra-fast laser inscription (2)
- ultrafast (2)
- undulated (2)
- upconversion nanoparticles (2)
- upper critical solution temperature (2)
- ventricular myocytes (2)
- vesicle (2)
- vitro toxicological characterization (2)
- wavelength (2)
- weak ergodicity breaking (2)
- wrinkled stamps (2)
- yolk@shell materials (2)
- zwitterionic group (2)
- zwitterions (2)
- "Reactive Flux" Ratenkonstanten (1)
- "Spacer"-Gruppe (1)
- "click" chemistry (1)
- "water-in-salt" (1)
- (+)-Tephrodin (1)
- (1)H NMR (1)
- (13)C NMR (1)
- (NMR) (1)
- (S)-Elatadihydrochalcone (1)
- (S)-Lupinifolin 4´-methyl ether (1)
- (TSNMRS) (1)
- ) (1)
- -Acetoxy esters (1)
- 1 (1)
- 1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrosiline (1)
- 1,2,3-triazoles (1)
- 1,2,4-Dithiazole (1)
- 1,2-Disulfonamides (1)
- 1,2-Dithiole (1)
- 1,2-Dithiosquarate,1,2-Dithiosquaratonickelate (1)
- 1,2-diboretane-3-ylidene (1)
- 1,2-dithiooxalate (1)
- 1,2-dithiosquarate (1)
- 1,2-dithiosquaratometalate (1)
- 1,3-Azasilinanes (1)
- 1,3-Dienes (1)
- 1,3-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-1,3-azasilinane (1)
- 1,3-Oxasilinanes (1)
- 1,4,2-Oxazasilinanes (1)
- 1,5-Dienes (1)
- 1-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-silacyclohexane (1)
- 1-Methylthio-1-phenyl-1-silacyclohexane (1)
- 10-Methoxy-10,7 '-(chrysophanol anthrone)-chrysophanol (1)
- 1D structures (1)
- 2 (1)
- 2'-bipyridine (1)
- 2,10-Bis-(3-aminopropyloxy)dibenzo[aj]perylene-8,16-dione (1)
- 2,2-Disubstituted adamantane derivatives (1)
- 2-Alkylidene-4-oxothiazolidine (1)
- 2-Dicyanoethene-1 (1)
- 2-Dithiooxalate (1)
- 2-Dithiosquarate (1)
- 2-Hydroxyethylammonium 1-R-indol-3-ylsulfanylacetates (1)
- 2-Substituted adamantane derivatives (1)
- 2-Thiodisaccharide (1)
- 2-Thiodisaccharides (1)
- 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phoshphate aldolase (1)
- 2-dithiolate (1)
- 2-oxazoline (1)
- 2D films (1)
- 2D material (1)
- 2D materials (1)
- 2D-LC-MS/MS (1)
- 2D-Material (1)
- 2P cross section (1)
- 3,4-Dihydroisoquinoline (1)
- 3,4-Propylenedioxythiophene (1)
- 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (1)
- 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyran (1)
- 3,6-Diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes (1)
- 3,8-Diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (1)
- 3-Fluoro-3-methyl-3-silatetrahydropyran (1)
- 3-Hydroxyisoflavanone (1)
- 3-Oxo-14 alpha, 15 alpha-epoxyschizozygine (1)
- 3-Silatetrahydropyrans (1)
- 3-silathianes (1)
- 3D (1)
- 3D electrode structures (1)
- 3D flower superstructures (1)
- 3D printed flow-cell (1)
- 3D structure (1)
- 3D-printing (1)
- 3c,2e-bonding (1)
- 4 (1)
- 4'-Bis(tert-butyl)-2 (1)
- 4,4 '-Bis(tert-butyl)-2,2 '-bipyridine (1)
- 4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-thiasiline (1)
- 4-Nitrophenol (1)
- 4-Oxothiazolidine (1)
- 4-Substituted cyclohexanones (1)
- 4-methylene-cyclohexyl pivalate (1)
- 4-silapiperidines (1)
- 4-silathianes (1)
- 4D NOESY (1)
- 4D-actuation (1)
- 5'-neolignane (1)
- 5-Hexadecanoylaminofluorescein (1)
- 5-Hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione 5,8-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione (1)
- 6 alpha-Hydroxy-alpha-toxicarol (1)
- 6-Mercaptopurine (1)
- 6-disilamorpholines (1)
- 8 (1)
- 8-oxohobartine (1)
- 9-Arylfluorenes (1)
- A-values of COOAr on cyclohexane (1)
- ABC triblock copolymer (1)
- ACC (1)
- ADC(2) (1)
- ADMET polymerization (1)
- ALTONA equation (1)
- AM1 calculations (1)
- AOT (1)
- AOT/BDAC micelles (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- Ab initio MO computations (1)
- Ab initio quantum chemical methods and calculations (1)
- Ab-initio calculations (1)
- Acetone process (1)
- Acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases (1)
- Acids (1)
- Activation parameters (1)
- Actuator (1)
- Actuators (1)
- Additive (1)
- Additive manufacturing (1)
- Additivity of conformational energies (1)
- Adipocyte (1)
- Adsorbatschwingungen (1)
- Adsorption isotherm (1)
- Adsorption kinetic (1)
- Adsorption models (1)
- Adsorption of uremic toxins (1)
- Adsorptionsaktivität (1)
- Aerogele (1)
- Aerogels (1)
- Aerophobicity (1)
- African medicinal plants (1)
- Afrikanische Heilpflanzen (1)
- Ag/peptide@SiO(2) nanostructures (1)
- AgAu alloy nanoparticles (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Aggregation (1)
- Air bubble repellence (1)
- Aktivierungsentropie (1)
- Alcohols (1)
- Aldehyde oxidase (1)
- Aldehydes (1)
- Aldol condensation (1)
- Alkenes (1)
- Alkenyl cyclohexanone (1)
- Alkenyl cyclohexenone (1)
- Alkylation (1)
- Alkylpyridinium-Salze (1)
- All-Carbon-Kompositen (1)
- Allylamides (1)
- Allylic compounds (1)
- Allylic oxidation (1)
- Aloe secundiflora (1)
- Aloesaponarin I (1)
- Alternating polyampholytes (1)
- Alumina (1)
- Aluminiumlegierung (1)
- Aluminiumoberfläche (1)
- Amin (1)
- Amine (1)
- Amines (1)
- Amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (1)
- Amino acids (1)
- Aminonaphthol (1)
- Aminonaphthols (1)
- Aminosäuren (1)
- Ammonia (1)
- Amphiphile (1)
- Amphiphiles (1)
- Amphiphilic diblock copolymers (1)
- Amphiphilic polymers (1)
- Analogies/Transfer (1)
- Analysis scattering kernel (1)
- Analytische Ultrazentrifugation (1)
- Angle-dependent X-ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Anionic surfactant (1)
- Anisotrope Kolloide (1)
- Anisotropic gold nanoplatelets (1)
- Annelation effect (1)
- Annulation (1)
- Anode (1)
- Anodes (1)
- Anomerization (1)
- Anserine (1)
- Anthracene (1)
- Anti-HIV (1)
- Anti-Plasmodial activity (1)
- Anti-aromaticity (1)
- Anti-inflammatory (1)
- Antibody (1)
- Antibody binding (1)
- Anticancer (1)
- Antifouling surfaces (1)
- Antikörper-Färbung (1)
- Antileishmanial (1)
- Antimalarial drug detection (1)
- Antimalarial plants (1)
- Antimicrobial activities (1)
- Antimicrobial activity (1)
- Antioxidant (1)
- Antiretroviral drugs (1)
- Antiviral (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Aptamer (1)
- Arabica coffee (1)
- Arabidopsis (1)
- Aristotelia chilensis (1)
- Aromatic compounds (1)
- Aromatic or quinonoid (1)
- Artemisinin (1)
- Aryllithium compounds (1)
- Assemblierung (1)
- Assignment of stereochemistry (1)
- Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (1)
- Atropisomerism (1)
- Atropselecrivity (1)
- Au nanoarrays (1)
- Au-Pd nanorods (1)
- Aufarbeitung von Fruktose (1)
- Aufkonversion (1)
- Auger electron spectroscopy (1)
- Automated data evaluation (1)
- Axial chirality (1)
- Azadironolide (1)
- Azobenzol (1)
- B,N heterocycles (1)
- B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) calculations (1)
- B3LYP/6-311++G** (1)
- BBTP (1)
- Ball milling (1)
- Bariumtitanat (1)
- Barrier to rotation about C-N bond (1)
- Basis sets (1)
- Beer mashing (1)
- Benetzung (1)
- Bentonite clay (1)
- Benzazepine (1)
- Benzenoid structure (1)
- Benzenoid structures (1)
- Benzoboroxol (1)
- Benzoic acid esters (1)
- Benzyne-allene or cumulene-like structure (1)
- Berry Phase (1)
- Berry-Phase (1)
- Beschallung (1)
- Beschichtungsanwendung (1)
- Beta-Lactoglobulin (1)
- Betaines (1)
- Betulin (1)
- Biflavonoid (1)
- Bifunctional catalysts (1)
- Binding assay (1)
- Binding pocket position (1)
- Bio-inspired mineralization (1)
- Bioactive surfaces (1)
- Biobased Polymers (1)
- Biobasierte Polymere (1)
- Biochemistry (1)
- Bioconjugation (1)
- Biohybrid-Membran (1)
- Bioinspiration (1)
- Bioinspired (1)
- Biokompatibilität (1)
- Biokonjugate (1)
- Biokonjugation (1)
- Biological Sciences (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Biomasseverwertung (1)
- Biomaterialien (1)
- Biomimetic sensors (1)
- Biomimetik (1)
- Biomineralisation (1)
- Biomineralisierung (1)
- Biomineralization (1)
- Biomodification (1)
- Biomolecular interactions (1)
- Biomolecules coupling (1)
- Biophysical chemistry (1)
- Biopolymer material (1)
- Biopolymers (1)
- Biorefinery (1)
- Biosensor (1)
- Biosensoren (1)
- Bioseparation (1)
- Birth Weight (1)
- Block Copolymer (1)
- Block-Copolymere (1)
- Block-copolymer (1)
- Blockcopolymervesikel (1)
- Bombyx mori silk (1)
- Bone repair material (1)
- Books (1)
- Born-Oppenheimer MD (1)
- Boron exposure (1)
- Boronsäure (1)
- Bottom-up fabrication (1)
- Bound states (1)
- Bragg coherent x-ray diffractive imaging (1)
- Breakthrough (1)
- Breakthrough curve (1)
- Breakthrough time (1)
- Brewster angle microscopy (1)
- Brewsterwinkel-Mikroskopie (1)
- Brownian motion (1)
- Bulbine frutescens (1)
- Bulk-mediated diffusion (1)
- C (1)
- C-13 (1)
- C-13 NMR (1)
- C-13 NMR spectroscopy (1)
- C-13 chemical shift (1)
- C-13 chemical shift difference Delta delta(C C) (1)
- C-13 chemical shifts (1)
- C-C Bindungsknüpfung (1)
- C-C bond formation (1)
- C-H activation (1)
- C-reactive (1)
- C-reactive protein (1)
- C. bonducella (1)
- C2N (1)
- C3N (1)
- C3N5 (1)
- C?H oxidation (1)
- CAL-72 osteoblasts (1)
- CAM-B3LYP (1)
- CC2 calculations (1)
- CH center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds (1)
- CN (1)
- CN materials (1)
- CN-Materialien (1)
- CO2 capture (1)
- CO2-Abscheidung (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- CXNY (1)
- Cadmium (1)
- Calcium (1)
- Calciumcarbonat (1)
- Campylobacter jejuni (1)
- Cancer (1)
- Car-Parrinello (1)
- Carbamoyl tetrazoles (1)
- Carbazole (1)
- Carbene or zwitterions (1)
- Carbohydrate (1)
- Carbohydrate mimics (1)
- Carbon materials (1)
- Carbonitrides (1)
- Carbonization (1)
- Carboxyfluorescein (1)
- Carboxylic -acids (1)
- Carboxyrhodamine (1)
- Carica papaya seeds (1)
- Cartilage repair (1)
- Carvotacetones (1)
- Cassiamin A (1)
- Cassiamin B (1)
- Castor oil (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Catalysts (1)
- Catalytic reaction (1)
- Cation exchange Capacity (1)
- Cationic surfactants (1)
- Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (1)
- Ce/Zr (1)
- Celastraceae (1)
- Cell engineering (1)
- Cell staining (1)
- Cellular uptake (1)
- Cer Ammonium Nitrat (CAN) (1)
- Cereals (1)
- Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) (1)
- Ceroxid (1)
- Chalkogenide (1)
- Characterisation (1)
- Charakterisierung (1)
- Chelates (1)
- Chelation effect (1)
- Chemical Sensors (1)
- Chemical Synthesis (1)
- Chemical calculations (1)
- Chemical dynamics (1)
- Chemical shift assignment (1)
- Chemie (1)
- Chemische Synthese (1)
- Chemotaxonomy (1)
- Chiral auxiliaries (1)
- Chiral dopants (1)
- Chiralität <Chemie> (1)
- Chitinase (1)
- Chitolectins (1)
- Chitolektine (1)
- Chitosanase (1)
- Chlorophyll b (1)
- Cholesterin (1)
- Chromatographie (1)
- Chromophores (1)
- Chronic kidney disease (1)
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD) (1)
- Cinnamylidene acetic acid (1)
- Citrazinsäure (1)
- Claisen rearrangement (1)
- Classical MD (1)
- Clay-polymer nanocomposite - CPN (1)
- Click Chemistry (1)
- Cluster chemistry (1)
- Cluster model (1)
- Co-Nonsolvency (1)
- Co-expression (1)
- Coating Applications (1)
- Cobalt (1)
- Cobalt Nanopartikeln (1)
- Coffee beans (1)
- Coherences (1)
- Coherent states (1)
- Collaborative/Cooperative Learning (1)
- Collagen (1)
- Collagen-binding peptide (1)
- Collagenase (1)
- Collision cross-section (1)
- Colloidal lithography (1)
- Composite adsorbents (1)
- Composite hydrogels (1)
- Composites (1)
- Computational chemistry (1)
- Condensed thiazolidines (1)
- Confinement (1)
- Conformation analysis (1)
- Conformational equilibria (1)
- Conical Intersections (1)
- Contact angle (1)
- Continuum properties (1)
- Controlled polymer synthesis (1)
- Controlled polymerization (1)
- Coordination modes (1)
- Coordination polymers (1)
- Copolymere (1)
- Copper Metal Complexes (1)
- Copper(II) complexes (1)
- Core-shell-corona micelles (1)
- Correlation function (1)
- Corylus avellana L. (1)
- Coumaronochromone (1)
- Coumestan (1)
- Counterions (1)
- Cross coupling (1)
- Cross-coupling reactions (1)
- Cross-metathesis (1)
- Crosslinking (1)
- Cryo-TEM (1)
- Crystal and molecular structure (1)
- Crystal packing (1)
- Crystal structures (1)
- Crystallization (1)
- Crystallography (1)
- CsPbI3 (1)
- Cu doped InP (1)
- Cu-dotiertes InP (1)
- CuO (1)
- Curriculum (1)
- Cyanine/merocyanine-like structures (1)
- Cyclazines (1)
- Cyclic GMP (1)
- Cyclobutylcarbene (1)
- Cyclodienes (1)
- Cyclohexyl esters (1)
- Cyclophanes (1)
- Cyclotella (1)
- C− H activation (1)
- D. melleri (1)
- DBD (1)
- DELLA (1)
- DFT and MP2 calculations (1)
- DFT and MP2 simulation (1)
- DFT calculation (1)
- DFT theoretical calculations (1)
- DFTB3 (1)
- DLS (1)
- DMSO (1)
- DNA Nanostrukturen (1)
- DNA Schädigung (1)
- DNA complexation (1)
- DNA copolymers (1)
- DNA nanostructures (1)
- DNA origami nanostructures (1)
- DNA polyplexes (1)
- DNA recognition (1)
- DNA release (1)
- DNA-Origami (1)
- DNA-PEI polyplexes (1)
- DNS (1)
- DOHaD (1)
- DOPA (1)
- DSC (1)
- Dalbergia melanoxylon (1)
- Dark reactions (1)
- Dative vs. coordinative NHC -> BR3 bond (1)
- Debus-Radziszewski polymerization (1)
- Decontamination (1)
- Decorin (1)
- Defects (1)
- Defektchemie (1)
- Defekte (1)
- Deformation (1)
- Dehydration (1)
- Dehydro[n]annulenes (1)
- Delta-Kohn Sham method (1)
- Delta-Kohn-Sham (1)
- Density-matrix (1)
- Densityfunctional theory (1)
- Deoxyfructosazin (1)
- Dependent light scattering (1)
- Depolymerization (1)
- Depth profiling (1)
- Derris trifoliata (1)
- Design (1)
- Designed Biointerfaces (1)
- Designte Biointerface (1)
- Desorption (1)
- Desorption kinetics (1)
- Desymmetrization (1)
- Detektor (1)
- Detektor-Entwicklung (1)
- Detektorentwicklung (1)
- Detergents (1)
- Diagnostics (1)
- Diaminomaleonitrile (1)
- Diamondoide (1)
- Dianellin (1)
- Diastereomers assignment (1)
- Diatom (1)
- Diazonium salts (1)
- Dichtematrixtheorie offener Systeme (1)
- Dielectric properties (1)
- Differential mobility analysis (DMA) (1)
- Differentielle Mobilitätsanalyse (DMA) (1)
- Diffusion processes (1)
- Diffusionsbarriere (1)
- Dihydrobenzofurane (1)
- Dihydroxyaceton (1)
- Dilatations-Viskoelastizität (1)
- Dimensionsstabilität (1)
- Dimer (1)
- Dimeric anthraquinone (1)
- Diode laser (1)
- Discrete variable representation (1)
- Dispersion (1)
- Dissipation-Decoherence (1)
- Dissipation-Dekohärenz (1)
- Dissoziation (1)
- Dissoziative Elektronenanlagerung (1)
- Distance (1)
- Distance Learning (1)
- Disulfide (1)
- Diterpenoid (1)
- Docking (1)
- Docking study (1)
- Dodonaea angustifolia (1)
- Domino reactions (1)
- Doping (1)
- Doppelschichtstruktur (1)
- Doppelstrangbruch (1)
- Doppelt hydrophile Blockcopolymere (1)
- Double exponential model (1)
- Drop morphology (1)
- Drop profile analysis tensiometry (1)
- Drug Delivery (1)
- Drug loading (1)
- Drug metabolism (1)
- Dual Scale Factors (1)
- Dual scale factors (1)
- Dual-Responsiveness (1)
- Dynamic H-1-NMR (1)
- Dynamic HPLC (1)
- Dynamic equilibrium (1)
- Dynamic light scattering (1)
- Dynamik der Adsorption (1)
- E. coli (1)
- E. schliebenii (1)
- EIS (1)
- ERF (1)
- ESI (1)
- ESI-MS (1)
- ESR spectroscopy (1)
- Ecological risk assessment (1)
- Ecotoxicology (1)
- Einkapselung (1)
- Einkristalle (1)
- Einzelatomkatalyse (1)
- Einzelmoleküldetektion (1)
- Einzelstrangbruch (1)
- Eisen (1)
- Eisen-Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen-Katalysatoren (1)
- Electro-synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer (1)
- Electroactive Conjugated Polymer (1)
- Electrochemical impedance (1)
- Electrochemical sensor (1)
- Electrodeposition (1)
- Electron dynamics (1)
- Electronic materials (1)
- Electrosensing (1)
- Electrospray Ionization (1)
- Electrostatic effects (1)
- Elektrochemie (1)
- Elektrolytempfindlichkeit (1)
- Elektronendynamik (1)
- Elektronenkorrelation (1)
- Elektronentomographie (1)
- Elektrospinnen (1)
- Ellipsometry (1)
- Emulsification (1)
- Emulsion Polymerization (1)
- Emulsion destabilization (1)
- Emulsionen (1)
- Emulsions (1)
- Emulsionspolymerisation (1)
- Enantioselectivity (1)
- Enegieanwendungen (1)
- Energiespeichermechanismus (1)
- Energieumwandlung (1)
- Energy Applications (1)
- Energy transfer (1)
- Energy-transfer probe (1)
- Enzym (1)
- Enzymatic degradation (1)
- Enzymatic milk coagulation (1)
- Enzymatic polymer degradation (1)
- Enzyme catalysis (1)
- Enzymes (1)
- Equilibrium (1)
- Equilibrium constants (1)
- Equisetum hyemale (1)
- Erneuerbare Ressourcen (1)
- Ethers (1)
- European pear (1)
- Eutectic mixture (1)
- Excimer (1)
- Exciplex (1)
- Excited state proton transfer (1)
- Excited-state calculations; (1)
- External mass transfer (1)
- Extracellular Matrix (1)
- Extraction system development (1)
- Extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- F-19 (1)
- F-C coupling constants (1)
- F12 methods (1)
- FAPbBr(3) (1)
- FLIM (1)
- FLNS (1)
- FSH (1)
- Fabry-Perot etalon (1)
- Falten (1)
- Farbstoff (1)
- Faser (1)
- Fastener (1)
- Fatty acids (1)
- Ferrofluid (1)
- Festkörperstruktur (1)
- Festphasensynthese (1)
- Fettsäure (1)
- Fettsäuren (1)
- Fiber-optical spectroscopy (1)
- Field flow fractionation (1)
- Filtration (1)
- First-Year Undergraduate/General (1)
- Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (1)
- Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese (1)
- Fixed bed (1)
- Flavonoids (1)
- Flexible linker (1)
- Fluorchemie (1)
- Fluorescence anisotropy (1)
- Fluorescence correlation (1)
- Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1)
- Fluorescence life time (1)
- Fluorescence lifetime (1)
- Fluorescence lifetime probes (1)
- Fluorescent dyes (1)
- Fluorescent nanoconjugate (1)
- Fluoreszenz (1)
- Fluorierte Blockcopolymere (1)
- Fluoroassay (1)
- Fluorpolymere (1)
- Flüssig-/flüssig-Grenzflächen (1)
- Flüssigkeitszerstäubung (1)
- Flüssigphasenkatalyse (1)
- Formate (1)
- Formation constant (1)
- Formgedächtnispolymer (1)
- Formose (1)
- Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) (1)
- Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) system (1)
- Forster resonance energy transfer(FRET) (1)
- Fourier-transform infrared (1)
- Freistehende Membranen (1)
- Frequenzaufkonversion (1)
- Fruit quality (1)
- Function by design (1)
- Functional groups (1)
- Functional organic materials (1)
- Funktionalisierung von Katalysatoren (1)
- Furans (1)
- Fusarium proliferatum (1)
- Fusicoccane diterpenes (1)
- Fällungsreaktion (1)
- G-quadruplexes (1)
- GC-MS (1)
- GIAO calculations (1)
- GIXD (1)
- GOIP (1)
- GP2 isoform alpha (1)
- Gadolinium (1)
- Games; (1)
- Gas chromatography (1)
- Gas phase (1)
- Gas sorption (1)
- Gas-phase electron diffraction (1)
- Gas-sorption (1)
- Gaseous Ions (1)
- Gaspermeation (1)
- Gate-effects (1)
- Gel polymer (1)
- Gelatin-chitosan composites (1)
- Gelatin-chitosan scaffolds (1)
- Gelatine (1)
- Gele (1)
- Gelieren (1)
- Generalized Langevin oscillator model (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Gestational diabetes (1)
- Gleichgewicht der Adsorption (1)
- Glucose (1)
- Glukose Oxidation (1)
- Glukoseoxidation (1)
- Glycol podands (1)
- Glycopeptoid (1)
- Glycoproteins (1)
- Glycosidation (1)
- Glycosides (1)
- Glycosylierung (1)
- Glykochemie (1)
- Glykogele (1)
- Glykokonjugat (1)
- Glykokonjugate (1)
- Glykolipide (1)
- Glykomonomer (1)
- Glykopeptid (1)
- Glykopolymer (1)
- Glykopolymer-Elektrolyt (1)
- Glykopolymere (1)
- Glykoproteine (1)
- Glykosylierung (1)
- Gold cluster (1)
- Gold nanostructure (1)
- Gold nanotriangles (1)
- Gold surface (1)
- Gold surfaces (1)
- Gold triangles (1)
- Gold-Kohlenstoff-Katalysatoren (1)
- Goldnanopartikel (1)
- Grafting-from polymerization (1)
- Graphen (1)
- Graphene derivates (1)
- Graphene oxide (1)
- Graphitic carbon nitride (1)
- Green Chemistry (1)
- Green rust (1)
- Green synthesis (1)
- Grenzfläche Lösung/Tetradecan (1)
- Grenzflächenaktivität (1)
- Grenzflächenchemie (1)
- Gripper (1)
- Grotthuss mechanism (1)
- Group Transfer polymerisation (1)
- Guatemala (1)
- H-1 (1)
- H-1 NMR spectroscopy (1)
- H. pubescens (1)
- H2O2 (1)
- HAART (1)
- HALS (1)
- HER (1)
- HIV (1)
- HMF oxidation (1)
- Halogenation (1)
- Halogenid-Perowskite (1)
- Hammett-Brown plots (1)
- Hapten (1)
- Hard carbons (1)
- Hard sphere model in the Percus-Yevick Approximation (1)
- Health (1)
- Heavy metal ions (1)
- Heck coupling (1)
- Heck reactions (1)
- Helicen (1)
- Hemiporphyrazines (1)
- Heparin (1)
- Hepatic clearance (1)
- Hepcidin (1)
- Heptazine (1)
- Herbicide (1)
- Heteroatom Doping (1)
- Heteroatom-Dotierung (1)
- Heteroatom-Modifikation (1)
- Heteroatom-dotierte Kohlenstoffe (1)
- Heterogeneous catalysis (1)
- Heterophase Polymerization (1)
- Heterophasenpolymerisation (1)
- Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (1)
- Hexagons and nanorods (1)
- High School/Introductory Chemistry (1)
- High-cell-density culture (1)
- High-harmonic generation (1)
- High-power lasers (1)
- High-resolution spectrometer (1)
- High-throughput (1)
- Highly functionalized dimeric triglycerides (1)
- Histone deacetylases (1)
- Hofmeister (1)
- Hohlkugeln (1)
- Hollow Spheres (1)
- Holzmodifikation (1)
- Human donor blood (1)
- Human sulfite oxidase (1)
- Humic acid (1)
- Humic substances (1)
- Humor (1)
- Humor/Puzzles/Games (1)
- Hyaluronsäure (1)
- Hybrid clay (1)
- Hybrid material (1)
- Hybrid materials synthesis (1)
- Hydroborierung (1)
- Hydrogel disks (1)
- Hydrogel microparticles (1)
- Hydrogel microspheres (1)
- Hydrogele (1)
- Hydrogelen (1)
- Hydrogen Bonds (1)
- Hydrogen Production (1)
- Hydrogen activation (1)
- Hydrogen bonds (1)
- Hydrogen peroxide (1)
- Hydrogen sulfide (1)
- Hydrogen-bonding (1)
- Hydrogenolyse (1)
- Hydrolyse (1)
- Hydrolytic degradation (1)
- Hydrolytic stability (1)
- Hydrophobic (1)
- Hydrophobin (1)
- Hydrophobizität (1)
- Hydrothermal Carbonization (1)
- Hydrothermal carbonisation (1)
- Hydrothermalkohle (1)
- Hydrotrope (1)
- Hydroxyapatit (1)
- Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) (1)
- Hydroxyl (1)
- Hydroxymethylfurfural (1)
- Hypertension (1)
- Hyphenated techniques (1)
- Hypoestes verticillaris (1)
- Hypoosmotic stress (1)
- IFT (1)
- IMS (1)
- IR and Raman spectra (1)
- IR excitation (1)
- IR-Anregung (1)
- ISA (1)
- Ibuprofen (1)
- Imidazolate Frameworks Potsdam (1)
- Imidazole (1)
- Imidazolium (1)
- Immobilization (1)
- Immunoactive properties (1)
- In situ (1)
- In situ coating (1)
- In vivo imaging system (IVIS) (1)
- In vivo-in vitro correlation (1)
- In-line monitoring (1)
- In-situ neutron reflectivity (1)
- InP nanowires (1)
- Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (1)
- Inflammation (1)
- Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (IR-MALDI) (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Ink (1)
- Insulating films (1)
- Interchain interactions (1)
- Interfacial capacitance (1)
- Interfacial equilibrium (1)
- Internet (1)
- Interphase behavior (1)
- Intracellular bacteria (1)
- Ion exchange (1)
- Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) (1)
- Ionen (1)
- Ionenmigration (1)
- Ionenmobilitäts-Berechnungen (1)
- Ionenmobilitätspektrometrie (1)
- Ionenmobilitätsspektrometry (IMS) (1)
- Ionic conductivity (1)
- Ionic monomers (1)
- Ionic selectivity (1)
- Ionic strength (1)
- Ionisationspotential (1)
- Ionisierungsenergie (1)
- Ionogel (1)
- Iron (1)
- Iron oxide (1)
- Iron/silver microflowers (1)
- Irradiation (1)
- Iso-chemical shielding surfaces (ICSS) (1)
- Isocyanates (1)
- Isoflavanones (1)
- Isoflavonoide (1)
- Isolations (1)
- Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (1)
- Isotherme Titrationskalorimetrie (1)
- Isothermen (1)
- Isothiocyanic acid (1)
- Isotope detection (1)
- Isotope effect (1)
- Isotope exchange (1)
- Isotope ratios (1)
- Jahn-Teller distortion (1)
- Janus (1)
- Janus drops (1)
- Janus emulsion (1)
- Journals (1)
- Karbonisierung (1)
- Karbonnitrid Ionothermalsynthese (1)
- Katalysator (1)
- Kathode (1)
- Kenusanone F 7-methyl ether (1)
- Keramik (1)
- Kern-Schale Aufkonvertierende Nanopartikel (1)
- Kerndynamik (1)
- Kernspin-Statistiken (1)
- Ki67 (1)
- Kinetic analysis (1)
- Kinetic model (1)
- Kinetik (1)
- Klassiche Simulationen (1)
- Kleinwinkelstreuung (1)
- Klick-Chemie (1)
- Klickchemie (1)
- Kniphofia foliosa (1)
- Knipholone cyclooxanthrone (1)
- Koaleszenz (1)
- Kohlenmaterialien (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Nanopunkte (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Punkte (1)
- Kohlenstoffe auf Biomasse-Basis (1)
- Kohlenstoffmaterial (1)
- Kohlenstoffnitrid (1)
- Kohlenstoffnitrid (CN) (1)
- Kohlenstoffträger (1)
- Kol (1)
- Kollagen (1)
- Kollagenase (1)
- Komplexe (1)
- Komposite (1)
- Kompositmaterial (1)
- Konformationsänderungen (1)
- Konischen Durchschneidungen (1)
- Koordinationskomplexe (1)
- Korrelationsfunktion (1)
- Kraft lignin hydrogenolysis (1)
- Kraftlignin (1)
- Kraftsensoren (1)
- Kristallisation von Dünnschichten (1)
- Kryo-Elektronenmikroskopie (1)
- L-929 fibroblasts (1)
- L-Cysteine (1)
- L-selectin (1)
- LC composites (1)
- LC polymer (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LCST and UCST (1)
- LCST und UCST (1)
- LC−MS/MS (1)
- LED (1)
- LH (1)
- LSPR (1)
- Lactose (1)
- Ladung Transport (1)
- Lake Peten-Itza (1)
- Langmuir Monoschicht (1)
- Langmuir layers (1)
- Langmuir monolayer degradation technique (1)
- Langmuir technique (1)
- Langmuir thin-films (1)
- Langmuir-Schaefer method (1)
- Langmuir-Schafer films (1)
- Langmuir-Schäfer-Methode (1)
- Lannea rivae (1)
- Lannea schweinfurthii (1)
- Lanthanide ions (1)
- Lanthano (1)
- Lanthanoide (1)
- Laponite (1)
- Large Stokes shifts (1)
- Large Stokes-shifts (1)
- Large-size (1)
- Laser ablation (1)
- Laser induced desorption (1)
- Laser ionization (1)
- Laser-Carbonization (1)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (1)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) (1)
- Laserinduzierte Inkandeszenz (LII) (1)
- Laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS) (1)
- Laserkarbonisierung (1)
- Laserpulse (1)
- Lasers (1)
- Lattice Boltzmann methods (1)
- Layer-by-Layer Glykopolymerbeschichtung (1)
- Layer-by-layer (1)
- Learning/Chemistry Education Research (1)
- Lectin (1)
- Legierungen (1)
- Leishmania (1)
- Lektin (1)
- Levoglucosenol (1)
- Levy flights (1)
- Li-Ionen-Akkus (1)
- Li-Ionen-Kondensator (1)
- Li-S (1)
- Li-S batteries (1)
- Li-S-Batterien (1)
- Li-ion batteries (1)
- Li-ion capacitor (1)
- LiFePO4 (1)
- Ligation (1)
- Light-harvesting complex II (1)
- Lignane (1)
- Lignans (1)
- Limonoid (1)
- Linienspannung (1)
- Lipid domain (1)
- Lipide (1)
- Liquid chromatography (1)
- Liquid dispersion (1)
- Liquids (1)
- Lithiophilizität (1)
- Lithium ion battery (1)
- Lithium-Ionen-Kondensatoren (1)
- Lobelia tupa (1)
- Local density friction approximation (1)
- Localized surface plasmon resonance (1)
- Low field MRI (1)
- Low temperature NMR spectroscopy (1)
- Low-temperature C-13 and Si-29 NMR (1)
- Low-temperature NMR (1)
- Low-temperature d-NMR (1)
- Lucigenin (1)
- Luminescence (1)
- Luminescence spectroscopy (1)
- Lupinifolin (1)
- Lysophosphatidylcholine (1)
- Lysotrackers (1)
- Lysozyme (1)
- Lävulinsäure (1)
- Löschung (1)
- Lösungsmittel (1)
- Lösungsmittel-thermisches Tempern (1)
- Lösungsmitteleffekte (1)
- Lösungsprozess (1)
- M062X/6-311G** calculations (1)
- MACE (1)
- MALDI-ToF MS (1)
- MAPbX3 (1)
- MD simulations (1)
- MOF-derived catalysts (1)
- MP2 (1)
- MP2 and CCSD(T) calculations (1)
- MP2 calculations (1)
- MQAE (1)
- MSDA (1)
- Macrocyclic li-gands (1)
- Macromolecular architecture (1)
- Macrophage (1)
- Magnetic (1)
- Magnetic composites (1)
- Magnetic-responsive (1)
- Magnetisch (1)
- Magnetit Nanopartikel (1)
- Magnetite (1)
- Magnetite and gold nanoparticles (1)
- Magnetite nanoparticles (1)
- Magnetite-gold nanoparticles (1)
- Magnetization measurements (1)
- Magnetotactic bacteria (1)
- Main text (1)
- Makrozyklen (1)
- Malaria (1)
- Male (1)
- Mammea usambarensis (1)
- Mammea-type coumarins (1)
- Manganese (1)
- Manipulation of Emulsion Stability (1)
- Marangoni flow (1)
- Marangoni-Fluss (1)
- Markov processes (1)
- Mass Spectrometry (1)
- Mass transfer (1)
- Mass transfer zone (1)
- Materials Chemistry (1)
- Materialwissenschaft (1)
- Matrix IR spectrum (1)
- Matrix metalloproteinase (1)
- Matrix-unterstützte Laser-Desorption/Ionisation (IR-MALDI) (1)
- Matsuda-Heck reaction (1)
- Maytenus boaria (1)
- Maytenus disticha (1)
- Maytenus spp. (1)
- Melt crystallization (1)
- Membranforschung bzw. Membranwissenschaften (1)
- Mesh size (1)
- Mesh ultra-thin layer (1)
- Mesomeric equilibrium of carbene/zwitterion (1)
- Mesomerism (1)
- Mesopores (1)
- Mesoporosity (1)
- Mesoporosität (1)
- Mesoporous materials (1)
- Mesoporöse Materialien (1)
- Metal Chalcogenides (1)
- Metal complexation (1)
- Metal-free polymerization (1)
- Metal-proton exchange reaction (1)
- Metalation (1)
- Metall (1)
- Metall-organische Gerüste (1)
- Metallcarbide (1)
- Metallchalkogenide (1)
- Metallnitrid-Kohlenstoff Komposite (1)
- Metallorganischen (1)
- Metalloxide (1)
- Methacrylat (1)
- Methacrylate (1)
- Methane (1)
- Methanogens (1)
- Methylmercury (1)
- Micr (1)
- Microfluidics (1)
- Microindentation (1)
- Microorganism (1)
- Microparticles Reagentless assay (1)
- Microperoxidase (1)
- Micropolarity (1)
- Micropollutants (1)
- Micropores (1)
- Microporosity (1)
- Microstructure (1)
- Microviscosity (1)
- Mikroemulsion (1)
- Mikroemulsionen (1)
- Mikrogel-Array (1)
- Mikrogele (1)
- Mikrogelketten (1)
- Mikrogelstränge (1)
- Mikrokapseln (1)
- Mikrokontaktdruck (1)
- Mikrotomographie (1)
- Mikrowellensynthese (1)
- Millettia dura (1)
- Millettia dura; (1)
- Millettia lasiantha (1)
- Millettia leucantha (1)
- Millettia micans (1)
- Millettia oblata ssp teitensis (1)
- Miniaturized cultivations (1)
- Miniemulsion (1)
- Mitochondrial ROS (1)
- Mixed-valent compounds (1)
- Mizellbildung (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Modified Mannich reaction (1)
- Modified mycotoxins (1)
- Modified polymer resin (1)
- Modifizierung von Polymeren (1)
- Molecular (1)
- Molecular Collisions (1)
- Molecular Probe (1)
- Molecular biophysics (1)
- Molecular diversity (1)
- Molecular dynamics simulation (1)
- Molecular dynamics with friction (1)
- Molecular interaction design (1)
- Molecular rod (1)
- Molecular rods (1)
- Molecular structure (1)
- Molecular weight (1)
- Molecules (1)
- Molekulare Kollisionen (1)
- Molybdoenzymes (1)
- Monolayer (1)
- Monolith (1)
- Monomers (1)
- Monoschicht (1)
- Monte Carlo (1)
- Monte-Carlo (1)
- Morpholindione (1)
- Morphologie von Kapseln (1)
- Morphology (1)
- Multi-Wellenlängen (1)
- Multi-drug resistance (1)
- Multi-method (1)
- Multiblock Copolymer (1)
- Multiblock copolymers (1)
- Multicompartment micelles (1)
- Multifunctional polyester networks (1)
- Multifunctionality (1)
- Multilayers (1)
- Multivariate data analysis (1)
- Mundulea sericea (1)
- Muonic molecules (1)
- Muschelnachahmend (1)
- Mycotoxins (1)
- N (1)
- N-2 fixation (1)
- N-Alkylglycin (1)
- N-acetyl cysteine (1)
- N-acetyl glucosamine derivatives (1)
- N-alkyl-glycine (1)
- N-azobenzylchitosan (1)
- N-butylpyridinium bromide (1)
- N-carboxyanhydrid (1)
- N-carboxyanhydride (1)
- N-doped carbon (1)
- N-dotierter Kohlenstoff (1)
- N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) (1)
- N-methylnicotinamide (1)
- N-triflyl guanidines (1)
- N-unsubstituted (primary)S-thiocarbamates (1)
- N-unsubstituted(primary)O-thiocarbamates (1)
- N2 fixation (1)
- N2-Fixierung (1)
- NBO and STERIC analyses (1)
- NBO/NCS analysis (1)
- NHC (1)
- NHCs (1)
- NICE-2014 (1)
- NIPAAm (1)
- NTF (1)
- Na+ homeostasis (1)
- Na+-K+-2Cl(-) cotransporter (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nano-bioextractant (1)
- Nanocrystal growth (1)
- Nanofiber (1)
- Nanofibers (1)
- Nanofluidik (1)
- Nanohybrid (1)
- Nanokapseln (1)
- Nanokomposit (1)
- Nanolinsen (1)
- Nanoparticles, Adhesion, Interfaces, Bubble, Imaging (1)
- Nanopartikeln (1)
- Nanopartikeln-Anordnung (1)
- Nanoplastik (1)
- Nanoplättchen (1)
- Nanorods (1)
- Nanosensor (1)
- Nanospindeln (1)
- Nanostructured (1)
- Nanostruktur (1)
- Nanotoxicity (1)
- Nanotriangle stacking and welding (1)
- Nanotriangles (1)
- Naphthoquinone (1)
- Naphthoxazinoquinazolines (1)
- Naphthoxazinoquinazolinones (1)
- Naphthyridine receptor (1)
- Naphthyridines (1)
- Natrium-Ionen-Akkumulator (1)
- Natrium-Ionen-Batterie (1)
- Naturstoff (1)
- Nauclea diderrichii (1)
- Navicula perminuta (1)
- Near infra-red (1)
- Near infrared (1)
- Near infrared light triggered shape-recovery (1)
- Negative Poisson’s ratio (1)
- Negative control (1)
- Negatives Poisson-Verhältnis (1)
- Neuroleptics (1)
- Neutron spin echo (1)
- Neutron spin-echo spectroscopy (1)
- Neutron tomography (1)
- Neutronen Diffraktion (1)
- Neutronen Reflektometrie (1)
- Ni nanodots (1)
- Ni2F5 (1)
- Nichtlineare Spektroskopie (1)
- Nichtwässrige Synthese (1)
- Nickel (1)
- Nickel oxide (1)
- Nickel-Kohlenstoff-Katalysatoren (1)
- Nitrogen Physisorption (1)
- Nitroxides (1)
- Non-CYP enzymes (1)
- Non-adiabatic transitions (1)
- Non-destructive (1)
- Nonadiabatic effects (1)
- Nonenzymatic (1)
- Nontarget terrestrial plants (1)
- Novozym 435 (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1)
- Nuclear-Spin-Statistics (1)
- Nucleophilic addition (1)
- Nucleotide nanosensor (1)
- Nukleation (1)
- Nukleierung (1)
- Numerical propagation (1)
- OER (1)
- OH suppression (1)
- OLED (1)
- ORMOCER (R) (1)
- ORR (1)
- Oberflächen (1)
- Oberflächenkräfte (1)
- Oberflächenmodifikation (1)
- Oberflächenmodifizierung (1)
- Oberflächenpotential (1)
- Oberflächentopografie (1)
- Oberfächen (1)
- Occupation quotient pi*/pi (1)
- Olefin Metathese (1)
- Olefin isomerization (1)
- Olefin metathesis (1)
- Olefin self- and cross-metathesis (1)
- Oligo(ethylene glycol) (1)
- Oligo(omega-pentadecalactone) (1)
- Oligodepsipeptide (1)
- Oligoglycerols (1)
- Oligomere (1)
- Oligomers (1)
- Oligosaccharides (1)
- On-demand Freisetzung (1)
- One-cycle laser pulses (1)
- Open Source (1)
- Open quantum systems (1)
- Optical fiber (1)
- Optical oxygen sensor (1)
- Optical parameter set (1)
- Optical sensor (1)
- Optimale Kontrolltheorie (1)
- Ordering transitions (1)
- Organic electrode (1)
- Organic photovoltaic Cell (1)
- Organic structure (1)
- Organische Photovoltaikzelle (1)
- Organo-Silikate (1)
- Organocatalytic polymerization (1)
- Organogel (1)
- Organosilica (1)
- Ormocarpum kirkii (1)
- Oscillating Bubble (1)
- Oxalat-Fällung (1)
- Oxidkeramik (1)
- Oxo-Kohlenstoff (1)
- Oxygen sensing (1)
- PARAFAC (1)
- PCM (1)
- PDA (1)
- PDLLGA (1)
- PDMS surface grafting (1)
- PEG brushes (1)
- PEG-Funktionalisierung (1)
- PEG6000 (1)
- PHA-depolymerases (1)
- PHEMA (1)
- PISA (1)
- PMS activation (1)
- POF; Reliabilität; Abbau; Chemilumineszenz (1)
- POF; reliability; degradation; chemiluminescence (1)
- PQQ-GDH (1)
- PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (1)
- PZT (1)
- Packaging (1)
- Palladium ion (1)
- Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of arenediazonium salts with organoindium or organobismuth reagents (1)
- Paratope (1)
- Partial least squares regression (PLSR) (1)
- Particle shape (1)
- Particle size (1)
- Pastillation (1)
- Patchy Partikel (1)
- Pd catalysis (1)
- Pear (1)
- Pendant drop tensiometry (1)
- Penicillium digitatum (1)
- Pentylsedinine (1)
- Peptid (1)
- Peptid-Polymer-Konjugate (1)
- Peptide (1)
- Peptide coating (1)
- Peptiden (1)
- Percolation (1)
- Peripheral ring current (1)
- Perovskite (1)
- Perovskites (1)
- Perowskit (1)
- Perowskit Solarzellen (1)
- Perowskit Vorläuferstadien (1)
- Perowskite (1)
- Perylen (1)
- Phagocytosis (1)
- Phantoms (1)
- Phasenübergang (1)
- Phasenübergänge (1)
- Phenols (1)
- Phenylacetylide (1)
- Phenylanthraquinone (1)
- Phosphate (1)
- Phosphate recovery (1)
- Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C 32:1 (1)
- Phospholipid (1)
- Phospholipids (1)
- Phosphorescence lifetime (1)
- Photo-Dehydro-Diels-Alder reaction (1)
- Photochemische Reaktionen (1)
- Photodesorption (1)
- Photodynamics (1)
- Photoelektronenspektroskopie (1)
- Photoinduced optical anisotropy (1)
- Photoinitiierte Polymerisationen (1)
- Photon Density Wave Spectroscopy (1)
- Photopolymer (1)
- Photopolymers (1)
- Photoresponsive polymers (1)
- Photovoltaics (1)
- Physical Crosslinking (1)
- Physical Network (1)
- Physical chemistry (1)
- Physikalische Vernetzung (1)
- Pi interactions (1)
- Pickering Emulsion (1)
- Pickering interfacial catalysis (1)
- Piperidine alkaloid (1)
- Plant Material (1)
- Plant community model (1)
- Plant reproduction (1)
- Plasmid DNA production (1)
- Platelet (1)
- Platycelphium voense (1)
- Platyisoflavanone (1)
- Pleistocene (1)
- Pleurotus ostreatus (1)
- Plume (1)
- Pluronics (1)
- Polar effect (1)
- Polar substituent constant (1)
- Polarization elements (1)
- Poly vinyl alcohol (1)
- Poly(2-oxazoline) (1)
- Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamid) (1)
- Poly(N-Isopropylmethacrylamid) (1)
- Poly(N-Vinylisobutyramid) (1)
- Poly(allyl alcohol)s (1)
- Poly(carbonate-urea-urethane)s (1)
- Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) networks (1)
- Poly(ether imide) (1)
- Poly(ionic liquid) (1)
- Poly(ionische Flüssigkeit) (1)
- Poly(lactic acid) (1)
- Poly(n-butyl acrylate) (1)
- Poly(trimethylsilylpropyne) matrix (1)
- Poly(ε-caprolacton) (1)
- Poly-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes (1)
- Poly-epsilon-caprolactone (1)
- PolyNIPAM (1)
- Polyaromatic fragments (1)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1)
- Polyeste r (1)
- Polyester (1)
- Polyesterurethane (1)
- Polyether (1)
- Polyether ether ketone (1)
- Polyethylene imine (1)
- Polyglycin (1)
- Polyimides (1)
- Polykondensation (1)
- Polylactid (1)
- Polylactide stereocomplex (1)
- Polymer Modification (1)
- Polymer architecture (1)
- Polymer capped gold nanoparticles (1)
- Polymer dispersions (1)
- Polymer functionalization (1)
- Polymer micronetwork colloids (1)
- Polymer network properties (1)
- Polymer networks (1)
- Polymer physics (1)
- Polymer-clay composite (1)
- Polymer-coating (1)
- Polymer-modified surfaces (1)
- Polymeric substrate (1)
- Polymerization (1)
- Polymerized ionic liquids (1)
- Polymernetzwerk (1)
- Polymerphysik (1)
- Polymers on surfaces (1)
- Polymersynthese (1)
- Polymertenside (1)
- Polymilchsäure (1)
- Polyolefin (1)
- Polypeptide (1)
- Polypeptoid (1)
- Polypeptoide (1)
- Polypeptoids (1)
- Polyplexes (1)
- Polystyrene-divinylbenzene (1)
- Polysulfobetaine (1)
- Porosimetry (1)
- Porous (1)
- Porous poly(ether imide) microparticulate absorbers (1)
- Porous scaffold (1)
- Poröse Materialien (1)
- Poröser Kohlenstoff (1)
- Poröser Stoff (1)
- Porösität (1)
- Post-Modifikationen (1)
- Post-polymerization modification (1)
- Potato (1)
- Precipitation (1)
- Principal component analysis (PCA) (1)
- Process (1)
- Proline (1)
- Protein Microcapsules (1)
- Protein delivery (1)
- Protein structure (1)
- Protein voltammetry (1)
- Protein-NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Protein-Polymer Konjugaten (1)
- Protein-Polymer-Konjugat (1)
- Protein-polymer conjugate (1)
- Proteinadsorption (1)
- Proteincharakterisierung (1)
- Proteinmikrokapseln (1)
- Proteins (1)
- Protic 2-hydroxyethylammonium ionic liquids (1)
- Proton transfer reaction (1)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1)
- Pterocarpan (1)
- Pulse duration (1)
- Pulsed interleaved excitation (1)
- Push-pull alkynes (1)
- Push-pull allenes (1)
- Puzzles (1)
- Pyrene (1)
- Pyrimidines (1)
- QD device (1)
- QD stability (1)
- QD-Gerät (1)
- QD-Stabilität (1)
- QM/MM Molekulardynamik (1)
- QM/MM stochastic dynamics (1)
- QuEChERS (1)
- Quadratsäure (1)
- Quality (1)
- Quantenchemie (1)
- Quantendynamik (1)
- Quantendynamische Simulationen (1)
- Quantification of contrast agent (1)
- Quantum Chemical Calculations (1)
- Quantum Dots (1)
- Quantum chemistry (1)
- Quantum mechanics (1)
- Quantumdots (1)
- Quasi-aromaticity (1)
- Quinonoid structure (1)
- Quotient method (1)
- Química de Coloides (1)
- RA-intramolecular hydrogen bond (1)
- RAFT dispersion polymerization (1)
- RAFT, Polymerisation (1)
- RAFT-Polymerization (1)
- RAFT/MADIX Polymerisation (1)
- RAFT/MADIX polymerization (1)
- RGD peptides (1)
- RGD-peptide (1)
- ROP (1)
- Radiative transport (1)
- Radical polymerization (1)
- Radicals (1)
- Radikalreaktionen (1)
- Radiosensibilisator (1)
- Random copolymer (1)
- Rapeseed cake (1)
- Rapeseed oil (1)
- Rare-earth elements (1)
- Reaction mechanisms (1)
- Reaction monitoring (1)
- Reaction products (1)
- Reactive adsorption (1)
- Reactive foaming (1)
- Reagents (1)
- Reaktion (1)
- Reaktionsmechanismen (1)
- Reaktionsmechanismus (1)
- Rearrangement to trithiaazapentalene (1)
- Redox chemistry (1)
- Redox polymer (1)
- Redoxchemie (1)
- Reduced scattering coefficient (1)
- Reduction (1)
- Regioselectivity (1)
- Release (1)
- Release studies (1)
- Renewable Resources (1)
- Reproductive toxicity (1)
- Rerenzmaterial (1)
- Residual dipolar couplings (1)
- Resonante Energie Transfer (1)
- Resonanz-Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Responsive polymers (1)
- Responsivity (1)
- Reverse microemulsions (1)
- Reversibility (1)
- Rheologie (1)
- Rhodamine 6G (1)
- Rhodium (1)
- Ring method (1)
- Ring tensiometry (1)
- Ring-current effect (1)
- Ringöffnungspolymerisation (1)
- Robotic synthesis (1)
- Robotics (1)
- Root zone processes (1)
- Rotational barriers (1)
- RuBisCO (1)
- Ruthenium complexes (1)
- Röntgenbeugung (1)
- Röntgenstrahlung (1)
- S li-gands (1)
- S ligands (1)
- SAM (1)
- SAW impedance sensor (1)
- SBFI (1)
- SDS (1)
- SDS inverse micelle (1)
- SEC-MALS (1)
- SLS (1)
- SOD (1)
- SQM FF (1)
- SQM-FF (1)
- SRG formation in polymer brushes (1)
- STM (1)
- STM-induced reactions (1)
- Saccharide Recognition (1)
- Salicylic acid (1)
- Salze (1)
- Salzschmelze (1)
- Satellite hybrid (1)
- Sauerstoff Reduktion (1)
- Sauerstoff-Reduktionsreaktion (1)
- Scaffold contraction (1)
- Scaffold degradation (1)
- Scaffold stiffness (1)
- Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) (1)
- Schaum (1)
- Schaumfilme (1)
- Schizozygane indoline alkaloid (1)
- Schizozygia coffaeoides (1)
- Schmelz (1)
- Schrodinger equation (1)
- Schwefel (1)
- Schwefelwirt (1)
- Schwingungsanregung (1)
- Schwingungsaufgelöste UV/VIS-Spektroskopie (1)
- Schwingungsspektroskopie (1)
- Science and Mathematics (1)
- Second-Year undergraduate (1)
- Seedpods (1)
- Sekundärstruktur (1)
- Selbstassemblierung (1)
- Selbstheilende Beschichtungen (1)
- Self Instruction (1)
- Semen parameters (1)
- Senecio roseiflorus (1)
- Sequence analysis (1)
- Sequence structure (1)
- Sex (1)
- Shadowgraphie (1)
- Si(111)-7x7 (1)
- Silacyclohexanes (1)
- Silaheterocyclohexanes (1)
- Silanes (1)
- Silbernanopartikel (1)
- Silica Determination (1)
- Silica sulfuric acid (1)
- Silicate (1)
- Siliciumdioxid (1)
- Silicon Content (1)
- Silika (1)
- Silika Partikel (1)
- Silver (1)
- Silver nanoparticles (1)
- Simulation of H-1 NMR spectra (1)
- Simulation of polymer XPS (1)
- Single molecule fluorescence (1)
- Single-molecule FRET (1)
- Small angle neutron scattering (1)
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (1)
- Small-angle neutron scattering (1)
- Sn(IV) alkoxide (1)
- SnAr reaction (1)
- Sodium transport (1)
- Sodium-ion batteries (1)
- Soft-Templaten (1)
- Soil (1)
- Solanum tuberosum (1)
- Solar cells (1)
- Solid acid (1)
- Solid phase (1)
- Solid phase synthesis (1)
- Solid polymer electrolyte (1)
- Solubility (1)
- Solute transport (1)
- Solution phase synthesis (1)
- Solvent extraction (1)
- Solvent-free (1)
- Solvothermalsynthese (1)
- Sonication (1)
- Sophoronol-7-methyl ether (1)
- Spannungskonzentrationen (1)
- Spatial NICS (1)
- Spatially resolved spectroscopy (1)
- Spermidin (1)
- Spezies (1)
- Sphaeranthus bullatus (1)
- Spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (1)
- Spinning drop (1)
- Spiro compound (1)
- Spiro compounds (1)
- Spiropyrane (1)
- Sprengstoffe (1)
- Spritzgießen (1)
- Stabilität von Emulsionen (1)
- Stabilität von Schäumen (1)
- Staphylococcus aureus (1)
- Stem (1)
- Stem bark (1)
- Stereocomplex (1)
- Stereokomplex (1)
- Stereokomplexierung (1)
- Steric effects (1)
- Steric hindrance (1)
- Steric substituent constant (1)
- Stickstoff Physisorption (1)
- Stickstoffdotiert (1)
- Stickstoff‑ und Kohlenstoffhaltige Materialien (1)
- Stimuli-Sensitivität (1)
- Stimuli-responsive polymers (1)
- Stoßquerschnitt (1)
- Stress concentration (1)
- Stripping (1)
- Strontium (1)
- Structural investigations (1)
- Structure (1)
- Structure Determination (1)
- Structure revision (1)
- Strukturaufklärung (1)
- Strukturbildung (1)
- Strömungschemie (1)
- Students (1)
- Styrene (1)
- Sub-zero temperature (Celsius) (1)
- Subambient pressure (1)
- Submicron particles (1)
- Substituent chemical shifts (1)
- Substituent effects (1)
- Substrat (1)
- Substrate effect (1)
- Sulfation (1)
- Sulfonated polyaniline (1)
- Sulfoxide (1)
- Supercapacitor (1)
- Superkondensator (1)
- Superkondensatoren (1)
- Superoxide (1)
- Superparamagnetic (1)
- Superparamagnetic magnetite (1)
- Supramolecular Interactions (1)
- Supramolecular ball structure (1)
- Supramolecular compounds (1)
- Supramolekular (1)
- Supramolekularen Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Surface Hopping Dynamik (1)
- Surface chemistry (1)
- Surface complexes (1)
- Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) (1)
- Surface plasmon resonance (1)
- Surface properties (1)
- Surface reaction (1)
- Surface relief grating (1)
- Surface removal (1)
- Surface science (1)
- Surface-initiated atom-transfer radical (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Sustainable (1)
- Suzuki coupling (1)
- Swelling behavior (1)
- Switchable Surfactants (1)
- Switchable wettability (1)
- Synchrotron radiation XPS (1)
- Syngas Hydrogenation (1)
- Syngashydrierung (1)
- Synthesemethoden (1)
- Synthetische Biologie (1)
- T1 mapping (1)
- TBTU (1)
- TCP (1)
- TG/DTA (1)
- THP-1 cells (1)
- TOF-SIMS (1)
- Tandem mass spectrometry (1)
- Tandemmassenspektrometrie (1)
- Tautomerism (1)
- Teilchenbildung (1)
- Telechel (1)
- Temperaturänderungen (1)
- Templat (1)
- Template phase (1)
- Template reaction (1)
- Templated self-assembly (1)
- Templatierung (1)
- Templating (1)
- Tensid (1)
- Tephrosia aequilata (1)
- Tephrosia elata (1)
- Tephrosia subtriflora (1)
- Tephrosia villosa (1)
- Terbium (1)
- Terpurinflavone (1)
- Testosterone (1)
- Tetraoxo[8]circulenes (1)
- Tetraphenylethene Bioassay Fluorescent dye (1)
- Tetrapyrroles (1)
- Theoretical chemistry (1)
- Thermal behavior (1)
- Thermal broadening effects (1)
- Thermo-responsive (1)
- Thermo-responsive polymer (1)
- Thermochemical properties (1)
- Thermodynamische Eigenschaft (1)
- Thermomechanical history (1)
- Thermoplastic elastomer (1)
- Thermosensitivity (1)
- Thiazol-Salze (1)
- Thienopyridine (1)
- Thioether ligands (1)
- Thiol-X (1)
- Thiol-ene (1)
- Thiol-ene addition (1)
- Thiol-ene click chemistry (1)
- Thiole (1)
- Thioredoxin (1)
- Thiouracil (1)
- Threshold (1)
- Through-space NMR (1)
- Through-space NMR shielding (TSNMRS) (1)
- Ti4O7 (1)
- TiO2 (1)
- TiO2 nanotubes (1)
- Time-resolved Immunoassay (1)
- Time-resolved crystallography (1)
- Time-resolved spectroscopy (1)
- Tin octanoate (1)
- Toonacilin (1)
- Toonapubesins F (1)
- Torque (1)
- Total synthesis (1)
- Toxicity (1)
- Trace elements (1)
- Transient (1)
- Transient absorption (1)
- Transition metals (1)
- Transmembrane protein (1)
- Triazin (1)
- Triblock Copolymers (1)
- Triblock-Copolymere (1)
- Trichloracetimidate (1)
- Trichloroacetimidates (1)
- Triiodide "network" (1)
- Triphilic block copolymers (1)
- Trithiapentalene (1)
- Tropfen (1)
- Tropfenoszillationen (1)
- Tropfenprofil-Analysen-Tensiometrie (1)
- Trough-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRS) (1)
- Tube-like template phase (1)
- Tuber (1)
- Tubular network structure (1)
- Turbid media (1)
- Turraea nilotica (1)
- Turraea robusta (1)
- Twisted double bonds (1)
- Two-dimensional separations (1)
- Type 2 Diabetes (1)
- UV-VIS Spectroscopy (1)
- UV-Vis-NIR (1)
- UV/VIS (1)
- UVB reduction (1)
- Ugi reaction (1)
- Ultra-low (1)
- Ultradünne Filme (1)
- Ulva linza (1)
- Umweltreaktion (1)
- Untreated agricultural wastes (1)
- Upconversion luminescence (1)
- Upgrade of Fructose (1)
- Uracil (1)
- Uranyl (1)
- Uremic toxins (1)
- VEGF (1)
- Vacuum drying (1)
- Valerolacton (1)
- Vanadium pentoxide (1)
- Verbindungen auf Eisenbasis (1)
- Verdunstung (1)
- Vernetzung (1)
- Vesicle (1)
- Vesicles (1)
- Vesikel Forschung/Vesikel Studien (1)
- Vibrational states (1)
- Vibrio cholerae (1)
- Vibronic spectrum (1)
- Vinylogous N-acyliminium ion (1)
- Violaxanthin (1)
- Vis spectroscopy (1)
- Wacker reaction (1)
- Wasser auf Aluminiumoxid (1)
- Wasser/Luft Grenzflächen (1)
- Wasser/Öl-Grenzfläche (1)
- Wassergehalt (1)
- Wasseroberfläche (1)
- Wasserspaltung (1)
- Water splitting (1)
- Water vapor (1)
- Wavelength modulation gas spectroscopy (1)
- Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (laser spectroscopy) (1)
- Web-Based Learning (1)
- Weitwinkelröntgenstreuung (1)
- Winsor phases (1)
- Winterschachtelhalm (1)
- Wirkung des Ionenstärken (1)
- Wirkung des pH-Werten (1)
- Wärmetransformationsanwendungen (1)
- X-ray absorption (1)
- X-ray analysis (1)
- X-ray crystallography (1)
- Xanthone (1)
- Xenobiotics (1)
- Y-aromaticity (1)
- Ylide (1)
- Yukawa model in the Mean Spherical Approximation (1)
- Zanthoxylum holstzianum (1)
- Zanthoxylum leprieurii (1)
- Zeitabhängige Dichtefunktionaltheorie (1)
- Zeitaufgelöste Lumineszenz (1)
- Zeitaufgelöster Immunoassay (1)
- Zell-Umwelt-Interaktionen (1)
- Zuckererkennung (1)
- Zwitterionic surfactant (1)
- [N]phenylene dyads (1)
- [N]phenylenes (1)
- a (1)
- abbaubares Polymer (1)
- absolute-configuration (1)
- absorption (1)
- acceptors (1)
- acetanilides (1)
- acid (1)
- acidic ionic liquids (1)
- acidity constants (1)
- acoustically levitated droplets (1)
- actin cytoskeleton (1)
- actinide (1)
- actinide, organic ligand, sorption, cementitious material, concrete, luminescence (1)
- activated urethane (1)
- activation entropy (1)
- active polymer (1)
- active scaffold (1)
- activity (1)
- actuator (1)
- acute pancreatitis (1)
- adamantane (1)
- addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (1)
- additive Fertigung (1)
- additive manufacturing (1)
- additives (1)
- adenoassociated virus (1)
- adhesive (1)
- adhesives (1)
- adsorbate vibrations (1)
- adsorption kinetics (1)
- aequichalcone A (1)
- aequichalcone B (1)
- aequichalcone C (1)
- aerogel (1)
- aggregation (1)
- air - water interface (1)
- air-water-interface (1)
- aktiviertes Urethan (1)
- akustisch schwebende Tropfen (1)
- alcohols (1)
- aldol reaction (1)
- algae cultivation (1)
- alignment (1)
- alignments (1)
- alkaloid (1)
- alkyl nitrates (1)
- alkynes (1)
- alkynol cycloisomerization (1)
- all-carbon composites (1)
- allyl alcohols (1)
- alpha,omega-Dienes (1)
- alumina (1)
- aluminum alloy (1)
- amide ligand (1)
- amides (1)
- amine (1)
- amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) (1)
- amino acids (1)
- ammonia (1)
- amorphes Calciumcarbonat (1)
- amphiphile Blockcopolymere (1)
- amphiphilic block copolymer (1)
- amphiphilic block copolymers (1)
- amphiphilic particles (1)
- amphiphilic polymer assembly (1)
- amphiphilic surface (1)
- analytical methods (1)
- analytical technology (1)
- analytical ultracentrifugation (1)
- anion substitution (1)
- anionic polymerization (1)
- anionic polymerizations (1)
- anisotropic colloids (1)
- anisotropic microgels (1)
- anisotropic structures (1)
- anode (1)
- anodes (1)
- anti-HIV (1)
- anti-fouling (1)
- anti-inflammatory therapy (1)
- anti-polyelectrolyte effect (1)
- antibodies (1)
- antibody staining (1)
- antifouling coatings (1)
- antileishmanial (1)
- antimicrobial (1)
- antimicrobial peptide (1)
- antimycobacterial activity (1)
- aqueous systems (1)
- arenediazonium salts (1)
- aridity (1)
- articulated rods (1)
- artificial cells (1)
- arylboronic acids (1)
- aryldiazonium salts (1)
- aspect-ratio (1)
- assembly capabilities (1)
- assoziative Photodesorption (1)
- astrophotonics (1)
- asymmetric (1)
- asymmetric catalysis (1)
- asymmetrisch (1)
- atmospheric effects (1)
- atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) (1)
- atomic force microscopy (AFM) (1)
- azides (1)
- azobenzene containing surfactants (1)
- azobenzene trimethylammonium bromide (1)
- bandgap (1)
- barrier to ring inversion (1)
- basement membrane (1)
- basis sets (1)
- begrenzte Polymerisation (1)
- behavior (1)
- bending stiffness (1)
- benzenoid structures (1)
- benzoboroxole (1)
- benzofurans (1)
- benzophenanthridine alkaloid (1)
- beta-(acyloxy)alkylrear (1)
- beta-dihydroagarofuran-type sesquiterpene (1)
- beta-galactosidase (1)
- beta-lactoglobulin (1)
- bicontinuous phase (1)
- bilayer (1)
- bilayer system (1)
- bio-based (1)
- bio-inspired (1)
- bio-modification (1)
- bioactive (1)
- bioaktiv (1)
- bioanalysis (1)
- bioconjugate (1)
- biodiversity (1)
- bioelectrochemistry (1)
- biofunctionalization (1)
- biohybrid membrane materials (1)
- bioinspiration (1)
- bioinspired materials (1)
- bioinstructive implants (1)
- biological applications of polymers (1)
- biological membrane (1)
- biological membranes (1)
- biologische Membranen (1)
- biomass valorization (1)
- biomass-derived carbons (1)
- biomaterial-tissue interface (1)
- biomedical (1)
- biomimetic (chemical reaction) (1)
- biomimetics and semiconducting polymers (1)
- biopolymer (1)
- biopolymers (1)
- bioprinting (1)
- biorecognition reactions (1)
- biorelevant (1)
- biosensor (1)
- biphasic catalysis (1)
- bismuth (1)
- bleifreie Perowskit-Solarzellen (1)
- blend (1)
- block copolymer vesicles (1)
- block-copolymer (1)
- block-copolymers (1)
- blockcopolymer (1)
- blockcopolymere (1)
- blood tests (1)
- body temperature (1)
- borates (1)
- bound phenolic compounds (1)
- brewster angle microscopy (1)
- broad melting temperature range (1)
- brominated (1)
- brushes (1)
- brushite (1)
- bubble-bubble interaction (1)
- building-blocks (1)
- cGMP (1)
- cadmium (1)
- calcium carbonate biomineralization (1)
- cancer radiation therapy (1)
- capacity (1)
- capillary pressure tensiometry (1)
- capillary-active substrates (1)
- capsule morphology (1)
- carbene electron deficiency (1)
- carbene ligands (1)
- carbenes (1)
- carbohydrate derivatives (1)
- carbohydrate recognition (1)
- carbohydrate-based oxepines (1)
- carbohydrate-protein interactions (1)
- carbon fibers (1)
- carbon material (1)
- carbon nanodots (1)
- carbon supports (1)
- carbonyl-compounds (1)
- cardiovascular disease (1)
- cardiovascular implant (1)
- carotenoid (1)
- cascade reactions (1)
- catalyst functionalization (1)
- catalytic application (1)
- catalyzed cross metathesis (1)
- catalyzed redox isomerization (1)
- catanionic surfactant bilayer (1)
- catanionic surfactants (1)
- catechol (1)
- cation miscibility (1)
- cationic ring-opening polymerization (1)
- cationic surfactants (1)
- cations (1)
- cavitation-based mechanical force (1)
- cell agglutination (1)
- cell culture device (1)
- cell cycle inhibitors (1)
- cell-environment interactions (1)
- cell-material interaction (1)
- cells (1)
- cellular uptake (1)
- ceramics (1)
- cereals (1)
- ceria (1)
- cerium oxide (1)
- cesium cation (1)
- chain azobenzene polymers (1)
- chain mobility (1)
- chain-extended (1)
- chalcogenide (1)
- chalcogens (1)
- chalcone (1)
- chelates (1)
- chemical modification (1)
- chemical synthesis (1)
- chemical vapor deposition (1)
- chemical-synthesis (1)
- chemische Sensoren (1)
- chemodosimeter (1)
- chiral carbon (1)
- chiral nanoparticles (1)
- chiral recognition (1)
- chiral sensing (1)
- chiral separation (1)
- chirale Trennung (1)
- chlorophyll (1)
- cholesteric phase (1)
- cholesteric scaffolds (1)
- chromanes (1)
- chromatography (1)
- chromenes (1)
- chromophores (1)
- chronic kidney disease (CKD) (1)
- chronic pancreatitis (1)
- ciprofloxacin (1)
- cis (1)
- cis,cis-Tricyclo[5.3.0.0(2,6)]dec-3-enes (1)
- citrate displacement (1)
- citrazinic acid (1)
- classical dynamics (1)
- classification (1)
- clay (1)
- click triazoles (1)
- cluster models (1)
- coalescence (1)
- cobamides (1)
- coexisting phases (1)
- coffee phenolic compounds (1)
- coffee processing (1)
- cold (1)
- collagen (1)
- collagen-IV (1)
- colloid chemistry (1)
- colloidal aggregation (1)
- colloidal chemistry (1)
- colloidal quantum dot (1)
- colloidal quantum dots (1)
- colorimetric detection (1)
- column operation mode (1)
- comb poly(beta-myrcene)-graft-poly(l-lactide) copolymers (1)
- common species (1)
- complex (1)
- complex emulsion (1)
- composite (1)
- composite electrodes (1)
- computational chemistry (1)
- computer-based (1)
- conductive polymer (1)
- configuration interaction (1)
- configuration interactions (1)
- confined polymerization (1)
- confinement (1)
- confocal Raman microscopy (1)
- confocal raman microscopy (1)
- conformational equilibrium (1)
- conformational transitions (1)
- conformational-changes (1)
- conjugated microporous polymers (1)
- cononsolvency (1)
- continuous-flow (1)
- contrast agents (1)
- control body weight (1)
- controlled release (1)
- controlled-release (1)
- convenient synthesis (1)
- coordination bonds (1)
- coordination complexes (1)
- coordination polymer (1)
- copolymer networks (1)
- copper minerals (1)
- copper(II) halide salts (1)
- copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (1)
- core excited states (1)
- core-shell (1)
- core-shell UCNP (1)
- core-shell materials (1)
- core-shell nanoparticles (1)
- core-shell structures (1)
- correlation function (1)
- coupled-cluster (1)
- covalent frameworks (1)
- covalent organic framework (1)
- covalent organic frameworks (1)
- critical micellation temperature (1)
- cryo-electron (1)
- crystal structure prediction (1)
- crystalline (1)
- crystallinity (1)
- crystallography (1)
- ct-DNA (1)
- cyano anchor group (1)
- cyclic imines (1)
- cyclic olefin copolymer (1)
- cyclic thermomechanical testing (1)
- cyclization (1)
- cyclodextrin (1)
- cyclooligomers (1)
- cyclopropanation (1)
- cytidine (1)
- cytochrome P450 (1)
- cytoplasm (1)
- cytosolic sodium (1)
- cytotoxic (1)
- data-storage (1)
- de novo synthesis (1)
- de-novo synthesis (1)
- deacetylation (1)
- decay dynamics (1)
- dedifferentiation (1)
- deep eutectic solvents (1)
- defect chemistry (1)
- degradable (1)
- degradable polyester (1)
- degradable polymer (1)
- degradable polymers (1)
- delivery (1)
- dendritic cells (1)
- density functional theory (DFT) (1)
- deoxyfructosazine (1)
- dependent scattering (1)
- derivatives (1)
- design of experiments (1)
- deuteration (1)
- di(ethylene glycol) methy ether methacrylate (1)
- diamondoid (1)
- diazonium salts (1)
- dibenzocyclooctane (1)
- dibenzoeilatin (1)
- dibenzylbutane (1)
- diels-alder reaction (1)
- differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (1)
- diffractive elements (1)
- diffusion barrier (1)
- dihydro-beta-agarofuran (1)
- dihydrobenzofurans (1)
- dihydromyricetin (1)
- dihydromyricetin-3-O-beta-glucoside (1)
- dihydroxyacetone (1)
- dilute aqueous-solutions (1)
- dimensional stability (1)
- dimer (1)
- dipole approximation (1)
- dipole-dipole interaction (1)
- direct bioelectrocatalysis (1)
- direct electron transfer (1)
- disinfection (1)
- disordered media (1)
- dispersion (1)
- dissipative dynamics (1)
- distance learning/self instruction (1)
- diversiform structures (1)
- docking (1)
- double hydrophilic block copolymers (1)
- double strand break (1)
- drop (1)
- drop and bubble coalescence (1)
- drop profile analysis tensiometry (1)
- drop-drop interaction (1)
- droplet-droplet interactions (1)
- drought (1)
- drought tolerance (1)
- drug carrier system (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- drug imprinting (1)
- drug sensors (1)
- dual non-covalent interactions (1)
- dual thermoresponsive (1)
- dual-frequency phase-modulation (1)
- dyes (1)
- dynamic NMR spectroscopy (1)
- dynamic interfacial tensions (1)
- dünne Filme (1)
- echinoderm skeleton (1)
- ecosystem function (1)
- effect of alkyl side chains (1)
- efficient (1)
- elastomers (1)
- electric fields (1)
- electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- electrically switchable gratings. (1)
- electrochemical sensors (1)
- electrochromism (1)
- electrode materials (1)
- electrodes (1)
- electrolyte sensitivity (1)
- electromagnetic field enhancement (1)
- electron correlation (1)
- electron microscopy (1)
- electron tomography (1)
- electron-spin resonance (1)
- electronic wavepackets (1)
- electrospray ionization (1)
- electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and modeling (1)
- electrostatic assembly (1)
- electrostatics (1)
- elegans (1)
- elektroaktive Polymere (1)
- elektronische Materialien (1)
- elimination (1)
- ellipsometric mapping (1)
- emperical potential structure refinement (1)
- emulsion inversion (1)
- emulsion microscopy (1)
- emulsions (1)
- enantiomers (1)
- encapsulation (1)
- end-groups (1)
- endo-Mode cyclization (1)
- endogenous sensor proteins (1)
- endosomal escape (1)
- endothelial basement membrane (1)
- endothelization (1)
- energy conversion (1)
- energy density (1)
- energy materials (1)
- energy storage mechanism (1)
- energy-transfer (1)
- engineering (1)
- ensamblaje de nanopartículas (1)
- environmental remediation (1)
- environmental response (1)
- enzymatic degradation (1)
- enzymatic sensors (1)
- enzymatic-degradation (1)
- enzymatically active membrane (1)
- enzyme immobilization (1)
- enzyme inhibitors (1)
- enzyme-polymer conjugates (1)
- enzyme/polymer conjugate (1)
- enzymology (1)
- ephedrine/pseudoephedrine (1)
- epithelial ion transport (1)
- epoxidation (1)
- epsilon-caprolactone (1)
- equilibrium topology (1)
- escence correlation spectroscopy (1)
- escherichia-coli (1)
- esters (1)
- estructuras templadas blandas (1)
- etanercept (1)
- ethanolamine phosphate (1)
- ether methacrylates (1)
- ethers (1)
- europium complex (1)
- evaporation (1)
- evolution (1)
- exchange (1)
- excimer UV light (1)
- exciton (1)
- exo-methylene conformational effect at cyclohexane (1)
- expandierbar (1)
- expansion (1)
- extracellular matrix modifying enzymes (1)
- extracellular matrix proteins (1)
- extraction (1)
- fatty acids (1)
- fermentation (1)
- ferrocene (1)
- ferroelectricity (1)
- ferrofluid (1)
- ferromagnetic (1)
- fiber (1)
- fiber meshes (1)
- fiber optic sensors (1)
- fiber sensors (1)
- fiber spectroscopy (1)
- fiber-optical spectroscopy (1)
- fibre Bragg gratings (1)
- fibrinogen (1)
- fibroblast (1)
- field test (1)
- film tuning (1)
- films (1)
- fine-structure (1)
- first-year undergraduate/general (1)
- flavanonol (1)
- flavonoid (1)
- flavonoids (1)
- flavonol (1)
- flexibility (1)
- flow chemistry (1)
- flow photochemistry (1)
- fludarabine (1)
- fluorescence anisotropy (1)
- fluorescence enhancement (1)
- fluorescence label (1)
- fluorescence stimuli‐ responsivity (1)
- fluorinated Blockcopolymers (1)
- fluorinated olefins (1)
- fluorinated polymers (1)
- fluoroimmunoassay (1)
- fluoropolymers (1)
- fluorous chemistry (1)
- flux de Marangoni (1)
- foam films (1)
- focal adhesion (1)
- food contact material (1)
- force sensors (1)
- form stability (1)
- formal synthesis (1)
- formose (1)
- fouling release (1)
- fourier-transform spectroscopy (1)
- fractal kinetics (1)
- fractional dynamics (1)
- fulgides (1)
- fumaronitrile (1)
- function (1)
- functionalization of polymers (1)
- functionalized (1)
- functionalizing proteins (1)
- fungus (1)
- funktional (1)
- funktionalisiert (1)
- gadolinium (1)
- galactose-decorated monomer (1)
- galactosylceramide (1)
- galectin (1)
- galectin-3 (1)
- gas supply conditions (1)
- gas-phase reactions (1)
- gases (1)
- gelatin-based hydrogels (1)
- gelatin/chitosan hydrogel scaffold (1)
- gelation (1)
- gemini surfactant (1)
- gene silencing (1)
- generation of higher and lower harmonics (1)
- geometry (1)
- glass (1)
- glass transition (1)
- glass transition temperature (1)
- glass-transition temperature (1)
- glucose homeostasis (1)
- glucosinolates (1)
- glycals (1)
- glyco chemistry (1)
- glyco-inside nano-assemblies (1)
- glycoconjugate (1)
- glycoconjugates (1)
- glycogels (1)
- glycomaterials (1)
- glycomonomer (1)
- glycopeptide (1)
- glycopeptoid (1)
- glycopolymer (1)
- glycopolymer electrolytes (1)
- glycosynthases (1)
- gold electrodes (1)
- gold surface (1)
- gold-carbon catalysts (1)
- gold-polymer hybrid shell (1)
- gouttes (1)
- gouttes sessiles (1)
- graphene oxide (1)
- grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (1)
- groove binding (1)
- grüne Chemie (1)
- habitat (1)
- halide (1)
- halide perovskite (1)
- halide-ions (1)
- hazelnut cultivars (1)
- head-to-tail surfactant associates (1)
- heat measurement (1)
- heat transformation application (1)
- heiße Elektronen (1)
- helicene (1)
- helicenes (1)
- hemibond (1)
- hemodialysis (1)
- hepcidin (1)
- heptazine (1)
- heteroatom (1)
- heteroatom modification (1)
- heteroatom-dotierte Kohlenstoffe (1)
- heterocyclic ligand (1)
- hexafluoropropene (1)
- hierarchical pore structure (1)
- hierarchical self-assembly (1)
- hierarchical structuring (1)
- hierarchically porous carbon (1)
- hierarchische Porenstruktur (1)
- high concentrations (1)
- high energy density (1)
- high harmonic generation (1)
- high pressure (1)
- high quantum yield (1)
- high-throughput screening (1)
- hohe Energiedichte (1)
- hohe Quantenausbeute (1)
- hole array (1)
- hole scavengers (1)
- hollow microfibers (1)
- hollow nanospheres (1)
- hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (1)
- holmium(III) (1)
- holographic diffraction gratings (1)
- holography (1)
- holstzianoquinoline; (1)
- homogeneous catalysis (1)
- hot electrons (1)
- hot-electrons (1)
- human induced pluripotent stem cells (1)
- human keratinocytes (1)
- human monocytic (THP-1) cells (1)
- humane Keratinozyten (1)
- humaninduzierte pluripotente Stammzellen (1)
- humic acid (1)
- hyaluronic acid (1)
- hybrid (1)
- hybrid nanomaterials (1)
- hybrid nanostructures (1)
- hybrid perovskite (1)
- hybride Nanostrukturen (1)
- hydrate formation (1)
- hydrate formation process (1)
- hydrogen bonding (1)
- hydrogen isotopes (1)
- hydrogen storage (1)
- hydrogen-2 (1)
- hydrolases (1)
- hydrophil (1)
- hydrophilic (1)
- hydrophilic-to-lipophilic balance (1)
- hydrophobe Moleküle (1)
- hydrophobic mismatch (1)
- hydrophobic molecules (1)
- hydrophobic uremic toxins (1)
- hydrophobicity (1)
- hydrothermal carbon (1)
- hydrothermal carbonization (1)
- hydrothermale Carbonisierung (1)
- hydrotropes (1)
- hydroxy (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hydroxycinnamic acids (1)
- hydroxyl radical (1)
- hydroyxapatite (1)
- hypothalamus (1)
- hysteresis (1)
- identity hypothesis (1)
- imaging (1)
- imidazole (1)
- imidazolium salts (1)
- imines (1)
- immobilization (1)
- immunoassay (1)
- immunosensors (1)
- impedance spectroscopy (1)
- implants (1)
- implementation (1)
- in (1)
- in situ (1)
- in situ fluorescence microscopy (1)
- in vitro (1)
- in vitro thrombogenicity testing (1)
- in-operando SAXS (1)
- in-situ (1)
- inclusion complex (1)
- incomplete surface passivation (1)
- indium (1)
- indole alkaloids (1)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (1)
- infrared: general (1)
- inhibition AChE (1)
- inhomogeneous-media (1)
- injection molding (1)
- inorganic (1)
- inorganic chemistry (1)
- instrumentation: miscellaneous (1)
- interaction potential (1)
- intercalations (1)
- interfacial dynamics (1)
- interfacial forces (1)
- interfacial recombination (1)
- intermediates (1)
- intermolecular interactions (1)
- internal membrane-membrane adhesion (1)
- interne Membran-Membran Adhäsion (1)
- intracellular pH indicator (1)
- intramolecular charge-transfer (1)
- intrinsic microporosity (1)
- inverse (1)
- inverse Opale (1)
- inverse opal (1)
- inverse opals (1)
- ion beam (1)
- ion migration (1)
- ion mobility calculations (1)
- ion selective electrode (1)
- ion transport (1)
- ionenselektive Elektrode (1)
- ionic defects (1)
- ionic polymers (1)
- ionic strength (1)
- ionic strength effect (1)
- ionische Flüssigkeit (1)
- ionischen Polymere (1)
- ionisierende Strahlung (1)
- ionization (1)
- ionization energy (1)
- ionization potential (1)
- ionizing radiation (1)
- ionothermale Synthese (1)
- ions (1)
- iron nitride (1)
- iron-based compounds (1)
- iron-carbon nanotube catalysts (1)
- isoflavonoids (1)
- isomer resolution (1)
- isomerisation (1)
- isomerism (1)
- isoprene (1)
- isotope ecology (1)
- isotope effect (1)
- isotope effects (1)
- isotope separation (1)
- janus emulsion (1)
- janus emulsions (1)
- keratin (1)
- kinetic models (1)
- kinetic of cis-trans isomerization (1)
- kinetic water transfer (1)
- kinetics (polym (1)
- kinetics (polym) (1)
- kinetics (polym.) (1)
- klassische Diffusionstheorie (1)
- klebend (1)
- kolloidaler Quantenpunkt (1)
- kolloidchemie (1)
- komplexe Emulsion (1)
- kontrollierte radikalische Polymerisation (1)
- kovalente Rahmenbedingungen (1)
- künstliche Zellen (1)
- l-cysteine (1)
- labels (1)
- labile peroxides (1)
- lactate (1)
- land use (1)
- langmuir monolayer (1)
- lanthanide (1)
- lanthanide ions (1)
- lanthanide luminescence (1)
- lanthanoid migration (1)
- laser chemistry (1)
- laser pulses (1)
- laser resonators (1)
- laser-enhanced nuclear fusion (1)
- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) (1)
- laser-induced incandescence (LII) (1)
- layer-by-layer (1)
- layer-by-layer glycopolymer coating (1)
- layer-by-layer self-assembly (1)
- layer-by-layer stacking (1)
- layered compounds (1)
- lead-free perovskites (1)
- leaf wax (1)
- learning (1)
- lectin (1)
- leguminosae (1)
- levoglucosenol (1)
- levulinic acid (1)
- libraries (1)
- library (1)
- liegende Tropfen (1)
- life cycle assessment (1)
- life sciences (1)
- light scattering (1)
- lignans (1)
- lignin (1)
- linear assemblies (1)
- lipase release (1)
- lipases (1)
- lipid (1)
- lipid monolayer (1)
- lipidomics (1)
- lipids (1)
- liquid crystal (1)
- liquid crystal polymer (1)
- liquid crystalline polymer (1)
- liquid-crystal precursors (1)
- liquid-crystalline polymers (1)
- lithiophilicity (1)
- lithium ion capacitors (1)
- lithium sulfides (1)
- lithium-ion batteries (1)
- lithium-ion capacitors (1)
- lithium-sulfur batteries (1)
- living radical polymerization (LRP) (1)
- lone-pair-pi interactions (1)
- low temperature NMR spectroscopy (1)
- low-energy electron (1)
- low-temperature experiments (1)
- lupin (1)
- lösungsmittelfreie Synthese (1)
- mAb (1)
- machine learning (1)
- macroITO (1)
- macrocyclic compounds (1)
- macrosurfactants (1)
- magnesium (1)
- magnetic (1)
- magnetic-properties (1)
- magnetite (1)
- magnetosensitivity (1)
- magnetosome (1)
- magnetotactic bacteria (1)
- magnetotaktische Bakterien (1)
- maleonitrile (1)
- maltose-modified poly(ethyleneimine) (1)
- maltosylated poly(ethyleneimine) (1)
- manganese monoxide (1)
- marine biofouling (1)
- marker compound (1)
- mass (1)
- material characterization (1)
- material science (1)
- mechanical properties (1)
- mechanical property (1)
- mechanical-properties (1)
- mechanism (1)
- medicinal mushrooms (1)
- mehrschichtige Verbindungen (1)
- melt (1)
- melt-recrystallization (1)
- melting (1)
- membrane science (1)
- meso-tetrakisphenylporphyrins (1)
- mesocrystal (1)
- mesogen mesophases (1)
- mesoporous (1)
- mesoporous carbon (1)
- mesoporös (1)
- mesostructure (1)
- metabolite markers (1)
- metal alloys (1)
- metal carbides (1)
- metal ions (1)
- metal nanoparticles (1)
- metal nitride carbon composites (1)
- metal organic framework (1)
- metal-containing ionic (1)
- metal-containing ionic liquids; (1)
- metal-free crosslinking (1)
- metal-organic mesocrystals (1)
- metal-to-ligand charge transfer (1)
- metallo-supramolecular polymers (1)
- metallocarbohydrates (1)
- metallorganischen Gerüstverbindungen (1)
- metalorganic frameworks (1)
- methacrylate (1)
- methacrylates (1)
- methane hydrate (1)
- method development (1)
- methyl cellulose (1)
- miRNA inhibitors (1)
- miRNA seed region (1)
- miRNA-Argonaute 2 protein complex (1)
- micellization (1)
- micro (1)
- micro/mesoporous (1)
- microRNA (1)
- microbial activity (1)
- microcapsules (1)
- microchip (1)
- microemulsiones (1)
- microfluidic (1)
- microgel (1)
- microgel array (1)
- microgel arrays (1)
- microgel chains (1)
- microgel strands (1)
- microgreen (1)
- microporous (1)
- microporous polymers (1)
- microscale (1)
- microsensors (1)
- microtomography (1)
- microwave (1)
- microwave chemistry (1)
- mikroporöse Polymere (1)
- mikrowellengestützte Synthese (1)
- mild reaction conditions (1)
- mimics (1)
- mineralization beneath (1)
- miscibility (1)
- miscibility gap (1)
- mitochondria (1)
- mitsunobu (1)
- mixed gas hydrates (1)
- mixed quantum-classical methodology (1)
- mixed-matrix membranes (1)
- modelling (1)
- modified mycotoxins (1)
- modulation (1)
- modulus (1)
- moisture content (1)
- mold (1)
- mold fungi (1)
- molecular dynamics (1)
- molecular dynamics simulations (1)
- molecular imprinted polymers (1)
- molecular modeling (1)
- molecular simulations (1)
- molecular structure (1)
- molecular weight (1)
- molecular-dynamics (1)
- molecular-reorientation (1)
- molecular-structure (1)
- monolith (1)
- morphological transformation (1)
- motif périodique (1)
- mu CT imaging (1)
- multi-compartmentalised vesicles (1)
- multi-kompartmentalisierte Vesikel (1)
- multi-mycotoxin analysis (1)
- multiblock copolymers (1)
- multicompartment micelle (1)
- multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (1)
- multifunctional polymers (1)
- multilayer film (1)
- multiphoton processes (1)
- multiple emulsion preparation (1)
- multiple functions (1)
- multiresponsiv (1)
- multiresponsive (1)
- multitrophic (1)
- multivalency (1)
- multivalent ions (1)
- multiwavelength (1)
- mussel byssus (1)
- mussel-mimicking (1)
- mutants (1)
- myrcen (1)
- n-alkanes (1)
- n-heterocyclic carbenes (1)
- n-isopropylacrylamide (1)
- nAChR (1)
- nachhaltige Energiespeichermaterialien (1)
- nachwachsende Rohstoffe (1)
- nano (1)
- nano clay (1)
- nanoarray (1)
- nanobioconjugate (1)
- nanocapsules (1)
- nanocarriers (1)
- nanocomposite material (1)
- nanoestructuras (1)
- nanoestructuras híbridas (1)
- nanofillers (1)
- nanofluidics (1)
- nanohole arrays (1)
- nanoimprint (1)
- nanomedicine (1)
- nanoparticle assembly (1)
- nanoparticle characterization (1)
- nanopartículas (1)
- nanoplastic (1)
- nanoporous carbon particles (1)
- nanoporöser Kohlenstoffpartikel (1)
- nanoprisms (1)
- nanorods (1)
- nanoscale (1)
- nanosensors (1)
- nanosilver (1)
- nanospindles (1)
- nanostructure (1)
- nanostructured composite (1)
- nanoswitches (1)
- nanotechnology (1)
- nanovesicles (1)
- nanowires (1)
- naphthalene (1)
- natural products (1)
- natural-products (1)
- near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (1)
- near-infrared absorption (1)
- nematic phase (1)
- neolignans (1)
- nerve agents (1)
- networks (1)
- neuroleptics (1)
- neurons (1)
- neuropeptides (1)
- neutron (1)
- neutron diffraction (1)
- neutron powder diffraction (1)
- nhc (1)
- nichtlineare Mechanik (1)
- nichtwässrige Synthese (1)
- nickel(II) (1)
- nickel-carbon catalysts (1)
- niederenergetische Elektronen (1)
- niobium (1)
- nitriles (1)
- nitrogen containing carbonaceous materials (1)
- nitrogen doped carbons (1)
- nitrogen heterocycles (1)
- nitrogen-doped (1)
- non-linear mechanics (1)
- non-metal catalysis (1)
- non-noble metal catalysts (1)
- norcaesalpin D (1)
- norcobamide biosynthesis (1)
- nucleation polymerization (1)
- nucleus-independent chemical shift (1)
- nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) (1)
- numerical simulation (1)
- nutrient composition (1)
- o bond formation (1)
- o-Phenylenediamine (1)
- oak tree (1)
- obere kritische Lösetemperatur (1)
- oberflächenverstärkte Raman-Streuung (1)
- off-specular scattering (1)
- olefin metathesis (1)
- olefin-metathesis (1)
- olefination (1)
- oligo(ethylene glycol) (1)
- oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (1)
- oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (1)
- oligo(ethyleneglycol) (1)
- oligomeric (1)
- oligomeric polydimethylsiloxane (1)
- oligomers (1)
- oligosaccharides (1)
- oligospiroketals (1)
- on demand particle release (1)
- onformational analysis (1)
- ontogeny (1)
- open source (1)
- open system density matrix theory (1)
- open-circuit voltage (1)
- optical (1)
- optical imaging (1)
- optical sensor (1)
- optical sensors (1)
- optical spectra (1)
- ordering process (1)
- organic chenlistry (1)
- organic compounds (1)
- organic light-emitting diodes (1)
- organic-inorganic c (1)
- organic-inorganic composite material (1)
- organische Chemie (1)
- organocatalytic polymerization (1)
- organogel (1)
- organometallics (1)
- orientational memory (1)
- ortho-quinone methide (o-QMs) (1)
- orthophosphates (1)
- oscillating bubble (1)
- osteogenic differentiation (1)
- oxalic precipitation (1)
- oxides (1)
- oxocarbon (1)
- oxygen plasma (1)
- oxygen sensor (1)
- p-Hydroxycinnamic acids (1)
- p16 (1)
- p21 (1)
- pH effect (1)
- pH sensing (1)
- pH-Dependent Photoresponsivity (1)
- pH-sensitive liposome (1)
- palladium catalyst (1)
- palmitic acid (1)
- pancreatic neoplasms (1)
- para-Nitro-pyridine N-oxides (1)
- paramagnetic (1)
- paramagnetic-resonance (1)
- paramagnetisch (1)
- particle formation (1)
- particulate (1)
- pea (1)
- peptide (1)
- peptide biomarkers (1)
- peptide-polymer conjugate (1)
- peptide-templated materials (1)
- periodic pattern (1)
- periodisches Muster (1)
- perovskite precursors (1)
- perylene (1)
- pesticides (1)
- phagocytosis (1)
- phase behavior (1)
- phase separation (1)
- phase transition (1)
- phase transitions (1)
- phenanthrenes (1)
- phenolic acid (1)
- phenolic compounds (1)
- phonons (1)
- phosphate (1)
- phosphide (1)
- phospholipids (1)
- phosphorescence quenching (1)
- photo ionization (1)
- photo-crosslinked (1)
- photo-iniferter reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (1)
- photo-mediated polymerization (1)
- photobioreactor (1)
- photocatalysts (1)
- photocatalytic water splitting (1)
- photocharging (1)
- photochemical reactions (1)
- photochemical synthesis (1)
- photocycloaddition (1)
- photodehydro-Diels-Alder reaction (1)
- photodynamic therapy (1)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- photoinduced electron transfer (1)
- photoinduced nonadiabatic dynamics (1)
- photoinduced radical polymerization (1)
- photolytic ablation (1)
- photonic crystal (1)
- photopolymerization (1)
- photoredox catalysis (1)
- photosensitive azobenzene containing surfactant (1)
- photosensitive polymer brushes (1)
- photothermal conversion (1)
- phototunable optical properties (1)
- photovoltaic materials (1)
- photovoltaische Materialien (1)
- physical (1)
- physikalisch (1)
- physiolgischer pH (1)
- physiological pH (1)
- phytomedicine (1)
- pi interactions (1)
- pi-Electron delocalization (1)
- pi-Stacking (1)
- pi-pi stacking (1)
- plant science (1)
- plasmon spectroscopy (1)
- plasmon-driven catalysis (1)
- plasmonic (1)
- plasmonic chemistry (1)
- plasmonic nanohole arrays (1)
- plasmonic nanoparticles (1)
- plasmonische Chemie (1)
- platelet activation (1)
- platelet adhesion (1)
- platelet aging (1)
- platelet function (1)
- platelet rich plasma (1)
- platelet storage (1)
- platelet-rich plasma (1)
- platform chemicals (1)
- platinum (1)
- polarizable drift gases (1)
- polarization diffraction grating (1)
- polarization gratings (1)
- poly(2-ethyl-2oxazoline) (1)
- poly(2-oxazoline)s (1)
- poly(N-isopropyl methacrylamide) (1)
- poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (1)
- poly(N-vinyl isobutyramide) (1)
- poly(acrylamide) hydrogels (1)
- poly(e-caprolactone) (1)
- poly(epsilon-caprolactone) methacrylate (1)
- poly(ester amide)s (1)
- poly(ether imide) (1)
- poly(ether imide) microparticles (1)
- poly(ethyleneimine) (1)
- poly(ionic liquid) nanoparticles (1)
- poly(ionische Flüssigkeiten) (1)
- poly(n-butyl acrylate) (1)
- poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS-P2VP) (1)
- poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (1)
- poly(ε-caprolactone) (1)
- poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide] (1)
- polyamides (1)
- polyamine (1)
- polyamines (1)
- polyammonium salt (1)
- polybutadiene (1)
- polycaprolactone (1)
- polycarboxylate (1)
- polycationic monolayer (1)
- polycondensation (1)
- polycycles (1)
- polydepsipeptide (1)
- polydimethylsiloxane (1)
- polydopamine (1)
- polyelectrolyte adsorption (1)
- polyelectrolyte brushes (1)
- polyelectrolyte inks (1)
- polyelectrolyte membranes (1)
- polyesterurethane (1)
- polyglycerol (1)
- polyglycine (1)
- polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) (1)
- polyimides (1)
- polymer actuators (1)
- polymer coating (1)
- polymer crystallization (1)
- polymer fillers (1)
- polymer micelles (1)
- polymer modification (1)
- polymer network (1)
- polymer physics (1)
- polymer solutions (1)
- polymer surface (1)
- polymer synthesis (1)
- polymer-modification (1)
- polymer/LC composites (1)
- polymeric materials (1)
- polymerised ionic liquids (1)
- polymersome spreading (1)
- polymyrcene (1)
- polyolefin (1)
- polypeptoid (1)
- polypropylene (1)
- polypropylene yarns (1)
- polysaccharides (1)
- polysiloxane (1)
- polysiloxanes (1)
- polystyrene (1)
- polystyrenes (1)
- polysulfides (1)
- polyvinyl acetate (1)
- population doubling time (1)
- pore templating (1)
- porous (1)
- porous carbon-based materials (1)
- porous carbons (1)
- porous particles (1)
- porous structure (1)
- porphyrazine (1)
- porphyrinoids (1)
- porphyrins (1)
- porös (1)
- poröse Kohlenstoffe (1)
- poröse Kohlenstoffmaterialien (1)
- poröse Struktur (1)
- porösen Materialien auf Kohlenstoffbasis (1)
- poröser Kohlenstoff (1)
- post-laser-field electronic oscillations (1)
- post-modification (1)
- potato (Solanum tuberosum) (1)
- powder diffraction (1)
- precatalysts (1)
- prediction models (1)
- prenylated flavanonol (1)
- pressure (1)
- printing (1)
- pristimerin (1)
- processing (1)
- programmable adhesion (1)
- programmable friction (1)
- propargyl (1)
- protecting groups (1)
- protein Langmuir layers (1)
- protein NMR spectroscopy (1)
- protein analysis (1)
- protein characterization (1)
- protein imprinting (1)
- protein interactions (1)
- protein modification (1)
- protein stabilized foams (1)
- protein-kinase inhibitors (1)
- protein-protein interactions (1)
- proton conductivity (1)
- proton hopping (1)
- protonation (1)
- précipitation (1)
- précipitation oxalique (1)
- pterocarpene (1)
- pulse laser initiated polymerization (1)
- pump-probe (1)
- purines (1)
- pyrene excimer (1)
- pyrochlore (1)
- quantum control (1)
- quantum sieving (1)
- quartz crystal microbalance (1)
- quenching (1)
- quinoid structures (1)
- quinoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones (1)
- radical addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) (1)
- radical reactions (1)
- radiosensitizer (1)
- rangement (1)
- rare earths (1)
- rate constants (1)
- ratiometric sensing (1)
- ratiometric sensors (1)
- ray absorption-spectroscopy (1)
- reaction mechanism (1)
- reactions (1)
- reactive (1)
- reactive flux rate constants (1)
- reactive intermediates (1)
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) (1)
- reactive templating (1)
- reference (1)
- reflection grating (1)
- reflectivity (1)
- relaxation NMR spectroscopy (1)
- reliability (1)
- renewable (1)
- renewable resource (1)
- renewables (1)
- reorientation (1)
- reshaping abilities (1)
- resonance Raman (1)
- resonance Raman spectroscopy (1)
- resonance energy transfer (1)
- resonance energy-tansfer (1)
- responsive (1)
- responsive materials (1)
- responsive polymer (1)
- responsivity (1)
- restricted N-S rotation (1)
- retro reactions (1)
- retrochalcone (1)
- reversibility (1)
- reversible (1)
- reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (1)
- reversible and irreversible structuring of polymer brushes (1)
- reversible bidirectional shape-memory polymer (1)
- reversible chain extension (1)
- reversible shape-memory effect (1)
- rhodium(I)– phosphine (1)
- rhodium-phosphine coordination bonds (1)
- ring closing metathesis (1)
- ring opening polymerization (1)
- ring-closing metathesis (1)
- ring-closure (1)
- ring-opening (1)
- rising bubble (1)
- root mean square roughness (1)
- rotational diffusion (1)
- rubidium cation (1)
- rutaceae (1)
- ruthenium carbene (1)
- sacrificial bonds (1)
- salt melt (1)
- sandwich complexes (1)
- sandwich microcontact printing (1)
- scale-up (1)
- scanning tunneling microscopy (1)
- scatchard plot (1)
- scattering (1)
- schaltbare Materialien (1)
- schaltbare Polymere (1)
- schizophrenes Verhalten (1)
- schizophrenic behavior (1)
- seco-Anthraquinone (1)
- secondary structure (1)
- sediment (1)
- sel (1)
- selbstassemblierende Monolagen (1)
- selective drug release (1)
- selective light reflection (1)
- selective oxidations (1)
- selective syntheses (1)
- self-assembled micelles (1)
- self-healing coatings (1)
- self-healing materials (1)
- self-organisation (1)
- self-organization (1)
- semi-IPN hydrogels (1)
- semi-crystalline (1)
- semiconductor lasers (1)
- semiempirical calculations (1)
- semiempirical methods (1)
- senescence-associated (1)
- sensitizers (1)
- sensor (1)
- sequence structures (1)
- serine phosphate decarboxylase (1)
- sesquiterpene (1)
- sessile droplet (1)
- severe acute pancreatitis (1)
- shape analysis (1)
- shape change (1)
- shape shifting materials (1)
- shape-memory hydrogel (1)
- shape-memory polymer actuators (1)
- shape-memory properties (1)
- shape-persistent macrocycles (1)
- shieldings (TSNMRS) (1)
- shuttled RAFT-polymerization (1)
- sichtbares Licht Photokatalyse (1)
- side reaction (1)
- side-chains functionalization (1)
- silacyclohexanes (1)
- silane chemistry (1)
- silapiperidines (1)
- silica particles (1)
- silk fibroin (1)
- silkworm silk (1)
- siloxanes (1)
- silver (1)
- silver nanowires (1)
- silver(1) complexes (1)
- single crystals (1)
- single particle analysis (1)
- single strand break (1)
- single-atom catalysis (1)
- single-cell (1)
- single-molecule detection (1)
- situ Raman spectroscopy (1)
- skeletal elements (1)
- skin equivalents (1)
- small-angle neutron scattering (1)
- small-angle scattering (1)
- sodium storage mechanism (1)
- sodium-ion (1)
- sodium-ion batteries (1)
- sodium-ion battery (1)
- sodium-ion capacitors (1)
- soft X-radiation (1)
- soft X-ray (1)
- soft and hard templating (1)
- soft matter micro- and nanowires (1)
- soft template (1)
- soft-templates (1)
- sol-gel processes (1)
- solar (1)
- solid electrolyte interphase (1)
- solid phase (1)
- solid-phase extraction (1)
- solid-state NMR (1)
- solid-state structure (1)
- solid-supported biomimetic membranes (1)
- solution process (1)
- solvatochromic fluorophore (1)
- solvent (1)
- solvent influence (1)
- solvent resistance (1)
- solvent vapor annealing (1)
- solvent-free reactions (1)
- solvents (1)
- solvo-thermal annealing (1)
- solvothermal synthesis (1)
- spacer group (1)
- species (1)
- specific interactions (1)
- spectra (1)
- spectro-electrochemistry (1)
- spectrometry (1)
- sperical (1)
- spermidine (1)
- spezifische Wechselwirkungen (1)
- spherical polyelectrolyte (1)
- spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (1)
- spiro compounds (1)
- spirocycles (1)
- spiropyran copolymer (1)
- sponge (1)
- spray imaging (1)
- sputtering (1)
- square planar (1)
- squaric acid (1)
- stannous octoate (1)
- star-block copolymers (1)
- stark eutektisches Lösungsmittel (1)
- state (1)
- states (1)
- statistical copolymer (1)
- statistical copolymers (1)
- statistische Versuchsplanung (Design of Experiments) (1)
- steigende Blasen (1)
- stem cell adhesion (1)
- stepwise complexation (1)
- stereocomplexes (1)
- steric hindrance (1)
- stickstoffdotierte Kohlenstoffe (1)
- stimul-responsive (1)
- stimul-responsive emulsion (1)
- stimuli-response (1)
- stimuli-sensitive (1)
- stimuli-sensitive materials (1)
- stimuli-sensitivity (1)
- stochastic processes (1)
- storage capacity (1)
- storage proteins (1)
- strain field (1)
- streptavidin (1)
- strong field (1)
- strong polyelectrolyte brush (1)
- structural-characterization (1)
- styrenes (1)
- substituted stilbenes (1)
- substrate (1)
- subtriflavanonol (1)
- sugars (1)
- sulfides (1)
- sulfimides (1)
- sulfobetaine (1)
- sulfones (1)
- sulfoxide (1)
- sulfoxides (1)
- sulfur heterocycles (1)
- sunscreen (1)
- super-intense laser pulses (1)
- supercritical CO(2) (1)
- supercritical carbon dioxide (1)
- supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) (1)
- superheated water (1)
- superlattices (1)
- superparamagnetisch (1)
- supported catalyst (1)
- supramolecular (1)
- supramolecular interactions (1)
- supramolecular polymer network (1)
- supramolekulare Chemie (1)
- surface charge (1)
- surface coating (1)
- surface enhanced spectroscopy (1)
- surface hopping (1)
- surface hopping dynamics (1)
- surface interaction (1)
- surface patterning (1)
- surface plasmon (1)
- surface rheology (1)
- surface science (1)
- surface topography (1)
- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (1)
- surface-initiated photopolymerization (1)
- surface-plasmon resonance (1)
- surfaces and interfaces (1)
- surfactant (1)
- sustainable energy storage materials (1)
- switch (1)
- switchable block copolymer (1)
- switchable retarder (1)
- synthetic methods (1)
- synthetische Biologie (1)
- synthosomes (1)
- tamplat unterstütze Anordnung von weichen Partikeln (1)
- tandem mass spectrometry (1)
- tandem sequence (1)
- telechelics (1)
- telomeric DNA (1)
- temperature effect (1)
- temperature phase (1)
- temperature sensor (1)
- temperature variations (1)
- temperature-memory effect (1)
- temperature-memory polymers (1)
- temperature-responsive (1)
- temperaturschaltbar (1)
- template (1)
- template assisted alignment of soft particles (1)
- tensioactivos (1)
- terminal alkynes (1)
- termination (1)
- tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (1)
- tetrachloridocuprate(II) (1)
- tetrachlorocuprate(II) salts (1)
- tetrahalido metallates (1)
- tetrahalidometallates (1)
- thermal isomerization (1)
- thermal isomerization of azobenzene (1)
- thermal processing of food (1)
- thermal transformation mechanism (1)
- thermal treatments (1)
- thermisch angeregte Isomerisierung von Azobenzolen (1)
- thermisch schaltbar (1)
- thermisch schaltbare Polymere (1)
- thermo-sensitivity (1)
- thermomechanical properties (1)
- thermometer (1)
- thermomorphism (1)
- thermoplastic elastomer (1)
- thermoplastic elastomer synthesis (1)
- thermoplastisches Elastomer (1)
- thermoresponsive substrates (1)
- thermoresponsive-nanogel (1)
- thermosensitive polymers (1)
- thiazolium (1)
- thin film (1)
- thin film crystallization (1)
- thin-films (1)
- thiol (1)
- thiol passivation (1)
- thiol-ene (1)
- thiol-ene reactions (1)
- thiols (1)
- thiophenes (1)
- three-dimensional depth profiling (1)
- thrombocyte adhesion (1)
- through space NMR shieldings (1)
- time-dependent Schrödinger equation (1)
- time-dependent density functional theory (1)
- time-resolved fluorescence (1)
- time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- time-resolved luminescence (1)
- time-resolved measurements (1)
- tin perovskites (1)
- tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (1)
- tissue (1)
- titania (1)
- to-coil transition (1)
- tocopherols (1)
- tomato (1)
- tomography (1)
- topical (1)
- trafficking (1)
- trans-fagaramide (1)
- trans-stilbenes (1)
- transcript markers (1)
- transcription factor (1)
- transferhydrogenation (1)
- transformation (1)
- transient (1)
- transition density matrix (1)
- transition metals (1)
- transition path sampling (1)
- transition-metal-complexes (1)
- transition-potential method (1)
- translational diffusion (1)
- transparent-leitendes Oxid (1)
- traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (1)
- triazine (1)
- triblock copolymers (1)
- triple-shape effect (1)
- tropical infectious diseases (1)
- tropische Infektionskrankheiten (1)
- tuberculosis (1)
- two dimensional network (1)
- two-dimensional phases (1)
- two-photon (1)
- two-photon absorption (1)
- ultra-thin membrane (1)
- ultracentrifuge (1)
- ultradünne Membranen (1)
- ultrafast dynamics (1)
- ultrafast reactions (1)
- ultrasound (1)
- ultrathin film (1)
- underpotential deposition (1)
- undulated nanoplatelets (1)
- untere kritische Entmischungstemperatur (1)
- untere kritische Lösungstemperatur (1)
- upconverting nanoparticles (1)
- uranyl (1)
- uremia (1)
- vacuum-UV radiation (1)
- valerolactone (1)
- validation (1)
- van der Waals forces (1)
- vanillin (1)
- vascular graft (1)
- vascular grafts (1)
- vesicle studies (1)
- viability (1)
- vibrational control (1)
- vibrational excitation (1)
- vibrational spectroscopy (1)
- vibrationally resolved electronic spectroscopy (1)
- vinylidene fluoride (1)
- vis spectroscopy (1)
- viscosity (1)
- visible light (1)
- visible light photocatalysis (1)
- volatile organic compounds (1)
- wasser (1)
- water at alumina (1)
- water remediation (1)
- water splitting reaction (1)
- water vapor (1)
- water/decane contact angle (1)
- water/tetradecane interface (1)
- weakly coordinating ions (1)
- weiche Vorlage (1)
- weiche und harte Templatierung (1)
- weißer Kohlenstoff (1)
- wetting (1)
- whey proteins (1)
- white carbon (1)
- whole blood (1)
- wide angle x‐ ray scattering (1)
- wide-angle x-ray scattering (1)
- wood modification (1)
- wrinkles (1)
- wässrige Systeme (1)
- xanthenes (1)
- xanthophylls (1)
- yarns (1)
- ylides (1)
- yolk-shell (1)
- yolk-shell nanoparticles (1)
- ytterbium (1)
- zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (1)
- zirconia (1)
- zweifach schaltbare Blockcopolymere (1)
- zwitterionic (1)
- zymogen granule membrane glycoprotein GP2 (1)
- Überstrukturierte Komposite (1)
- ß-Lactoglobulin (1)
- überkritisches Kohlendioxid (scCO₂) (1)
- β-Hydroxydihydrochalcone (1)
- β‐myrcene (1)
Institute
- Institut für Chemie (2817) (remove)
Thermally stable photoswitches that are driven with low-energy light are rare, yet crucial for extending the applicability of photoresponsive molecules and materials towards, e.g., living systems. Combined ortho-fluorination and -amination couples high visible light absorptivity of o-aminoazobenzenes with the extraordinary bistability of o-fluoroazobenzenes. Herein, we report a library of easily accessible o-aminofluoroazobenzenes and establish structure-property relationships regarding spectral qualities, visible light isomerization efficiency and thermal stability of the cis-isomer with respect to the degree of o-substitution and choice of amino substituent. We rationalize the experimental results with quantum chemical calculations, revealing the nature of low-lying excited states and providing insight into thermal isomerization. The synthesized azobenzenes absorb at up to 600 nm and their thermal cis-lifetimes range from milliseconds to months. The most unique example can be driven from trans to cis with any wavelength from UV up to 595 nm, while still exhibiting a thermal cis-lifetime of 81 days. <br /> [GRAPHICS] <br /> .
Advances in characteristics improvement of polymeric membranes/separators for zinc-air batteries
(2022)
Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are gaining popularity for a wide range of applications due to their high energy density, excellent safety, and environmental friendliness. A membrane/separator is a critical component of ZABs, with substantial implications for battery performance and stability, particularly in the case of a battery in solid state format, which has captured increased attention in recent years. In this review, recent advances as well as insight into the architecture of polymeric membrane/separators for ZABs including porous polymer separators (PPSs), gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) and anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are discussed. The paper puts forward strategies to enhance stability, ionic conductivity, ionic selectivity, electrolyte storage capacity and mechanical properties for each type of polymeric membrane. In addition, the remaining major obstacles as well as the most potential avenues for future research are examined in detail.
Porous, layered materials containing sp(2)-hybridized carbon and nitrogen atoms, offer through their tunable properties, a versatile route towards tailormade catalysts for electrochemistry and photochemistry. A key molecule interacting with these quasi two-dimensional materials (2DM) is water, and a photo(electro)chemical key reaction catalyzed by them, is water splitting into H-2 and O-2, with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) as half reactions. The complexity of some C/N-based 2DM in contact with water raises special needs for their theoretical modelling, which in turn is needed for rational design of C/N-based catalysts. In this work, three classes of C/N-containing porous 2DM with varying pore sizes and C/N ratios, namely graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), C2N, and poly(heptazine imides) (PHI), are studied with various computational methods. We elucidate the performance of different models and model chemistries (the combination of electronic structure method and basis set) for water and water fragment adsorption in the low-coverage regime. Further, properties related to the photo(electro)chemical activity like electrochemical overpotentials, band gaps, and optical excitation energies are in our focus. Specifically, periodic models will be tested vs. cluster models, and density functional theory (DFT) vs. wavefunction theory (WFT). This work serves as a basis for a systematic study of trends for the photo(electro)chemical activity of C/N-containing layered materials as a function of water content, pore size and density.
Molecules are often naturally embedded in a complex environment. As a consequence, characteristic properties of a molecular subsystem can be substantially altered or new properties emerge due to interactions between molecular and environmental degrees of freedom. The present thesis is concerned with the numerical study of quantum dynamical and stationary properties of molecular vibrational systems embedded in selected complex environments.
In the first part, we discuss "strong-coupling" model scenarios for molecular vibrations interacting with few quantized electromagnetic field modes of an optical Fabry-Pérot cavity. We thoroughly elaborate on properties of emerging "vibrational polariton" light-matter hybrid states and examine the relevance of the dipole self-energy. Further, we identify cavity-induced quantum effects and an emergent dynamical resonance in a cavity-altered thermal isomerization model, which lead to significant suppression of thermal reaction rates. Moreover, for a single rovibrating diatomic molecule in an optical cavity, we observe non-adiabatic signatures in dynamics due to "vibro-polaritonic conical intersections" and discuss spectroscopically accessible "rovibro-polaritonic" light-matter hybrid states.
In the second part, we study a weakly coupled but numerically challenging quantum mechanical adsorbate-surface model system comprising a few thousand surface modes. We introduce an efficient construction scheme for a "hierarchical effective mode" approach to reduce the number of surface modes in a controlled manner. In combination with the multilayer multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree (ML-MCTDH) method, we examine the vibrational adsorbate relaxation dynamics from different excited adsorbate states by solving the full non-Markovian system-bath dynamics for the characteristic relaxation time scale. We examine half-lifetime scaling laws from vibrational populations and identify prominent non-Markovian signatures as deviations from Markovian reduced system density matrix theory in vibrational coherences, system-bath entanglement and energy transfer dynamics.
In the final part of this thesis, we approach the dynamics and spectroscopy of vibronic model systems at finite temperature by formulating the ML-MCTDH method in the non-stochastic framework of thermofield dynamics. We apply our method to thermally-altered ultrafast internal conversion in the well-known vibronic coupling model of pyrazine. Numerically beneficial representations of multilayer wave functions ("ML-trees") are identified for different temperature regimes, which allow us to access thermal effects on both electronic and vibrational dynamics as well as spectroscopic properties for several pyrazine models.
When new covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are designed, the main efforts are typically focused on selecting specific building blocks with certain geometries and properties to control the structure and function of the final COFs. The nature of the linkage (imine, boroxine, vinyl, etc.) between these building blocks naturally also defines their properties. However, besides the linkage type, the orientation, i.e., the constitutional isomerism of these linkages, has rarely been considered so far as an essential aspect. In this work, three pairs of constitutionally isomeric imine-linked donor-acceptor (D-A) COFs are synthesized, which are different in the orientation of the imine bonds (D-C=N-A (DCNA) and D-N=C-A (DNCA)). The constitutional isomers show substantial differences in their photophysical properties and consequently in their photocatalytic performance. Indeed, all DCNA COFs show enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution performance than the corresponding DNCA COFs. Besides the imine COFs shown here, it can be concluded that the proposed concept of constitutional isomerism of linkages in COFs is quite universal and should be considered when designing and tuning the properties of COFs.
Polymeric antimicrobial peptide mimics are a promising alternative for the future management of the daunting problems associated with antimicrobial resistance. However, the development of successful antimicrobial polymers (APs) requires careful control of factors such as amphiphilic balance, molecular weight, dispersity, sequence, and architecture. While most of the earlier developed APs focus on random linear copolymers, the development of APs with advanced architectures proves to be more potent. It is recently developed multivalent bottlebrush APs with improved antibacterial and hemocompatibility profiles, outperforming their linear counterparts. Understanding the rationale behind the outstanding biological activity of these newly developed antimicrobials is vital to further improving their performance. This work investigates the physicochemical properties governing the differences in activity between linear and bottlebrush architectures using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Linear copolymers are more solvated, thermo-responsive, and possess facial amphiphilicity resulting in random aggregations when interacting with liposomes mimicking Escheria coli membranes. The bottlebrush copolymers adopt a more stable secondary conformation in aqueous solution in comparison to linear copolymers, conferring rapid and more specific binding mechanism to membranes. The advantageous physicochemical properties of the bottlebrush topology seem to be a determinant factor in the activity of these promising APs.
Core-shell upconversion nanoparticles - investigation of dopant intermixing and surface modification
(2022)
Frequency upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are inorganic nanocrystals capable to up-convert incident photons of the near-infrared electromagnetic spectrum (NIR) into higher energy photons. These photons are re-emitted in the range of the visible (Vis) and even ultraviolet (UV) light. The frequency upconversion process (UC) is realized with nanocrystals doped with trivalent lanthanoid ions (Ln(III)). The Ln(III) ions provide the electronic (excited) states forming a ladder-like electronic structure for the Ln(III) electrons in the nanocrystals. The absorption of at least two low energy photons by the nanoparticle and the subsequent energy transfer to one Ln(III) ion leads to the promotion of one Ln(III) electron into higher excited electronic states. One high energy photon will be emitted during the radiative relaxation of the electron in the excited state back into the electronic ground state of the Ln(III) ion. The excited state electron is the result of the previous absorption of at least two low energy photons.
The UC process is very interesting in the biological/medical context. Biological samples (like organic tissue, blood, urine, and stool) absorb high-energy photons (UV and blue light) more strongly than low-energy photons (red and NIR light). Thanks to a naturally occurring optical window, NIR light can penetrate deeper than UV light into biological samples. Hence, UCNPs in bio-samples can be excited by NIR light. This possibility opens a pathway for in vitro as well as in vivo applications, like optical imaging by cell labeling or staining of specific organic tissue. Furthermore, early detection and diagnosis of diseases by predictive and diagnostic biomarkers can be realized with bio-recognition elements being labeled to the UCNPs. Additionally, "theranostic" becomes possible, in which the identification and the treatment of a disease are tackled simultaneously.
For this to succeed, certain parameters for the UCNPs must be met: high upconversion efficiency, high photoluminescence quantum yield, dispersibility, and dispersion stability in aqueous media, as well as availability of functional groups to introduce fast and easy bio-recognition elements. The UCNPs used in this work were prepared with a solvothermal decomposition synthesis yielding in particles with NaYF4 or NaGdF4 as host lattice. They have been doped with the Ln(III) ions Yb3+ and Er3+, which is only one possible upconversion pair. Their upconversion efficiency and photoluminescence quantum yield were improved by adding a passivating shell to reduce surface quenching.
However, the brightness of core-shell UCNPs stays behind the expectations compared to their bulk material (being at least μm-sized particles). The core-shell structures are not clearly separated from each other, which is a topic in literature. Instead, there is a transition layer between the core and the shell structure, which relates to the migration of the dopants within the host lattice during the synthesis. The ion migration has been examined by time-resolved laser spectroscopy and the interlanthanoid resonance energy transfer (LRET) in the two different host lattices from above. The results are
presented in two publications, which dealt with core-shell-shell structured nanoparticles. The core is doped with the LRET-acceptor (either Nd3+ or Pr3+). The intermediate shell serves as an insulation shell of pure host lattice material, whose shell thickness has been varied within one set of samples having the same composition, so that the spatial separation of LRET-acceptor and -donor changes. The outer shell with the same host lattice is doped with the LRET-donor (Eu3+). The effect of the increasing insulation shell thickness is significant, although the LRET cannot be suppressed completely.
Next to the Ln(III) migration within a host lattice, various phase transfer reactions were investigated in order to subsequently perform surface modifications for bioapplications. One result out of this research has been published using a promising ligand, that equips the UCNP with bio-modifiable groups and has good potential for bio-medical applications. This particular ligand mimics natural occurring mechanisms of mussel protein adhesion and of blood coagulation, which is why the UCNPs are encapsulated very effectively. At the same time, bio-functional groups are introduced. In a proof-of-concept, the encapsulated UCNP has been coupled successfully with a dye (which is representative for a biomarker) and the system’s photoluminescence properties have been investigated.
As climate change worsens, there is a growing urgency to promote renewable energies and improve their accessibility to society. Here, solar energy harvesting is of particular importance. Currently, metal halide perovskite (MHP) solar cells are indispensable in future solar energy generation research. MHPs are crystalline semiconductors increasingly relevant as low-cost, high-performance materials for optoelectronics. Their processing from solution at low temperature enables easy fabrication of thin film elements, encompassing solar cells and light-emitting diodes or photodetectors. Understanding the coordination chemistry of MHPs in their precursor solution would allow control over the thin film crystallization, the material properties and the final device performance.
In this work, we elaborate on the key parameters to manipulate the precursor solution with the long-term objective of enabling systematic process control. We focus on the nanostructural characterization of the initial arrangements of MHPs in the precursor solutions. Small-angle scattering is particularly well suited for measuring nanoparticles in solution. This technique proved to be valuable for the direct analyzes of perovskite precursor solutions in standard processing concentrations without causing radiation damage. We gain insights into the chemical nature of widely used precursor structures such as methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3), presenting first insights into the complex arrangements and interaction within this precursor state. Furthermore, we transfer the preceding results to other more complex perovskite precursors. The influence of compositional engineering is investigated using the addition of alkali cations as an example. As a result, we propose a detailed working mechanism on how the alkali cations suppress the formation of intermediate phases and improve the quality of the crystalline thin film. In addition, we investigate the crystallization process of a tin-based perovskite composition (FASnI3) under the influence of fluoride chemistry. We prove that the frequently used additive, tin fluoride (SnF2), selectively binds undesired oxidized tin (Sn(IV)) in the precursor solution. This prevents its incorporation into the actual crystal structure and thus reduces the defect density of the material. Furthermore, SnF2 leads to a more homogeneous crystal growth process, which results in improved crystal quality of the thin film material.
In total, this study provides a detailed characterization of the complex system of perovskite precursor chemistry. We thereby cover relevant parameters for future MHP solar cell process control, such as (I) the environmental impact based on concentration and temperature (II) the addition of counter ions to reduce the diffuse layer surrounding the precursor nanostructures and (III) the targeted use of additives to eliminate unwanted components selectively and to ensure a more homogeneous crystal growth.
Quantum mechanical tunnelling describes transmission of matter waves through a barrier with height larger than the energy of the wave(1). Tunnelling becomes important when the de Broglie wavelength of the particle exceeds the barrier thickness; because wavelength increases with decreasing mass, lighter particles tunnel more efficiently than heavier ones. However, there exist examples in condensed-phase chemistry where increasing mass leads to increased tunnelling rates(2). In contrast to the textbook approach, which considers transitions between continuum states, condensed-phase reactions involve transitions between bound states of reactants and products. Here this conceptual distinction is highlighted by experimental measurements of isotopologue-specific tunnelling rates for CO rotational isomerization at an NaCl surface(3,4), showing nonmonotonic mass dependence. A quantum rate theory of isomerization is developed wherein transitions between sub-barrier reactant and product states occur through interaction with the environment. Tunnelling is fastest for specific pairs of states (gateways), the quantum mechanical details of which lead to enhanced cross-barrier coupling; the energies of these gateways arise nonsystematically, giving an erratic mass dependence. Gateways also accelerate ground-state isomerization, acting as leaky holes through the reaction barrier. This simple model provides a way to account for tunnelling in condensed-phase chemistry, and indicates that heavy-atom tunnelling may be more important than typically assumed.
CO oxidation on Ru(0001) is a long-standing example of a reaction that, being thermally forbidden in ultrahigh vacuum, can be activated by femtosecond laser pulses. In spite of its relevance, the precise dynamics of the photoinduced oxidation process as well as the reasons behind the dominant role of the competing CO photodesorption remain unclear. Here we use ab initio molecular dynamics with electronic friction that account for the highly excited and nonequilibrated system created by the laser to investigate both reactions. Our simulations successfully reproduce the main experimental findings: the existence of photoinduced oxidation and desorption, the large desorption to oxidation branching ratio, and the changes in the O K-edge X-ray absorption spectra attributed to the initial stage of the oxidation process. Now, we are able to monitor in detail the ultrafast CO desorption and CO oxidation occurring in the highly excited system and to disentangle what causes the unexpected inertness to the otherwise energetically favored oxidation.
Quantum dynamics of the photoinduced charge separation in a symmetric donor-acceptor-donor triad
(2022)
The photoinduced charge separation in a symmetric donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) triad is studied quantum mechanically using a realistic diabatic vibronic coupling model. The model includes a locally excited DA*D state and two charge-transfer states D(+)A(-)D and DA(-)D(+) and is constructed according to a procedure generally applicable to semirigid D-A-D structures and based on energies, forces, and force constants obtained by quantum chemical calculations. In this case, the electronic structure is described by time-dependent density functional theory, and the corrected linear response is used in conjunction with the polarizable continuum model to account for state-specific solvent effects. The multimode dynamics following the photoexcitation to the locally excited state are simulated by the hybrid Gaussian-multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree method, and temperature effects are included using thermo field theory. The dynamics are connected to the transient absorption spectrum obtained in recent experiments, which is simulated and fully assigned from first principles. It is found that the charge separation is mediated by symmetry-breaking vibrations of relatively low frequency, which implies that temperature should be accounted for to obtain reliable estimates of the charge transfer rate.
Under the in vivo condition, a cell is continually interacting with its surrounding microenvironment, which is composed of its neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). These components generate and transmit the microenvironmental signals to regulate the fate and function of the target cells. Except the signals from the microenvironment, stimuli from the ambient environment, such as temperature changes, also play an important in modulating the cell behaviors, which are considered as regulators from the macroenvironment. In this regard, recapitulation of these environmental factors to steer cell function will be of crucial importance for therapeutic purposes and tissue regeneration. Although the role of a variety of environmental factors has been evaluated, it is still challenging to identify and provide the appropriate factors, which are required for optimizing the survival of cells and for ensuring effective cell functions.
Thus, in vitro recreating the environmental factors that are present in the extracellular environment would help to understand the mechanism of how cells sense and process those environmental signals. In this context, this thesis is aimed to harness these environmental parameters to guide cell responses. Here, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and human keratinocytes (KTCs), HaCaT cells, were used to investigate the impact of signals from the microenvironment or stimuli from the macroenvironment.
Firstly, polydopamine (PDA) or chitosan (CS) modifications were applied to generate different substrate surfaces for hiPSCs and KTCs (Chapter 4 to Chapter 6). Our results showed that the PDA modification was efficient to increase the cell-substrate adhesion and consequently promoted cell spreading. While CS modification was able to decrease the cell-substrate adhesion and enhance the cell-cell interaction, which enabled the morphology shift from monolayered cells to multicellular spheroids. The quantitative result was acquired using the atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based single-cell force spectroscopy. The balance between the cell-substrate and cell-cell adhesion yielded a net force, which determined the preference of the cell to adhere to its neighboring cells or to the substrate. The difference in the adhesive behaviors further affected the cellular function, such as the proliferation and differentiation potential of both hiPSCs and HaCaT cells.
Next, the cyclic temperature changes (ΔT) were selected here to study the influence of macroenvironmental stimuli on hiPSCs and KTCs (Chapter 7 and Chapter 8). The macroenvironmental temperature ranging from 10.0 ± 0.1 °C to 37.0 ± 0.1 °C was achieved using a thermal chamber equipped with a temperature controller. This temperature range was selected to explore the responses of hiPSCs to the extreme environments, while a temperature variation between 25.0 ± 0.1 °C and 37.0 ± 0.1 °C was applied to mimic the ambient temperature variations experienced by the skin epithelial KTCs. The ΔT led to cell stiffening in both hiPSCs and HaCaT cells in a cytoskeleton-dependent manner, which was measured by AFM. Specifically, in hiPSCs, the cell stiffening was resulted from the rearrangement of the actin skeleton; in HaCaT cells, was due to the difference of the Keratin (KRT) filaments. Except for inducing cell hardening, ΔT also caused differences in the protein expression profiles in hiPSCs or HaCaT cells, compared to those without ΔT treatment, which might be attributed to the alterations in their cytoskeleton structures.
To sum up, the results of the thesis demonstrated how individual factors from the micro-/macro-environment can be harnessed to modulate the behaviors of hiPSCs and HaCaT cells. Engineering the microenvironmental cues using surface modification and exploiting the macroenvironmental stimuli through temperature control were identified as precise and potent approaches to steer hiPSC and HaCaT cell behaviors. The application of AFM served as a non-invasive and real-time monitoring platform to trace the change in cell topography and mechanics induced by the environmental signals, which provide novel insights into the cell-environment interactions.
A cationic surfactant containing a spiropyrane unit is prepared exhibiting a dual-responsive adjustability of its surface-active characteristics. The switching mechanism of the system relies on the reversible conversion of the non-ionic spiropyrane (SP) to a zwitterionic merocyanine (MC) and can be controlled by adjusting the pH value and via light, resulting in a pH-dependent photoactivity: While the compound possesses a pronounced difference in surface activity between both forms under acidic conditions, this behavior is suppressed at a neutral pH level. The underlying switching processes are investigated in detail, and a thermodynamic explanation based on a combination of theoretical and experimental results is provided. This complex stimuli-responsive behavior enables remote-control of colloidal systems. To demonstrate its applicability, the surfactant is utilized for the pH-dependent manipulation of oil-in-water emulsions.
The water swelling and subsequent solvent exchange including co-nonsolvency behavior of thin films of a doubly thermo-responsive diblock copolymer (DBC) are studied viaspectral reflectance, time-of-flight neutron reflectometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
The DBC consists of a thermo-responsive zwitterionic (poly(4-((3-methacrylamidopropyl) dimethylammonio) butane-1-sulfonate)) (PSBP) block, featuring an upper critical solution temperature transition in aqueous media but being insoluble in acetone, and a nonionic poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM) block, featuring a lower critical solution temperature transition in water, while being soluble in acetone.
Homogeneous DBC films of 50-100 nm thickness are first swollen in saturated water vapor (H2OorD2O), before they are subjected to a contraction process by exposure to mixed saturated water/acetone vapor (H2OorD2O/acetone-d6 = 9:1 v/v).
The affinity of the DBC film toward H2O is stronger than for D2O, as inferred from the higher film thickness in the swollen state and the higher absorbed water content, thus revealing a pronounced isotope sensitivity.
During the co-solvent-induced switching by mixed water/acetone vapor, a two-step film contraction is observed, which is attributed to the delayed expulsion of water molecules and uptake of acetone molecules.
The swelling kinetics are compared for both mixed vapors (H2O/acetone-d6 and D2O/acetone-d6) and with those of the related homopolymer films.
Moreover, the concomitant variations of the local environment around the hydrophilic groups located in the PSBP and PNIPMAM blocks are followed.
The first contraction step turns out to be dominated by the behavior of the PSBP block, where as the second one is dominated by the PNIPMAM block.
The unusual swelling and contraction behavior of the latter block is attributed to its co-nonsolvency behavior.
Furthermore, we observe cooperative hydration effects in the DBC films, that is, both polymer blocks influence each other's solvation behavior.
The understanding of bidimensional materials dynamics and its electrolyte interface equilibrium, such as graphene oxide (GO), is critical for the development of a capacitive biosensing platform. The interfacial capacitance (C-i) of graphene-based materials may be tuned by experimental conditions such as pH optimization and cation size playing key roles at the enhancement of their capacitive properties allowing their application as novel capacitive biosensors. Here we reported a systematic study of C-i of multilayer GO films in different aqueous electrolytes employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the application in a capacitive detection system. We demonstrated that the presence of ionizable oxygen-containing functional groups within multilayer GO film favors the interactions and the accumulation of cations in the structure of the electrodes enhancing the GO C-i in aqueous solutions, where at pH 7.0 (the best condition) the C-i was 340 mu F mg(-1) at -0.01 V vs Ag/AgCl. We also established that the hydrated cation radius affects the mobility and interaction with GO functional groups and it plays a critical role in the Ci, as demonstrated in the presence of different cations Na+=640 mu F mg(-1), Li+=575 mu F mg(-1) and TMA(+)=477 mu F mg(-1). As a proof-of-concept, the capacitive behaviour of GO was explored as biosensing platform for standard streptavidin-biotin systems. For this system, the C-i varied linearly with the log of the concentration of the targeting analyte in the range from 10 pg mL(-1) to 100 ng mL(-1), showing the promising applicability of capacitive GO based sensors for label-free biosensing.
Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized battery technology. However, the scarcity of lithium in nature is driving the search for alternatives. For that reason, sodium-ion batteries have attracted increasing attention in recent years. The main obstacle to their development is the anode as, unlike for lithium-ion batteries, graphite cannot be used due to the inability to form stoichiometrically useful intercalation compounds with sodium. A promising candidate for sodium storage is hard carbon a form of nongraphitisable carbon, that can be synthesized from various precursor materials. Processing of hard carbons is often done by using mechanochemical treatments. Although it is generally accepted and often observed that they can influence the porosity of hard carbons, their effect on battery performance not well understood. Here, the changes in porosity occurring during ball milling are elucidated and related to the properties of hard carbons in sodium storage. Analysis by combined gas physisorption and small angle X-ray scattering shows that porosity changes during ball milling with a significant increase of the open porosity, unsuitable for reversible sodium storage, and decrease of the closed porosity, suitable for reversible sodium storage. While pristine hard carbon can store 58.5 mAh g(-1) in the closed pores, upon 5 h of mechanical treatment in a ball mill it can only store 35.5 mAh g(-1). The obtained results are furthermore pointing towards the disputed "intercalation-adsorption" mechanism.
Point-of-care and in-vivo bio-diagnostic tools are the current need for the present critical scenarios in the healthcare industry. The past few decades have seen a surge in research activities related to solving the challenges associated with precise on-site bio-sensing. Cutting-edge fiber optic technology enables the interaction of light with functionalized fiber surfaces at remote locations to develop a novel, miniaturized and cost-effective lab on fiber technology for bio-sensing applications. The recent remarkable developments in the field of nanotechnology provide innumerable functionalization methodologies to develop selective bio-recognition elements for label free biosensors. These exceptional methods may be easily integrated with fiber surfaces to provide highly selective light-matter interaction depending on various transduction mechanisms. In the present review, an overview of optical fiber-based biosensors has been provided with focus on physical principles used, along with the functionalization protocols for the detection of various biological analytes to diagnose the disease. The design and performance of these biosensors in terms of operating range, selectivity, response time and limit of detection have been discussed. In the concluding remarks, the challenges associated with these biosensors and the improvement required to develop handheld devices to enable direct target detection have been highlighted.
We present a comparative study of the gas-phase UV spectra of uracil and its thionated counterparts (2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil and 2,4-dithiouracil), closely supported by time-dependent density functional theory calculations to assign the transitions observed. We systematically discuss pure gas-phase spectra for the (thio)uracils in the range of 200-400 nm (similar to 3.2-6.4 eV), and examine the spectra of all four species with a single theoretical approach. We note that specific vibrational modelling is needed to accurately determine the spectra across the examined wavelength range, and systematically model the transitions that appear at wavelengths shorter than 250 nm. Additionally, we find in the cases of 2-thiouracil and 2,4-dithiouracil, that the gas-phase spectra deviate significantly from some previously published solution-phase spectra, especially those collected in basic environments.
In vivo endothelialization of polymer-based cardiovascular implant materials is a promising strategy to reduce the risk of platelet adherence and the subsequent thrombus formation and implant failure. However, endothelial cells from elderly patients are likely to exhibit a senescent phenotype that may counteract endothelialization. The senescence status of cells should therefore be investigated prior to implantation of devices designed to be integrated in the blood vessel wall. Here, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultivated up to passage (P) 4, 10 and 26/27 to determine the population doubling time and the senescence status by four different methods. Determination of the senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity (SA-beta-Gal) was carried out by colorimetric staining and microscopy (i), as well as by photometric quantification (ii), and the expression of senescence-associated nuclear proteins p16 and p21 as well as the proliferation marker Ki67 was assessed by immunostaining (iii), and by flow cytometry (iv). The population doubling time of P27-cells was remarkably greater (103 +/- 65 h) compared to P4-cells (24 +/- 3 h) and P10-cell (37 +/- 15 h). Among the four different methods tested, the photometric SA-beta-Gal activity assay and the flow cytometric determination of p16 and Ki67 were most effective in discriminating P27-cells from P4- and P10-cells. These methods combined with functional endothelial cell analyses might aid predictions on the performance of implant endothelialization in vivo.
Ionic guest in ionic host
(2022)
Ionosilica ionogels, i.e. composites consisting of an ionic liquid (IL) guest confined in an ionosilica host matrix, were synthesized via a non-hydrolytic sol-gel procedure from a tris-trialcoxysilylated amine precursor using the IL [BMIM]NTf2 as solvent. Various ionosilica ionogels were prepared starting from variable volumes of IL in the presence of formic acid. The resulting brittle and nearly colourless monoliths are composed of different amounts of IL guests confined in an ionosilica host as evidenced via thermogravimetric analysis, FT-IR, and C-13 CP-MAS solid-state NMR spectroscopy. In the following, we focused on confinement effects between the ionic host and guest. Special host-guest interactions between the IL guest and the ionosilica host were evidenced by H-1 solid-state NMR, Raman spectroscopy, and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) measurements. The three techniques indicate a strongly reduced ion mobility in the ionosilica ionogel composites containing small volume fractions of confined IL, compared to conventional silica-based ionogels. We conclude that the ionic ionosilica host stabilizes an IL layer on the host surface; this then results in a strongly reduced ion mobility compared to conventional silica hosts. The ion mobility progressively increases for systems containing higher volume fractions of IL and finally reaches the values observed in conventional silica based ionogels. These results therefore point towards strong interactions and confinement effects between the ionic host and the ionic guest on the ionosilica surface. Furthermore, this approach allows confining high volume fractions of IL into self-standing monoliths while preserving high ionic conductivity. These effects may be of interest in domains where IL phases must be anchored on solid supports to avoid leaching or IL spilling, e.g., in catalysis, in gas separation/sequestration devices or for the elaboration of solid electrolytes for (lithium-ion) batteries and supercapacitors.
The quest for "chemical accuracy" is becoming more and more demanded in the field of structure and kinetics of molecules at solid surfaces. In this paper, as an example, we focus on the barrier for hydrogen diffusion on a alpha-Al2O3 (0001) surface, aiming for a couple cluster singles, doubles, and perturbative triples [CCSD(T)]-level benchmark. We employ the density functional theory (DFT) optimized minimum and transition state structures reported by Heiden, Usvyat, and Saalfrank [J. Phys. Chem. C 123, 6675 (2019)]. The barrier is first evaluated at the periodic Hartree-Fock and local Moller-Plesset second-order perturbation (MP2) level of theory. The possible sources of errors are then analyzed, which includes basis set incompleteness error, frozen core, density fitting, local approximation errors, as well as the MP2 method error. Using periodic and embedded fragment models, corrections to these errors are evaluated. In particular, two corrections are found to be non-negligible (both from the chemical accuracy perspective and at the scale of the barrier value of 0.72 eV): the correction to the frozen core-approximation of 0.06 eV and the CCSD(T) correction of 0.07 eV. Our correlated wave function results are compared to barriers obtained from DFT. Among the tested DFT functionals, the best performing for this barrier is B3LYP-D3.
The alpha-Al2O3(0001) surface has been extensively studied because of its significance in both fundamental research and application. Prior work suggests that in ultra-high-vacuum (UHV), in the absence of water, the so-called Al-I termination is thermodynamically favored, while in ambient, in contact with liquid water, a Gibbsite-like layer is created. While the view of the alpha- Al2O3(0001)/H2O(l) interface appears relatively clear in theory, experimental characterization of this system has resulted in estimates of surface acidity, i.e., isoelectric points, that differ by 4 pH units and surface structure that in some reports has non-hydrogen-bonded surface aluminol (Al-OH) groups and in others does not. In this study, we employed vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS) and density functional theory (DFT) simulation to study the surface phonon modes of the differently terminated alpha-Al2O3(0001) surfaces in both UHV and ambient. We find that, on either water dosing of the Al-I in UHV or heat-induced dehydroxylation of the Gibbsite-like in ambient, the surfaces do not interconvert. This observation offers a new explanation for disagreements in prior work on the alpha-Al2O3(0001)/liquid water interface -different preparation methods may create surfaces that do not interconvert-and shows that the surface phonon spectral response offers a novel probe of interfacial hydrogen bonding structure.
The production and consumption of commodity polymers have been an indispensable part of the development of our modern society. Owing to their adjustable properties and variety of functions, polymer-based materials will continue playing important roles in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)s, defined by the United Nations, in key areas such as healthcare, transport, food preservation, construction, electronics, and water management. Considering the serious environmental crisis, generated by increasing consumption of plastics, leading-edge polymers need to incorporate two types of functions: Those that directly arise from the demands of the application (e.g. selective gas and liquid permeation, actuation or charge transport) and those that enable minimization of environmental harm, e.g., through prolongation of the functional lifetime, minimization of material usage, or through predictable disintegration into non-toxic fragments. Here, we give examples of how the incorporation of a thoughtful combination of properties/functions can enhance the sustainability of plastics ranging from material design to waste management. We focus on tools to measure and reduce the negative impacts of plastics on the environment throughout their life cycle, the use of renewable sources for their synthesis, the design of biodegradable and/or recyclable materials, and the use of biotechnological strategies for enzymatic recycling of plastics that fits into a circular bioeconomy. Finally, we discuss future applications for sustainable plastics with the aim to achieve the SDGs through international cooperation. <br /> Leading-edge polymer-based materials for consumer and advanced applications are necessary to achieve sustainable development at a global scale. It is essential to understand how sustainability can be incorporated in these materials via green chemistry, the integration of bio-based building blocks from biorefineries, circular bioeconomy strategies, and combined smart and functional capabilities.
A convenient method for the synthesis of gamma-spirolactams in only three steps is described. Birch reduction of inexpensive and commercially available aromatic carboxylic acids in the presence of chloroacetonitrile affords nitriles in moderate to good yields. Suitable precursors are methyl-substituted benzoic acids, naphthoic, and anthroic acid. Subsequent catalytic hydrogenation proceeds smoothly with PtO2 or Raney Ni as catalysts and lactams are isolated in excellent yields and stereoselectivities. Thus, up to 3 new stereogenic centers can be constructed as sole diastereomers from achiral benzoic acids. Furthermore, it is possible to control the degree of saturation at different pressures, affording products with 0, 1, or 2 double bonds. Overall, more than 15 new gamma-spirolactams have been synthesized in analytically pure form.
Influence of functional groups on the ene reaction of singlet oxygen with 1,4-cyclohexadienes
(2021)
The photooxygenation of 1,4-cyclohexadienes has been studied with a special focus on regio- and stereoselectivities. In all examples, only the methyl-substituted double bond undergoes an ene reaction with singlet oxygen, to afford hydroperoxides in moderate to good yields. We explain the high regioselectivities by a "large-group effect" of the adjacent quaternary stereocenter. Nitriles decrease the reactivity of singlet oxygen, presumably by quenching, but can stabilize proposed per-epoxide intermediates by polar interactions resulting in different stereoselectivities. Spiro lactams and lactones show an interesting effect on regio- and stereoselectivities of the ene reactions. Thus, singlet oxygen attacks the double bond preferentially anti to the carbonyl group, affording only one regioisomeric hydroperoxide. If the reaction occurs from the opposite face, the other regioisomer is exclusively formed by severe electrostatic repulsion in a perepoxide intermediate. We explain this unusual behavior by the fixed geometry of spiro compounds and call it a "spiro effect" in singlet oxygen ene reactions.
In this paper, we introduce a fluorescent dye 1, which is able to detect selectively Pd2+ by a clear fluorescence enhancement (FE) in THF. In the presence of eight Pd2+ equivalents, we observed a fluorescence enhancement factor (FEF) of 28.3. The high Pd2+ induced FEF can be explained by an off switching of multiple quenching processes within 1 by Pd2+. In the free dye 1 a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and energy transfer (ET) takes place and quenches the anthracenic fluorescence. The coordination of eight Pd2+ units by the alkylthio-substituted porphyrazine receptor suppresses the PET and ET quenching process and the anthracenic fluorescence is switched on.
The palladium-catalyzed oxidative Heck-reaction, also referred to as Fujiwara-Moritani-reaction, has been investigated for the synthesis of styrenylsulfonyl compounds. Acetanilides and vinylsulfonyl compounds undergo dehydrogenative coupling reactions in moderate to quantitative yields, using benzoquinone as the oxidant of choice. Potassium peroxodisulfate, which had previously been identified as a superior oxidant for the coupling with acrylates, did not provide any coupling products with these olefins. Traceless removal of the catalyst directing group through a deacetylation-diazotation-coupling (DDC) sequence was demonstrated for 2-arylethene sulfones.
Janus droplets were prepared by vortex mixing of three non-mixable liquids, i.e., olive oil, silicone oil and water, in the presence of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the aqueous phase and magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) in the olive oil. The resulting Pickering emulsions were stabilized by a red-colored AuNP layer at the olive oil/water interface and MNPs at the oil/oil interface. The core–shell droplets can be stimulated by an external magnetic field. Surprisingly, an inner rotation of the silicon droplet is observed when MNPs are fixed at the inner silicon droplet interface. This is the first example of a controlled movement of the inner parts of complex double emulsions by magnetic manipulation via interfacially confined magnetic nanoparticles.
In this paper the development, use, and evaluation of tasks based on the construct of school-related content knowledge are described. The tasks were used in seminars on organic chemistry for bachelor and master preservice chemistry teachers at a German university. For the evaluation a questionnaire with open and closed items was used. The tasks were rated by the preservice chemistry teachers as relevant for their future profession as a chemistry teacher if the content of the tasks is part of the school curriculum. If the content does not belong to the school curriculum, they rated the nature of the tasks still as relevant; they seem to recognize the importance of conceptual knowledge for their future profession. However, the master's preservice teachers argued with this conceptual knowledge more often than the bachelor's preservice teachers. Although the study is cross-sectional, a certain shift from the focus on the content to conceptual knowledge from bachelor's to master's preservice teachers can be observed.
The spatial magnetic properties, through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRS), of bent cyclobutylcarbene 8, 1,2-diboretane-3-ylidene 9, and some carbene analogues of boron 14-18 as most intriguing examples of carbenes, which can be stabilized as homoaromatic systems with 3c,2e bonding, have been calculated using the GIAO perturbation method employing the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) concept and the results visualized as iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSS) of various size and direction. The TSNMRS values (actually, ring current effect/anisotropy effects as measurable in H-1 NMR spectroscopy) are employed to qualify and quantify the degree of present 3c,2e-homoaromaticity. Results are confirmed by geometry (bond angles and bond lengths) and spectroscopic data, the delta(B-11)/ppm data and the C-13 chemical shifts of the carbene electron-deficient centre.
The photoinduced nonadiabatic dynamics of the enol-keto isomerization of 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline (HBQ) are studied computationally using high-dimensional quantum dynamics. The simulations are based on a diabatic vibronic coupling Hamiltonian, which includes the two lowest pi pi* excited states and a n pi* state, which has high energy in the Franck-Condon zone, but significantly stabilizes upon excited state intramolecular proton transfer. A procedure, applicable to large classes of excited state proton transfer reactions, is presented to parametrize this model using potential energies, forces and force constants, which, in this case, are obtained by time-dependent density functional theory. The wave packet calculations predict a time scale of 10-15 fs for the photoreaction, and reproduce the time constants and the coherent oscillations observed in time- resolved spectroscopic studies performed on HBQ. In contrast to the interpretation given to the most recent experiments, it is found that the reaction initiated by 1 pi pi* <- S-0 photoexcitation proceeds essentially on a single potential energy surface, and the observed coherences bear signatures of Duschinsky mode-mixing along the reaction path. The dynamics after the 2 pi pi* <- S-0 excitation are instead nonadiabatic, and the n pi* state plays a major role in the relaxation process. The simulations suggest a mainly active role of the proton in the isomerization, rather than a passive migration assisted by the vibrations of the benzoquinoline backbone. <br /> [GRAPHICS] <br /> .
The spatial magnetic properties, through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRSs), of stable O, S and Hal analogues of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been calculated using the GIAO perturbation method employing the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) concept and the results visualized as iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSSs) of various sizes and directions. The TSNMRS values (actually the anisotropy effects measurable in H-1 NMR spectroscopy) are employed to qualify and quantify the position of the present mesomeric equilibria (carbenes <-> ylides). The results are confirmed by geometry (bond angles and bond lengths), IR spectra, UV spectra, and C-13 chemical shifts of the electron-deficient carbon centers.
In this paper, we describe a study on tasks following the construct of school-related content knowledge. We know from previous studies that such tasks were rated by the preservice chemistry teachers as important for their future profession. Those studies were conducted in a traditional course on organic chemistry which was organized around chemical families. Therefore, we used and evaluated the tasks again in a new course on organic chemistry which is organized around basic concepts in organic chemistry. The results of this evaluation show that the students rate the tasks equally well but use other arguments for their rating. They do not focus only on the content of the tasks and whether this content belongs to the school curriculum or not. The students of the conceptual course rated the content more often (95%) as important for their future profession compared with the students in the traditional course (57%). Both groups of students rated the importance of the nature of the task the same way.
Educational Scaffolding was first mentioned in 1976 by Wood et al. Several examples for scaffolding in chemistry are also known from the literature. As written scaffolds, stepped supporting tools to support students while solving problems in organic chemistry were developed, applied, and evaluated. Although the students rated the tool as very helpful, a think-aloud study showed that the support given by this scaffold was not sufficient. As a further development of stepped supporting tools, task navigators were therefore developed, applied, and evaluated. This new scaffold gives tips on strategy, knowledge, and application of knowledge after the STRAKNAP concept. The evaluation of this tool shows that the students rated the tool as being very helpful. A think-aloud study showed that the scaffold supports the students while they solve a problem. Because of the stepwise construction of the task navigators and the providing of the knowledge needed for the application, the students can solve parts of the task successfully even if they do not solve all parts correctly; the students can always start from scratch. When students use the tool regularly, their knowledge of organic chemistry increases compared to students who did not use the tool at all. The task navigator is not only a scaffold for the content of the task but also for the development of methodological competences on the field of strategies and applying knowledge.
A convenient method for the synthesis of γ-spirolactones in only 2–3 steps is described. Birch reduction of inexpensive and commercially available aromatic carboxylic acids in the presence of ethylene oxide affords hydroxy acids, which undergo direct lactonization during work-up. Suitable precursors are methyl-substituted benzoic acids, naphthoic, and dicarboxylic acids. Subsequent hydrogenation proceeds smoothly with Pd/C as catalyst and saturated γ-spirolactones are isolated in excellent yields and stereoselectivities. Thus, up to 3 new stereogenic centers can be constructed as sole diastereomers from achiral benzoic acids. Furthermore, it is possible to control the degree of saturation with Raney nickel or Wilkinson's catalyst to obtain products with 1 double bond. Overall, more than 30 new γ-spirolactones have been synthesized in analytically pure form.
Ethylene oxide sterilization of electrospun poly(L-lactide)/poly(D-lactide) core/shell nanofibers
(2021)
The application of polymers in medicine requires sterilization while retaining material structure and properties. This demands detailed analysis, which we show exemplarily for the sterilization of PLLA/PDLA core-shell nanofibers with ethylene oxide (EtO). The electrospun patch was exposed to EtO gas (6 vol% in CO2, 1.7 bar) for 3 h at 45 degrees C and 75% rel. humidity, followed by degassing under pressure/vacuum cycles for 12 h. GC-MS analysis showed that no residual EtO was retained. Fiber diameters (similar to 520 +/- 130 nm) of the patches remained constant as observed by electron microscopy. Young's modulus slightly increased and the elongation at break slightly decreased, determined at 37 degrees C. No changes were detected in H-1-NMR spectra, in molar mass distribution (GPC) or in crystallinity measured for annealed samples with comparable thermal history (Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering). Altogether, EtO emerged as suitable sterilization method for polylactide nanofibers with core-shell morphology.
The numerous applications of rare earth elements (REE) has lead to a growing global demand and to the search for new REE deposits. One promising technique for exploration of these deposits is laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Among a number of advantages of the technique is the possibility to perform on-site measurements without sample preparation. Since the exploration of a deposit is based on the analysis of various geological compartments of the surrounding area, REE-bearing rock and soil samples were analyzed in this work. The field samples are from three European REE deposits in Sweden and Norway. The focus is on the REE cerium, lanthanum, neodymium and yttrium. Two different approaches of data analysis were used for the evaluation. The first approach is univariate regression (UVR). While this approach was successful for the analysis of synthetic REE samples, the quantitative analysis of field samples from different sites was influenced by matrix effects. Principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to determine the origin of the samples from the three deposits. The second approach is based on multivariate regression methods, in particular interval PLS (iPLS) regression. In comparison to UVR, this method is better suited for the determination of REE contents in heterogeneous field samples. View Full-Text
Label-free optical sensors are attractive candidates, for example, for detecting toxic substances and monitoring biomolecular interactions. Their performance can be pushed by the design of the sensor through clever material choices and integration of components. In this work, two porous materials, namely, porous silicon and plasmonic nanohole arrays, are combined in order to obtain increased sensitivity and dual-mode sensing capabilities. For this purpose, porous silicon monolayers are prepared by electrochemical etching and plasmonic nanohole arrays are obtained using a bottom-up strategy. Hybrid sensors of these two materials are realized by transferring the plasmonic nanohole array on top of the porous silicon. Reflectance spectra of the hybrid sensors are characterized by a fringe pattern resulting from the Fabry–Pérot interference at the porous silicon borders, which is overlaid with a broad dip based on surface plasmon resonance in the plasmonic nanohole array. In addition, the hybrid sensor shows a significant higher reflectance in comparison to the porous silicon monolayer. The sensitivities of the hybrid sensor to refractive index changes are separately determined for both components. A significant increase in sensitivity from 213 ± 12 to 386 ± 5 nm/RIU is determined for the transfer of the plasmonic nanohole array sensors from solid glass substrates to porous silicon monolayers. In contrast, the spectral position of the interference pattern of porous silicon monolayers in different media is not affected by the presence of the plasmonic nanohole array. However, the changes in fringe pattern reflectance of the hybrid sensor are increased 3.7-fold after being covered with plasmonic nanohole arrays and could be used for high-sensitivity sensing. Finally, the capability of the hybrid sensor for simultaneous and independent dual-mode sensing is demonstrated.
Training OC
(2021)
The course design "Training OC" for training the application of basic concepts consists of four topics: formula language, structure-property relations, reaction mechanisms, and complex tasks that the students should solve with the conceptual knowledge they acquired in the first three topics. A main goal of the course was to enable the students to solve reaction mechanisms. To achieve the goals of the course, several games were specially designed and used. The course was conducted at a German university with ca. 30 students who participated voluntarily. The course was evaluated by several tools: students' products were collected in the course, there were two pre/post-tests, and additionally, interviews on the strategy of designing reaction mechanisms were conducted. The performance of the teacher and the self-assessment of the students were also part of the evaluation. The results of the written exam were compared with the results of the bachelor chemistry major students. The course "Training OC" was rated very well by the students. They were of the opinion that they learned the application of basic concepts taught in this course. This is supported by the results of the evaluation and the written exams. The course concept of Training OC will therefore become a permanent part of the course "Organic Chemistry I" which will be redesigned for the next round in 2020-21.
The reaction of flavanones with hypervalent iodine reagents was investigated with a view to the synthesis of naturally occurring isoflavones. In contrast to several previous reports in the literature, we did not observe the formation of any benzofurans via a ring contraction pathway, but could isolate only isoflavones, resulting from an oxidative 2,3-aryl rearrangement, and flavones, resulting from an oxidation of the flavanones. Although the 2,3-oxidative rearrangement allows a synthetically useful approach toward some isoflavone natural products due to the convenient accessibility of the required starting materials, the overall synthetic utility and generality of the reaction appear to be more limited than previous literature reports suggest.
The photooxygenation of naphthalene to the corresponding endoperoxide (EPO) under various conditions is described. Substantial conversion is only observed at -10 degrees C and after more than two days, indicating that the [4+2] cycloaddition of singlet oxygen to this acene proceeds much more slowly than corresponding reactions of substituted naphthalenes, a rate constant of k = 5.4 +/- 0.3 M(-1)s(-1) was determined by competition kinetics. Another problem is the thermal lability and photochemical cleavage of the naphthalene EPO. We investigated the mechanism of this radical process depending on the light source and sensitizer in comparison to known cyclohexadiene EPO. Thus, bisepoxides and keto epoxides are formed after homolysis of the O-O bond by irradiation with sodium lamps or blue LEDs and subsequent cyclization. This process is accelerated by the sensitizers methylene blue and 9,10-dicyanoanthracene, indicating an electron transfer mechanism. Finally, the cleavage of the peroxidic bond is inhibited with red LEDs, and photooxygenation under such conditions affords 20 % EPO. Thus, we could demonstrate that contrary to literature statements singlet oxygen does indeed react with naphthalene.
Stereoselective [4+2] Cycloaddition of Singlet Oxygen to Naphthalenes Controlled by Carbohydrates
(2021)
Stereoselective reactions of singlet oxygen are of current interest. Since enantioselective photooxygenations have not been realized efficiently, auxiliary control is an attractive alternative. However, the obtained peroxides are often too labile for isolation or further transformations into enantiomerically pure products. Herein, we describe the oxidation of naphthalenes by singlet oxygen, where the face selectivity is controlled by carbohydrates for the first time. The synthesis of the precursors is easily achieved starting from naphthoquinone and a protected glucose derivative in only two steps. Photooxygenations proceed smoothly at low temperature, and we detected the corresponding endoperoxides as sole products by NMR. They are labile and can thermally react back to the parent naphthalenes and singlet oxygen. However, we could isolate and characterize two enantiomerically pure peroxides, which are sufficiently stable at room temperature. An interesting influence of substituents on the stereoselectivities of the photooxygenations has been found, ranging from 51:49 to up to 91:9 dr (diastereomeric ratio). We explain this by a hindered rotation of the carbohydrate substituents, substantiated by a combination of NOESY measurements and theoretical calculations. Finally, we could transfer the chiral information from a pure endoperoxide to an epoxide, which was isolated after cleavage of the sugar chiral auxiliary in enantiomerically pure form.
The spatial magnetic properties, through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRS), of isolated as well as B-C bond length varied model compounds (BR3 trapped NHCs) have been calculated using the GIAO perturbation method employing the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) concept and the results visualized as iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSS) of various size and direction. The TSNMRS values (actually the anisotropy effects measurable in H-1 NMR spectroscopy) are employed to qualify and quantify the present dative vs. coordinative bond character of the boron-carbon bond in the trapped NHCs. Results are confirmed by bond lengths and B-11/C-13 chemical shift variations in the BR3 trapped NHCs.
The incorporation of proteins in artificial materials such as membranes offers great opportunities to avail oneself the miscellaneous qualities of proteins and enzymes perfected by nature over millions of years. One possibility to leverage proteins is the modification with artificial polymers. To obtain such protein-polymer conjugates, either a polymer can be grown from the protein surface (grafting-from) or a pre-synthesized polymer attached to the protein (grafting-to). Both techniques were used to synthesize conjugates of different proteins with thermo-responsive polymers in this thesis.
First, conjugates were analyzed by protein NMR spectroscopy. Typical characterization techniques for conjugates can verify the successful conjugation and give hints on the secondary structure of the protein. However, the 3-dimensional structure, being highly important for the protein function, cannot be probed by standard techniques. NMR spectroscopy is a unique method allowing to follow even small alterations in the protein structure. A mutant of the carbohydrate binding module 3b (CBM3bN126W) was used as model protein and functionalized with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). Analysis of conjugates prepared by grafting-to or grafting-from revealed a strong impact of conjugation type on protein folding. Whereas conjugates prepared by grafting a pre-formed polymer to the protein resulted in complete preservation of protein folding, grafting the polymer from the protein surface led to (partial) disruption of the protein structure.
Next, conjugates of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as cheap and easily accessible protein were synthesized with PNIPAm and different oligoethylene glycol (meth)acrylates. The obtained protein-polymer conjugates were analyzed by an in-line combination of size exclusion chromatography and multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALS). This technique is particular advantageous to determine molar masses, as no external calibration of the system is needed. Different SEC column materials and operation conditions were tested to evaluate the applicability of this system to determine absolute molar masses and hydrodynamic properties of heterogeneous conjugates prepared by grafting-from and grafting-to. Hydrophobic and non-covalent interactions of conjugates lead to error-prone values not in accordance to expected molar masses based on conversions and extents of modifications.
As alternative to this method, conjugates were analyzed by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) to gain insights in the hydrodynamic properties and how they change after conjugation. Within a centrifugal field, a sample moves and fractionates according to the mass, density, and shape of its individual components. Conjugates of BSA with PNIPAm were analyzed below and above the cloud point temperature of the thermo-responsive polymer component. It was identified that the polymer characteristics were transferred to the conjugate molecule which than showed a decreased ideality – defined as increased deviation from a perfect sphere model – below and increased ideality above the cloud point temperature. This effect can be attributed to an arrangement of the polymer chain pointing towards the solvent (expanded state) or snuggling around the protein surface depending on the applied temperature.
The last project dealt with the synthesis of ferric hydroxamate uptake protein component A (FhuA)-polymer conjugates as building blocks for novel membrane materials. The shape of FhuA can be described as barrel and removal of a cork domain inside the protein results in a passive channel aimed to be utilized as pores in the membrane system. The polymer matrix surrounding the membrane protein is composed of a thermo-responsive and a UV-crosslinkable part. Therefore, an external trigger for covalent immobilization of these building blocks in the membrane and switchability of the membrane between different states was incorporated. The overall performance of membranes prepared by a drying-mediated self-assembly approach was evaluated by permeability and size exclusion experiments. The obtained membranes displayed an insufficiency in interchain crosslinking and therefore a lack in performance. Furthermore, the aimed switch between a hydrophilic and hydrophobic state of the polymer matrix did not occur. Correspondingly, size exclusion experiments did not result in a retention of analytes larger than the pores defined by the dimension of the used FhuA variant.
Overall, different paths to generate protein-polymer conjugates by either grafting-from or grafting-to the protein surface were presented paving the way to the generation of new hybrid materials. Different analytical methods were utilized to describe the folding and hydrodynamic properties of conjugates providing a deeper insight in the overall characteristics of these seminal building blocks.
Stereoselective [4+2] Cycloaddition of Singlet Oxygen to Naphthalenes Controlled by Carbohydrates
(2021)
Stereoselective reactions of singlet oxygen are of current interest. Since enantioselective photooxygenations have not been realized efficiently, auxiliary control is an attractive alternative. However, the obtained peroxides are often too labile for isolation or further transformations into enantiomerically pure products. Herein, we describe the oxidation of naphthalenes by singlet oxygen, where the face selectivity is controlled by carbohydrates for the first time. The synthesis of the precursors is easily achieved starting from naphthoquinone and a protected glucose derivative in only two steps. Photooxygenations proceed smoothly at low temperature, and we detected the corresponding endoperoxides as sole products by NMR. They are labile and can thermally react back to the parent naphthalenes and singlet oxygen. However, we could isolate and characterize two enantiomerically pure peroxides, which are sufficiently stable at room temperature. An interesting influence of substituents on the stereoselectivities of the photooxygenations has been found, ranging from 51:49 to up to 91:9 dr (diastereomeric ratio). We explain this by a hindered rotation of the carbohydrate substituents, substantiated by a combination of NOESY measurements and theoretical calculations. Finally, we could transfer the chiral information from a pure endoperoxide to an epoxide, which was isolated after cleavage of the sugar chiral auxiliary in enantiomerically pure form.
The Venus flytrap is a fascinating plant with a finely tuned mechanical bi-stable system, which can switch between mono- and bi-stability. Here, we combine geometrical design of compliant mechanics and the function of shape-memory polymers to enable switching between bi- and mono-stable states. Digital design and modelling using the Chained Beam Constraint Model forecasted two geometries, which were experimentally realized as structured films of cross-linked poly[ethylene-co-(vinyl acetate)] supported by digital manufacturing. Mechanical evaluation confirmed our predicted features. We demonstrated that a shape-memory effect could switch between bi- and mono-stability for the same construct, effectively imitating the Venus flytrap.
CxNy
(2021)
The search for metal-free and visible light-responsive materials for photocatalytic applications has attracted the interest of not only academics but also the industry in the last decades. Since graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was first reported as a metal-free photocatalyst, this has been widely investigated in different light-driven reactions. However, the high recombination rate, low electrical conductivity, and lack of photoresponse in most of the visible range have elicited the search for alternatives. In this regard, a broad family of carbon nitride (CxNy) materials was anticipated several decades ago. However, the attention of the researchers in these materials has just been awakened in the last years due to the recent success in the syntheses of some of these materials (i.e., C3N3, C2N, C3N, and C3N5, among others), together with theoretical simulations pointing at the excellent physico-chemical properties (i.e., crystalline structure and chemical morphology, electronic configuration and semiconducting nature, or high refractive index and hardness, among others) and optoelectronic applications of these materials. The performance of CxNy, beyond C3N4, has been barely evaluated in real applications, including energy conversion, storage, and adsorption technologies, and further work must be carried out, especially experimentally, in order to confirm the high expectations raised by simulations and theoretical calculations. Herein, we have summarized the scarce literature related to recent results reporting the synthetic routes, structures, and performance of these materials as photocatalysts. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives at the forefront of this field using CxNy materials are disclosed. We aim to stimulate the research of this new generation of CxNy-based photocatalysts, beyond C3N4, with improved photocatalytic efficiencies by harnessing the striking structural, electronic, and optical properties of this new family of materials.
Shape-memory polymers designed in view of thermomechanical energy storage and conversion systems
(2021)
We use quantum chemical cluster models together with constrained density STM Ph CI functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) for open system to simulate tip and rationalize nonlocal scanning tunneling microscope (STM) manipulation experiments for Philh ci chlorobenzene (PhCl) on a Si(111)-7 X 7 surface. We consider three different processes, namely, the electron-induced dissociation of the carbon-chlorine bond for physisorbed PhCl molecules at low temperatures and the electron- or hole-induced desorption of chemisorbed PhCl at 300 K. All processes can be induced nonlocally, i.e., up to several nanometers (nm) away from the injection site, in STM experiments. We rationalize and explain the experimental findings regarding the STM-induced dissociation using constrained DFT. The coupling of STM-induced ion resonances to nuclear degrees of freedom is simulated with AIMD using the Gadzuk averaging approach for open systems. From this data, we predict a 4 fs lifetime for the cationic resonance. For the anion model, desorption could not be observed. In addition, the same cluster models are used for transition-state theory calculations, which are compared to and validated against time-lapse STM experiments.
Natural products have proved to be a major resource in the discovery and development of many pharmaceuticals that are in use today. There is a wide variety of biologically active natural products that contain conjugated polyenes or benzofuran structures. Therefore, new synthetic methods for the construction of such building blocks are of great interest to synthetic chemists. The recently developed one-pot tethered ring-closing metathesis approach allows for the formation of Z,E-dienoates in high stereoselectivity. The extension of this method with a Julia-Kocienski olefination protocol would allow for the formation of conjugated trienes in a stereoselective manner. This strategy was applied in the total synthesis of conjugated triene containing (+)-bretonin B. Additionally, investigations of cross metathesis using methyl substituted olefins were pursued. This methodology was applied, as a one-pot cross metathesis/ring-closing metathesis sequence, in the total synthesis of benzofuran containing 7-methoxywutaifuranal. Finally, the design and synthesis of a catalyst for stereoretentive metathesis in aqueous media was investigated.
Janus droplets were prepared by vortex mixing of three non-mixable liquids, i.e., olive oil, silicone oil and water, in the presence of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the aqueous phase and magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) in the olive oil. The resulting Pickering emulsions were stabilized by a red-colored AuNP layer at the olive oil/water interface and MNPs at the oil/oil interface. The core–shell droplets can be stimulated by an external magnetic field. Surprisingly, an inner rotation of the silicon droplet is observed when MNPs are fixed at the inner silicon droplet interface. This is the first example of a controlled movement of the inner parts of complex double emulsions by magnetic manipulation via interfacially confined magnetic nanoparticles.
The numerous applications of rare earth elements (REE) has lead to a growing global demand and to the search for new REE deposits. One promising technique for exploration of these deposits is laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Among a number of advantages of the technique is the possibility to perform on-site measurements without sample preparation. Since the exploration of a deposit is based on the analysis of various geological compartments of the surrounding area, REE-bearing rock and soil samples were analyzed in this work. The field samples are from three European REE deposits in Sweden and Norway. The focus is on the REE cerium, lanthanum, neodymium and yttrium. Two different approaches of data analysis were used for the evaluation. The first approach is univariate regression (UVR). While this approach was successful for the analysis of synthetic REE samples, the quantitative analysis of field samples from different sites was influenced by matrix effects. Principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to determine the origin of the samples from the three deposits. The second approach is based on multivariate regression methods, in particular interval PLS (iPLS) regression. In comparison to UVR, this method is better suited for the determination of REE contents in heterogeneous field samples. View Full-Text
The present work focuses on minimising the usage of toxic chemicals by integration of the biobased monomers, derived from fatty acid esters, to photopolymerization processes, which are known to be nature friendly. Internal double bond present in the oleic acid was converted to more reactive (meth)acrylate or epoxy group. Biobased starting materials, functionalized by different pendant groups, were used for photopolymerizing formulations to design of new polymeric structures by using ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) (395 nm) via free radical polymerization or cationic polymerization.
New (meth)acrylates (2,3 and 4) consisting of two isomers, methyl 9-((meth)acryloyloxy)-10-hydroxyoctadecanoate / methyl 9-hydroxy-10-((meth)acryloyloxy)octadecanoate (2 and 3) and methyl 9-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-10-(methacryloyloxy)octadecanoate / methyl 9-(methacryloyloxy)-10-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)octadecanoate (4), modified from oleic acid mix, and ionic liquid monomers (1a and 1b) bearing long alkyl chain were polymerized photochemically. New (meth)acrylates are based on vegetable oil, and ionic liquids (ILs) have nonvolatile behaviour. Therefore, both monomer types have green approach. Photoinitiated polymerization of new (meth)acrylates and ionic liquids was investigated in the presence of ethyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphinate (Irgacure® TPO−L) or di(4-methoxybenzoyl)diethylgermane (Ivocerin®) as photoinitiator (PI). Additionally, the results were discussed in comparison with those obtained from commercial 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate (5 and 6) for deeper investigation of biobased monomer’s potential to substitute petroleum derived materials with renewable resources for possible coating applications. Kinetic study shows that methyl 9-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-10-(methacryloyloxy)octadecanoate / methyl 9-(methacryloyloxy)-10-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)octadecanoate (4) and ionic liquids (1a and 1b) have quantitative conversion after irradiation process which is important for practical applications. On the other hand, heat generation occurs in a longer time during the polymerization of biobased systems or ILs.
The poly(meth)acrylates modified from (meth)acrylated fatty acid methyl ester monomers generally show a low glass transition temperature because of the presence of long aliphatic chain in the polymer structure. However, poly(meth)acrylates containing aromatic group have higher glass transition temperature. Therefore, new 4-(4-methacryloyloxyphenyl)-butan-2-one (7) was synthesized which can be a promising candidate for the green techniques, such as light induced polymerization. Photokinetic investigation of the new monomer, 4-(4-methacryloyloxyphenyl)-butan-2-one (7), was discussed using Irgacure® TPO−L or Ivocerin® as photoinitiator. The reactivity of that monomer was compared to commercial 2-phenoxyethyl methacrylate (8) and phenyl methacrylate (9) basis of the differences on monomer structures. The photopolymer of 4-(4-methacryloyloxyphenyl)-butan-2-one (7) might be an interesting candidate for the coating application with the properties of quantitative conversion and high molecular weight. It also shows higher glass transition temperature.
In addition to the linear systems based on renewable materials, new crosslinked polymers were also designed in this thesis. Therefore, isomer mixture consisting of ethane-1,2-diyl bis(9-methacryloyloxy-10-hydroxy octadecanoate), ethane-1,2-diyl 9-hydroxy-10-methacryloyloxy-9’-methacryloyloxy10’-hydroxy octadecanoate and ethane-1,2-diyl bis(9-hydroxy-10-methacryloyloxy octadecanoate) (10) was synthesized by derivation of the oleic acid which has not been previously described in the literature. Crosslinked material based on this biobased monomer was produced by photoinitiated free radical polymerization using Irgacure® TPO−L or Ivocerin® as photoinitiator. Furthermore, material properties were diversified by copolymerization of 10 with 4-(4-methacryloyloxyphenyl)-butan-2-one (7) or methyl 9-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-10-(methacryloyloxy)octadecanoate / methyl 9-(methacryloyloxy)-10-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)octadecanoate (4). In addition to this, influence of comonomer with different chemical structure on the network system was investigated by analysis of thermo-mechanical properties, crosslink density and molecular weight between two crosslink junctions. An increase in the glass transition temperature caused by copolymerization of biobased monomer 10 with the excess amount of 4-(4-methacryloyloxyphenyl)-butan-2-one (7) was confirmed by both techniques, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). On the other hand, crosslink density decreased as a result of copolymerization reactions due to the reduction in the mean functionality of the system. Furthermore, surface characterization has been tested by contact angle measurements using solvents with different polarity.
This work also contributes to the limited data reported about cationic photopolymerization of the epoxidized vegetable oils in the literature in contrast to the widely investigation of thermal curing of the biorenewable epoxy monomers. In addition to the 9,10-epoxystearic acid methyl ester (11), a new monomer of bis-(9,10-epoxystearic acid) 1,2-ethanediyl ester (12) has been synthesized from oleic acid. These two biobased epoxies have been polymerized via cationic photoinitiated polymerization in the presence of bis(t-butyl)-iodonium-tetrakis(perfluoro-t-butoxy)aluminate ([Al(O-t-C4F9)4]-) and isopropylthioxanthone (ITX) as photinitiating system. Polymerization kinetic of 9,10-epoxystearic acid methyl ester (11) and bis-(9,10-epoxystearic acid) 1,2-ethanediyl ester (12) was investigated and compared with the kinetic of commercial monomers being 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3’,4’-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (13), 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (14), and diglycidylether of bisphenol-A (15). Both biobased epoxies (11 and 12) showed higher conversion than cycloaliphatic epoxy (13), and lower reactivity than 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (14). Additional network systems were designed by copolymerization of bis-(9,10-epoxystearic acid) 1,2-ethanediyl ester (12) and diglycidylether of bisphenol-A (15) in different molar ratios (1:1; 1:5; 1:9). It addresses that, final conversion is dependent on polymerization rate as well as physical processes such as vitrification during polymerization. Moreover, low glass transition temperature of homopolymer derived from bis-(9,10-epoxystearic acid) 1,2-ethanediyl ester (12) was successfully increased by copolymerization with diglycidylether bisphenol-A (15). On the other hand, the surface produced from bis-(9,10-epoxystearic acid) 1,2-ethanediyl ester (12) shows hydrophobic character. Higher concentration of biobased diepoxy (12) in the copolymerizing mixture decreases surface free energy. Network systems were also investigated according to the rubber elasticity theory. Crosslinked polymer derived from the mixture of bis-(9,10-epoxystearic acid) 1,2-ethanediyl ester (12) and diglycidylether of bisphenol-A (15) (molar ratio=1:5) exhibits almost ideal polymer network.
The optical properties of chromophores, especially organic dyes and optically active inorganic molecules, are determined by their chemical structures, surrounding media, and excited state behaviors. The classical optical go-to techniques for spectroscopic investigations are absorption and luminescence spectroscopy. While both techniques are powerful and easy to apply spectroscopic methods, the limited time resolution of luminescence spectroscopy and its reliance on luminescent properties can make its application, in certain cases, complex, or even impossible. This can be the case when the investigated molecules do not luminesce anymore due to quenching effects, or when they were never luminescent in the first place. In those cases, transient absorption spectroscopy is an excellent and much more sophisticated technique to investigate such systems. This pump-probe laser-spectroscopic method is excellent for mechanistic investigations of luminescence quenching phenomena and photoreactions. This is due to its extremely high time resolution in the femto- and picosecond ranges, where many intermediate or transient species of a reaction can be identified and their kinetic evolution can be observed. Furthermore, it does not rely on the samples being luminescent, due to the active sample probing after excitation. In this work it is shown, that with transient absorption spectroscopy it was possible to identify the luminescence quenching mechanisms and thus luminescence quantum yield losses of the organic dye classes O4-DBD, S4-DBD, and pyridylanthracenes. Hence, the population of their triplet states could be identified as the competitive mechanism to their luminescence. While the good luminophores O4-DBD showed minor losses, the S4-DBD dye luminescence was almost entirely quenched by this process. However, for pyridylanthracenes, this phenomenon is present in both the protonated and unprotonated forms and moderately effects the luminescence quantum yield. Also, the majority of the quenching losses in the protonated forms are caused by additional non-radiative processes introduced by the protonation of the pyridyl rings. Furthermore, transient absorption spectroscopy can be applied to investigate the quenching mechanisms of uranyl(VI) luminescence by chloride and bromide. The reduction of the halides by excited uranyl(VI) leads to the formation of dihalide radicals X^(·−2). This excited state redox process is thus identified as the quenching mechanism for both halides, and this process, being diffusion-limited, can be suppressed by cryogenically freezing the samples or by observing these interactions in media with a lower dielectric constant, such as ACN and acetone.
Eukaryotic cells can be regarded as complex microreactors capable of performing various biochemical reactions in parallel which are necessary to sustain life. An essential prerequisite for these complex metabolic reactions to occur is the evolution of lipid membrane-bound organelles enabling compartmental- ization of reactions and biomolecules. This allows for a spatiotemporal control over the metabolic reactions within the cellular system. Intracellular organi- zation arising due to compartmentalization is a key feature of all living cells and has inspired synthetic biologists to engineer such systems with bottom-up approaches.
Artificial cells provide an ideal platform to isolate and study specific re- actions without the interference from the complex network of biomolecules present in biological cells. To mimic the hierarchical architecture of eukaryotic cells, multi-compartment assemblies with nested liposomal structures also re- ferred to as multi-vesicular vesicles (MVVs) have been widely adopted. Most of the previously reported multi-compartment systems adopt bulk method- ologies which suffer from low yield and poor control over size. Microfluidic strategies help circumvent these issues and facilitate a high-throughput and robust technique to assemble MVVs of uniform size distribution.
In this thesis, firstly, the bulk methodologies are explored to build MVVs and implement a synthetic signalling cascade. Next, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic platform is introduced to build MVVs and the significance of PEGylated lipids for the successful encapsulation of inner com- partments to generate stable multi-compartment systems is highlighted.
Next, a novel two-inlet channel PDMS-based microfluidic device to create MVVs encompassing a three-step enzymatic reaction cascade is presented. A directed reaction pathway comprising of the enzymes α-glucosidase (α-Glc), glucose oxidase (GOx), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) spanning across three compartments via reconstitution of size-selective membrane proteins is described. Furthermore, owing to the monodispersity of our MVVs due to microfluidic strategies, this platform is employed to study the effect of com- partmentalization on reaction kinetics.
Further integration of cell-free expression module into the MVVs would allow for gene-mediated signal transduction within artificial eukaryotic cells. Therefore, the chemically inducible cell-free expression of a membrane protein alpha-hemolysin and its further reconstitution into liposomes is carried out.
In conclusion, the present thesis aims to build artificial eukaryotic cells to achieve size-selective chemical communication that also show potential for applications as micro reactors and as vehicles for drug delivery.
The controlled dosage of substances from a device to its environment, such as a tissue or an organ in medical applications or a reactor, room, machinery or ecosystem in technical, should ideally match the requirements of the applications, e.g. in terms of the time point at which the cargo is released. On-demand dosage systems may enable such a desired release pattern, if the device contain suitable features that can translate external signals into a release function. This study is motivated by the opportunities arising from microsystems capable of an on-demand release and the contributions that geometrical design may have in realizing such features. The goals of this work included the design, fabrication, characterization and experimental proof-of-concept of geometry-assisted triggerable dosing effect (a) with a sequential dosing release and (b) in a self-sufficient dosage system. Structure-function relationships were addressed on the molecular, morphological and, with a particular attention, the device design level, which is on the micrometer scale. Models and/or computational tools were used to screen the parameter space and provide guidance for experiments.
‘Smart’ Janus emulsions
(2021)
Emulsions constitute one of the most prominent and continuously evolving research areas in Colloid Chemistry, which involves the preparation of mixtures or dispersions of immiscible components in a continuous medium. Besides conventional oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions, other emulsions of complex droplet morphologies have recently attracted significant research interests. Especially Janus emulsions, in which each droplet is comprised of two distinct sub-regions, have shown versatile potential applications. One of their advantages is the possibility of compartmentalization, which enables to play with two different chemistries in a single droplet. Though microfluidic methods are conventionally used to prepare Janus emulsions, their industrial applications are largely hindered by low throughput and extensive instrumentations. Recently, it has been discovered that simply one-pot moderate/high energy emulsification is also capable of developing Janus morphology, although their preparation and stabilization remain rather substantially challenging. This cumulative doctoral thesis focuses on the preparation and characterization of ‘smart’ Janus emulsions, i.e. Janus emulsions with special stimuli-responsive features. One-step moderate/high energy emulsification of olive and silicone oil in an aqueous medium was carried out. Special consideration was devoted to the interfacial tensions among the components to maintain the criteria of forming characteristic droplet architectures, in addition to avoiding multiple emulsion destabilization phenomena like imminent phase separation or even separated droplet formation. A series of investigations were conducted related to the formation of complexes of charged macromolecules and role of them as stabilizers to achieve stable Janus emulsions for a realistic timeframe (more than 3 months). The correlation between the size of the stabilizer particles and the droplet size of emulsion was established. Furthermore, it was observed that Janus emulsion gels with interesting rheological properties can be fabricated in the presence of suitable polyelectrolyte complexes. Janus emulsions that could be influenced by pH, temperature or magnetic field were successfully produced in presence of characteristic stimuli-responsive stabilizers. Afterwards, the effect of these changes was studied by different characterization techniques. The size and morphology could be tuned easily by changing the pH. The incorporation of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (synthesized separately by a co-precipitation method) to one component of the Janus emulsion was carried out so that the movement and orientation of the complex droplets in aqueous media could be controlled by an external magnetic field. Additionally, temperature-triggered instantaneous reversible breakdown of Janus droplets was also accomplished. The responses of the Janus droplets by the stimuli were well-documented and explained. Another goal of the present contribution was to exploit this special morphological feature of emulsions as a template for producing porous materials. This was demonstrated by the preparation of ultralight magnetic responsive aerogels, utilizing Janus emulsion gels. The produced aerogels also showed the capacity to separate toxic dye from water. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of investigation towards batch scale production of Janus emulsion with such special stimuli-responsive properties by a simple bulk emulsification method.
In this contribution the dissociative electron attachment to metabolites found in aerobic organisms, namely oxaloacetic and citric acids, was studied both experimentally by means of a crossed-beam setup and theoretically through density functional theory calculations. Prominent negative ion resonances from both compounds are observed peaking below 0.5 eV resulting in intense formation of fragment anions associated with a decomposition of the carboxyl groups. In addition, resonances at higher energies (3–9 eV) are observed exclusively from the decomposition of the oxaloacetic acid. These fragments are generated with considerably smaller intensities. The striking findings of our calculations indicate the different mechanism by which the near 0 eV electron is trapped by the precursor molecule to form the transitory negative ion prior to dissociation. For the oxaloacetic acid, the transitory anion arises from the capture of the electron directly into some valence states, while, for the citric acid, dipole- or multipole-bound states mediate the transition into the valence states. What is also of high importance is that both compounds while undergoing DEA reactions generate highly reactive neutral species that can lead to severe cell damage in a biological environment.
Synthesis and Characterization of Upconversion Nanaparticles for Applications in Life Sciences
(2021)
This thesis focuses on the synthesis of novel functional materials based on plasmonic nanoparticles. Three systems with targeted surface modification and functionalization have been designed and synthesized, involving modified perylenediimide doped silica-coated silver nanowires, polydopamine or TiO2 coated gold-palladium nanorods and thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-SH)/dodecanethiol (DDT) modified silver nanospheres. Their possible applications as plasmonic resonators, chiral sensors as well as photo-catalysts have been studied. In addition, the interaction between silver nanospheres and 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) molecules has also been investigated in detail.
In the first part of the thesis, surface modification on Ag nanowires (NWs) with optimized silica coating through a modified Stöber method has been firstly conducted, employing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to replace ammonia solution (NH4OH). The coated silver nanowires with a smooth silica shell have been investigated by single-particle dark-field scattering spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron-energy loss spectroscopy to characterize the morphologies and structural components. The silica-coated silver nanowires can be further functionalized with fluorescent molecules in the silica shell via a facile one-step coating method. The as-synthesized nanowire is further coupled with a gold nanosphere by spin-coating for the application of the sub-diffractional chiral sensor for the first time. The exciton-plasmon-photon interconversion in the system eases the signal detection in the perfectly matched 1D nanostructure and contributes to the high contrast of the subwavelength chiral sensing for the polarized light.
In the second part of the thesis, dumbbell-shaped Au-Pd nanorods coated with a layer of polydopamine (PDA) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) have been constructed. The PDA- and TiO2- coated Au-Pd nanorods show a strong photothermal conversion performance under NIR illumination. Moreover, the catalytic performance of the particles has been investigated using the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) as the model reaction. Under light irradiation, the PDA-coated Au-Pd nanorods exhibit a superior catalytic activity by increasing the reaction rate constant of 3 times. The Arrhenius-like behavior of the reaction with similar activation energies in the presence and absence of light irradiation indicates the photoheating effect to be the dominant mechanism of the reaction acceleration. Thus, we attribute the enhanced performance of the catalysis to the strong photothermal effect that is driven by the optical excitation of the gold surface plasmon as well as the synergy with the PDA layer.
In the third part, the kinetic study on the adsorption of 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquino-dimethane (F4TCNQ) on the surface of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in chloroform has been reported in detail. Based on the results obtained from the UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), scanning nano-beam electron diffraction (NBED) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), a two-step interaction kinetics has been proposed for the Ag NPs and F4TCNQ molecules. It includes the first step of electron transfer from Ag NPs to F4TCNQ indicated by the ionization of F4TCNQ, and the second step of the formation of Ag-F4TCNQ complex. The whole process has been followed via UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, which reveals distinct kinetics at two stages: the instantaneous ionization and the long-term complex formation. The kinetics and the influence of the molar ratio of Ag NPs/F4TCNQ molecules on the interaction between Ag NPs and F4TCNQ molecules in the organic solution are reported herein for the first time. Furthermore, the control experiment with silica-coated Ag NPs indicates that the charge transfer at the surface between Ag NPs and F4TCNQ molecules has been prohibited by a silica layer of 18 nm.
The increasing development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has been a major problem for years, both in human and veterinary medicine. Prophylactic measures, such as the use of vaccines, are of great importance in reducing the use of antibiotics in livestock. These vaccines are mainly produced based on formaldehyde inactivation. However, the latter damages the recognition elements of the bacterial proteins and thus could reduce the immune response in the animal. An alternative inactivation method developed in this work is based on gentle photodynamic inactivation using carbon nanodots (CNDs) at excitation wavelengths λex > 290 nm. The photodynamic inactivation was characterized on the nonvirulent laboratory strain Escherichia coli K12 using synthesized CNDs. For a gentle inactivation, the CNDs must be absorbed into the cytoplasm of the E. coli cell. Thus, the inactivation through photoinduced formation of reactive oxygen species only takes place inside the bacterium, which means that the outer membrane is neither damaged nor altered. The loading of the CNDs into E. coli was examined using fluorescence microscopy. Complete loading of the bacterial cells could be achieved in less than 10 min. These studies revealed a reversible uptake process allowing the recovery and reuse of the CNDs after irradiation and before the administration of the vaccine. The success of photodynamic inactivation was verified by viability assays on agar. In a homemade flow photoreactor, the fastest successful irradiation of the bacteria could be carried out in 34 s. Therefore, the photodynamic inactivation based on CNDs is very effective. The membrane integrity of the bacteria after irradiation was verified by slide agglutination and atomic force microscopy. The method developed for the laboratory strain E. coli K12 could then be successfully applied to the important avian pathogens Bordetella avium and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale to aid the development of novel vaccines.
The acyclic monoterpene beta-myrcene is polymerized by anionic polymerization at room temperature using sec-butyllithium as the initiator and the cyclic monoterpene DL-limonene as an unsaturated hydrocarbon solvent. The polymerization is a living process and allows production of polymyrcenes with narrow molar mass distribution ((sic) similar to 1.06) and high content of 1,4 units (similar to 90%) as well as block copolymers.
A set of new functionalized poly(2-oxazoline) homopolymers and copolymers carrying protected catecholic side chains were prepared by microwave-assisted cationic ring-opening (co)polymerization. The copolymerizations of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline with either 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-, 2-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-, or 2-(3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl)-2-oxazoline (comonomer ratio 90 : 10) produced gradient or random copolymers with narrow molar mass distributions. During the copolymerization with the 2-(3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl)-2-oxazoline, however, chain coupling reactions occurred at monomer conversions of >50%, supposedly via Michael-type addition of intermediately formed ketene N,O-acetal end groups to 3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl amide side chains. A poly[(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-grad-(2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline)] was examplarily subjected to partial demethylation and acidic hydrolysis to give a hydrophilic copolymer carrying both catecholic and cationic units, which is designed as a bioinspired adhesive copolymer mimicking mussel adhesive protein.
The self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers in aqueous systems is important for a plethora of applications, in particular in the field of cosmetics and detergents. When introducing thermoresponsive blocks, the aggregation behavior of these polymers can be controlled by changing the temperature. While confined to simple diblock copolymer systems for long, the complexity - and thus the versatility - of such smart systems can be strongly enlarged, once designed monomers, specific block sizes, different architectures, or additional functional groups such as hydrophobic stickers are implemented. In this work, the structure-property relationship of such thermoresponsive amphiphilic block copolymers was investigated by varying their structure systematically. The block copolymers were generally composed of a permanently hydrophobic sticker group, a permanently hydrophilic block, and a thermoresponsive block exhibiting a Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) behavior. While the hydrophilic block consisted of N,N dimethylacrylamide (DMAm), different monomers were used for the thermoresponsive block, such as N n propylacrylamide (NPAm), N iso propylacrylamide (NiPAm), N,N diethylacrylamide (DEAm), N,N bis(2 methoxyethyl)acrylamide (bMOEAm), or N acryloylpyrrolidine (NAP) with different reported LCSTs of 25, 32, 33, 42 and 56 °C, respectively. The block copolymers were synthesized by successive reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. For the polymers with the basic linear, the twinned hydrophobic and the symmetrical quasi miktoarm architectures, the results were well defined block sizes and end groups as well as narrow molar mass distributions (Ɖ ≤ 1.3). More complex architectures, such as the twinned thermoresponsive and the non-symmetrical quasi miktoarm one, were achieved by combining RAFT polymerization with a second technique, namely atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) or single unit monomer insertion (SUMI), respectively. The obtained block copolymers showed well defined block sizes, but due to the complexity of these reaction paths, the dispersities were generally higher (Ɖ ≤ 1.8) and some end groups were lost.
The thermoresponsive behavior of the block copolymers was investigated by turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Below the phase transition temperature, the polymers were soluble in water and small micellar structures were visible. However, above the phase transition temperature, the aggregation behavior was strongly dependent on the architecture and the chemical structure of the thermoresponsive block. Thermoresponsive blocks comprising PNAP and PbMOEAm with DPn = 40 showed no cloud point (CP), since their already high LCSTs were further increased by the attached hydrophilic block. Depending on the architecture as well as on the block size, block copolymers with PNiPAm, PDEAm and PNPAm showed different CP’s. Large aggregates were visible for block copolymers with PNiPAm and PDEAm above their CP. For PNPAm containing block copolymers, the phase transition was very sensitive towards the architecture resulting in either small or large aggregates.
In addition, fluorescence studies were performed using PDMAm and PNiPAm homo and block copolymers with linear architecture, functionalized with complementary fluorescence dyes introduced at the opposite chain ends. The thermoresponsive behavior was studied in pure aqueous solution as well as in an oil in water (o/w) microemulsion. The findings indicate that the block copolymer behaves as polymeric surfactant at low temperatures, with one relatively small hydrophobic end group and an extended hydrophilic chain forming ‘hairy micelles’ similar as the other synthesized architectures. Above the phase transition temperature of the PNiPAm block, however, the copolymer behaves as associative telechelic polymer with two non-symmetrical hydrophobic end groups, which do not mix. Thus, instead of a network of bridged ‘flower micelles’, large dynamic aggregates are formed. These are connected alternatingly by the original micellar cores as well as by clusters of the collapsed PNiPAm blocks. This type of bridged micelles is even more favored in the o/w microemulsion than in pure aqueous solution.
To achieve a sustainable energy economy, it is necessary to turn back on the combustion of fossil fuels as a means of energy production and switch to renewable sources. However, their temporal availability does not match societal consumption needs, meaning that renewably generated energy must be stored in its main generation times and allocated during peak consumption periods. Electrochemical energy storage (EES) in general is well suited due to its infrastructural independence and scalability. The lithium ion battery (LIB) takes a special place, among EES systems due to its energy density and efficiency, but the scarcity and uneven geological occurrence of minerals and ores vital for many cell components, and hence the high and fluctuating costs will decelerate its further distribution.
The sodium ion battery (SIB) is a promising successor to LIB technology, as the fundamental setup and cell chemistry is similar in the two systems. Yet, the most widespread negative electrode material in LIBs, graphite, cannot be used in SIBs, as it cannot store sufficient amounts of sodium at reasonable potentials. Hence, another carbon allotrope, non-graphitizing or hard carbon (HC) is used in SIBs. This material consists of turbostratically disordered, curved graphene layers, forming regions of graphitic stacking and zones of deviating layers, so-called internal or closed pores.
The structural features of HC have a substantial impact of the charge-potential curve exhibited by the carbon when it is used as the negative electrode in an SIB. At defects and edges an adsorption-like mechanism of sodium storage is prevalent, causing a sloping voltage curve, ill-suited for the practical application in SIBs, whereas a constant voltage plateau of relatively high capacities is found immediately after the sloping region, which recent research attributed to the deposition of quasimetallic sodium into the closed pores of HC.
Literature on the general mechanism of sodium storage in HCs and especially the role of the closed pore is abundant, but the influence of the pore geometry and chemical nature of the HC on the low-potential sodium deposition is yet in an early stage. Therefore, the scope of this thesis is to investigate these relationships using suitable synthetic and characterization methods. Materials of precisely known morphology, porosity, and chemical structure are prepared in clear distinction to commonly obtained ones and their impact on the sodium storage characteristics is observed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in combination with distribution of relaxation times analysis is further established as a technique to study the sodium storage process, in addition to classical direct current techniques, and an equivalent circuit model is proposed to qualitatively describe the HC sodiation mechanism, based on the recorded data. The obtained knowledge is used to develop a method for the preparation of closed porous and non-porous materials from open porous ones, proving not only the necessity of closed pores for efficient sodium storage, but also providing a method for effective pore closure and hence the increase of the sodium storage capacity and efficiency of carbon materials.
The insights obtained and methods developed within this work hence not only contribute to the better understanding of the sodium storage mechanism in carbon materials of SIBs, but can also serve as guidance for the design of efficient electrode materials.
Membrane contact sites are of particular interest in the field of synthetic biology and biophysics. They are involved in a great variety of cellular functions. They form in between two cellular organelles or an organelle and the plasma membrane in order to establish a communication path for molecule transport or signal transmission.
The development of an artificial membrane system which can mimic membrane contact sites using bottom up synthetic biology was the goal of this research study. For this, a multi - compartmentalised giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) system was created with the membrane of the outer vesicle mimicking the plasma membrane and the inner GUVs posing as cellular organelles.
In the following steps, three different strategies were used to achieve an internal membrane - membrane adhesion.
Oligodepsipeptides (ODPs) attract increasing attention as degradable materials in controlled drug delivery or as building blocks for nano-carriers. Their strong intermolecular interactions provide high stability. Tailoring the side groups of the amino acid repeating units to achieve a strong affinity to particular drugs allows a high drug-loading capacity. Here we describe synthesis and characterization of dihydroxy terminated teroligodepsipeptides (ter-ODPs) by ring-opening copolymerization (ROP) of three different morpholine-2,5-diones (MDs) in bulk in order to provide a set of teroligomers with structural variation for drug release or transfection. Ter-ODPs with equivalent co-monomer feed ratios were prepared as well as ter-ODPs, in which the co-monomer feed ratio was varied between 9 mol% and 78 mol%. Ter-ODPs were synthesized by ROP using 1,1,10,10-tetra-n-butyl-1,10-distanna-2,9,11,18-tetraoxa-5,6,14,15-tetrasulfur-cyclodecane (tin(IV) alkoxide) that was obtained by the reaction of dibutyl tin(II) oxide with 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide. The number average molecular weight (M-n) of ter-ODPs, determined by H-1 NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), ranged between 4000 g center dot mol(-1) and 8600 g center dot mol(-1). Co-monomer compositions in ter-ODPs could be controlled by changing the feed ratio of co-monomers as observed by H-1 NMR spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The amount of remaining monomers as determined by H-1 NMR could be kept below 1 wt%. Macrocycles as main sources of byproducts as determined from MALDI-TOF-MS measurements were significantly lower as compared to polymerization by Sn(Oct)(2). Glass-transition temperature (T-g) of ter-ODPs ranged between 59 degrees C and 70 degrees C.
A series of biomass-derived levoglucosenyl alkyl ethers (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, and n-butyl) were synthesized and polymerized by ring-opening olefin metathesis polymerization using the Grubbs catalyst C793 at room temperature. Polymerizations were successfully performed in conventional solvents such as 1,4-dioxane and dichloromethane as well as in polar aprotic "green" solvents such as 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene), and ethyl acetate. The prepared polyacetals with degrees of polymerization of similar to 100 exhibit Schulz-Flory-type molar mass distributions and are thermoplastic materials with rather low glass transition temperatures in the range of 43-0 degrees C depending on the length of the alkyl substituent. Kinetic studies revealed that the polymerization proceeded rapidly to a steady state with a certain minimum monomer concentration threshold. When the steady state was reached, just about half of the [Ru] catalyst had been effective to initiate the polymerization, indicating that the initiation step was a slow process. The remaining catalyst was still active and did no longer react with monomers but with in-chain double bonds, cutting the formed polymer chains into shorter fragments. In the long term, all catalyst was consumed and propagating [Ru] chain ends were deactivated by the elimination of [Ru] from the chain ends to form inactive chains with terminal aldehyde groups.
The chemical nature, the number length of integrated building blocks, as well as their sequence structure impact the phase morphology of multiblock copolymers (MBC) consisting of two non-miscible block types. It is hypothesized that a strictly alternating sequence should impact phase segregation. A library of well-defined MBC obtained by coupling oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (OCL) of different molecular weights (2, 4, and 8 kDa) with oligotetrahydrofuran (OTHF, 2.9 kDa) via Steglich esterification results in strictly alternating (MBCalt) or random (MBCran) MBC. The three different series has a weight average molecular weight (M-w) of 65 000, 165 000, and 168 000 g mol(-1) for MBCalt and 80 500, 100 000, and 147 600 g mol(-1) for MBCran. When the chain length of OCL building blocks is increased, the tendency for phase segregation is facilitated, which is attributed to the decrease in chain mobility within the MBC. Furthermore, it is found that the phase segregation disturbs the crystallization by causing heterogeneities in the semi-crystalline alignment, which is attributed to an increase of the disorder of the OCL semi-crystalline alignment.
Complexes from catalysts and initiator can be used to insert a specific number of additional chemical functional groups in (co)polymers prepared by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactones. We report on the synthesis of cooligomers from sec-butyl-morpholine-2,5-dione (SBMD) and para-dioxanone (PDX) by ROP with varied feed ratios in the bulk using the catalyst complex SnOct(2)/2-hydroxyethyl sulfide. M-n of the cooligomers (determined by GPC) decreased with decreasing SBMD feed ratio from 4200 +/- 420 to 800 +/- 80 g mol(-1). When the feed ratio was reduced from 80 to 50 mol% the molar ratio of SBMD of the cooligomers (determined by H-1-NMR) remained nearly unchanged between 81 and 86 mol% and was attributed to a higher reactivity of SBMD. This assumption was confirmed by fractionation of GPC, in which an increase of SBMD with increasing molecular weight was observed. The catalyst/initiator system provides a high potential to create orthogonal building blocks by cleavage of the sulfide bond.
Fibrous shape-memory polymer (SMP) scaffolds were investigated considering the fiber as basic microstructural feature. By reduction of the fiber diameter in randomly oriented electrospun polyetherurethane (PEU) meshes from the micro-to the nano-scale, we observed changes in the molecular orientation within the fibers and its impact on the structural and shape-memory performance. It was assumed that a spatial restriction by reduction of the fiber diameter increases molecular orientation along the orientation of the fiber. The stress-strain relation of random PEU scaffolds is initially determined by the 3D arrangement of the fibers and thus is independent of the molecular orientation. Increasing the molecular orientation with decreasing single fiber diameter in scaffolds composed of randomly arranged fibers did not alter the initial stiffness and peak stress but strongly influenced the elongation at break and the stress increase above the Yield point. Reduction of the single fiber diameter also distinctly improved the shape-memory performance of the scaffolds. Fibers with nanoscale diameters (< 100 nm) possessed an almost complete shape recovery, high recovery stresses and fast relaxation kinetics, while the shape fixity was found to decrease with decreasing fiber diameter. Hence, the fiber diameter is a relevant design parameter for SMP.
Soft actuators have drawn significant attention due to their relevance for applications, such as artificial muscles in devices developed for medicine and robotics. Tuning their performance and expanding their functionality are frequently done by means of chemical modification. The introduction of structural elements rendering non-synthetic modification of the performance possible, as well as control over physical appearance and facilitating their recycling is a subject of a great interest in the field of smart materials. The primary aim of this thesis was to create a shape-memory polymeric actuator, where the capability for non-synthetic tuning of the actuation performance is combined with reprocessability. Physically cross-linked polymeric matrices provide a solid material platform, where the in situ processing methods can be employed for modification of the composition and morphology, resulting in the fine tuning of the related mechanical properties and shape-memory actuation capability.
The morphological features, required for shape-memory polymeric actuators, namely two crystallisable domains and anchoring points for physical cross-links, were embedded into a multiblock copolymer with poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(L-lactide) segments (PLLA-PCL). Here, the melting transition of PCL was bisected into the actuating and skeleton-forming units, while the cross-linking was introduced via PLA stereocomplexation in blends with oligomeric poly(D-lactide) (ODLA). PLLA segment number average length of 12-15 repeating units was experimentally defined to be capable of the PLA stereocomplexes formation, but not sufficient for the isotactic crystallisation. Multiblock structure and phase dilution broaden the PCL melting transition, facilitating its separation into two conditionally independent crystalline domains. Low molar mass of the PLA stereocomplex components and a multiblock structure enables processing and reprocessing of the PLLA-PCL / ODLA blends with common non-destructive techniques. The modularity of the PLLA-PCL structure and synthetic approach allows for independent tuning of the properties of its components. The designed material establishes a solid platform for non-synthetic tuning of thermomechanical and structural properties of thermoplastic elastomers.
To evaluate the thermomechanical stability of the formed physical network, three criteria were appraised. As physical cross-links, PLA stereocomplexes have to be evenly distributed within the material matrix, their melting temperature shall not overlap with the thermal transitions of the PCL domains and they have to maintain the structural integrity within the strain ε ranges further applied in the shape-memory actuation experiments. Assigning PCL the function of the skeleton-forming and actuating units, and PLA stereocomplexes the role of physical netpoints, shape-memory actuation was realised in the PLLA-PCL / ODLA blends. Reversible strain of shape-memory actuation was found to be a function of PLA stereocomplex crystallinity, i.e. physical cross-linking density, with a maximum of 13.4 ± 1.5% at PLA stereocomplex content of 3.1 ± 0.3 wt%. In this way, shape-memory actuation can be tuned via adjusting the composition of the PLLA-PCL / ODLA blend. This makes the developed material a valuable asset in the production of cost-effective tunable soft polymeric actuators for the applications in medicine and soft robotics.
High crystallization rate and thermomechanical stability make polylactide stereocomplexes effective nanosized physical netpoints. Here, we address the need for soft, form-stable degradable elastomers for medical applications by designing such blends from (co)polyesters, whose mechanical properties are ruled by their nanodimensional architecture and which are applied as single components in implants. By careful controlling of the copolymer composition and sequence structure of poly[(L-lactide)-co-(epsilon-caprolactone)], it is possible to prepare hyperelastic polymer blends formed through stereocomplexation by adding poly(D-lactide) (PDLA). Low glass transition temperature T-g <= 0 degrees C of the mixed amorphous phase contributes to the low Young's modulus E. The formation of stereocomplexes is shown in DSC by melting transitions T-m > 190 degrees C and in WAXS by distinct scattering maxima at 2 theta = 12 degrees and 21 degrees. Tensile testing demonstrated that the blends are soft (E = 12-80 MPa) and show an excellent hyperelastic recovery R-rec = 66-85% while having high elongation at break epsilon(b) up to >1000%. These properties of the blends are attained only when the copolymer has 56-62 wt% lactide content, a weight average molar mass >140 kg center dot mol(-1), and number average lactide sequence length >= 4.8, while the blend is formed with a content of 5-10 wt% of PDLA. The devised strategy to identify a suitable copolymer for stereocomplexation and blend formation is transferable to further polymer systems and will support the development of thermoplastic elastomers suitable for medical applications.
The hierarchical design approach provides various opportunities to adjust the structural performance of polymer materials. Electrospinning processing techniques give access to molecular orientation as a design parameter, which we consider here in view of the shape-memory actuation performance. The aim of this work is to investigate how the reversible strain epsilon'(rev) can be affected by a morphology change from a bulk material to an electrospun mesh. epsilon'(rev) could be increased from 5.5 +/- 0.5% to 15 +/- 1.8% for a blend from a multiblock copolymer with poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) segments with oligo(D-lactide) (ODLA). This study demonstrates an effective design approach for enhancing soft actuator performance, which can be broadly applied in soft robotics and medicine.
Active fibers can serve as artificial muscles in robotics or components of smart textiles. Here, we present an origami hand robot, where single fibers control the reversible movement of the fingers. A recovery/contracting force of 0.2 N with a work capacity of 0.175 kJ kg(-1) was observed in crosslinked poly[ethylene-co-(vinyl acetate)] (cPEVA) fibers, which could enable the bending movement of the fingers by contraction upon heating. The reversible opening of the fingers was attributed to a combination of elastic recovery force of the origami structure and crystallization-induced elongation of the fibers upon cooling.
An easy-to-do synthesis for the hexanuclear niobium cluster compound [Nb6Cl12(CH3OH)(4)(OCH3)(2)] . DABCO . 1.66 CH2Cl2 has been developed. An one-pot reaction between the cluster precursor [Nb6Cl14(H2O)(4)] . 4H(2)O and methanol with the addition of DABCO leads to the crystallization of the title compound in high yield within a few minutes. The single-crystal X-ray structure of this cluster compound has been determined. Very strong, nearly symmetric intercluster hydrogen bonds Nb-6-MeO...H...OMe-Nb-6 are present between the cluster units. A bridging co-crystalline DABCO molecule is also involved in a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network.
Shape-memory polymer micronetworks (MN) are micrometer-sized objects that can switch their outer shape upon external command.This study aims to scale MN sizes to the low micrometer range at very narrow size distributions. In a two-step microfluidic strategy, the specific design of coaxial class capillary devices allowed stabilizing the thread of the dispersed phase to efficiently produce precursor particles in the tip-streaming regime at rates up to similar to 170 kHz and final sizes down to 4 mu m. In a subsequent melt-based microfluidic photocrosslinking of the methacrylate-functionalized oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) precursor material, MN could be produced without particle aggregation. A comprehensive analysis of MN properties illustrated successful crosslinking, semi-crystalline morphology, and a shape-switching functionality for all investigated MN sizes (4, 6, 9, 12, 22 mu m). Such functional micronetworks tailored to and below the dimension of cells can enable future applications in technology and medicine like controlling cell interaction.
In this article, we report on the synthesis of acyclic bis(monoalkylamino)maleonitriles and on the intended synthesis of macrocyclic bis(dialkylamino)maleonitriles to get fluorescent probes for cations. During our efforts to synthesize macrocyclic bis(dialkylamino)maleonitriles, we were only able to isolate macrocyclic bis(dialkylamino)-fumaronitriles. The synthesis of macrocyclic bis(dialkylamino)maleonitriles is challenging, due to the fact that bis-(dialkylamino)fumaronitriles are thermodynamically more stable than the corresponding bis(dialkylamino)-maleonitriles. Further, it turned out that the acyclic bis(monoalkylamino)maleonitriles and macrocyclic bis-(dialkylamino)fumaronitriles are no suitable tools to detect cations by a strong fluorescence enhancement. Further, only the bis(monoalkylamino)maleonitriles, which are bearing a 2-pyridyl unit as an additional complexing unit, are able to selectively recognize copper(II) by a color change from yellow to red.
In this paper, we report on the fluorescence behaviour of three regioisomers which consist of two 9-anthracenyl fluorophores and of differently substituted dithiodicyanoethene moieties. These isomeric fluorescent probes show different quantum yields (phi(f)). In these probes, an oxidative photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the excited 9-anthracenyl fluorophore to the dithiodicyanoethene unit quenches the fluorescence. This quenching process is accelerated by an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) of the push-pull pi-electron system of the dithiodicyanoethene group. The acceleration of the PET depends on the strength of the ICT unit. The higher the dipole moment of the ICT unit, the stronger the observed fluorescence quenching. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a regioisomeric influence on an oxidative PET by an ICT.
Sorption measurements of water vapor on an isoreticular series of Imidazolate Frameworks Potsdam (IFP), based on penta-coordinated metal centers with secondary building units (SBUs) connected by multidentate amido-imidate-imidazolate linkers, have been carried out at 303.15 K. The isotherm shapes were analyzed in order to gain insight into material properties and compared to sorption experiments with nitrogen at 77.4 K and carbon dioxide at 273.15 K. Results show that water vapor sorption measurements are strongly influenced by the pore size distribution while having a distinct hysteresis loop between the adsorption and desorption branch in common. Thus, IFP-4 and -8, which solely contain micropores, exhibit H4 (type I) isotherm shapes, while those of IFP-1, -2 and -5, which also contain mesopores, are of H3 (type IV) shape with three inflection points. The choice of the used linker substituents and transition metals employed in the framework has a tremendous effect on the material properties and functionality. The water uptake capacities of the examined IFPs are ranging 0.48 mmol g(-1) (IFP-4) to 6.99 mmol g(-1) (IFP-5) and comparable to those documented for ZIFs. The water vapor stability of IFPs is high, with the exception of IFP-8.
Hypothesis: Bimetallic magnetite-gold nanostructures are interesting candidates to combine and enhance individual properties of each metal element in catalytic and analytical applications. Microemulsions have been employed in templated synthesis of nanoparticles, and their combination with different types of nanoparticles can further mediate interactions at the water-oil interface, providing new forms of hybrid nanostructures.
Experiments: Reverse water-in-oil microemulsions of droplet sizes below 50 nm were prepared from ternary mixtures of Aerosol-OT (AOT) as surfactant, incorporating 4 nm sized superparamagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to the hexane-pentanol oil phase and 5 nmsized polyethyleneimine-stabilized gold nanoparticles (Au(PEI)-NPs) to the water phase. The resulting isotropic L-2 phase, Winsor phases and organized nanostructures were investigated using conductometry, calorimetry, UV-Vis spectroscopy, cryoSEM and HRTEM.
Findings: Droplet-droplet interactions, morphology and surfactant film properties of AOT microemulsions could be modulated in different ways by the presence of the different nanoparticles from each liquid phase. Additionally, phase separation into Winsor phases allows the formation upon solvent evaporation of films with bimetallic heterostructures on the micrometer scale. This demonstrates a new way of nanoparticle templated assembly at liquid interfaces by assisted interactions between microemulsions and nanoparticles, as a promising strategy to obtain thin films of small, isotropic nanoparticles with hierarchical ordering.
Natural gas hydrate occurrences contain predominantly methane; however, there are increasing reports of complex mixed gas hydrates and coexisting hydrate phases. Changes in the feed gas composition due to the preferred incorporation of certain components into the hydrate phase and an inadequate gas supply is often assumed to be the cause of coexisting hydrate phases. This could also be the case for the gas hydrate system in Qilian Mountain permafrost (QMP), which is mainly controlled by pores and fractures with complex gas compositions. This study is dedicated to the experimental investigations on the formation process of mixed gas hydrates based on the reservoir conditions in QMP. Hydrates were synthesized from water and a gas mixture under different gas supply conditions to study the effects on the hydrate formation process. In situ Raman spectroscopic measurements and microscopic observations were applied to record changes in both gas and hydrate phase over the whole formation process. The results demonstrated the effects of gas flow on the composition of the resulting hydrate phase, indicating a competitive enclathration of guest molecules into the hydrate lattice depending on their properties. Another observation was that despite significant changes in the gas composition, no coexisting hydrate phases were formed.
Crystallization and degradation behaviour of multiblock copolyester blends in Langmuir monolayers
(2021)
Supporting the wound healing of soft tissues requires fixation devices becoming more elastic while degrading. To address this unmet need, we designed a blend of degradable multiblock copolymers, which is cross-linked by PLA stereocomplexation combining two soft segments differing substantially in their hydrolytic degradation rate. The degradation path and concomitant structural changes are predicted by Langmuir monolayer technique. The fast hydrolysis of one soft segment leads to a decrease of the total polymer mass at constant physical cross-linking density. The corresponding increase of the average spacing between the network nodes suggests the targeted increase of the blend's flexibility.
Surface self-assembly of spherical nanoparticles of sizes below 10 nm into hierarchical heterostructures is under arising development despite the inherent difficulties of obtaining complex ordering patterns on a larger scale. Due to template-mediated interactions between oil-dispersible superparamagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and polyethylenimine- stabilized gold nanoparticles (Au(PEI)NPs) at the water-oil interface of microemulsions, complex nanostructured films can be formed. Characterization of the reverse microemulsion phase by UV-vis absorption revealed the formation of heteroclusters from Winsor type II phases (WPII) using Aerosol-OT (AOT) as the surfactant. SAXS measurements verify the mechanism of initial nanoparticle clustering in defined dimensions. XPS suggested an influence of AOT at the MNP surface. Further, cryo-SEM and TEM visualization demonstrated the elongation of the reverse microemulsions into cylindrical, wormlike structures, which subsequently build up larger nanoparticle superstructure arrangements. Such WPII phases are thus proven to be a new form of soft template, mediating the self-assembly of different nanoparticles in hierarchical network-like filaments over a substrate during solvent evaporation.
Ionizing radiation is used in cancer radiation therapy to effectively damage the DNA of tumors leading to cell death and reduction of the tumor tissue. The main damage is due to generation of highly reactive secondary species such as low-energy electrons (LEE) with the most probable energy around 10 eV through ionization of water molecules in the cells. A simulation of the dose distribution in the patient is required to optimize the irradiation modality in cancer radiation therapy, which must be based on the fundamental physical processes of high-energy radiation with the tissue. In the present work the accurate quantification of DNA radiation damage in the form of absolute cross sections for LEE-induced DNA strand breaks (SBs) between 5 and 20 eV is done by using the DNA origami technique. This method is based on the analysis of well-defined DNA target sequences attached to DNA origami triangles with atomic force microscopy (AFM) on the single molecule level. The present work focuses on poly-adenine sequences (5'-d(A4), 5'-d(A8), 5'-d(A12), 5'-d(A16), and 5'- d(A20)) irradiated with 5.0, 7.0, 8.4, and 10 eV electrons. Independent of the DNA length, the strand break cross section shows a maximum around 7.0 eV electron energy for all investigated oligonucleotides confirming that strand breakage occurs through the initial formation of negative ion resonances. Additionally, DNA double strand breaks from a DNA hairpin 5'-d(CAC)4T(Bt-dT)T2(GTG)4 are examined for the first time and are compared with those of DNA single strands 5'-d(CAC)4 and 5'- d(GTG)4. The irradiation is made in the most likely energy range of 5 to 20 eV with an anionic resonance maximum around 10 eV independently of the DNA sequence. There is a clear difference between σSSB and σDSB of DNA single and double strands, where the strand break for ssDNA are always higher in all electron energies compared to dsDNA by the factor 3. A further part of this work deals with the characterization and analysis of new types of radiosensitizers used in chemoradiotherapy, which selectively increases the DNA damage upon radiation. Fluorinated DNA sequences with 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (dFC) show an increased sensitivity at 7 and 10 eV compared to the unmodified DNA sequences by an enhancement factor between 2.1 and 2.5. In addition, light-induced oxidative damage of 5'-d(GTG)4 and 5'-d((CAC)4T(Bt-dT)T2(GTG)4) modified DNA origami triangles by singlet oxygen 1O2 generated from three photoexcited DNA groove binders [ANT994], [ANT1083] and [Cr(ddpd)2][BF4]3 illuminated in different experiments with UV-Vis light at 430, 435 and 530 nm wavelength is demonstrated. The singlet oxygen induced generation of DNA damage could be detected in both aqueous and dry environments for [ANT1083] and [Cr(ddpd)2][BF4]3.
In this contribution the dissociative electron attachment to metabolites found in aerobic organisms, namely oxaloacetic and citric acids, was studied both experimentally by means of a crossed-beam setup and theoretically through density functional theory calculations. Prominent negative ion resonances from both compounds are observed peaking below 0.5 eV resulting in intense formation of fragment anions associated with a decomposition of the carboxyl groups. In addition, resonances at higher energies (3–9 eV) are observed exclusively from the decomposition of the oxaloacetic acid. These fragments are generated with considerably smaller intensities. The striking findings of our calculations indicate the different mechanism by which the near 0 eV electron is trapped by the precursor molecule to form the transitory negative ion prior to dissociation. For the oxaloacetic acid, the transitory anion arises from the capture of the electron directly into some valence states, while, for the citric acid, dipole- or multipole-bound states mediate the transition into the valence states. What is also of high importance is that both compounds while undergoing DEA reactions generate highly reactive neutral species that can lead to severe cell damage in a biological environment.
Plasmon-driven photocatalysis is an emerging and promising application of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs). An understanding of the fundamental aspects of plasmon interaction with molecules and factors controlling their reaction rate in a heterogeneous system is of high importance. Therefore, the dehalogenation kinetics of 8-bromoguanine (BrGua) and 8-bromoadenine (BrAde) on aggregated surfaces of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) NPs have been studied to understand the reaction kinetics and the underlying reaction mechanism prevalent in heterogeneous reaction systems induced by plasmons monitored by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We conclude that the time-average constant concentration of hot electrons and the time scale of dissociation of transient negative ions (TNI) are crucial in defining the reaction rate law based on a proposed kinetic model. An overall higher reaction rate of dehalogenation is observed on Ag compared with Au, which is explained by the favorable hot-hole scavenging by the reaction product and the byproduct. We therefore arrive at the conclusion that insufficient hole deactivation could retard the reaction rate significantly, marking itself as rate-determining step for the overall reaction. The wavelength dependency of the reaction rate normalized to absorbed optical power indicates the nonthermal nature of the plasmon-driven reaction. The study therefore lays a general approach toward understanding the kinetics and reaction mechanism of a plasmon-driven reaction in a heterogeneous system, and furthermore, it leads to a better understanding of the reactivity of brominated purine derivatives on Ag and Au, which could in the future be exploited, for example, in plasmon-assisted cancer therapy.
Modular toolkit of multifunctional block copoly(2-oxazoline)s for the synthesis of nanoparticles
(2021)
Post-polymerization modification provides an elegant way to introduce chemical functionalities onto macromolecules to produce tailor-made materials with superior properties. This concept was adapted to well-defined block copolymers of the poly(2-oxazoline) family and demonstrated the large potential of these macromolecules as universal toolkit for numerous applications. Triblock copolymers with separated water-soluble, alkyne- and alkene-containing segments were synthesized and orthogonally modified with various low-molecular weight functional molecules by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and thiol-ene (TE) click reactions, respectively. Representative toolkit polymers were used for the synthesis of gold, iron oxide and silica nanoparticles.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a mild but effective method to treat certain types of cancer upon irradiation with visible light. Here, three isomeric methylpyridinium alkynylanthracenes 1op were evaluated as sensitizers for PDT. Upon irradiation with blue or green light, all three compounds show the ability to initiate strand breaks of plasmid DNA. The mayor species responsible for cleavage is singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) as confirmed by scavenging reagents. Only isomers 1m and 1p can be incorporated into HeLa cells, whereas isomer 1o cannot permeate through the membrane. While isomer 1m targets the cell nucleus, isomer 1p assembles in the cellular cytoplasm and impacts the cellular integrity. This is in accordance with a moderate toxicity of 1p in the dark, whereas 1m exhibits no dark toxicity. Both isomers are suitable as PDT reagents, with a CC50 of 3 mu m and 75 nm, for 1p and 1m, respectively. Thus, derivative 1m, which can be easily synthesized, becomes an interesting candidate for cancer therapy.
The photochemical fragmentation of N-aroylsulfonamides 9 (ASAP) is a powerful method for the preparation of various biaryls. Compounds 9 are easily accessible in two steps from amines by treatment with arenesulfonyl chlorides and aroyl chlorides. Many of these compounds were prepared for the first time. The irradiation takes place in a previously developed continuous-flow reactor using inexpensive UVB or UVC fluorescent lamps. Isocyanates and sulphur dioxide are formed as the only by-products. The ASAP tolerates a variety of functional groups and is even suited for the preparation of phenylnaphthalenes and terphenyls. The ASAP mechanism was elucidated by interaction of photophysical and quantum chemical (DFT) methods and revealed a spirocyclic biradical as key intermediate.
There is an ongoing interest in O-1(2) sensitizers, whose activity is selectively controlled by their interaction with DNA. To this end, we synthesized three isomeric pyridinium alkynylanthracenes 2 o-p and a water-soluble trapping reagent for O-1(2). In water and in the absence of DNA, these dyes show a poor efficiency to sensitize the photooxygenation of the trapping reagent as they decompose due to electron transfer processes. In contrast, in the presence of DNA O-1(2) is generated from the excited DNA-bound ligand. The interactions of 2 o-p with DNA were investigated by thermal DNA melting studies, UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and linear and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Our studies revealed an intercalative binding with an orientation of the long pyridyl-alkynyl axis parallel to the main axis of the DNA base pairs. In the presence of poly(dA : dT), all three isomers show an enhanced formation of singlet oxygen, as indicated by the reaction of the latter with the trapping reagent. With green light irradiation of isomer 2 o in poly(dA : dT), the conversion rate of the trapping reagent is enhanced by a factor >10. The formation of O-1(2) was confirmed by control experiments under anaerobic conditions, in deuterated solvents, or by addition of O-1(2) quenchers. When bound to poly(dG : dC), the opposite effect was observed only for isomers 2 o and 2 m, namely the trapping reagent reacted significantly slower. Overall, we showed that pyridinium alkynylanthracenes are very useful intercalators, that exhibit an enhanced photochemical O-1(2) generation in the DNA-bound state.
Using hot charge carriers far from a plasmonic nanoparticle surface is very attractive for many applications in catalysis and nanomedicine and will lead to a better understanding of plasmon-induced processes, such as hot-charge-carrier- or heat-driven chemical reactions. Herein we show that DNA is able to transfer hot electrons generated by a silver nanoparticle over several nanometers to drive a chemical reaction in a molecule nonadsorbed on the surface. For this we use 8-bromo-adenosine introduced in different positions within a double-stranded DNA oligonucleotide. The DNA is also used to assemble the nanoparticles into nanoparticles ensembles enabling the use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering to track the decomposition reaction. To prove the DNA-mediated transfer, the probe molecule was insulated from the source of charge carriers, which hindered the reaction. The results indicate that DNA can be used to study the transfer of hot electrons and the mechanisms of advanced plasmonic catalysts.
Enzymes can support the synthesis or degradation of biomacromolecules in natural processes. Here, we demonstrate that enzymes can induce a macroscopic-directed movement of microstructured hydrogels following a mechanism that we call a "Jack-in-the-box" effect. The material's design is based on the formation of internal stresses induced by a deformation load on an architectured microscale, which are kinetically frozen by the generation of polyester locking domains, similar to a Jack-in-thebox toy (i.e., a compressed spring stabilized by a closed box lid). To induce the controlled macroscopic movement, the locking domains are equipped with enzyme-specific cleavable bonds (i.e., a box with a lock and key system). As a result of enzymatic reaction, a transformed shape is achieved by the release of internal stresses. There is an increase in entropy in combination with a swelling-supported stretching of polymer chains within the microarchitectured hydrogel (i.e., the encased clown pops-up with a pre-stressed movement when the box is unlocked). This utilization of an enzyme as a physiological stimulus may offer new approaches to create interactive and enzyme-specific materials for different applications such as an optical indicator of the enzyme's presence or actuators and sensors in biotechnology and in fermentation processes.
Spherical particles from shape-memory polymers (SMP) can be stretched to ellipsoids with high aspect ratio (AR) and temporarily stabilized. They can switch back to low AR upon thermal stimulation. Here, the creation of an alternative shape-switching capability of particles from low to high AR is introduced, where a SMP matrix from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is used to create crosslinked high AR particles and to program the embedded micrometer-sized particles from a second SMP (oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) micronetworks, MN) with a low switching temperature T-sw. This programming proceeds through shape-recovery of the PVA matrix, from which the MN are harvested by PVA matrix dissolution. The use of a dissolvable SMP matrix may be a general strategy to efficiently create systems with complex moving capabilities.
Insufficient endothelialization of cardiovascular grafts is a major hurdle in vascular surgery and regenerative medicine, bearing a risk for early graft thrombosis. Neither of the numerous strategies pursued to solve these problems were conclusive. Endothelialization is regulated by the endothelial basement membrane (EBM), a highly specialized part of the vascular extracellular matrix. Thus, a detailed understanding of the structure-function interrelations of the EBM components is fundamental for designing biomimetic materials aiming to mimic EBM functions. In this review, a detailed description of the structure and functions of the EBM are provided, including the luminal and abluminal interactions with adjacent cell types, such as vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, in vivo as well as in vitro strategies to build or renew EBM are summarized and critically discussed. The spectrum of methods includes vessel decellularization and implant biofunctionalization strategies as well as tissue engineering-based approaches and bioprinting. Finally, the limitations of these methods are highlighted, and future directions are suggested to help improve future design strategies for EBM-inspired materials in the cardiovascular field.
The manuscript describes the phytochemical investigation of the roots, leaves and stem bark of Millettia lasiantha resulting in the isolation of twelve compounds including two new isomeric isoflavones lascoumestan and las-coumaronochromone. The structures of the new compounds were determined using different spectroscopic techniques.
Among the high-performance and engineering polymers, polyimides and the closely related polyetherimide (PEI) stand out by their capability to react with nucleophiles under relatively mild conditions. By targeting the phthalimide groups in the chain backbone, post-functionalization offers a pathway to adjust surface properties such as hydrophilicity, solvent resistance, and porosity. Here, we use ultrathin PEI films on a Langmuir trough as a model system to investigate the surface functionalization with ethylene diamine and tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin as multivalent nucleophiles. By means of AFM, Raman spectroscopy, and interfacial rheology, we show that hydrolysis enhances the chemical and mechanical stability of ultrathin films and allows for the formation of EDC/NHS-activated esters. Direct amidation of PEI was achieved in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, resulting in free amine groups rather than cross-linking. When comparing amidation with hydrolysis, we find a greater influence of the latter on material properties.
Ionic liquids are well known for their high gas absorption capacity. It is shown that this is not a solvent constant, but can be enhanced by another factor of 10 by pore confinement, here of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimOAc) in the pores of carbon materials. A matrix of four different carbon compounds with micro- and mesopores as well as with and without nitrogen doping is utilized to investigate the influence of the carbons structure on the nitrogen uptake in the pore-confined EmimOAc. In general, the absorption is most improved for IL in micropores and in nitrogen-doped carbon. This effect is so large that it is already seen in TGA and DSC experiments. Due to the low vapor pressure of the IL, standard volumetric sorption experiments can be used to quantify details of this effect. It is reasoned that it is the change of the molecular arrangement of the ions in the restricted space of the pores that creates additional free volume to host molecular nitrogen.