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Migration ist ein weltweites Phänomen. Der Politikwissenschaftler Christian Kube betrachtet sie in „Immigration und Arbeitskämpfe in den USA“ am Beispiel mexikanischer Einwanderer in Kalifornien. Der Autor analysiert das Verhältnis zwischen Arbeitern aus Mexiko und der US-amerikanischen Arbeiterbewegung, insbesondere den Gewerkschaften. Er tut dies an zwei Fallbeispielen, in denen Gewerkschaften versuchten bzw. versuchen, in Kalifornien transnationale Arbeiter zu organisieren: Zum einen wird das Los Angeles Manufacturing Project (LAMAP) betrachtet, zum anderen der immer noch andauernde Arbeitskampf in der Mandelfabrik Blue Diamond Growers (BDG) in Sacramento/Kalifornien. Abschließend wird die Frage beantwortet, ob die traditionellen Gewerkschaften der USA für die Interessenvertretung und Integration von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund im Niedriglohnsektor geeignet sind. Christian Kube ist der Ansicht, dass sie einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Organisation transnationaler Arbeiter leisten müssen, da es derzeit keine annähernd so mitgliederstarken Institutionen wie die Gewerkschaften in den USA gibt.
The Earth’s magnetic field (EMF) is generated by convections in the electrically conducting liquid iron-rich outer core, modified by the Earth’s rotation. A drastic manifestation of the dynamics of this fluid body is the occurrence of geomagnetic field reversals in the Earth’s history but also geomagnetic excursions, which are more frequent features of otherwise stable polarity chrons, but often poorly constrained in the geological record. To better understand the origin of the field, we need to know how the field has varied on different geological timescales. This includes not only information about changes in the ancient field’s direction but also about the absolute intensity (palaeointensity) and the age. This palaeointensity record is needed for compiling a full-vector description of the field. A palaeomagnetic and palaeointensity study on lava flows allows gaining insights about the evolution of the EMF through time and space. However, constraining the EMF evolution over different geological timescales remains a difficult objective due to the paucity of available palaeointensity data. One new alternative approach in palaeointensity studies is the recently proposed multispecimen parallel differential pTRM (MS) method, which has potentially several advantages over the commonly used Thellier method, because it is in theory independent of magnetic domain state, less prone to biasing effects, such as thermal alteration and significantly faster to perform in the laboratory. A study of highly active volcanic regions, such as the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, seems promising when attempting a full-vector reconstruction or when looking for field excursions. One aim of this thesis was to gain new information about the occurrence and global validity of geomagnetic excursions from the Brunhes- or Matuyama Chron. For this purpose some 75 lava flows from within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt were sampled for palaeomagnetic analyses. The scatter of virtual geomagnetic poles from lavas younger than 1.7 Ma was used for estimating palaeosecular variation and was found to be consistent with latitude dependent Model G and other high quality palaeomagnetic data from Mexico. The palaeomagnetic mean-vectors of 56 lavas were correlated to the Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale supplemented with information on geomagnetic excursions. On the grounds of their associated radioisotopic ages, four lavas were tentatively correlated with known excursions from marine records. Two lava flows dating of Brunhes Chron were associated with the Big Lost and Delts/Stage 17 excursions, respectively. From further two flows dating of Matuyama Chron, one flow was associated with either the Santa Rosa- or Kamikatsura excursions, while the other could have been emplaced during the Gilsa excursion. The most significant outcome was the finding that both Brunhes excursional flows display nearly fully reversed directions that deviate almost 180°C from the expected normal polarity direction. This observation could indicate that in particular the Big Lost and Delta/Stage17 excursions may represent other short periods during which the field completed a full reversal for a short time, such as was previously found for other older cryptochrons or tiny wiggles. Another focus of this thesis was set on estimating the feasibility of the new MS method for routine palaeointensity determination. This was accomplished by applying the MS method to samples from 11 historical lava flows from Mexico and Iceland from which the actual field intensity was either known from contemporary observatory data, or deduced from magnetic field models. Comparing observed with expected intensity values allowed to test the accuracy of the MS method. It a was found that the majority of palaeointensity estimates after the MS method yielded results that were very close or indistinguishable within the range of uncertainty from the expected values. However, a general trend towards an overestimate in the palaeointensity was also observed, which, on the grounds of corroborating rock magnetic analyses, was associated with multidomain material. This observation was taken as first evidence that the MS method is not entirely independent of magnetic domain state, as was originally claimed. However, a second experiment in which a modification of the most widely used Thellier method was applied to sister samples from 5 Icelandic flows revealed that, in comparison to the MS method, the latter produced more accurate and statistically better defined palaeointensities. Thus, from these first results, the MS method appeared as a viable alternative for future palaeointensity studies. Subsequently it was attempted to corroborate the directional record from Mexican lavas with palaeointensity data. It was possible to acquire palaeointensity estimates for 32 out of 51 investigated lava flows. These new results revealed that the new MS palaeointensities for Mexico are, with a high degree of statistical significance, around 30% higher than expected. The generally high palaeointensities seem to corroborate the results obtained from historical lava flows in this study and other previous studies on synthetic samples where domain state effects were found to cause overestimates in the palaeointensity of up to 30 per cent in the MS method. The primary process that leads to this overestimate is assigned to an asymmetry in the demagnetisation and remagnetisation process. Yet, this overestimate is expected to be no larger than what might be expected from Thellier experiments performed on samples with a given degree of multidomain behaviour.
Wasser, Gesellschaft und städtischer Raum in Mexiko = Agua, sociedad y espacio urbano en México
(2009)
Ähnlich wie andere Metropolen in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern hat auch die zweitgrößte Stadt Mexikos, Guadalajara, enorme Schwierigkeiten seine Bevölkerung mit sauberem Trinkwasser zu versorgen und das Abwasser sozial- und umweltverträglich zu entsorgen. Gründe für die wachsenden Probleme hängen einerseits mit der Dynamik fortschreitender Urbanisierungsprozesse und andererseits mit der Zunahme sozialer und sozialräumlicher Disparitäten zusammen. Es werden empirische Arbeiten vorgestellt, die im Rahmen einer studentischen Exkursion entstanden sind und die sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen sozialräumlichen Disparitäten und der Wasserversorgung bzw. Abwasserentsorgung am innerstädtischen Flusslauf "Atemajac" beschäftigen. Dabei werden vor allem die unterschiedlichen Problemwahrnehmungen der Anwohner des Flusses und die von ihnen gesehenen Lösungsmöglichkeiten untersucht.