Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (1205) (remove)
Year of publication
- 2015 (1205) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (996)
- Doctoral Thesis (85)
- Review (44)
- Preprint (25)
- Conference Proceeding (23)
- Other (13)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (8)
- Part of a Book (5)
- Habilitation Thesis (5)
- Part of Periodical (1)
Language
- English (1205) (remove)
Keywords
- stars: early-type (9)
- climate change (8)
- Magellanic Clouds (7)
- anomalous diffusion (7)
- eye movements (7)
- fMRI (7)
- interference (7)
- stars: massive (7)
- Holocene (6)
- ancient DNA (6)
- eye-tracking (6)
- reading (6)
- stars: atmospheres (6)
- stars: mass-loss (6)
- stars: winds, outflows (6)
- Cardiac rehabilitation (5)
- Chinese (5)
- Climate change (5)
- German (5)
- ISM: supernova remnants (5)
- SNARC (5)
- X-rays: binaries (5)
- X-rays: stars (5)
- acceleration of particles (5)
- binaries: close (5)
- biomaterials (5)
- polymers (5)
- Eye movements (4)
- binaries: eclipsing (4)
- biodiversity (4)
- click chemistry (4)
- cosmic rays (4)
- cue-based retrieval (4)
- diffusion (4)
- embodied cognition (4)
- galaxies: active (4)
- gender (4)
- insula (4)
- interoceptive awareness (4)
- major depressive disorder (4)
- neuroimaging (4)
- radiation mechanisms: non-thermal (4)
- stars: magnetic field (4)
- stars: variables: general (4)
- stochastic processes (4)
- Arabidopsis (3)
- Arenes (3)
- Cross-coupling (3)
- Development (3)
- Endothelin (3)
- Germany (3)
- ISM: clouds (3)
- India-Asia collision (3)
- Mental number line (3)
- Molybdenum cofactor (3)
- Ostracoda (3)
- Palladium (3)
- Seismicity and tectonics (3)
- Spanish (3)
- ageing (3)
- aggression (3)
- astroparticle physics (3)
- gamma rays: general (3)
- gamma rays: stars (3)
- higher education (3)
- inflammation (3)
- longitudinal study (3)
- mental number line (3)
- numerical cognition (3)
- peptides (3)
- self-assembly (3)
- sentence comprehension (3)
- stars: Wolf-Rayet (3)
- stars: evolution (3)
- stars: fundamental parameters (3)
- synchronization (3)
- ACT-R (2)
- AIP1 (2)
- Actin (2)
- Adolescence (2)
- Adolescents (2)
- Anisotropy effect (2)
- Answer set programming (2)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (2)
- Azobenzene containing cationic surfactants (2)
- BL Lacertae objects: general (2)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421 (2)
- BPMN (2)
- Baltic Sea (2)
- Biodiversity (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Biomaterials (2)
- Brassica napus (2)
- Carbohydrates (2)
- Children (2)
- China (2)
- Chinese reflexives (2)
- Cobalt (2)
- Community assembly (2)
- Competition (2)
- Cytotoxicity (2)
- DLT (2)
- DNA methylation (2)
- Dark matter (2)
- Depressive symptoms (2)
- Dynamics: seismotectonics (2)
- EPR spectroscopy (2)
- Earthquake source observations (2)
- East Africa (2)
- Element mobility (2)
- Ellipticity of corner-degenerate operators (2)
- English (2)
- Epigenetic (2)
- European Union (2)
- Evaluation (2)
- Exercise (2)
- FRET (2)
- Fish (2)
- Fluid-rock interaction (2)
- Fluorescence imaging (2)
- Fredholm property (2)
- Graph theory (2)
- Ground-motion prediction equation (2)
- H-1 NMR (2)
- HPLC (2)
- Heterogeneous catalysis (2)
- Human evolution (2)
- Hydrology (2)
- Hydrothermal carbonization (2)
- ISM: structure (2)
- Indian summer monsoon (2)
- Individual-based model (2)
- Inflammation (2)
- Inversion (2)
- Ionosphere (2)
- JavaScript (2)
- L-Cysteine desulfurase (2)
- Land-use intensity (2)
- Lonar Lake (2)
- Ludwig Leichhardt (2)
- Marine terraces (2)
- Migration (2)
- Operational momentum (2)
- Overweight (2)
- Pacific Ocean (2)
- Paleoclimate (2)
- Pamir (2)
- Patterning (2)
- Photosensitive polymer brushes (2)
- Planar polarity (2)
- Pleistocene (2)
- Poland (2)
- Precipitation (2)
- Principal component analysis (2)
- Proxy (2)
- Pump-probe (2)
- RIXS (2)
- Reading (2)
- Reading development (2)
- Ring current effect (2)
- Siberia (2)
- Solanaceae (2)
- Sphingosine kinase (2)
- Start-up subsidies (2)
- Sun: activity (2)
- Swedish (2)
- Tarim Basin (2)
- Theoretical calculations (2)
- Tibetan Plateau (2)
- Toeplitz operators (2)
- Tso Moriri Lake (2)
- Ventral striatum (2)
- Water quality (2)
- Wetlands (2)
- Zooplankton (2)
- abiotic stress (2)
- activation (2)
- adolescence (2)
- alexithymia (2)
- anaphors (2)
- antilocality (2)
- attention (2)
- block copolymers (2)
- center embedding (2)
- charge transfer (2)
- child language (2)
- circadian clock (2)
- competition (2)
- computational modeling (2)
- conservation (2)
- content-addressable memory (2)
- contracts (2)
- critical avalanche dynamics (2)
- dendrimers (2)
- density functional calculations (2)
- discourse (2)
- diversification (2)
- domestication (2)
- ecohydrology (2)
- ecosystem functioning (2)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (2)
- electroactive polymer (2)
- electron transfer (2)
- entrepreneurship (2)
- enzyme catalysis (2)
- erosion (2)
- evidentiality (2)
- exercise (2)
- expectation (2)
- experiments (2)
- exploration (2)
- eye-voice span (2)
- fluorescence (2)
- galaxies: jets (2)
- gamma rays: ISM (2)
- gamma rays: galaxies (2)
- gamma-rays: galaxies (2)
- gamma-rays: general (2)
- genomics (2)
- geomorphometry (2)
- grammatical illusion (2)
- ground reaction force (2)
- heart (2)
- history of German (2)
- hydrogen bonds (2)
- hypertension (2)
- individual differences (2)
- interoception (2)
- intervention locality (2)
- island biogeography (2)
- justice sensitivity (2)
- land use (2)
- landscape evolution (2)
- landslide (2)
- locality (2)
- magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) (2)
- memory and delay (2)
- memory retrieval (2)
- missing-VP effect (2)
- model (2)
- modeling (2)
- molecular rods (2)
- morphological processing (2)
- multiplicative noise (2)
- neuronal networks (2)
- pH (2)
- palaeogenomics (2)
- pesticides (2)
- pollen (2)
- polyunsaturated fatty acids (2)
- possessives (2)
- prevention (2)
- pronoun resolution (2)
- pronouns (2)
- prosody (2)
- psychologinguistics (2)
- quantification (2)
- quantum friction (2)
- rampage (2)
- reflexives (2)
- relative clauses (2)
- remagnetization (2)
- remission (2)
- risk factor (2)
- sACC (2)
- salamanders (2)
- scrambling (2)
- sea-level rise (2)
- seasonality (2)
- sentence parsing (2)
- sexual aggression (2)
- signal transduction (2)
- spatial cognition (2)
- stars: individual ([HD 36486]delta Ori A) (2)
- stochastic models (2)
- supramolecular chemistry (2)
- techniques: photometric (2)
- temperature (2)
- type 2 diabetes (2)
- uplift (2)
- variability (2)
- visual world paradigm (2)
- visual-world paradigm (2)
- working memory capacity (2)
- working memory updating (2)
- working-memory (2)
- ziji (2)
- 1,2-Dithiosquarate,1,2-Dithiosquaratonickelate (1)
- 1,3-Oxasilinanes (1)
- 1-Phenylethanol (1)
- 1-to-1 Correspondence (1)
- 2,2-Disubstituted adamantane derivatives (1)
- 2-Hydroxyethylammonium 1-R-indol-3-ylsulfanylacetates (1)
- 2-Phenylethanol (1)
- 2-Substituted adamantane derivatives (1)
- 3,5-Dimethoxytoluene (1)
- 3-Silatetrahydropyrans (1)
- 31A25 (1)
- 3D CAVE (1)
- 3D geomechanical numerical model (1)
- 3D imaging (1)
- 3D information visualization (1)
- 3D map (1)
- 3D semiotic model (1)
- 454 pyrosequencing (1)
- 454-pyrosequencing (1)
- 65F18 (1)
- ACSL (1)
- ADHD (1)
- ADPKD (1)
- AERONET (1)
- AFM (1)
- AMS (1)
- AOAC (1)
- AODV (1)
- APOM protein (1)
- ARL3 (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- AUX1 (1)
- Abandonment (1)
- Abrus precatorius (1)
- Absolute age dating (1)
- Acadian (1)
- Acceleration of particles (1)
- Accretion, underplating and exhumation processes (1)
- Acer (1)
- Acer platanoides (1)
- Acer pseudoplatanus (1)
- Achilles tendon (1)
- Acid sphingomyelinase (1)
- Acquired dysgraphia (1)
- Acquisition (1)
- Active flow control (1)
- Acute myocardial infarction (1)
- Ad hoc routing (1)
- Adaptation options (1)
- Adaption (1)
- Adaptive Force (1)
- Adaptive evolution (1)
- Adenylyl cyclase (1)
- Adult height (1)
- Adverbs (1)
- Aerosols (1)
- African humid period (1)
- Age of acquisition (1)
- Agency (1)
- Agent-oriented adverbs (1)
- Aggregation (1)
- Aging (1)
- Agreement attraction (1)
- Agricultural field (1)
- Airborne lidar (1)
- Akt signaling (1)
- Alborz range (1)
- Alcohol dependence (1)
- Alkaline phosphatase (1)
- Allometry (1)
- Allylic compounds (1)
- Alpine metamorphism (1)
- Alps (1)
- Alzheimer dementia (1)
- Ambient noise tomography (1)
- Amides (1)
- Amphibia (1)
- Amphibian (1)
- Amplitude and waveform analysis of PcP (1)
- Amygdala (1)
- Anaerobic digestion (1)
- Ancient DNA (1)
- Andrena (1)
- Anger regulation (1)
- Anions (1)
- Anisotropy (1)
- Annual 30-day minimum flow (1)
- Annulation (1)
- Anoxia (1)
- Antarctic Circumpolar Current (1)
- Anti-Causatives (1)
- Anti-doping (1)
- Antiplasmodial activity (1)
- Anxiety (1)
- Apathy (1)
- Apennine Carbonate Platform (1)
- Aphasia (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Aptamer (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 spot ages (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana embryogenesis (1)
- Arc accretion (1)
- Archaic humans (1)
- Archeology (1)
- Argument-Structure-Ordering Principle (1)
- Aridity (1)
- Arrival dates (1)
- Arsenolipids (1)
- Arterial hypertension (1)
- Artificial language paradigm (1)
- Artificial selection (1)
- Artificial water catchment (1)
- Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (1)
- Ashmura (1)
- Asia (1)
- Asian Americans (1)
- Assembly pattern (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Assignment of stereochemistry (1)
- Asymptotics of solutions (1)
- Athlete (1)
- Attention (1)
- Attention deficit (1)
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (1)
- Attitude (1)
- Authigenic carbonates (1)
- Auxin transport (1)
- Avalonia (1)
- Averaging principle (1)
- Azadironolide (1)
- Azobenzene (1)
- B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) calculations (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (PG 1553+113) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: AP Librae (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 501 (1)
- BMP4 (1)
- Backbone model (1)
- Backdoors (1)
- Background (1)
- Bacterial growth efficiency (1)
- Balance (1)
- Barcoding (1)
- Barite concretion (1)
- Barrier to ring inversion (1)
- Basal body (1)
- Batch experiments (1)
- Bayesian (1)
- Bayesian logistic regression (1)
- Beer mashing (1)
- Behavioral querying (1)
- Beltrami equation (1)
- Bentonite clay (1)
- Benzenoid structure (1)
- Berlin (1)
- Beta-amylase (1)
- Beverages (1)
- Bgl2p (1)
- Biaryls (1)
- Bilinear models (1)
- Bilirubin oxidase (1)
- Binge eating (1)
- Bioavailability (1)
- Biodiversity indicators (1)
- Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (1)
- Biofuel cell (1)
- Biofuels (1)
- Biogenic silica (1)
- Biogeography (1)
- Biological indicator (1)
- Biomarkers (1)
- Biomass water (1)
- Biome shifts (1)
- Biomedicine (1)
- Biomineralization (1)
- Biosilicification (1)
- Biostratigraphy (1)
- Birth-and-death process (1)
- Bis-MGD (1)
- Biscutella didyma (1)
- Bivariate flood quantile (1)
- Black shales (1)
- Blood (1)
- Blood platelets (1)
- Blood sugar (1)
- Body composition (1)
- Body image (1)
- Body stimuli (1)
- Body waves (1)
- Bone repair material (1)
- Boolean logic models (1)
- Bootstrapping (1)
- Borrowing constraints (1)
- Bose-Einstein condensate (1)
- Botanic gardens (1)
- Botulinum toxin (1)
- Boys (1)
- Brassicaceae (1)
- Breakthrough curve (1)
- Breeding success (1)
- Brewster angle microscopy (1)
- Brilliant blue (1)
- Bukit Tigapuluh Landscape (1)
- Bulimia nervosa (1)
- Bush encroachment (1)
- Business cycle (1)
- Business process management (1)
- Business processes (1)
- C-13 NMR (1)
- C-C coupling (1)
- C:P ratio (1)
- CAPS (1)
- CDK5RAP2 (1)
- CNR1 (1)
- CO desorption (1)
- COI (1)
- Caco-2 intestinal barrier model (1)
- Cadmium (1)
- Caecilians (1)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (1)
- Calcium phosphates (1)
- Caledonian (1)
- Cambodia (1)
- Camellia sinensis (1)
- Cameroon (1)
- Campylomormyrus (1)
- Candida (1)
- Candidates (1)
- Canid morphotype (1)
- Carbene ligands (1)
- Carbohydrate mimics (1)
- Carbon colloid (1)
- Carbon decomposition (1)
- Carbon isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Carbonates (1)
- Carboniferous (1)
- Cardiac rehabilitation Chronic heart failure (1)
- Cardinality (1)
- Cardiovascular (1)
- Cardiovascular risk factor (1)
- Cardiovascular risk factors (1)
- Career satisfaction (1)
- Career self-efficacy (1)
- Carotenoid (1)
- Case-control study (1)
- Catalytic reaction (1)
- Catalytically active MIPs (1)
- Catchment (1)
- Catchment classification (1)
- Catechins (1)
- Category verification (1)
- Cationic surfactants (1)
- Cations (1)
- Cauchy data spaces (1)
- Cauchy problem (1)
- Causative Alternation (1)
- Cave (1)
- Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (1)
- CdS quantum dots (1)
- Cell counts (1)
- Cellulose (1)
- Cenozoic (1)
- Central India (1)
- Central nervous system (1)
- Centriole (1)
- Centrosome (1)
- Ceramide (1)
- Cerrado (1)
- Chaiten volcano (1)
- Channel island (1)
- Chaperone (1)
- Cheirogaleidae (1)
- Cherenkov radiation (1)
- Chew Bahir (1)
- Child language (1)
- Childhood (1)
- Childhood adversity (1)
- Childhood obesity (1)
- Chile convergent margin (1)
- Chile subduction zone (1)
- Chinese reading (1)
- Chiral dopants (1)
- Chiroptera (1)
- Chloroplast (1)
- Chromosphere, active (1)
- Chronic heart failure (CHF) (1)
- Chronic kidney disease (1)
- Civil engineering (1)
- Classical MD (1)
- Clearing formation (1)
- Click chemistry (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate adaptation (1)
- Climatic variations (1)
- Clinical (1)
- Clinical reasoning (1)
- Clogging (1)
- Cluster Computing (1)
- Clutch size (1)
- CoExist (1)
- Coagulation (1)
- Coarse woody debris (1)
- Coastal Cordillera (Chile) (1)
- Coastal sedimentation (1)
- Coastal uplift (1)
- Coesite-bearing eclogite (1)
- Coexistence (1)
- Coexistence mechanisms (1)
- Cognition (1)
- Cognitive control (1)
- Cognitive interference (1)
- Cold air surges (1)
- Colitis (1)
- Collaboration for innovation (1)
- Colon cancer (1)
- Combinatorial multi-objective optimization (1)
- Communion (1)
- Community composition (1)
- Community dynamics (1)
- Community effect in height (1)
- Community-based Modelling (1)
- Competences (1)
- Complex heterogeneous systems (1)
- Complexity (1)
- Composite hydrogels (1)
- Composite outcome measure (1)
- Composition of the mantle (1)
- Compositional data analysis (1)
- Compound Poisson processes (1)
- Compound-specific isotope (1)
- Compound-specific stable isotopic (1)
- Computational complexity (1)
- Computational grid (1)
- Computer-assisted self-regulation training (1)
- Computer-based assessment (1)
- Concentration-discharge relationships (1)
- Concept of differentiated land use (1)
- Conduct problems (1)
- Cone (1)
- Confidence intervals (1)
- Confocal microscopy (1)
- Conformational analysis (1)
- Conformational equilibrium (1)
- Connective tissue growth factor (1)
- Connectivity (1)
- Continental margins: convergent (1)
- Continental neotectonics (1)
- Continental tectonics: compressional (1)
- Continuous cultures (1)
- Continuous performance task (1)
- Contrast (1)
- Control rates (1)
- Convective storms (1)
- Convergence (1)
- Coordination game (1)
- Coordination polymers (1)
- Copulas (1)
- Coral reef terraces (1)
- Core (1)
- Core stability (1)
- Core-mantle boundary (1)
- Corestone (1)
- Corner pseudo-differential operators (1)
- Corona (1)
- Coronal mass ejection (CME) (1)
- Corporate foresight (1)
- Correlation (1)
- Cosmic rays (1)
- Cosmic-ray (1)
- Cosmogenic-nuclide geochronology (1)
- Cosmology (1)
- Cospeciation (1)
- Coulomb failure stress (1)
- Countermovement jump (1)
- Counting process (1)
- Crack deflection (1)
- Creaminess (1)
- Creative economy (1)
- Creative industries (1)
- Creep (1)
- Critical zone (1)
- Critics (1)
- Crossover fatigue (1)
- Crustal melting (1)
- Crustal structure (1)
- Crystal and molecular structure (1)
- Crystal structures (1)
- Cycling (1)
- Cyp2b1 (1)
- Cytochrome c (1)
- Czech (1)
- D-enrichment (1)
- D22 (1)
- DATM (1)
- DELWAQ (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA copolymers (1)
- DNA nanotechnology (1)
- DNA preservation (1)
- DNA volume and persistent length (1)
- DNA-surfactant complexes (1)
- DOPA (1)
- DRD4 (1)
- DUFLOW (1)
- Damage reduction (1)
- Data (1)
- Data exchange (1)
- Data integration (1)
- Data modeling (1)
- Database (1)
- Database Approach To Modelling (1)
- Deadweight effects (1)
- Deaf readers (1)
- Decision Probability (1)
- Decision speed (1)
- Deep biosphere (1)
- Delphi study (1)
- Delta-Kohn Sham method (1)
- Dementia (1)
- Dengue (1)
- Density (1)
- Density functional theory (1)
- Depositional setting (1)
- Depression (1)
- Detailed balance (1)
- Development of eating behavior (1)
- Developmental Biology (1)
- Devonian transpression (1)
- Diabetic cardiomyopathy (1)
- Diabetic nephropathy (1)
- Diagenetic barium cycling (1)
- Diagnostic (1)
- Diagnostic accuracy (1)
- Diagnostics (1)
- Diatoms (1)
- Dielectric elastomer (1)
- Dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) (1)
- Difference-in-difference (1)
- Differential Equations (1)
- Diffuse pollution (1)
- Digital (1)
- Dimensional (1)
- Dinosterol (1)
- Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition (1)
- Direct electron transfer (1)
- Direct searches (1)
- Disaggregation (1)
- Disaster impact analysis (1)
- Disease (1)
- Disks (1)
- Dispersal limitation (1)
- Dissolution precipitation replacement (1)
- Divergent evolution (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Doehlert design (1)
- Dog (1)
- Dolomites (1)
- Domestication (1)
- Dopamine (1)
- Doppler ultrasound (1)
- Drainage morphometry (1)
- Drug (1)
- Drug metabolism (1)
- Drug prescription (1)
- Duration prediction (1)
- Duricrusts (1)
- Dwarf galaxies (1)
- Dynamic capabilities (1)
- Dynamic energy budget theory (1)
- Dynamic pricing and advertising (1)
- Dyslipidemia (1)
- Dysregulation (1)
- E-Mail Tracking (1)
- E-learning (1)
- EAP (1)
- ECHSE (1)
- EEG/ERP (1)
- EMG (1)
- EMI sensors (1)
- EPA (1)
- ERP (1)
- ERPs (1)
- ESI (1)
- ET-1 (1)
- ETA (1)
- ETB (1)
- EU Council Presidency (1)
- Earliest Cambrian (1)
- Early psychosocial adversity (1)
- Earth rotation (1)
- Earthquake (1)
- Earthquakes (1)
- Eastern Europe (1)
- Eastern Mediterranean (1)
- Eating pathology (1)
- Ecohydrological modeling (1)
- Ecological interactions (1)
- Ecology (1)
- Ecosystem services (1)
- Edge and corner pseudo-differential operators (1)
- Edge symbols (1)
- Editorial policies (1)
- Educational game (1)
- Ego-depletion (1)
- Eigenvalue problem (1)
- Einstein-Hilbert action (1)
- Elbow breadth (1)
- Electric organ discharge (1)
- Electric organ ontogeny (1)
- Electrocyte geometry (1)
- Electromagnetics (1)
- Electromyography (1)
- Electrophoretic deposition (1)
- Electrospinning (1)
- Elephas maximus sumatranus (1)
- Ellipsometry (1)
- Embodied cognition (1)
- Embodiment (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Emotion (1)
- Emotion labelling (1)
- Emotion recognition (1)
- Emotional expressions (1)
- Emotional intelligence (1)
- Emotions (1)
- Empowering leadership (1)
- Enceladus (1)
- End-member modeling (1)
- Endocrine (1)
- Endocrine disruption (1)
- Endogenous growth (1)
- Endogenous retrovirus (1)
- Endosulfan (1)
- Endothelial cells (1)
- Endothelial dysfunction (1)
- Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (1)
- Energy (1)
- Energy Community (1)
- Energy-transfer probe (1)
- Enrichment factor (1)
- Entertainment (1)
- Entrepreneurship (1)
- Environmental magnetism (1)
- Enzymatic fuel cell (1)
- Enzymatic milk coagulation (1)
- Enzyme catalysis (1)
- Epitope imprinting (1)
- Equus (1)
- Erosion rate reconstructions (1)
- Eucera (1)
- Europe (1)
- European lobster (1)
- Evapotranspiration (1)
- Event normalization (1)
- Event processing (1)
- Event related potential (1)
- Event-related potential (1)
- Event-related potentials (1)
- Events (1)
- Evidence-based policy making (1)
- Ex situ conservation (1)
- Exceptional alternation (1)
- Exciplex (1)
- Expected satiation (1)
- Expected satiety (1)
- Expected thirst (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Experimentation (1)
- Export regime (1)
- Extended R-Value model (1)
- External stimuli (1)
- Externalizing disorders (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extreme events (1)
- Extremum seeking (1)
- Eye-tracking (1)
- F12 methods (1)
- FAME (1)
- FKBP5 (1)
- Fabaceae (1)
- Face categorization (1)
- Facies (1)
- Fault slip (1)
- Fe-C composite (1)
- Fecundity (1)
- Feedback heuristics (1)
- Felsic volcanism (1)
- Female labor-force participation (1)
- Female moratorium (1)
- Ferdinand de Saussure (1)
- Fertility (1)
- Feshbach resonance (1)
- Festuca brevipila (1)
- Fiber analysis (1)
- Fibrosis (1)
- Field aquifer (1)
- Finger counting (1)
- Finger-based numerical representations (1)
- Finite energy sections (1)
- Finite horizon (1)
- Fire (1)
- Firefly luciferase inhibition (1)
- First passage time (1)
- Flagellate grazing (1)
- Flare (1)
- Flares, dynamics (1)
- Flexible linker (1)
- Flood (1)
- Floral scent compound (1)
- Flow cytometry (1)
- Fluid intelligence (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- Fluorescent probes (1)
- Fluoroassay (1)
- Focus (1)
- Fokker-Planck equations (1)
- Fokker-Planck-Smoluchowski equation (1)
- Foliated spaces (1)
- Food approach (1)
- Food avoidance (1)
- Food quality (1)
- Foragers (1)
- Foraminifera (1)
- Force (1)
- Force splitting (1)
- Foresight (1)
- Forest disturbance (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Formate dehydrogenase (1)
- Formica pratensis (1)
- Fourier-transform infrared (1)
- Fractionation (1)
- Framework (1)
- Free-electron laser (1)
- Freeze-fracturing (1)
- Freshwater ecosystem (1)
- Frost-cracking (1)
- Functional aging (1)
- Functional averaging (1)
- Futures studies (1)
- Fuzzy logic (1)
- G-protein-coupled receptor (1)
- G-quadruplexes (1)
- G. Bingham Powell (1)
- GABA(B) receptor (1)
- GEO BON (1)
- GEOMAGIA50 (1)
- GIAO calculations (1)
- GRIND (1)
- Gadot Formation (1)
- Gait (1)
- Galactic Ring Survey (1)
- Galaxy: evolution (1)
- Galaxy: halo (1)
- Gamma rays: General (1)
- Gas sorption (1)
- Gas-phase electron diffraction (1)
- Gastrointestinal tract (1)
- Gate-effects (1)
- Gene expression (1)
- Gene-environment interaction (1)
- Generalisation (1)
- Generalized hybrid Monte Carlo (1)
- Genetic association (1)
- Genetic drift (1)
- Genetic model (1)
- Genetic programming (1)
- Genomic evolution (1)
- Genotypic differences (1)
- Geochemistry (1)
- Geodetic measurements (1)
- Geodynamo (1)
- Geomagnetic field (1)
- Geomagnetism (1)
- Geomorphic systems (1)
- Geosciences (1)
- German colonialism (1)
- German intonation (1)
- Germination (1)
- Girls (1)
- Givenness (1)
- Glacial landscape history (1)
- Global change (1)
- Global environmental change (1)
- Global supply chains (1)
- Global warming (1)
- Globally hyperbolic Lorentz manifold (1)
- Glomerular filtration rate (1)
- Glucocorticoid receptor (1)
- Glucose (1)
- Glycerophospholipids (1)
- Gold (1)
- Gold nanoparticles (1)
- Goursat problem (1)
- Grain size (1)
- Granites (1)
- Granulites (1)
- Grass flush (1)
- Grassland (1)
- Grassland diversity (1)
- Grazing (1)
- Grip strength (1)
- Ground penetrating radar (1)
- Ground reaction force (1)
- Groundwater-stream water interactions (1)
- Growth (1)
- Gutenberg-Richter relationship (1)
- H II regions (1)
- HESS Galactic Plane Survey (1)
- HP-LT rocks (1)
- HP-granulite (1)
- HTC biochar (1)
- HTHP (1)
- Haplotype (1)
- Health (1)
- Health economics (1)
- Health promotion (1)
- Heart rate (1)
- Heating energy demand (1)
- Heavy metal ions (1)
- Hemispheric specialization (1)
- Hemispherical photography (1)
- Hepatotoxicity (1)
- Hertzsprung-Russell and C-M diagrams (1)
- Heterocycles (1)
- Heterogeneous agents (1)
- Hierarchical linear modeling (1)
- High pressure - low temperature treatments (1)
- Himalaya (1)
- Himalayas (1)
- Hindi (1)
- Holocene Climate (1)
- Home telemonitoring (1)
- Horse (1)
- Host shift (1)
- Host-plant suitability (1)
- Hot/cool executive function (1)
- Hugo Grotius (1)
- Human (1)
- Human capital resource (1)
- Human differentiated neurons (1)
- Human donor blood (1)
- Human population genomics (1)
- Humic layer (1)
- Humus forms (1)
- Hungarian (1)
- Hunter-gatherers (1)
- Hybrid App (1)
- Hybrid materials (1)
- Hydraulic connectivity (1)
- Hydraulics (1)
- Hydrodynamics (1)
- Hydrogel (1)
- Hydrogen (1)
- Hydrogen-bonding (1)
- Hydrophobic (1)
- Hyogo (1)
- Hyperbolic dynamical system (1)
- Hypercholesterolemia (1)
- Hypoglycemia (1)
- Hypoxia (1)
- IB (1)
- IB4 (1)
- ICSS (1)
- IHE attack (1)
- IMS (1)
- IODP (1)
- ISM: Supernova remnants (1)
- ISM: abundances (1)
- ISM: individual objects: HESS J1832-093 (1)
- ISM: individual objects: M 42 (1)
- ISM: individual objects: Puppis A (1)
- ISM: individual objects: SNR G22.7-0.2 (1)
- ISM: lines and bands (1)
- ISM: molecules (1)
- Ibero-Romance (1)
- Identities (1)
- Idiosyncratic risk (1)
- Image filtering (1)
- Image processing (1)
- Imidazole (1)
- Immigration by air (1)
- Immobilization (1)
- Immunoactive properties (1)
- Impulsivity (1)
- In-situ Laser Ablation Split Stream ICPMS (1)
- Incidence rates (1)
- Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) (1)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (1)
- Indirect searches (1)
- Individual based model (1)
- Individual differences (1)
- Individual size (1)
- Indochina (1)
- Indonesia (1)
- Induced seismicity (1)
- Infant regulatory problems (1)
- Infinitival patterns (1)
- Information structure (1)
- Innovation (1)
- Innovation networks (1)
- Instability (1)
- Instructional practices (1)
- Insulin (1)
- Integrative taxonomy (1)
- Intelligence (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interactive effects (1)
- Interception (1)
- Interchain interactions (1)
- Interest (1)
- Interference (1)
- Interferometry (1)
- Intermittent exercise (1)
- Internalizing symptoms (1)
- Internet (1)
- Intertrial coherence (1)
- Intervention study (1)
- Intra-individual response-time variability (1)
- Intra-oceanic subduction (1)
- Intra-parietal sulcus (1)
- Intraspecific genetic variation (1)
- Intraspecific variation (1)
- Inventory holding costs (1)
- Inventory systems (1)
- Inverse theory (1)
- Investment (1)
- Ionic liquids (1)
- Ionogels (1)
- Isotope (1)
- Isotope-dilution analysis (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Issue 95 (1)
- Italy (1)
- Iterated corner asymptotics of solutions (1)
- Ito integral (1)
- JIT compilers (1)
- Jump height (1)
- Jump processes (1)
- Justice sensitivity (1)
- Kamchatka (1)
- Kernelization (1)
- Khatanga river (1)
- Kiezdeutsch (1)
- Kinesin V (1)
- Kinetic model (1)
- Knee valgus motion (1)
- Knowledge creep (1)
- Knowledge utilization (1)
- Kyrgyzstan (1)
- L-2-invariants (1)
- L-selectin (1)
- L11 (1)
- L26 (1)
- L95 (1)
- LCST behavior (1)
- LEM-domain (1)
- LHC (1)
- LIKE-AUX1 (LAX) (1)
- LINC complex (1)
- LLSVPs (1)
- Lacustrine sediment (1)
- Lacustrine surface samples (1)
- Lagrangian-averaged equations (1)
- Lake (1)
- Lake Van (1)
- Lake deposits (1)
- Lake level (1)
- Lake sediment (1)
- Lake sediments (1)
- Lakes (1)
- Lamin (1)
- Land use (1)
- Land use intensity (1)
- Land-use planning (1)
- Langmuir monolayer (1)
- Language production (1)
- Language understanding (1)
- Languages (1)
- Lanthanide (1)
- Laos (1)
- Laplace-Beltrami operator (1)
- Larger foraminifera (1)
- Laser ICP-MS (1)
- Last Glacial Maximum (1)
- Late Pleistocene (1)
- Lateral jumps (1)
- Lateralization (1)
- Latitudinal gradient (1)
- Layer-by-layer (1)
- Leaf area index (1)
- Leaf litter (1)
- Leaf senescence (1)
- Leaking (1)
- Left middle and superior temporal gyri (1)
- Left ventricular hypertrophy (1)
- Left-ordered groups (1)
- Lemna minor (1)
- Lemnaceae (1)
- Lesion formation (1)
- Level of abstraction (1)
- Levy diffusion approximation (1)
- Levy diffusions on manifolds (1)
- Levy flights (1)
- Lexical database (1)
- LiDAR (1)
- Lichenometry (1)
- Lidar (1)
- Life cycle assessment (1)
- Life history (1)
- Life science (1)
- Light scattering (1)
- Limonoid (1)
- Linguistics (1)
- Linking (1)
- Lipid (1)
- Lipid biomarkers (1)
- Lipid profile (1)
- Liquid Jet (1)
- Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (1)
- Liquids (1)
- Lisbon Treaty (1)
- Lively Kernel (1)
- Load Balancing (1)
- Lobelia tupa (1)
- Local Group (1)
- Local index theory (1)
- Local plant-abundance (1)
- Location awareness (1)
- Logic tree (1)
- Long term management (1)
- Long-range transport (1)
- Long-term effects (1)
- Loop-loop systems (1)
- Low flow indicator (1)
- Low frequency amplitude variability (1)
- Low rank matrices (1)
- Low temperature NMR spectroscopy (1)
- Lu-Hf geochronology (1)
- Luminescence spectroscopy (1)
- Lysophosphatidylcholines (1)
- MADS-domain transcription factor (1)
- MALDI imaging (1)
- MATLAB (1)
- MCPH (1)
- MONOPTEROS (ARF5) (1)
- Machine learning (1)
- Madeira island (1)
- Magnetic hydrochar (1)
- Magnetic susceptibility (1)
- Magnetostratigraphy (1)
- Management (1)
- Mandarin Chinese (1)
- Manganese (1)
- Mann-Kendall test (1)
- Mantle processes (1)
- Marcus canonical equation (1)
- Marine Isotope Stage 3 (1)
- Marine ecology (1)
- Markov Chain (1)
- Markov Chain Monte Carlo inversion (1)
- Markov chain (1)
- Markov cluster algorithm (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Mastery goals (1)
- Maternal effects (1)
- Math achievement (1)
- Mato Grosso (1)
- Maule earthquake (1)
- Measurement (1)
- Media (1)
- Medical education (1)
- Mehrsprachigkeit (1)
- Mekong Delta (1)
- Melt inclusions (1)
- Membrane (1)
- Menderes Massif (1)
- Mental arithmetic (1)
- Mental health (1)
- Mental image (1)
- Mercuric mercury (1)
- Meromorphic operator-valued symbols (1)
- Mesoangioblasts (1)
- Mesoscale systems (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Metalloenzymes (1)
- Metaphor (1)
- Metasomatism (1)
- Methylation (1)
- Methylmercury (1)
- Mice (1)
- Micellar caseins (1)
- Michael addition (1)
- Microbial carbon transfer (1)
- Microbial degradation (1)
- Microcebus berthae (1)
- Microcebus murinus (1)
- Microfossils (1)
- Microfoundations (1)
- Microperoxidase-11 (1)
- Microphysical properties (1)
- Microscale electrode (1)
- Microspore (1)
- Microwave chemistry (1)
- Middle Palaeolithic (1)
- Middle childhood (1)
- Migmatites (1)
- Milium effusum (1)
- Mineral soil (1)
- Minimalist program (1)
- Minimum landing size (1)
- Miocene (1)
- Mirror Principle (1)
- Missions (1)
- Mittag-Leffler functions (1)
- Mixed strategy (1)
- Mixture model (1)
- Miyakejima intrusion (1)
- Mobile Campus Application (1)
- Mobile application (1)
- Model Analysis (1)
- Model Implementation (1)
- Model availability (1)
- Model comparison (1)
- Modeling framework (1)
- Modeling tools for decision-making (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Modelling Framework (1)
- Modern pollen/vegetation relationships (1)
- Modified Hamiltonians (1)
- Molecular clouds (1)
- Molecular dynamics (1)
- Molecular dynamics simulations (1)
- Molecular heterosis (1)
- Molecular marker (1)
- Molecular motor (1)
- Molecular orientation (1)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (1)
- Molecules (1)
- Mollification (1)
- Molybdenum (1)
- Molybdenum-iron-iron-sulfur cluster (1)
- Monetary incentive delay task (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monoclonal MIPs (1)
- Monomolecular reaction (1)
- Monte-Carlo simulations (1)
- Morbus Parkinson (1)
- Mormyridae (1)
- Morphogenesis (1)
- Morphological cues (1)
- Morphology (1)
- Morse-Smale property (1)
- Mortality (1)
- Mortality causes (1)
- Moss samples (1)
- Motor coordination (1)
- Motor planning/programming (1)
- Moving window (1)
- Multi-locus phylogeny (1)
- Multifunctionality (1)
- Multilayer (1)
- Multilevel analysis (1)
- Multilevel model (1)
- Multiple herbivory (1)
- Multiple interpretation scheme (1)
- Multiple risk factor intervention (1)
- Multiwalled carbon nanotube (1)
- Municipality data (1)
- Murine leukemia virus (1)
- Muscle (1)
- Muscle mass (1)
- Myoblasts (1)
- Myodes glareolus (1)
- Myzus persicae (1)
- N (1)
- N efficiency (1)
- N400 (1)
- NAFLD (1)
- NCA (1)
- NF-B (1)
- NICE-2014 (1)
- Nanograin charge (1)
- Nanogranitoids (1)
- Nanohybrid (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) (1)
- National Socialism (1)
- Natural gas network (1)
- Natural language processing (1)
- Natural population (1)
- Natural products (1)
- Nature conservation management (1)
- Near surface geophysics (1)
- Neglect (1)
- Neoromicia (1)
- Nest protection (1)
- Network analysis (1)
- Network graph (1)
- Network monitoring (1)
- Network topology (1)
- Networked foresight (1)
- Networks (1)
- Neurotoxicity (1)
- Next/second-generation sequencing (1)
- Niche partitioning (1)
- Nickel oxide (1)
- Nitric oxide (1)
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (1)
- Non-pharmacological intervention (1)
- Nonlinear X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- Norepinephrine transporter (1)
- North Pacific (1)
- Nuclear accent (1)
- Nuclear envelope (1)
- Nuclear explosions (1)
- Nuclear lamina (1)
- Nuclear receptor (1)
- Null model (1)
- Number cognition (1)
- Number morphology (1)
- Number of taste organs (1)
- Number representation (1)
- Numerical estimation (1)
- Numerical experiment (1)
- Nutrient export (1)
- Nutrients (1)
- Nutritional ecology (1)
- O horizon (1)
- O-2 (1)
- ODE model (1)
- OSIRIS (1)
- Obesity (1)
- Object Versioning (1)
- Observational (1)
- Occupational therapists (1)
- Occupational therapy (1)
- Ocular drift (1)
- Oculo-motor control (1)
- Oculomotor resonance (1)
- Old Red Sandstone (1)
- Older patients (1)
- Online Marketing (1)
- Online morpho-syntactic processing (1)
- Oomycetes (1)
- Opal-A (1)
- Opal-CT (1)
- Open innovation (1)
- OpenLayers 3 (1)
- Operand order effect (1)
- Ophiolite obduction (1)
- Ophrys (1)
- Optimal foraging (1)
- Optimal stochastic and deterministic (1)
- Opto-mechanically induced scission of (1)
- Opto-mechanically induced scission of polymer chains (1)
- Order-preserving maps (1)
- Ordinality (1)
- Organic carbon (1)
- Organic pollutants (1)
- Organizational epistemology (1)
- Osmium (1)
- Osteoblast (1)
- Othering (1)
- Oxidative stress (1)
- Oxygen heterocycles (1)
- P ligands (1)
- P2 (1)
- PAHs (1)
- PAS domain (1)
- PCDitch (1)
- PCLake (1)
- PDE6D (1)
- PET (1)
- PHS2 (1)
- PIN (1)
- POD (1)
- PT estimates (1)
- PTMEs (1)
- PUFA (1)
- Palaeolimnology (1)
- Palaeolithic (1)
- Palaeotemperature (1)
- Paleo (1)
- Paleoceanography (1)
- Paleoenvironmental (1)
- Paleomagnetism (1)
- Palygorskite (1)
- Parafoveal (1)
- Parafoveal processing (1)
- Parallel job execution time estimation (1)
- Parameterized complexity (1)
- Parenting quality (1)
- Particle mobility (1)
- Passive (1)
- Pastoralism (1)
- Pea flour (1)
- Pea protein isolate (1)
- Pediastrum (1)
- Pelvic breadth (1)
- Pentacyclic triterpene methyl ethers (1)
- Pentylsedinine (1)
- Peptides (1)
- Perceptual span (1)
- Performance (1)
- Performance Evaluation (1)
- Periplaneta americana (1)
- Permanent uplift (1)
- Permuted balance (1)
- Peronospora farinosa (1)
- Perturbation theory (1)
- Pervasive computing (1)
- Pest infestation (1)
- Pest-pest interaction (1)
- Phase transition (1)
- Phenols (1)
- Phenotypic plasticity (1)
- Phenylpropanoids (1)
- Phonology (1)
- Phonotactics (1)
- Phosphatidylcholines (1)
- Phosphatidylinositols (1)
- Phosphogenesis (1)
- Photoinduced optical anisotropy (1)
- Photolysis (1)
- Photon Density Wave spectroscopy (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Physical environment (1)
- Physicochemical properties (1)
- Phytoplankton (1)
- Phytotoxicity (1)
- Pi interactions (1)
- Piperidine alkaloid (1)
- Pipistrellus (1)
- Planetary rings (1)
- Plant community ecology (1)
- Plant soil feedbacks (1)
- Plant-soil feedback (1)
- Plasma (1)
- Plasma convection (1)
- Plasmalogens (1)
- Platinum group metals (1)
- Plato´s Cratylus (1)
- Plausible values (1)
- Pleistocene and Holocene climate (1)
- Plume (1)
- Pointing (1)
- Pollen (1)
- Pollen source area (1)
- Poly vinyl alcohol (1)
- Polyaromatic fragments (1)
- Polyether ether ketone (1)
- Polyethyleneimine (1)
- Polyimides (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polymer degradation (1)
- Polymorphism (1)
- Polypeptoid (1)
- Pontides (1)
- Pore analysis (1)
- Portugal (1)
- Positive selection (1)
- Post-glacial landscape (1)
- Post-polymerization modification (1)
- Postpartum anxiety disorders (1)
- Postpartum depression (1)
- Potential of mean force (1)
- Power (1)
- Poylaniline (1)
- Pre-school children (1)
- Precaution (1)
- Predation (1)
- Prediabetes (1)
- Predictability (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Prediction error signal (1)
- Prediction of achievement in science (1)
- Predictors (1)
- Presystemic metabolism (1)
- Prevalence (1)
- Primary: 47B35 (1)
- Primates (1)
- Privacy (1)
- Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and Bayesian inference (1)
- Process Monitoring (1)
- Process analytical technology (1)
- Process choreographies (1)
- Process model repositories (1)
- Process model search (1)
- Process modeling (1)
- Process models (1)
- Procyanidins (1)
- Programming Environments (1)
- Prohibited performance enhancement (1)
- Projective meaning (1)
- Prominences, active (1)
- Propensity score matching (1)
- Prosodic phrasing (1)
- Prosody (1)
- Prospective study (1)
- Protein aggregation (1)
- Protic 2-hydroxyethylammonium ionic liquids (1)
- Pseudo-binary phase diagrams (1)
- Psycholinguistics (1)
- Psychosocial stress (1)
- Psychotropics (1)
- Public administration (1)
- Public debt (1)
- Pulmonary arterial hypertension (1)
- Punctuated equilibrium theory (1)
- Purification (1)
- Push factor (1)
- Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (1)
- Q49 (1)
- Quantum chemical calculations (1)
- Quasi Random Walk (1)
- Quasi-aromaticity (1)
- Quaternary climate (1)
- Question answering (1)
- Quinonoid structure (1)
- R (1)
- RNA (1)
- RP2 (1)
- RSA triangle (1)
- RT-qPCR (1)
- Rac-metalaxyl (1)
- Racket (1)
- Radiation mechanisms: Non-termal (1)
- Radiolaria (1)
- Raman microspectroscopy (1)
- Randomized controlled trial (1)
- Randomized-controlled trial (1)
- Rare earth element (REE) distribution (1)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (1)
- Reaction mechanism (1)
- Rearrangement (1)
- Reciprocal processes (1)
- Reclassification (1)
- Redox potential (1)
- Reduction targets (1)
- Reflex (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Regime shifts (1)
- Regionalization (1)
- Regolith (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Rehabilitation success (1)
- Reinforcement learning (1)
- Rejection sensitivity (1)
- Relative clause (1)
- Relaxin (1)
- Remediation (1)
- Renovation (1)
- Residential building stock (1)
- Resistance (1)
- Resonance-free ultrasound emitter (1)
- Resource provisioning (1)
- Reversibility (1)
- Reviewer (1)
- Reward system (1)
- Rheic Ocean (1)
- Rhizosphere (1)
- Rio Grande (1)
- Riparian zone (1)
- Risk assessment (1)
- Risk control (1)
- Risk factor (1)
- Risk model (1)
- Risk zoning (1)
- Roach (1)
- Rock glacier (1)
- Rock magnetism (1)
- Rosa x level (1)
- Russian (1)
- S1P(3) receptor (1)
- SANS (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SLC13A5 (1)
- SQL (1)
- SSD (1)
- SU5416 (1)
- Salamanders (1)
- Salamandra (1)
- Salento (1)
- Salivary gland (1)
- Sarcopenia (1)
- Saturn, rings (1)
- Saturn, satellites (1)
- Savanna rangeland dynamics (1)
- Scaling (1)
- Scanpaths (1)
- Scenario (1)
- Science achievement (1)
- Scientific inquiry (1)
- Scotophilus (1)
- Sea ice (1)
- Sea-level change (1)
- Seasonality (1)
- Second language (1)
- Secondary prevention (1)
- Secondary school level (1)
- Secondary: 47L80 (1)
- Security Council (1)
- Sediment magnetism (1)
- Sediment production (1)
- Sediment recycling (1)
- Sediment supply (1)
- Sediments (1)
- Seebeck ratchet (1)
- Seed immigration (1)
- Seed provenance (1)
- Seismic refraction (1)
- Seismic tomography (1)
- Seismology (1)
- Seismotectonic segmentation (1)
- Seismoturbidites (1)
- Selection effects (1)
- Self-control (1)
- Self-efficacy (1)
- Self-employment (1)
- Self-powered biosensor (1)
- Self-regulation (1)
- Semantic priming (1)
- Semantic typicality (1)
- Sensitivity analysis (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Sensory cues (1)
- Sensory zone (1)
- Sentence comprehension (1)
- Sentence comprehension deficits (1)
- Sentence processing (1)
- Sentence reading (1)
- Sequences (1)
- Serotonin (1)
- Service detection (1)
- Service-oriented Architecture (1)
- Sex difference (1)
- Sexual dimorphism (1)
- Shallow lakes (1)
- Shannon diversity (1)
- Shannon entropy (1)
- Shear flow (1)
- Short chain dehydrogenase (1)
- Si fractions (1)
- Sign language (1)
- Signal propagation (1)
- Signaling transduction networks (1)
- Silica (1)
- Simulation of polymer XPS (1)
- Single-station sigma (1)
- Singularities (1)
- Site effects (1)
- Site-specific agricultural land-use (1)
- Situated cognition (1)
- Size distribution (1)
- Skeletochronology (1)
- Skill (1)
- Skills (1)
- Slow positive wave (1)
- Smalltalk (1)
- Smoking (1)
- Smoking cessation (1)
- Snap-through instability (1)
- Social Choice Theory (1)
- Social Networking Sites (1)
- Socio-economics (1)
- Soil (1)
- Soil heterogeneity (1)
- Soil moisture (1)
- Soil moisture time series (1)
- Soil monitoring (1)
- Solanum lycopersicum (1)
- Solanum tuberosum (1)
- Solid-phase extraction (1)
- Solvation (1)
- Solvent effects (1)
- Solvothermal synthesis (1)
- Sorex araneus (1)
- South-Eastern Europe (1)
- Southern Caspian Basin (1)
- Southern Italy (1)
- Southern Levant (1)
- Southern Ocean (1)
- Space weather (1)
- Spacecraft (1)
- Spatial and nonspatial graphs (1)
- Spatial and temporal denudation rate (1)
- Spatial cognition (1)
- Spatial interactions (1)
- Spatial panel estimation (1)
- Spatially explicit models (1)
- Species range shift (1)
- Species tree (1)
- Spectrophotometry (1)
- Speech perception (1)
- Speech production (1)
- Spelling (1)
- Sphingolipids (1)
- Sphingomyelin (1)
- Sphingosine 1phosphate (1)
- Sport therapy (1)
- Sprouting (1)
- Squeak (1)
- Sri Lanka (1)
- Stachys sylvatica (1)
- Standard language ideology (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Standardized precipitation index (1)
- Starch accumulation (1)
- Starch metabolizing enzymes (1)
- Start-up (1)
- Statistical seismology (1)
- Statistics (1)
- Stay-green (1)
- Stimulation fluids (1)
- Stochastic Hamiltonian (1)
- Stochastic Petri nets (1)
- Stochastic bridges (1)
- Stochastic geometry (1)
- Stockholm-convention (1)
- Stratal cyclicity (1)
- Strategic human resources (1)
- Stratonovich integral (1)
- Stress (1)
- Stress drop (1)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (1)
- Strontium isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Structural changes (1)
- Structural expectation (1)
- Structural models (1)
- Student motivation (1)
- Subantarctic Front (1)
- Subarctic North Pacific (1)
- Subduction earthquakes (1)
- Subduction interface (1)
- Subduction zone processes (1)
- Subject-specific interest (1)
- Submerged macrophytes (1)
- Substance (1)
- Substituent chemical shifts (1)
- Subsurface biosphere (1)
- Subtropical cyclones (1)
- Suicide attempt (1)
- Sulfite oxidase (1)
- Sulfur transfer (1)
- Sulfuration (1)
- Sulphite oxidase (1)
- Sulphoxide (1)
- Sumba Island (1)
- Sun1 (1)
- Sun: chromosphere (1)
- Sun: corona (1)
- Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs) (1)
- Sun: flares (1)
- Sun: photosphere (1)
- Sun: sunspots (1)
- Sunspots, magnetic fields (1)
- Supernova remnants (1)
- Support vector machine regression (1)
- Supramolecular ball structure (1)
- Supramolecular chemistry (1)
- Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) (1)
- Surface relief grating (1)
- Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (1)
- Surfactant micelles (1)
- Surprisal (1)
- Sustainable land use (1)
- Swarm constellation (1)
- Switzerland (1)
- Synchrotron Radiation (1)
- Synthetic methods (1)
- System ecology (1)
- Systems biology (1)
- TG/DTA (1)
- TMS (1)
- TOP-Guidelines (1)
- TSNMRS (1)
- Tandem mass spectrometry (1)
- Tarim Basin, NW China (1)
- Taste buds (1)
- Tax and spending competition (1)
- Teacher motivation (1)
- Technofunctional properties (1)
- Technological impact (1)
- Tectonic uplift (1)
- Tectonics (1)
- Telemedicine (1)
- Temperature (1)
- Terrace reoccupation (1)
- TerraceM (1)
- Terrestrial Si cycle (1)
- Testate amoebae (1)
- Tetranychus urticae (1)
- Texturing (1)
- Thailand (1)
- The Netherlands (1)
- Thematic Hierarchy (1)
- Theoretical seismology (1)
- Thermal broadening effects (1)
- Thermal diffusivity (1)
- Thermal inertia (1)
- Thermal sound generation (1)
- Thermal wave method (1)
- Thermo-acoustic effect (1)
- Thermophone (1)
- Thermoplastics (1)
- Thermoresponsive (1)
- Thiol-ene (1)
- Thiomersal (1)
- Three phase partitioning (1)
- Thyroid hormone (1)
- Tian Shan (1)
- Tien Shan (1)
- Tile drain (1)
- Time duality (1)
- Time resolved FRET (1)
- Time-lapse imaging (1)
- ToF-SIMS (1)
- ToF-SIMS imaging (1)
- Tool use demonstration (1)
- Tool use pantomime (1)
- Toonacilin (1)
- Toonapubesins F (1)
- Topographic consistency (1)
- Total synthesis (1)
- Toxicity (1)
- Trace inclusion (1)
- Traffic (1)
- Transactivation assay (1)
- Transcript levels (1)
- Transcriptomics (1)
- Transformation of hydrological signals (1)
- Transformation toughening (1)
- Transforming growth factor beta (1)
- Transhimalaya (1)
- Transmembrane asymmetry (1)
- Treatment (1)
- Tree recruitment (1)
- Triturus (1)
- Trophic interactions (1)
- Tropical dry deciduous forests (1)
- Trunk trail (1)
- Tso Morari (1)
- Tunisian Revolution (1)
- Turbidite paleoseismology (1)
- Turbulence (1)
- Turkish migrants (1)
- Turkish-German bilingualism (1)
- Turraea nilotica (1)
- Turraea robusta (1)
- Two-temperature model (1)
- Typical intellectual engagement (1)
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (1)
- UHP exhumation (1)
- Ultra-high pressure (UHP) (1)
- Ultra-low velocity zones (1)
- Ultrasonography (1)
- Unaccusatives (1)
- Unaccusativity (1)
- Uncertainty (1)
- Uncertainty estimation (1)
- Unconventional gas (1)
- Unemployment (1)
- Unergative verbs (1)
- Uplift (1)
- Upper Cambrian (1)
- Upper Cretaceous (1)
- Urban ecosystem analysis (1)
- Urodela (1)
- User submission pattern (1)
- V-p (1)
- V-s ratios (1)
- V2 (1)
- VHE gamma-ray astronomy (1)
- Validation (1)
- Variance partitioning (1)
- Variscan (1)
- Varve (1)
- Vegetation structure (1)
- Veto Player (1)
- Vietnam (1)
- Vietnamese (1)
- Virtual 3D scenes (1)
- Viscoelasticity (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Volatile compound (1)
- Volcanic arc processes (1)
- Volcanic rift zone (1)
- Voltammetry (1)
- Voxel-based morphometry (1)
- Vulnerability (1)
- WEREWOLF (1)
- Walvis Ridge (1)
- Wave equation (1)
- Wave scattering and diffraction (1)
- Wave-built terraces (1)
- Wealth distribution (1)
- Weather impact (1)
- Weathering (1)
- Web browsers (1)
- WebGL (1)
- Weight (1)
- Weighted edge spaces (1)
- West Antarctic Ice Sheet (1)
- Westerlies (1)
- Weyl tensor (1)
- Whey proteins (1)
- Winning Coalition (1)
- Wolf (1)
- Work (1)
- Working-memory (1)
- WorldView-2 (1)
- Wrinkling (1)
- X-ray Spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray structure (1)
- X-rays: ISM (1)
- X-rays: galaxies (1)
- XAS (1)
- XES (1)
- XLRP (1)
- XMRV (1)
- XPS (1)
- Xanthomonas (1)
- Xenobesity (1)
- Xigaze ophiolite (1)
- XopJ (1)
- Xpr1 (1)
- Yield per recruit (YPR) (1)
- Yolk (1)
- Yttria stabilized zirconia (1)
- Yurtus Formation (1)
- Ziphiidae (1)
- ZooMS (1)
- ab initio (1)
- ab initio calculations (1)
- abundance estimation (1)
- academic achievement (1)
- acceptability judgments (1)
- acetylcholinesterase (1)
- acid sphingomyelinase (1)
- action language (1)
- action observation (1)
- action perception (1)
- active transport (1)
- actuator (1)
- acute kidney injury (1)
- acute physiological demand (1)
- adaptation (1)
- adherence (1)
- adolescent athletes (1)
- aerobic respiration (1)
- affect (1)
- age structure (1)
- agent-based models (1)
- agility (1)
- aid worker (1)
- airborne (1)
- airborne geophysics (1)
- albuminuria (1)
- alcohol (1)
- alcohol addiction (1)
- aldehyde oxidase (1)
- aldol reaction (1)
- algae (1)
- algorithm schedules (1)
- alien vascular plants (1)
- alignments (1)
- alpha-stable Levy process (1)
- alpine (1)
- ambient noise (1)
- ambiguity resolution (1)
- amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) (1)
- amino alcohols (1)
- amorphous polymers (1)
- anachronism (1)
- anger regulation (1)
- annual plants (1)
- anomalous diffusion and transport (1)
- answer set programming (1)
- anti-HIV (1)
- anti-doping (1)
- aphasia (1)
- aphasia treatment (1)
- aphids (1)
- aquatic ecosystems (1)
- argon dating (1)
- articulated rods (1)
- artificial neural networks (1)
- artificially drained lowland (1)
- arylalkylamine N-transferase (1)
- asteroseismology (1)
- astrometry (1)
- astronomical databases: miscellaneous (1)
- atherosclerosis (1)
- atmospheric circulation (1)
- atmospheric nitrogen deposition (1)
- atom-surface interaction (1)
- attitudes (1)
- auditory neurons (1)
- aversion (1)
- avirulence (1)
- azobenzene (1)
- bacterial production (1)
- balance (1)
- bank vole (1)
- base-level fall (1)
- basis sets (1)
- behavioral observation (1)
- benzofurans (1)
- bi-harmonic coupling (1)
- bilingualism (1)
- binaries: general (1)
- biocatalysis (1)
- biocompatibility (1)
- biodegradable polymers (1)
- bioelectrocatalysis (1)
- bioinvasion (1)
- biological physics (1)
- biomimetic sensors (1)
- biorecognition reactions (1)
- birhythmic behavior (1)
- bis-MGD (1)
- black holes (1)
- body composition (1)
- body temperature (1)
- bone (1)
- brain lesions (1)
- brain networks (1)
- break interventions (1)
- bridge (1)
- broad melting temperature range (1)
- bureaucratic politics (1)
- cPMP (1)
- caffeine (1)
- cancer cachexia (1)
- capacitive sensor (1)
- capture-recapture modeling (1)
- carbohydrates (1)
- carbon cycle (1)
- carbon nitride (1)
- carbon nitride thin film (1)
- cardiovascular diseases (1)
- career success (1)
- carotenoids (1)
- carotenoids bioavailability (1)
- cartographic design (1)
- cascade reactions (1)
- cash crops (1)
- catanionic surfactants (1)
- catchments (1)
- cell culture device (1)
- cell-based assay (1)
- cell-material interaction (1)
- cellobiose dehydrogenase (1)
- cells (1)
- ceramide (1)
- channel geometry (1)
- characteristics (1)
- childhood (1)
- children (1)
- chlorophyll content (1)
- cholinesterase inhibitors (1)
- chromatin remodeling (1)
- chronic kidney disease (1)
- chronostratigrapy (1)
- chronotopy (1)
- circumstellar matter (1)
- cis-regulatory evolution (1)
- civitas perfecta (1)
- class-level effects (1)
- clay organic coating (1)
- climate extremes (1)
- climate finance (1)
- climate impacts (1)
- climate policy (1)
- climate variability (1)
- climate warming (1)
- clinical study (1)
- clock genes (1)
- coagulation-fragmentation (1)
- coat colour (1)
- coating (1)
- coenzyme-a (1)
- coexistence (1)
- cofactors (1)
- cognitive resources (1)
- collaborative learning (1)
- collagen (1)
- collective team identification (1)
- column operation mode (1)
- community (1)
- community biomass (1)
- community structure (1)
- comorbidities (1)
- compatibility effect (1)
- complex majoritarianism (1)
- complexity (1)
- composition (1)
- compounding (1)
- comprehensive analysis (1)
- computational fluid dynamics (1)
- computer games (1)
- conceptual history (1)
- condition number (1)
- conduct problems (1)
- conducting polymers (1)
- conduction aphasia (1)
- conductive argument (1)
- confidence sets (1)
- conformational analysis (1)
- conformational properties (1)
- congeneric species (1)
- connections between chaos and statistical physics (1)
- connectivity (1)
- continental breakup (1)
- continental shelf (1)
- continuous time random walk (CTRW) (1)
- contrast (1)
- control (1)
- controlled release (1)
- cooperative goal interdependence (1)
- copolymer networks (1)
- correlation (1)
- cosmogenic burial dating (1)
- cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- coupled-cluster (1)
- couples (1)
- coupling methods (1)
- creative field (1)
- crop (1)
- cross-modal generalization (1)
- cross-modal priming (1)
- crowded fluids (1)
- crustal thickness (1)
- cryptogams (1)
- crystal structure (1)
- culture (1)
- cultures (1)
- cyclic voltammetry (1)
- cycloaddition (1)
- cyt b (1)
- cytochrome P450 17A1 (Cyp17A1) (1)
- cytokines/chemokines (1)
- cytoplasmic polyadenylation (1)
- damage estimation (1)
- dark respiration (1)
- data synthesis (1)
- data-based (1)
- database (1)
- deadwood (1)
- deaf readers (1)
- debris avalanche (1)
- debris flow (1)
- decentralization (1)
- deception (1)
- decision theory (1)
- decision tree (1)
- declarative memory (1)
- decomposition (1)
- decomposition analysis (1)
- deep-level mining (1)
- deep-sea bacterial community (1)
- degradable polyester (1)
- degradable polymers (1)
- democratic theory (1)
- demography (1)
- dendritic cells (1)
- denitrification (1)
- denudation (1)
- depression (1)
- depropriation (1)
- derivational affixes (1)
- development (1)
- development assistance (1)
- di(ethylene glycol) methy ether methacrylate (1)
- dialect (1)
- dielectric elastomer (1)
- dielectric spectroscopy (1)
- differential expression analysis (1)
- differential network analysis (1)
- differentiation (1)
- dike intrusion (1)
- dike-induced seismicity (1)
- dike-induced stresses (1)
- dimensional overlap (1)
- direct electrochemistry (1)
- direct speech (1)
- directed evolution (1)
- directed transport (1)
- discharge pattern (1)
- discourse comprehension (1)
- disease severity (1)
- disordered systems (theory) (1)
- dispersion (1)
- dissection (1)
- distal turbidites (1)
- distance scale (1)
- disturbance (1)
- diversification rates (1)
- division rings (1)
- docosahexaenoic acid (1)
- dolerite (1)
- dopamine (1)
- doping (1)
- drainage (1)
- drought (1)
- drug (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- dryland ecosystems (1)
- drylands (1)
- dual processing (1)
- duality formula (1)
- dust, extinction (1)
- dye (1)
- dynamic equilibrium (1)
- dynamic structure factor (1)
- eLectures (1)
- early life stress (1)
- earthquake (1)
- east Africa (1)
- echolocation (1)
- ecological niches (1)
- ecological restoration (1)
- ecology (1)
- ecosystem change (1)
- ecosystem services (1)
- educational aspirations (1)
- ego depletion (1)
- electric fields (1)
- electric fields and currents (1)
- electrochemistry (1)
- electrodes (1)
- electromagnetic imaging (1)
- electromagnetics (1)
- electromechanically active polymer (1)
- electrospinning (1)
- electrostatic interactions (1)
- elemental composition (1)
- elementary excitation (1)
- elite athletes (1)
- embedded Markov chain (1)
- embeddings (1)
- embryo (1)
- emotion (1)
- emotion recognition (1)
- emotional expression (1)
- emotional status (1)
- emotional valence (1)
- energy-metabolism (1)
- enjoyment (1)
- environmental stress response (1)
- enzyme inhibitors (1)
- enzymes (1)
- eolian dust (1)
- ephedrine/pseudoephedrine (1)
- episodic memory (1)
- equality (1)
- errata, addenda (1)
- error avoidance (1)
- eta forms (1)
- ethnic identity (1)
- evaluative priming (1)
- evenness (1)
- evolution (1)
- exercise intervention (1)
- exercise prescription (1)
- exercise stress test (1)
- experimental evaluation (1)
- exploitation (1)
- exposure (1)
- external ambiguity (1)
- extinct species (1)
- extinction (1)
- extreme temperature events (1)
- eye movement (1)
- eye tracking (1)
- eye-movements (1)
- face morphing (1)
- facial feedback (1)
- faking (1)
- family ethnic socialization (1)
- fashion design (1)
- fecundity (1)
- fertilization (1)
- fff (1)
- fibers (1)
- fides (1)
- films (1)
- financing scheme (1)
- fine fraction (1)
- first passage (1)
- first trimester (1)
- fitness-maximization (1)
- flood risk (1)
- flood risk analysis (1)
- floodplain (1)
- flow (1)
- flower development (1)
- fluctuation forces (1)
- fluctuation relations (1)
- fluid shells (1)
- fluid-induced seismicity (1)
- fluorescent probes (1)
- fluorescent reporter (1)
- focus (1)
- focus sensitivity (1)
- food quality (1)
- food webs (1)
- forest management (1)
- forestREplot (1)
- formal argumentation systems (1)
- formal power series (1)
- formal syntax (1)
- forms of government (1)
- fovea (1)
- frequency analysis (1)
- freshwater sharks (1)
- functional capacity (1)
- functional languages (1)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (1)
- functional traits (1)
- functions of Presidency (1)
- gait speed (1)
- galactosylceramide (1)
- galaxies: ISM (1)
- galaxies: Seyfert (1)
- galaxies: active-galaxies: individual: PMN J0948+0022 (1)
- galaxies: clusters: individual (47 Tucanae) (1)
- galaxies: distances and redshifts (1)
- galaxies: individual (Hydra II) (1)
- galaxies: individual (Markarian 501) (1)
- galaxies: individual: AM1353-272 B (1)
- galaxies: individual: LMC (1)
- galaxies: individual: SMC (1)
- galaxies: nuclei (1)
- galaxies:active (1)
- game browsing (1)
- garnet (1)
- gas sensing (1)
- gels (1)
- gender differences (1)
- gender gap (1)
- gene coexpression (1)
- gene duplication (1)
- gene regulation (1)
- gene regulatory networks (1)
- gene-expression (1)
- general practitioners (1)
- genetics (1)
- genome evolution (1)
- geochronology (1)
- gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (1)
- gestures (1)
- givenness (1)
- glacier melt (1)
- global change (1)
- global markets (1)
- global spread (1)
- global warming (1)
- globular clusters: general (1)
- glutamate (1)
- glutamine (1)
- glutathione (1)
- glycaemic control (1)
- glycolipids (1)
- gold (1)
- government-formation (1)
- grain size (1)
- graphitization (1)
- grassland management (1)
- grasslands (1)
- grazing (1)
- grounded cognition (1)
- groundwater age (1)
- groundwater-surface water interaction (1)
- growth adaptation (1)
- growth regulation (1)
- growth strata (1)
- guilt (1)
- hallervorden-spatz-syndrome (1)
- helium-4 (1)
- heme proteins (1)
- heritage language (1)
- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (1)
- hillslopes (1)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (1)
- hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (1)
- hominin (1)
- hopelessness (1)
- hopf-bifurcation (1)
- human evolution (1)
- human evolutionary genetics (1)
- human life in nature, society, and history (1)
- human sulfite oxidase (1)
- humanitarian organisations (1)
- hybridisation capture (1)
- hydrocarbon field (1)
- hydroclimatology (1)
- hydrogels (1)
- hydrogen bonding (1)
- hydrogen-2 (1)
- hydrological modeling (1)
- hydrometric network design (1)
- hydrophilic-to-lipophilic balance (1)
- hydrostatic atmosphere (1)
- hydrostatic pressure (1)
- hyperechogenicities (1)
- hypoechogenicities (1)
- hyponasty (1)
- iCheck (1)
- ideological congruence (1)
- immersive 3D geovisualization (1)
- impact loading (1)
- impacts (1)
- imperialist dogma (1)
- implicit association test (IAT) (1)
- implicit prosody (1)
- in-stream gravel bar (1)
- inclination shallowing (1)
- independence goals (1)
- index (1)
- indirect speech (1)
- indirect tests (1)
- individual-based (1)
- induced seismicity (1)
- inference (1)
- infinitival patterns (1)
- informal logic (1)
- information and communication technology (1)
- information source (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- injury risk (1)
- innate number sense (1)
- insect-like AANAT (1)
- instability (1)
- institutional changes (1)
- institutional design (1)
- institutional reforms (1)
- insulin (1)
- integration cost (1)
- integrins (1)
- interactions (1)
- interfaces (1)
- interference pattern (1)
- intergovernmental setting (1)
- intermolecular interactions (1)
- intermontane valleys (1)
- internal ambiguity (1)
- internalizing problems (1)
- intervention (1)
- inundation (1)
- inverse micelles (1)
- inverse problem (1)
- inversion (1)
- islands as model systems (1)
- isokinetic (1)
- isometric-eccentric force (1)
- isotope ecology (1)
- joint Simon effect (1)
- juku (1)
- jump (1)
- justice (1)
- ketones (1)
- kidney dysfunction (1)
- kinetic theory (1)
- knee joint angle (1)
- knickpoints (1)
- lactams (1)
- land degradation (1)
- land use change (1)
- land-use (1)
- land-use change (1)
- land-use intensity (1)
- large for gestational age fetus (LGA) (1)
- last glacial maximum (1)
- leaf development (1)
- leaf wax (1)
- learning success (1)
- lesion studies (1)
- light acclimation (1)
- light-field camera (1)
- light-induced DNA de-compaction (1)
- light-induced mass transport (1)
- linagliptin (1)
- lines of defense (1)
- linguistic historiography (1)
- linguistic rhythm (1)
- lipase release (1)
- liposomes (1)
- literature review (1)
- lobbying (1)
- local governments (1)
- localized flooding (1)
- low light stress conditions (1)
- low-carbon economy (1)
- low-grade metamorphism (1)
- lysine dendron (1)
- m-commerce (1)
- mAb (1)
- macrophage subsets (1)
- magmatic underplating (1)
- magnetic fabric (1)
- magnetic nanoparticles (1)
- magnetic reconnection (1)
- magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1)
- magnetoconvection (1)
- majority rule (1)
- maleimide (1)
- mammalian-cells (1)
- management analysis (1)
- mantle convection (1)
- marine ice-sheet instability (1)
- marine mammal (1)
- mass exchange (1)
- maternal environmental effects (1)
- math disability (1)
- mathematical cognition (1)
- maximum magnitude (1)
- maximum temperature (1)
- mean load (1)
- mechano-chemical coupling and thermodynamic efficiency (1)
- media choice (1)
- media use (1)
- media violence (1)
- medial prefrontal cortex (1)
- memantine (1)
- membrane fatty acids (1)
- membranes (1)
- memory studies (1)
- mental arithmetic (1)
- mental imagery (1)
- mental retardation (1)
- mesenchymal stem cells (1)
- mesic grasslands (1)
- messenger-rna polyadenylation (1)
- meta-analysis (1)
- metabolic networks (1)
- metabolomics (1)
- metagenomics (1)
- metal coordination (1)
- metal-free crosslinking (1)
- metastability (1)
- meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (1)
- methods: data analysis (1)
- miRNA (1)
- microbial communities (1)
- microbial diversity (1)
- microbiomics (1)
- microgels (1)
- micronutrient deficiencies (1)
- microparticles (1)
- middle childhood (1)
- midlatitude nighttime magnetic fluctuation (1)
- migration (1)
- mild cognitive impairment (1)
- mimicry (1)
- mind wandering (1)
- minerals (1)
- mixed quantum-classical methodology (1)
- mobile commerce research (1)
- mobility (1)
- mobility disability (1)
- mobility-mass spectrometry (1)
- modal verbs (1)
- modality (1)
- model development (1)
- modernity (1)
- modest approach (1)
- molecular and Brownian motors (1)
- molecular modeling (1)
- molecular structure (1)
- molecularly imprinted electropolymers (1)
- molten sulfur (1)
- monolayers (1)
- mood disorder (1)
- moral disengagement (1)
- morphological divergence (1)
- morphometrics (1)
- morphosyntax (1)
- morphotypes (1)
- motherhood (1)
- motor resonance (1)
- motor system (1)
- motor units (1)
- mouse lethality assay (1)
- movement (1)
- mowing (1)
- mozart effect (1)
- mtDNA (1)
- multi-level correlates (1)
- multi-locus data (1)
- multi-scaling (1)
- multiblock copolymer (1)
- multidiversity (1)
- multifunctional polymers (1)
- multifunctionality (1)
- multilevel modelling (1)
- multimodal cardiac rehabilitation (1)
- multiobjective calibration (1)
- multiscale dynamics (1)
- multitrophic interactions (1)
- multivariate regression (1)
- muscle action (1)
- muscle development (1)
- muscle synergy (1)
- museum specimens (1)
- mussel byssus (1)
- n-Alkane (1)
- n-alkanes (1)
- nAChR (1)
- nano-object motion (1)
- nanocomposites (1)
- nanoparticle characterization (1)
- nanoparticles (1)
- nanoreactor (1)
- nanostructures (1)
- narcissism (1)
- natural gas (1)
- natural rights (1)
- network of plant invasion (1)
- neural differentiation (1)
- neurodegeneration (1)
- neuroenhancement (1)
- neuroleptics (1)
- neuropsychology (1)
- neurotoxicity (1)
- next generation sequencing (1)
- next generation sequencing (NGS) (1)
- nighttime MSTID (1)
- nociceptors (1)
- noise (1)
- non-dissipative regularisations (1)
- non-equilibrium (1)
- non-fluent aphasia (1)
- non-native speakers (1)
- non-probability samples (1)
- nondestructive testing (1)
- nonlinear Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique (1)
- nonsymmetric linear-systems (1)
- normative beliefs (1)
- nuclear norm (1)
- nucleation polymerization (1)
- number (1)
- numeracy training (1)
- numerical relativity (1)
- o-ambiguity (1)
- oak tree (1)
- object-based image analysis (1)
- observation (1)
- offscraping (1)
- older adults (1)
- oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (1)
- oligospiroketals (1)
- onset (1)
- open clusters and associations: general (1)
- open clusters and associations: individual: Trapezium cluster (1)
- operational momentum (1)
- optical spectra (1)
- optimism (1)
- optogenetics (1)
- orality (1)
- organizational behavior (1)
- orientational memory (1)
- oroclinal bending (1)
- orogenic processes (1)
- osteogenic differentiation (1)
- outbreak (1)
- outflows (1)
- oxidative stress (1)
- oxygen (1)
- oxygen evolution (1)
- oxygen heterocycles (1)
- oxygenation (1)
- p-Aminophenol (1)
- pH responsive hydrogel (1)
- pain (1)
- palaeoclimatology (1)
- palaeogenetics (1)
- paleo-erosion rates (1)
- paleoenvironment (1)
- paleomagnetism (1)
- paleomagnetism and rock magnetism (1)
- paleomagnetism applied to tectonics (1)
- paleophysiology (1)
- paleoreservoir age (1)
- palmitic acid (1)
- palmitoylation (1)
- para-Nitro-pyridine N-oxides (1)
- parafoveal (1)
- parafoveal processing (1)
- parafoveal vision (1)
- parchment (1)
- parental separation (1)
- partial coherence (1)
- particle-associated and free-living bacteria (1)
- passive seismic monitoring (1)
- path integration (1)
- peak discharge (1)
- peak workload duration (1)
- peptide mimotopes (1)
- perception of contrast (1)
- perceptual span (1)
- performance measurement (1)
- performance prediction (1)
- peripheral anionic site (1)
- peroxides (1)
- perpetration (1)
- personality (1)
- personality disorder (1)
- personnel policy (1)
- pgm (1)
- phase diagram (1)
- phenology (1)
- philosophical anthropology, anthropological philosophy, unfathomability of humans (1)
- phosphate (1)
- phosphorus (1)
- phosphorylase (1)
- photocatalysis (1)
- photocurrent (1)
- photodynamic therapy (1)
- photoelectrochemistry (1)
- photonic crystals (1)
- photopolymerization (1)
- photosynthesis (1)
- phylogenetic diversity (1)
- phylogenomics (1)
- phylogeny (1)
- physical SRB measures (1)
- physical activity (1)
- phytoplankton (1)
- piezophilic bacteria (1)
- piggyback basin (1)
- plan oblique relief (1)
- planetary nebulae: general (1)
- planetary nebulae: individual (A78) (1)
- planetary rings (1)
- plant development (1)
- plant growth (1)
- plant population and community dynamics (1)
- plant specialized metabolism (1)
- plant volatiles (1)
- plant-plant interactions (1)
- platelets (1)
- platinum (1)
- pneumatic force measuring system (1)
- pollen mapping (1)
- pollination syndrome (1)
- pollinator shift (1)
- poly(a)-binding protein (1)
- poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide] (1)
- polycystic kidney disease (1)
- polydepsipeptide (1)
- polyesterurethanes (1)
- polymer chains (1)
- polymersomes (1)
- polypeptoid (1)
- polysaccharides (1)
- polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (1)
- population (1)
- population density (1)
- population dynamics (1)
- population genomics (1)
- populations (1)
- porphyrins (1)
- portfolio-based solving (1)
- positive selection (1)
- potassium (1)
- power training (1)
- pragmaticalisation (1)
- prediction (1)
- prediction error (1)
- preferential flow (1)
- premise acceptability (1)
- pressure chamber (1)
- presupposition (1)
- prices (1)
- primary microcephaly (1)
- principle (1)
- proactive aggression (1)
- probabilistic discrimination (1)
- processing (1)
- processing of auditory nonverbal stimuli (1)
- production network (1)
- production of contrast (1)
- programmable adhesion (1)
- programmed cell death (1)
- proliferation (1)
- propargyl (1)
- properties (1)
- propidium (1)
- prosocial behavior (1)
- prostate cancer (1)
- protein microheterogeneity (1)
- protein structure (1)
- protein structures (1)
- protein-protein interactions (1)
- proteomics (1)
- pseudospectral method (1)
- psychological well-being (1)
- psychology (1)
- public discourse (1)
- public management issues (1)
- pulsars: general (1)
- pulsars: individual (PSR J0633+1746, Geminga) (1)
- pulsed climate variability framework (1)
- pyrene excimer (1)
- qPCR (1)
- quadriceps (1)
- quantifier-spreading (1)
- quantum electrodynamics (1)
- quantum gas (1)
- quasiconformal mapping (1)
- racism by proxy (1)
- radiation mechanisms: nonthermal (1)
- radiation: dynamics (1)
- rainfall partitioning (1)
- random walks (1)
- randomly forced Duffing equation (1)
- rapid variations (1)
- reactive aggression (1)
- reactive oxygen species (1)
- reactive transport model (1)
- real arguments (1)
- real-time rendering (1)
- rearrangement (1)
- reciprocal class (1)
- referential coding (1)
- referential context (1)
- regimes (1)
- regression tree (1)
- regular and singular inverse Sturm-Liouville problems (1)
- regular exercise training (1)
- regular language (1)
- regularization method (1)
- rehabilitation outcome (1)
- rejection sensitivity (1)
- relatedness (1)
- relational aggression (1)
- relationship conflict (1)
- relative clause (1)
- relativistic processes (1)
- release mechanism (1)
- relevance (1)
- relief map (1)
- remediation (1)
- reorientation (1)
- replication (1)
- reproducibility (1)
- reproduction (1)
- reservoir characterization (1)
- resistance training (1)
- resource use efficiency (1)
- responsive materials (1)
- responsive polymers (1)
- resting state (1)
- retention (1)
- retinol (ROH) (1)
- reversible bidirectional shape-memory polymer (1)
- review (1)
- rifting (1)
- right inferior frontal gyrus (1)
- ring opening polymerization (1)
- ring-opening polymerization (1)
- rise-fall contour (1)
- river terraces (1)
- river transport (1)
- rock and mineral magnetism (1)
- rock magnetism (1)
- rock strength (1)
- rock uplift (1)
- rock-paper-scissors game (1)
- rod-cone dystrophy (1)
- role congruity theory (1)
- rotation (1)
- saccades (1)
- salicylic acid (1)
- salinity gradient (1)
- salon (1)
- salt-and-pepper (1)
- scaled Brownian motion (1)
- scene perception (1)
- school attack (1)
- school attacks (1)
- school shooting (1)
- seafloor sediment failure (1)
- seasons (1)
- second language (1)
- sediment storage (1)
- sediment thickness (1)
- sedimentary contact (1)
- seed (1)
- segregating oceanic crust (1)
- seismic hazard (1)
- seismicity (1)
- selective exposure (1)
- selective syntheses (1)
- self-control (1)
- self-employment (1)
- self-esteem (1)
- self-paced reading (1)
- self-regulation (1)
- semantic-congruency task (1)
- semantics (1)
- senescence (1)
- sensing skin (1)
- sensors (1)
- sensory neurons (1)
- sentence processing (1)
- sentence production (1)
- sentence reading (1)
- serum amyloid A (SAA) (1)
- serum retinol binding protein (RBP4) (1)
- sex ratio (1)
- sexual deception (SD) (1)
- sexual selection (1)
- sexual victimisation (1)
- shadow education (1)
- shallow groundwater tables (1)
- shape-memory effect (1)
- shape-memory polymer (1)
- sheep (1)
- signal detection (1)
- silica nanoparticles (1)
- silicone (1)
- simple majoritarianism (1)
- simulation-based (1)
- singlet oxygen (1)
- skeletochronology (1)
- skinfold thickness (1)
- sleep apnoea (1)
- sleep-disordered breathing (1)
- small noise asymptotic (1)
- snow (1)
- sociability (1)
- social cognitive career theory (1)
- social rejection (1)
- social support (1)
- socio-semiotics (1)
- soft elastomeric capacitor (1)
- soft-templating (1)
- soil organic carbon (1)
- soil organic matter (1)
- soil parameters (1)
- soil texture (1)
- solid-phase extraction (1)
- solid-phase peptide synthesis (1)
- solid-state NMR (1)
- soluble heteroglycans (1)
- solvent vapor annealing (1)
- sonography (1)
- source parameters (1)
- spatial metaphors (1)
- spatial numerical associations (1)
- spatial response coding (1)
- spatial statistics (1)
- spatial-nunmerical association (1)
- spatiotemporal resurvey data (1)
- speciation (1)
- species interaction network (1)
- species radiation (1)
- species richness (1)
- specificity factor (1)
- spectroelectrochemistry (1)
- spectroscopic ellipsometry (1)
- speech pathology (1)
- speech perception (1)
- speed (1)
- sphingolipids (1)
- sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) (1)
- spider mites (1)
- spray imaging (1)
- stability (1)
- stable carbon (1)
- stable isotopes (1)
- stable limit cycle (1)
- stable nitrogen (1)
- staff turnover (1)
- standard (1)
- stars: emission-line, Be (1)
- stars: individual (Delta Ori) (1)
- stars: individual (QV Nor, 4U1538+52) (1)
- stars: individual (WR 6) (1)
- stars: individual (delta Ori A) (1)
- stars: individual (gamma Cassiopeiae) (1)
- stars: individual: 1FGL J1018.6-5856 (1)
- stars: individual: CPD-28 degrees 2561 (1)
- stars: individual: HD 23478 (1)
- stars: individual: HD 345439 (1)
- stars: individual: HD 54879 (1)
- stars: individual: Vega (1)
- stars: individual: X1908+075 (1)
- stars: individual: beta CMa (1)
- stars: individual: epsilon CMa (1)
- stars: low-mass (1)
- stars: luminosity function, mass function (1)
- stars: oscillations (1)
- stars: rotation (1)
- stars: statistics (1)
- stars: variables: RR Lyrae (1)
- stars: winds (1)
- starspots (1)
- static stress change (1)
- statistical model selection (1)
- stem cell (1)
- stemflow (1)
- stent coatings (1)
- steppe soils (1)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (1)
- stochastic Marcus (canonical) differential equation (1)
- stochastic thermodynamics (1)
- storage cost (1)
- streamflow (1)
- strength (1)
- stress adaptation (1)
- stretch-shortening cycle (1)
- structural health monitoring (1)
- student survey (1)
- subcutaneous adipose tissue (1)
- submarine permafrost (1)
- sufficiency (1)
- supervisor support (1)
- surface functionalization (1)
- surface plasmon resonance (1)
- surface processes (1)
- surface relief grating (1)
- surface water levels (1)
- surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy (1)
- surface-initiated photopolymerization (1)
- surfactants (1)
- surgical aortic valve replacement (sAVR) (1)
- surveys (1)
- survival (1)
- suspended sediments (1)
- switzerland (1)
- syntactic parsing (1)
- syntactic processing of noncanonical sentences (1)
- systemic response (1)
- tRNA (1)
- tabular mining (1)
- tail-length (1)
- target (1)
- target environment (1)
- target range (1)
- task conflict (1)
- team member alignment (1)
- team support (1)
- technical advance (1)
- techniques: image processing (1)
- technology (1)
- tectonic reconstruction (1)
- tele-teaching (1)
- tendinopathy (1)
- terpenoids (1)
- terrain map (1)
- terrestrial ecosystems (1)
- tetrapyrroles (1)
- therapy volume (1)
- thermal-convection (1)
- thermochemical modeling (1)
- thermoresponsive (1)
- thermoresponsive polymers (1)
- thermoresponsive substrates (1)
- theticity (1)
- thiol (1)
- thiophene (1)
- three-tier approach (1)
- thrust tectonics (1)
- time series (1)
- time-series (1)
- tin-rich ITO (1)
- tipping point (1)
- tissue-specific (1)
- tolerance index (1)
- topic (1)
- torsion forms (1)
- tracing (1)
- traditional expectations (1)
- transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) (1)
- transcriptome (1)
- transcriptomics (1)
- transducer (1)
- transgenerational plasticity (1)
- transition radiation (1)
- translation (1)
- translational control (1)
- transthyretin (TTR) (1)
- trapped surfaces (1)
- travel time distribution (1)
- treeline (1)
- trend analysis (1)
- trend detection (1)
- triggered earthquake (1)
- tropical lowland rainforest (1)
- tsunami (1)
- tumor-metastasis (1)
- turbulence (1)
- two-photon (1)
- two-photon absorption (1)
- type 2 diabetes mellitus (1)
- type-III effector (1)
- ultrasonography (1)
- ultrasound (1)
- underplating (1)
- universal quantifiers (1)
- user interaction (1)
- validation (1)
- variational stability (1)
- vascularization (1)
- vegetation (1)
- vegetation expansion (1)
- versican (1)
- very low-low-grade metamorphism (1)
- vesicles (1)
- vibration monitoring (1)
- victim (1)
- victimization (1)
- video annotation (1)
- video games (1)
- violence (1)
- viscoelasticity and memory effects (1)
- visions of democracy (1)
- visual attention (1)
- visual culture (1)
- vitamin A deficiency (1)
- volcanic island (1)
- voting (1)
- warning sign (1)
- water quality (1)
- water stress (1)
- water/decane contact angle (1)
- waves and tides (1)
- wetlands (1)
- white adipose tissue (1)
- white dwarfs (1)
- witnessing (1)
- wood harvest (1)
- word order (1)
- work values (1)
- working memory (1)
- yolk@shell materials (1)
- young genes (1)
- young people (1)
- zebrafish (1)
- zinc/iron supplementation (1)
- zircon fission tracks (1)
Institute
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (232)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (211)
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (181)
- Institut für Chemie (165)
- Department Psychologie (69)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (60)
- Department Linguistik (46)
- Department Sport- und Gesundheitswissenschaften (46)
- Institut für Mathematik (44)
- Strukturbereich Kognitionswissenschaften (34)
We present new grids of Potsdam Wolf-Rayet (PoWR) model atmospheres for Wolf-Rayet stars of the nitrogen sequence (WN stars). The models have been calculated with the latest version of the PoWR stellar atmosphere code for spherical stellar winds. The WN model atmospheres include the non-LTE solutions of the statistical equations for complex model atoms, as well as the radiative transfer equation in the co-moving frame. Iron-line blanketing is treated with the help of the superlevel approach, while wind inhomogeneities are taken into account via optically thin clumps. Three of our model grids are appropriate for Galactic metallicity. The hydrogen mass fraction of these grids is 50%, 20%, and 0%, thus also covering the hydrogen-rich late-type WR stars that have been discovered in recent years. Three grids are adequate for LMC WN stars and have hydrogen fractions of 40%, 20%, and 0%. Recently, additional grids with SMC metallicity and with 60%, 40%, 20%, and 0% hydrogen have been added. We provide contour plots of the equivalent widths of spectral lines that are usually used for classification and diagnostics.
We present the XMM-Newton discovery of X-ray emission from the planetary nebula (PN) A78, the second born-again PN detected in X-rays apart from A30. These two PNe share similar spectral and morphological characteristics: they harbor diffuse soft X-ray emission associated with the interaction between the H-poor ejecta and the current fast stellar wind and a point-like source at the position of the central star (CSPN). We present the spectral analysis of the CSPN, using for the first time an NLTE code for expanding atmospheres that takes line blanketing into account for the UV and optical spectra. The wind abundances are used for the X-ray spectral analysis of the CSPN and the diffuse emission. The X-ray emission from the CSPN in A78 can be modeled by a single C VI emission line, while the X-ray emission from its diffuse component is better described by an optically thin plasma emission model with a temperature of kT = 0.088 keV (T approximate to 1.0 x 10(6) K). We estimate X-ray luminosities in the 0.2-2.0 keV energy band of L-X,L-CSPN =(1.2 +/- 0.3) x 10(31) erg s(-1) and L-X,L-DIFF =(9.2 +/- 2.3) x 10(30) erg s(-1) for the CSPN and diffuse components, respectively.
We report on the experimental and theoretical investigation of a considerable increase in the rate for thermal cis -> trans isomerization of azobenzene-containing molecules in the presence of gold nanopartides. Experimentally, by means of UV vis spectroscopy, we studied a series of azobenzene-containing surfactants and 4-nitroazobenzene. We found that in the presence of gold,nanoparticles the thermal lifetime of the cis isomer of the azobenzenecontaining molecules was decreased by up to 3 orders of magnitude in comparison to the lifetime in solution without nanoparticles. The electron transfer between azobenzene-containing molecules and a surface of gold nanopartides is a possible reason to promote the thermal cis trans switching. To investigate the effect of electron attachment to, and withdrawal from, the azobenzene-containing molecules on the isomerization rate, we performed density functional theory calculations of activation energy barriers of the reaction together with Eyring's transition state theory calculations of the rates for azobenzene derivatives with donor and acceptor groups in para position of one of the phenyl rings, as well as for one of the azobenzene-containing surfactants. We found that activation barriers are greatly lowered for azobenzene-containing molecules, both upon electron attachment and withdrawal, which leads, in turn, to a dramatic increase in the thermal isomerization rate.
Madness and Sense
(2015)
Grammar in everyday talk
(2015)
This book surveys how English speakers use grammar to formulate responses in ordinary conversation. The authors show that speakers build their responses in a variety of ways: the responses can be longer or shorter, repetitive or not, and can be uttered with different intonational 'melodies'"--
"Drawing on everyday telephone and video interactions, this book surveys how English speakers use grammar to formulate responses in ordinary conversation. The authors show that speakers build their responses in a variety of ways: the responses can be longer or shorter, repetitive or not, and can be uttered with different intonational 'melodies'. Focusing on four sequence types: responses to questions ('What time are we leaving?' - 'Seven'), responses to informings ('The May Company are sure having a big sale' - 'Are they?'), responses to assessments ('Track walking is so boring. Even with headphones' - 'It is'), and responses to requests ('Please don't tell Adeline' - 'Oh no I won't say anything'), they argue that an interactional approach holds the key to explaining why some types of utterances in English conversation seem to have something 'missing' and others seem overly wordy.
Piggyback basins on the margins of growing orogens commonly serve as sensitive recorders of the onset of thrust deformation and changes in source areas. The Bieertuokuoyi piggyback basin, located in the hanging wall of the Pamir Frontal Thrust, provides an unambiguous record of the outward growth of the northeast Pamir margin in northwest China from the Miocene through the Quaternary. To reconstruct the deformation along the margin, we synthesized structural mapping, stratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and cosmogenic burial dating of basin fill and growth strata. The Bieertuokuoyi basin records the initiation of the Pamir Frontal Thrust and the Takegai Thrust similar to 5-6Ma, as well as clast provenance and paleocurrent changes resulting from the Pliocene-to-Recent uplift and exhumation of the Pamir to the south. Our results show that coeval deformation was accommodated on the major structures on the northeast Pamir margin throughout the Miocene to Recent. Furthermore, our data support a change in the regional kinematics around the Miocene-Pliocene boundary (similar to 5-6Ma). Rapid exhumation of NE Pamir extensional domes, coupled with cessation of the Kashgar-Yecheng Transfer System on the eastern margin of the Pamir, accelerated the outward propagation of the northeastern Pamir margin and the southward propagation of the Kashi-Atushi fold-and-thrust belt in the southern Tian Shan. This coeval deformation signifies the coupling of the Pamir and Tarim blocks and the transfer of shortening north to the Pamir frontal faults and across the quasi-rigid Tarim Basin to the southern Tian Shan Kashi-Atushi fold-and-thrust system.
Runoff, especially during summer months, and low flows have decreased in Central and Eastern Europe during the last decades. A detailed knowledge on predictors and dependencies between meteorological forcing, catchment properties and low flow is necessary to optimize regional adaption strategies to sustain minimum runoff. The objective of this study is to identify low flow predictors for 16 small catchments in Northeast Germany and their long-term shifts between 1965 and 2006. Non-linear regression models (support vector machine regression) were calibrated to iteratively select the most powerful low flow predictors regarding annual 30-day minimum flow (AM(30)). The data set consists of standardized precipitation (SPI) and potential evapotranspiration (SpETI) indices on different time scales and lag times. The potential evapotranspiration of the previous 48 and 3 months, as well as the precipitation of the previous 3 months and last year were the most relevant predictors for AM(30). Pearson correlation (r(2)) of the final model is 0.49 and if for every year the results for all catchments are averaged r(2) increases to 0.80 because extremes are smoothing out. Evapotranspiration was the most important low flow predictor for the study period. However, distinct long-term shifts in the predictive power of variables became apparent. The potential evapotranspiration of the previous 48 months explained most of the variance, but its relevance decreased during the last decades. The importance of precipitation variables increased with time. Model performance was higher at catchments with a more damped discharge behavior. The results indicate changes in the relevant processes or flow paths generating low flows. The identified predictors, temporal patterns and patterns between catchments will support the development of low flow monitoring systems and determine those catchments where adaption measures should aim more at increasing groundwater recharge. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
There are two major limitations to the potential of computational models in ecology for producing general insights: their design is path-dependent, reflecting different underlying questions, assumptions, and data, and there is too little robustness analysis exploring where the model mechanisms explaining certain observations break down. We here argue that both limitations could be overcome if modellers in ecology would more often replicate existing models, try to break the models, and explore modifications. Replication comprises the re-implementation of an existing model and the replication of its results. Breaking models means to identify under what conditions the mechanisms represented in a model can no longer explain observed phenomena. The benefits of replication include less effort being spent to enter the iterative stage of model development and having more time for systematic robustness analysis. A culture of replication would lead to increased credibility, coherence and efficiency of computational modelling and thereby facilitate theory development.
Flood risk analyses are often estimated assuming the same flood intensity along the river reach under study, i.e. discharges are calculated for a number of return periods T, e.g. 10 or 100 years, at several streamflow gauges. T-year discharges are regionalised and then transferred into T-year water levels, inundated areas and impacts. This approach assumes that (1) flood scenarios are homogeneous throughout a river basin, and (2) the T-year damage corresponds to the T-year discharge. Using a reach at the river Rhine, this homogeneous approach is compared with an approach that is based on four flood types with different spatial discharge patterns. For each type, a regression model was created and used in a Monte-Carlo framework to derive heterogeneous scenarios. Per scenario, four cumulative impact indicators were calculated: (1) the total inundated area, (2) the exposed settlement and industrial areas, (3) the exposed population and 4) the potential building loss. Their frequency curves were used to establish a ranking of eight past flood events according to their severity. The investigation revealed that the two assumptions of the homogeneous approach do not hold. It tends to overestimate event probabilities in large areas. Therefore, the generation of heterogeneous scenarios should receive more attention.
We used microfluidic tools and high-speed time-lapse microscopy to record trajectories of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida in a confined environment with cells swimming in close proximity to a glass-liquid interface. While the general swimming pattern is preserved, when compared to swimming in the bulk fluid, our results show that cells in the presence of two solid boundaries display more frequent reversals in swimming direction and swim faster. Additionally, we observe that run segments are no longer straight and that cells swim on circular trajectories, which can be attributed to the hydrodynamic wall effect. Using the experimentally observed parameters together with a recently presented analytic model for a run-reverse random walker, we obtained additional insight on how the spreading behavior of a cell population is affected under confinement. While on short time scales, the mean square displacement of confined swimmers grows faster as compared to the bulk fluid case, our model predicts that for large times the situation reverses due to the strong increase in effective rotational diffusion.
This longitudinal study of N = 1,566 adolescents investigated the protective role of optimism in adjustment to parental separation, focusing on two salient challenges faced by adolescents, namely academic achievement and self-esteem. Based on latent change models, the results indicated associations between parental separation and short-term declines in academic achievement as well as short-term and longer term declines in self-esteem. Although optimism in general showed positive associations with academic achievement and self-esteem, its role as a protective factor proved to be particularly important for academic achievement in adjustment following parental separation.
This study focuses on evaluating the potential of ALOS/PALSAR time-series data to analyze the activation of deep-seated landslides in the foothill zone of the high mountain Alai range in the southern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan). Most previous field-based landslide investigations have revealed that many landslides have indicators for ongoing slow movements in the form of migrating and newly developing cracks. L-band ALOS/PALSAR data for the period between 2007 and 2010 are available for the 484 km(2) area in this study. We analyzed these data using the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) time-series technique to assess the surface deformation related to the activation of landslides. We observed up to +/- 17 mm/year of LOS velocity deformation rates, which were projected along the local steepest slope and resulted in velocity rates of up to -63 mm/year. The obtained rates indicate very slow movement of the deep-seated landslides during the observation time. We also compared these movements with precipitation and earthquake records. The results suggest that the deformation peaks correlate with rainfall in the 3 preceding months and with an earthquake event. Overall, the results of this study indicated the great potential of L-band InSAR time series analysis for efficient spatiotemporal identification and monitoring of slope activations in this region of high landslide activity in Southern Kyrgyzstan.
Introduction
The transition from cross-fertilisation (outcrossing) to self-fertilisation (selfing) frequently coincides with changes towards a floral morphology that optimises self-pollination, the selfing syndrome. Population genetic studies have reported the existence of both outcrossing and selfing populations in Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae), which is an emerging model species for studying the molecular basis of perenniality and local adaptation. It is unknown whether its selfing populations have evolved a selfing syndrome.
Methods
Using macro-photography, microscopy and automated cell counting, we compared floral syndromes (size, herkogamy, pollen and ovule numbers) between three outcrossing populations from the Apuan Alps and three selfing populations from the Western and Central Alps (Maritime Alps and Dolomites). In addition, we genotyped the plants for 12 microsatellite loci to confirm previous measures of diversity and inbreeding coefficients based on allozymes, and performed Bayesian clustering.
Results and Discussion
Plants from the three selfing populations had markedly smaller flowers, less herkogamy and lower pollen production than plants from the three outcrossing populations, whereas pistil length and ovule number have remained constant. Compared to allozymes, microsatellite variation was higher, but revealed similar patterns of low diversity and high Fis in selfing populations. Bayesian clustering revealed two clusters. The first cluster contained the three outcrossing populations from the Apuan Alps, the second contained the three selfing populations from the Maritime Alps and Dolomites.
Conclusion
We conclude that in comparison to three outcrossing populations, three populations with high selfing rates are characterised by a flower morphology that is closer to the selfing syndrome. The presence of outcrossing and selfing floral syndromes within a single species will facilitate unravelling the genetic basis of the selfing syndrome, and addressing which selective forces drive its evolution.
Paging through history: parchment as a reservoir of ancient DNA for next generation sequencing
(2015)
Parchment represents an invaluable cultural reservoir. Retrieving an additional layer of information from these abundant, dated livestock-skins via the use of ancient DNA (aDNA) sequencing has been mooted by a number of researchers. However, prior PCR-based work has indicated that this may be challenged by cross-individual and cross-species contamination, perhaps from the bulk parchment preparation process. Here we apply next generation sequencing to two parchments of seventeenth and eighteenth century northern English provenance. Following alignment to the published sheep, goat, cow and human genomes, it is clear that the only genome displaying substantial unique homology is sheep and this species identification is confirmed by collagen peptide mass spectrometry. Only 4% of sequence reads align preferentially to a different species indicating low contamination across species. Moreover, mitochondrial DNA sequences suggest an upper bound of contamination at 5%. Over 45% of reads aligned to the sheep genome, and even this limited sequencing exercise yield 9 and 7% of each sampled sheep genome post filtering, allowing the mapping of genetic affinity to modern British sheep breeds. We conclude that parchment represents an excellent substrate for genomic analyses of historical livestock.
Ionogels (IGs), also termed ion gels, are functional hybrid materials based on an ionic liquid (IL) and a polymeric, hybrid, or inorganic matrix. IGs combine the properties of the matrix such as mechanical strength with IL properties like high ionic conductivity, high thermal stability, or catalytic activity. IGs are thus attractive for many applications, but the vast majority of IGs made and published so far are bulk materials or dense films. Applications like sensing or catalysis, however, would benefit from IGs with high surface areas or defined surface morphologies or architectures. In spite of this, only relatively few examples of high-surface-area IGs have been made so far; this has mostly been achieved by electrospinning, which has proven to be a promising strategy towards advanced IGs. The current review discusses first developments and outlines the future potential of electrospun ionogels, predominantly from a materials and inorganic chemistry perspective.
A nanohybrid consisting of poly(3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid-co-aniline) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes [MWCNT-P(ABS-A)]) on a gold electrode was used to immobilize the hexameric tyrosine-coordinated heme protein (HTHP). The enzyme showed direct electron transfer between the heme group of the protein and the nanostructured surface. Desorption of the noncovalently bound heme from the protein could be excluded by control measurements with adsorbed hemin on aminohexanthiol-modified electrodes. The nanostructuring and the optimised charge characteristics resulted in a higher protein coverage as compared with MUA/MU modified electrodes. The adsorbed enzyme shows catalytic activity for the cathodic H2O2 reduction and oxidation of NADH.
Our current understanding regarding the functioning of the savanna ecosystem describes savannas as either competition- or disturbance-dependent. Within this generalized view, the role and importance of facilitation have been mostly neglected. This study presents a mathematical model of savannas with coupled soil moisture-vegetation dynamics, which includes interspecific competition and environmental disturbance. We find that there exist environmental and climatic conditions where grass facilitation toward trees plays an important role in supporting tree cover and by extension preserving the savanna biome. We, therefore, argue that our theoretical results in combination with the first empirical studies on the subject should stimulate further research into the role of facilitation in the savanna ecosystem, particularly when analyzing the impact of past and projected climatic changes on it. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Information on extreme precipitation for future climate is needed to assess the changes in the frequency and intensity of flooding. The primary source of information in climate change impact studies is climate model projections. However, due to the coarse resolution and biases of these models, they cannot be directly used in hydrological models. Hence, statistical downscaling is necessary to address climate change impacts at the catchment scale.
This study compares eight statistical downscaling methods (SDMs) often used in climate change impact studies. Four methods are based on change factors (CFs), three are bias correction (BC) methods, and one is a perfect prognosis method. The eight methods are used to downscale precipitation output from 15 regional climate models (RCMs) from the ENSEMBLES project for 11 catchments in Europe. The overall results point to an increase in extreme precipitation in most catchments in both winter and summer. For individual catchments, the downscaled time series tend to agree on the direction of the change but differ in the magnitude. Differences between the SDMs vary between the catchments and depend on the season analysed. Similarly, general conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the differences between CFs and BC methods. The performance of the BC methods during the control period also depends on the catchment, but in most cases they represent an improvement compared to RCM outputs. Analysis of the variance in the ensemble of RCMs and SDMs indicates that at least 30% and up to approximately half of the total variance is derived from the SDMs. This study illustrates the large variability in the expected changes in extreme precipitation and highlights the need for considering an ensemble of both SDMs and climate models. Recommendations are provided for the selection of the most suitable SDMs to include in the analysis.
Especially for extreme precipitation or floods, there is considerable spatial and temporal variability in long term trends or in the response of station time series to large-scale climate indices. Consequently, identifying trends or sensitivity of these extremes to climate parameters can be marked by high uncertainty. When one develops a nonstationary frequency analysis model, a key step is the identification of potential trends or effects of climate indices on the station series. An automatic clustering procedure that effectively pools stations where there are similar responses is desirable to reduce the estimation variance, thus improving the identification of trends or responses, and accounting for spatial dependence. This paper presents a new hierarchical Bayesian approach for exploring homogeneity of response in large area data sets, through a multicomponent mixture model. The approach allows the reduction of uncertainties through both full pooling and partial pooling of stations across automatically chosen subsets of the data. We apply the model to study the trends in annual maximum daily stream flow at 68 gauges over Germany. The effects of changing the number of clusters and the parameters used for clustering are demonstrated. The results show that there are large, mainly upward trends in the gauges of the River Rhine Basin in Western Germany and along the main stream of the Danube River in the south, while there are also some small upward trends at gauges in Central and Northern Germany.
In situ X-ray diffraction studies of structural evolution of colloidal crystal films formed by polystyrene spherical particles upon incremental heating are reported. The Bragg peak parameters, such as peak position, integrated intensity, and radial and azimuthal widths were analyzed as a function of temperature. A quantitative study of colloidal crystal lattice distortions and mosaic spread as a function of temperature was carried out using Williamson-Hall plots based on mosaic block model. The temperature dependence of the diameter of polystyrene particles was obtained from the analysis of Bragg peaks, and the form factor contribution extracted from the diffraction patterns. Four stages of structural evolution in a colloidal crystal upon heating were identified. Based on this analysis, a model of the heating and melting process in the colloidal crystal film is suggested.
Sediments in rivers record the dynamics of erosion processes. While bulk sediment fluxes are easily and routinely obtained, sediment caliber remains underexplored when inferring erosion mechanisms. Yet sediment grain size distributions may be the key to discriminating their origin. We have studied grain size-specific suspended sediment fluxes in the Kali Gandaki, a major trans-Himalayan river. Two strategically located gauging stations enable tracing of sediment caliber on either side of the Himalayan orographic barrier. The data show that fine sediment input into the northern headwaters is persistent, while coarse sediment comes from the High Himalayas during the summer monsoon. A temporally matching landslide inventory similarly indicates the prominence of monsoon-driven hillslope mass wasting. Thus, mechanisms of sediment supply can leave strong traces in the fluvial caliber, which could project well beyond the mountain front and add to the variability of the sedimentary record of orogen erosion.
Objective: Demographic changes are increasing the pressure to improve therapeutic strategies against cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Besides drug treatment, physical activity seems to be a promising intervention target as epidemiological and clinical studies suggest beneficial effects of exercise training on cognition. Using comparable inclusion and exclusion criteria, we analyzed the efficacy of drug therapy (cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, and Ginkgo biloba) and exercise interventions for improving cognition in AD and MCI populations. Methods: We searched The Cochrane Library, EBSCO, OVID, Web of Science, and U.S Food and Drug Administration data from inception through October 30, 2013. Randomized controlled trials in which at least one treatment arm consisted of an exercise or a pharmacological intervention for AD or MCI patients, and which had either a non-exposed control condition or a control condition that received another intervention. Treatment discontinuation rates and Standardized Mean Change score using Raw score standardization (SMCR) of cognitive performance were calculated. Results: Discontinuation rates varied substantially and ranged between 0% and 49% with a median of 18%. Significantly increased discontinuation rates were found for galantamine and rivastigmine as compared to placebo in AD studies. Drug treatments resulted in a small pooled effect on cognition (SMCR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.25) in AD studies (N = 45, 18,434 patients) and no effect in any of the MCI studies (N = 5, 3,693 patients; SMCR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.005). Exercise interventions had a moderate to strong pooled effect size (SMCR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.59 to 1.07) in AD studies (N = 4, 119 patients), and a small effect size (SMCR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.28) in MCI (N = 6, 443 patients). Conclusions: Drug treatments have a small but significant impact on cognitive functioning in AD and exercise has the potential to improve cognition in AD and MCI. Head-to-head trials with sufficient statistical power are necessary to directly compare efficacy, safety, and acceptability. Combining these two approaches might further increase the efficacy of each individual intervention. Identifier: PROSPERO (2013:CRD42013003910).
The organic-carbon (OC) pool accumulated in Arctic permafrost (perennially frozen ground) equals the carbon stored in the modern atmosphere. To give an idea of how Yedoma region permafrost could respond under future climatic warming, we conducted a study to quantify the organic-matter quality (here defined as the intrinsic potential to be further transformed, decomposed, and mineralized) of late Pleistocene (Yedoma) and Holocene (thermokarst) deposits on the Buor-Khaya Peninsula, northeast Siberia. The objective of this study was to develop a stratigraphic classified organic-matter quality characterization. For this purpose the degree of organic-matter decomposition was estimated by using a multiproxy approach. We applied sedimentological (grain-size analyses, bulk density, ice content) and geochemical parameters (total OC, stable carbon isotopes (delta C-13),total organic carbon : nitrogen (C / N) ratios) as well as lipid biomarkers (n-alkanes, n-fatty acids, hopanes, triterpenoids, and biomarker indices, i.e., average chain length, carbon preference index (CPI), and higher-plant fatty-acid index (HPFA)). Our results show that the Yedoma and thermokarst organic-matter qualities for further decomposition exhibit no obvious degradation-depth trend. Relatively, the C / N and delta C-13 values and the HPFA index show a significantly better preservation of the organic matter stored in thermokarst deposits compared to Yedoma deposits. The CPI data suggest less degradation of the organic matter from both deposits, with a higher value for Yedoma organic matter. As the interquartile ranges of the proxies mostly over-lap, we interpret this as indicating comparable quality for further decomposition for both kinds of deposits with likely better thermokarst organic-matter quality. Supported by principal component analyses, the sediment parameters and quality proxies of Yedoma and thermokarst deposits could not be unambiguously separated from each other. This revealed that the organic-matter vulnerability is heterogeneous and depends on different decomposition trajectories and the previous decomposition and preservation history. Elucidating this was one of the major new contributions of our multiproxy study. With the addition of biomarker data, it was possible to show that permafrost organic-matter degradation likely occurs via a combination of (uncompleted) degradation cycles or a cascade of degradation steps rather than as a linear function of age or sediment facies. We conclude that the amount of organic matter in the studied sediments is high for mineral soils and of good quality and therefore susceptible to future decomposition. The lack of depth trends shows that permafrost acts like a giant freezer, preserving the constant quality of ancient organic matter. When undecomposed Yedoma organic matter is mobilized via thermokarst processes, the fate of this carbon depends largely on the environmental conditions; the carbon could be preserved in an undecomposed state till refreezing occurs. If modern input has occurred, thermokarst organic matter could be of a better quality for future microbial decomposition than that found in Yedoma deposits.
Anthropogenic carbon emissions lock in long-term sea-level rise that greatly exceeds projections for this century, posing profound challenges for coastal development and cultural legacies. Analysis based on previously published relationships linking emissions to warming and warming to rise indicates that unabated carbon emissions up to the year 2100 would commit an eventual global sea-level rise of 4.3-9.9 m. Based on detailed topographic and population data, local high tide lines, and regional long-term sea-level commitment for different carbon emissions and ice sheet stability scenarios, we compute the current population living on endangered land at municipal, state, and national levels within the United States. For unabated climate change, we find that land that is home to more than 20 million people is implicated and is widely distributed among different states and coasts. The total area includes 1,185-1,825 municipalities where land that is home to more than half of the current population would be affected, among them at least 21 cities exceeding 100,000 residents. Under aggressive carbon cuts, more than half of these municipalities would avoid this commitment if the West Antarctic Ice Sheet remains stable. Similarly, more than half of the US population-weighted area under threat could be spared. We provide lists of implicated cities and state populations for different emissions scenarios and with and without a certain collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Although past anthropogenic emissions already have caused sea-level commitment that will force coastal cities to adapt, future emissions will determine which areas we can continue to occupy or may have to abandon.
1,2-Dithiosquaratonickelates are available by direct synthesis from metal salts with dipotassium-1,2-dithiosquarate and the appropriate counter cations. The synthesis and characterization, including mass spectrometry, of a series 1,2-dithiosquaratonickelates(II), [Ni(dtsq)(2)](2-), with several "onium" cations is reported and the X-ray structures of two diamagnetic complexes, (HexPh(3)P)(2)[Ni(dtsq)(2)] and (BuPh3P)(2)[Ni(dtsq)(2)] with sterically demanding counter ions are presented. The diamagnetic nickel complexes have been doped as host lattices with traces of Cu(II) to measure EPR for additional structural information. The thermal behavior of this series is studied by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). The thermolysis in air as well as under nitrogen atmosphere of these complexes results in nickel oxide nano-particles in all cases, which are characterized by X-ray powder diffraction.
Genetic investigations on eukaryotic plankton confirmed the existence of modern biogeographic patterns, but analyses of palaeoecological data exploring the temporal variability of these patterns have rarely been presented. Ancient sedimentary DNA proved suitable for investigations of past assemblage turnover in the course of environmental change, but genetic relatedness of the identified lineages has not yet been undertaken. Here, we investigate the relatedness of diatom lineages in Siberian lakes along environmental gradients (i.e. across treeline transects), over geographic distance and through time (i.e. the last 7000 years) using modern and ancient sedimentary DNA. Our results indicate that closely-related Staurosira lineages occur in similar environments and less-related lineages in dissimilar environments, in our case different vegetation and co-varying climatic and limnic variables across treeline transects. Thus our study reveals that environmental conditions rather than geographic distance is reflected by diatom-relatedness patterns in space and time. We tentatively speculate that the detected relatedness pattern in Staurosira across the treeline could be a result of adaptation to diverse environmental conditions across the arctic boreal treeline, however, a geographically-driven divergence and subsequent repopulation of ecologically different habitats might also be a potential explanation for the observed pattern.
The use of topographic metrics for estimating the susceptibility to, and reconstructing the characteristics of, debris flows has a long research tradition, although largely devoted to humid mountainous terrain. The exceptional 2010 monsoonal rainstorms in the high-altitude mountain desert of Ladakh and Zanskar, NW India, were a painful reminder of how susceptible arid regions are to rainfall-triggered flash floods, landslides, and debris flows. The rainstorms of August 4-6 triggered numerous debris flows, killing 182 people, devastating 607 houses, and more than 10 bridges around Ladakh's capital of Leh. The lessons from this disaster motivated us to revisit methods of predicting (a) flow parameters such as peak discharge and maximum velocity from field and remote sensing data, and (b) the susceptibility to debris flows from catchment morphometry. We focus on quantifying uncertainties tied to these approaches. Comparison of high-resolution satellite images pre- and post-dating the 2010 rainstorm reveals the extent of damage and catastrophic channel widening. Computations based on these geomorphic markers indicate maximum flow velocities of 1.6-6.7 m s(-1) with runout of up to similar to 10 km on several alluvial fans that sustain most of the region's settlements. We estimate median peak discharges of 310-610 m(3) s(-1), which are largely consistent with previous estimates. Monte Carlo-based error propagation for a single given flow-reconstruction method returns a variance in discharge similar to one derived from juxtaposing several different flow reconstruction methods. We further compare discriminant analysis, classification tree modelling, and Bayesian logistic regression to predict debris-flow susceptibility from morphometric variables of 171 catchments in the Ladakh Range. These methods distinguish between fluvial and debris flow-prone catchments at similar success rates, but Bayesian logistic regression allows quantifying uncertainties and relationships between potential predictors. We conclude that, in order to be robust and reliable, morphometric reconstruction of debris-flow properties and susceptibility requires careful assessment and reporting of errors and uncertainties. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Ecologists urgently need a better ability to predict how environmental change affects biodiversity. We examine individual-based ecology (IBE), a research paradigm that promises better a predictive ability by using individual-based models (IBMs) to represent ecological dynamics as arising from how individuals interact with their environment and with each other. A key advantage of IBMs is that the basis for predictions-fitness maximization by individual organisms-is more general and reliable than the empirical relationships that other models depend on. Case studies illustrate the usefulness and predictive success of long-term IBE programs. The pioneering programs had three phases: conceptualization, implementation, and diversification. Continued validation of models runs throughout these phases. The breakthroughs that make IBE more productive include standards for describing and validating IBMs, improved and standardized theory for individual traits and behavior, software tools, and generalized instead of system-specific IBMs. We provide guidelines for pursuing IBE and a vision for future IBE research.
We present object versioning as a generic approach to preserve access to previous development and application states. Version-aware references can manage the modifications made to the target object and record versions as desired. Such references can be provided without modifications to the virtual machine. We used proxies to implement the proposed concepts and demonstrate the Lively Kernel running on top of this object versioning layer. This enables Lively users to undo the effects of direct manipulation and other programming actions.
Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) have been studied for centuries as a means to model complex dynamical processes from the real world. Nevertheless, their application to sound synthesis has not yet been fully exploited. In this article we present a systematic approach to sound synthesis based on first-order complex and real ODEs. Using simple time-dependent and nonlinear terms, we illustrate the mapping between ODE coefficients and physically meaningful control parameters such as pitch, pitch bend, decay rate, and attack time. We reveal the connection between nonlinear coupling terms and frequency modulation, and we discuss the implications of this scheme in connection with nonlinear synthesis. The ability to excite a first-order complex ODE with an external input signal is also examined; stochastic or impulsive signals that are physically or synthetically produced can be presented as input to the system, offering additional synthesis possibilities, such as those found in excitation/filter synthesis and filter-based modal synthesis.
Direct stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is emerging as a potential new approach for the treatment of renal disorders. sGC catalyzes the formation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), deficiency of which is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, new classes of drugs sGC stimulators and activators are being investigated in preclinical models under conditions where nitric oxide is deficient. In preclinical models with different etiologies of CKD, the sGC stimulators BAY 41-2272, BAY 41-8543, BAY 60-4552, riociguat and vericiguat and the sGC activators cinaciguat, ataciguat, BI 703704 and GSK2181236A have shown consistently renoprotective effects. Clinical trials are required to confirm these findings in humans, and to ascertain whether these agents could provide a future alternative to guideline-recommended treatments.
The development of numerosity estimation: Evidence for a linear number representation early in life
(2015)
Several studies investigating the development of approximate number representations used the number-to-position task and reported evidence for a shift from a logarithmic to a linear representation of numerical magnitude with increasing age. However, this interpretation as well as the number-to-position method itself has been questioned recently. The current study tested 5- and 8-year-old children on a newly established numerosity production task to examine developmental changes in number representations and to test the idea of a representational shift. Modelling of the children's numerical estimations revealed that responses of the 8-year-old children approximate a simple positive linear relation between estimated and actual numbers. Interestingly, however, the estimations of the 5-year-old children were best described by a bilinear model reflecting a relatively accurate linear representation of small numbers and no apparent magnitude knowledge for large numbers. Taken together, our findings provide no support for a shift of mental representations from a logarithmic to a linear metric but rather suggest that the range of number words which are appropriately conceptualised and represented by linear analogue magnitude codes expands during development.
Development of diverse multicellular organisms relies on coordination of single-cell polarities within the plane of the tissue layer (planar polarity). Cell polarity often involves plasma membrane heterogeneity generated by accumulation of specific lipids and proteins into membrane subdomains. Coordinated hair positioning along Arabidopsis root epidermal cells provides a planar polarity model in plants, but knowledge about the functions of proteo-lipid domains in planar polarity signalling remains limited. Here we show that Rho-of-plant (ROP) 2 and 6, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase 3 (PIP5K3), DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN (DRP) 1A and DRP2B accumulate in a sterol-enriched, polar membrane domain during root hair initiation. DRP1A, DRP2B, PIP5K3 and sterols are required for planar polarity and the AGCVIII kinase D6 PROTEIN KINASE (D6PK) is a modulator of this process. D6PK undergoes phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate- and sterol-dependent basal-to-planar polarity switching into the polar, lipid-enriched domain just before hair formation, unravelling lipid-dependent D6PK localization during late planar polarity signalling.
Cobalt (Co2+) inhibits vegetative growth of Lemna minor gradually from 1 mu M to 100 mu M. Fronds accumulated up to 21 mg Co2+ g(-1) dry weight at 10 mu M external Co2+ indicating hyperaccumulation. Interestingly, accumulation of Co2+ did not decrease the iron (Fe) content in fronds, highlighting L. minor as a suitable system for studying effects of Co2+ undisturbed by Fe deficiency symptoms unlike most other plants. Digital image analysis revealed the size distribution of fronds after Co2+ treatment and also a reduction in pigmentation of newly formed daughter fronds unlike the mother fronds during the 7-day treatment. Neither chlorophyll nor photosystem II fluorescence changed significantly during the initial 4 d, indicating effective photosynthesis. During the later phase of the 7-day treatment, however, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency decreased in the Co2+-treated daughter fronds, indicating that Co2+ inhibits the biosynthesis of chlorophyll rather than leading to the destruction of pre-existing pigment molecules. In addition, during the first 4 d of Co2+ treatment starch accumulated in the fronds and led to the transition of chloroplasts to chloro-amyloplasts and amylo-chloroplasts, while starch levels strongly decreased thereafter. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The recently extinct (ca. 1768) Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) was a large, edentulous North Pacific sirenian. The phylogenetic affinities of this taxon to other members of this clade, living and extinct, are uncertain based on previous morphological and molecular studies. We employed hybridization capture methods and second generation sequencing technology to obtain >30 kb of exon sequences from 26 nuclear genes for both H. gigas and Dugong dugon. We also obtained complete coding sequences for the tooth-related enamelin (ENAM) gene. Hybridization probes designed using dugong and manatee sequences were both highly effective in retrieving sequences from H. gigas (mean = 98.8% coverage), as were more divergent probes for regions of ENAM (99.0% coverage) that were designed exclusively from a proboscidean (African elephant) and a hyracoid (Cape hyrax). New sequences were combined with available sequences for representatives of all other afrotherian orders. We also expanded a previously published morphological matrix for living and fossil Sirenia by adding both new taxa and nine new postcranial characters. Maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses of the molecular data provide robust support for an association of H. gigas and D. dugon to the exclusion of living trichechids (manatees). Parsimony analyses of the morphological data also support the inclusion of H. gigas in Dugongidae with D. dugon and fossil dugongids. Timetree analyses based on calibration density approaches with hard- and soft-bounded constraints suggest that H. gigas and D. dugon diverged in the Oligocene and that crown sirenians last shared a common ancestor in the Eocene. The coding sequence for the ENAM gene in H. gigas does not contain frameshift mutations or stop codons, but there is a transversion mutation (AG to CG) in the acceptor splice site of intron 2. This disruption in the edentulous Steller's sea cow is consistent with previous studies that have documented inactivating mutations in tooth-specific loci of a variety of edentulous and enamelless vertebrates including birds, turtles, aardvarks, pangolins, xenarthrans, and baleen whales. Further, branch-site dN/dS analyses provide evidence for positive selection in ENAM on the stem dugongid branch where extensive tooth reduction occurred, followed by neutral evolution on the Hydrodamalis branch. Finally, we present a synthetic evolutionary tree for living and fossil sirenians showing several key innovations in the history of this clade including character state changes that parallel those that occurred in the evolutionary history of cetaceans. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The Electrically Wired Molybdenum Domain of Human Sulfite Oxidase is Bioelectrocatalytically Active
(2015)
We report electron transfer between the catalytic molybdenum cofactor (Moco) domain of human sulfite oxidase (hSO) and electrodes through a poly(vinylpyridine)-bound [osmium(N,N'-methyl-2,2'-biimidazole)(3)](2+/3+) complex as the electron-transfer mediator. The biocatalyst was immobilized in this low-potential redox polymer on a carbon electrode. Upon the addition of sulfite to the immobilized separate Moco domain, the generation of a significant catalytic current demonstrated that the catalytic center is effectively wired and active. The bioelectrocatalytic current of the wired separate catalytic domain reached 25% of the signal of the wired full molybdoheme enzyme hSO, in which the heme b(5) is involved in the electron-transfer pathway. This is the first report on a catalytically active wired molybdenum cofactor domain. The formal potential of this electrochemical mediator is between the potentials of the two cofactors of hSO, and as hSO can occupy several conformations in the polymer matrix, it is imaginable that electron transfer from the catalytic site to the electrode through the osmium center occurs for the hSO molecules in which the Moco domain is sufficiently accessible. The observation of catalytic oxidation currents at low potentials is favorable for applications in bioelectronic devices.
Climate models predict an increased likelihood of seasonal droughts for many areas of the world. Breeding for drought tolerance could be accelerated by marker-assisted selection. As a basis for marker identification, we studied the genetic variance, predictability of field performance and potential costs of tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Potato produces high calories per unit of water invested, but is drought-sensitive. In 14 independent pot or field trials, 34 potato cultivars were grown under optimal and reduced water supply to determine starch yield. In an artificial dataset, we tested several stress indices for their power to distinguish tolerant and sensitive genotypes independent of their yield potential. We identified the deviation of relative starch yield from the experimental median (DRYM) as the most efficient index. DRYM corresponded qualitatively to the partial least square model-based metric of drought stress tolerance in a stress effect model. The DRYM identified significant tolerance variation in the European potato cultivar population to allow tolerance breeding and marker identification. Tolerance results from pot trials correlated with those from field trials but predicted field performance worse than field growth parameters. Drought tolerance correlated negatively with yield under optimal conditions in the field. The distribution of yield data versus DRYM indicated that tolerance can be combined with average yield potentials, thus circumventing potential yield penalties in tolerance breeding.
How is reading development reflected in eye-movement measures? How does the perceptual span change during the initial years of reading instruction? Does parafoveal processing require competence in basic word-decoding processes? We report data from the first cross-sectional measurement of the perceptual span of German beginning readers (n = 139), collected in the context of the large longitudinal PIER (Potsdamer Intrapersonale Entwicklungsrisiken/Potsdam study of intra-personal developmental risk factors) study of intrapersonal developmental risk factors. Using the moving-window paradigm, eye movements of three groups of students (Grades 1-3) were measured with gaze-contingent presentation of a variable amount of text around fixation. Reading rate increased from Grades 1-3, with smaller increases for higher grades. Perceptual-span results showed the expected main effects of grade and window size: fixation durations and refixation probability decreased with grade and window size, whereas reading rate and saccade length increased. Critically, for reading rate, first-fixation duration, saccade length and refixation probability, there were significant interactions of grade and window size that were mainly based on the contrast between Grades 3 and 2 rather than Grades 2 and 1. Taken together, development of the perceptual span only really takes off between Grades 2 and 3, suggesting that efficient parafoveal processing presupposes that basic processes of reading have been mastered.
Previous studies examining the effects of food quality on zooplankton often controlled for maternal effects of resource provisioning using standardized maternal diets. However, varying nutritional history of mothers may change resource provisioning to their progeny, especially regarding polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which may change the interpretation of previously observed fitness responses of offspring. To assess PUFA-mediated maternal provisioning effects on offspring, we raised females of the cladoceran Daphnia magna on diets differing considerably in PUFA composition and raised their offspring on a PUFA-lacking diet supplemented with the omega 3 PUFAs alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and/or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The mass-specific growth responses of offspring to their own diets were affected by the maternal diet regime, probably due to varying maternal PUFA provisioning. A low maternal provisioning of EPA or ALA was sufficient to prevent growth limitation of offspring by these PUFAs until reaching maturity. A comparison with results of published ALA and EPA supplementation experiments suggests that the previously observed limitation effects depended on the usage of a single algae genus as maternal diet. Therefore, we suggest that maternal diets should be deliberately varied in future studies assessing ecological relevant food quality effects on zooplankton, especially regarding PUFAs.
Charges dropped
(2015)
This volume discusses the impact of human rights law on other fields of international law. Does international human rights law modify other fields of international law? Contributions focus on possible spillover effects of human rights on international economic or international criminal law. Does international human rights law have a streamlining effect on international law as a whole? This might be identified as a process of constitutionalisation. In this book, human rights can be understood as one of the core principles of international legal order and thus have an effect on the general law of treaties or on the settlement of disputes.
Although human rights law is a relatively young field of international law, its content and core values today are of major importance for the interpretation of international law as a whole. As we witness a redefinition of sovereignty as a responsibility of states towards the people and a shift to greater relevance of the individual in international law in general, it is a logical consequence that human rights have an impact on other areas of international law.
Small scale distribution of insect root herbivores may promote plant species diversity by creating patches of different herbivore pressure. However, determinants of small scale distribution of insect root herbivores, and impact of land use intensity on their small scale distribution are largely unknown. We sampled insect root herbivores and measured vegetation parameters and soil water content along transects in grasslands of different management intensity in three regions in Germany. We calculated community-weighted mean plant traits to test whether the functional plant community composition determines the small scale distribution of insect root herbivores. To analyze spatial patterns in plant species and trait composition and insect root herbivore abundance we computed Mantel correlograms. Insect root herbivores mainly comprised click beetle (Coleoptera, Elateridae) larvae (43%) in the investigated grasslands. Total insect root herbivore numbers were positively related to community-weighted mean traits indicating high plant growth rates and biomass (specific leaf area, reproductive-and vegetative plant height), and negatively related to plant traits indicating poor tissue quality (leaf C/N ratio). Generalist Elaterid larvae, when analyzed independently, were also positively related to high plant growth rates and furthermore to root dry mass, but were not related to tissue quality. Insect root herbivore numbers were not related to plant cover, plant species richness and soil water content. Plant species composition and to a lesser extent plant trait composition displayed spatial autocorrelation, which was not influenced by land use intensity. Insect root herbivore abundance was not spatially autocorrelated. We conclude that in semi-natural grasslands with a high share of generalist insect root herbivores, insect root herbivores affiliate with large, fast growing plants, presumably because of availability of high quantities of food. Affiliation of insect root herbivores with large, fast growing plants may counteract dominance of those species, thus promoting plant diversity.
Intransitive competition is widespread in plant communities and maintains their species richness
(2015)
Intransitive competition networks, those in which there is no single best competitor, may ensure species coexistence. However, their frequency and importance in maintaining diversity in real-world ecosystems remain unclear. We used two large data sets from drylands and agricultural grasslands to assess: (1) the generality of intransitive competition, (2) intransitivity-richness relationships and (3) effects of two major drivers of biodiversity loss (aridity and land-use intensification) on intransitivity and species richness. Intransitive competition occurred in >65% of sites and was associated with higher species richness. Intransitivity increased with aridity, partly buffering its negative effects on diversity, but was decreased by intensive land use, enhancing its negative effects on diversity. These contrasting responses likely arise because intransitivity is promoted by temporal heterogeneity, which is enhanced by aridity but may decline with land-use intensity. We show that intransitivity is widespread in nature and increases diversity, but it can be lost with environmental homogenisation.
Improving semi-automated glacier mapping with a multi-method approach: applications in central Asia
(2015)
Studies of glaciers generally require precise glacier outlines. Where these are not available, extensive manual digitization in a geographic information system (GIS) must be performed, as current algorithms struggle to delineate glacier areas with debris cover or other irregular spectral profiles. Although several approaches have improved upon spectral band ratio delineation of glacier areas, none have entered wide use due to complexity or computational intensity.
In this study, we present and apply a glacier mapping algorithm in Central Asia which delineates both clean glacier ice and debris-covered glacier tongues. The algorithm is built around the unique velocity and topographic characteristics of glaciers and further leverages spectral and spatial relationship data. We found that the algorithm misclassifies between 2 and 10% of glacier areas, as compared to a similar to 750 glacier control data set, and can reliably classify a given Landsat scene in 3-5 min.
The algorithm does not completely solve the difficulties inherent in classifying glacier areas from remotely sensed imagery but does represent a significant improvement over purely spectral-based classification schemes, such as the band ratio of Landsat 7 bands three and five or the normalized difference snow index. The main caveats of the algorithm are (1) classification errors at an individual glacier level, (2) reliance on manual intervention to separate connected glacier areas, and (3) dependence on fidelity of the input Landsat data.
Aim To determine the prevalence of, and the risk factors for, sleep apnoea in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) facilities in Germany.
Methods 1152 patients presenting for CR were screened for sleep-disordered breathing with 2-channel polygraphy (ApneaLink; ResMed). Parameters recorded included the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI), number of desaturations per hour of recording (ODI), mean and minimum nocturnal oxygen saturation and number of snoring episodes. Patients rated subjective sleep quality on a scale from 1 (poor) to 10 (best) and completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).
Results Clinically significant sleep apnoea (AHI 15/h) was documented in 33% of patients. Mean AHI was 1416/h (range 0-106/h). Sleep apnoea was defined as being of moderate severity in 18% of patients (AHI 15-29/h) and severe in 15% (AHI 30/h). There were small, but statistically significant, differences in ESS score and subjective sleep quality between patients with and without sleep apnoea. Logistic regression model analysis identified the following as risk factors for sleep apnoea in CR patients: age (per 10 years) (odds ratio (OR) 1.51; p<0.001), body mass index (per 5 units) (OR 1.31; p=0.001), male gender (OR 2.19; p<0.001), type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 1.45; p=0.040), haemoglobin level (OR 0.91; p=0.012) and witnessed apnoeas (OR 1.99; p<0.001).
Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that more than one-third of patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation in Germany have sleep apnoea, with one-third having moderate-to-severe SDB that requires further evaluation or intervention. Inclusion of sleep apnoea screening as part of cardiac rehabilitation appears to be appropriate.
Measurement of through-thickness thermal diffusivity of thermoplastics using thermal wave method
(2015)
Thermo-physical properties, such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat are important quantities that are needed to interpret and characterize thermoplastic materials. Such characterization is necessary for many applications, ranging from aerospace engineering to food packaging, electrical and electronic industry and medical science. In this work, the thermal diffusivity of commercially available polymeric films is measured in the thickness direction at room temperature using thermal wave method. The results obtained with this method are in good agreement with theoretical and experimental values.
The role of givenness, presupposition, and prosody in Czech word order: An experimental study
(2015)
The processing of nonverbal auditory stimuli has not yet been sufficiently investigated in patients with aphasia. On the basis of a duration discrimination task, we examined whether patients with left-sided cerebrovascular lesions were able to perceive time differences in the scale of approximately 150ms. Further linguistic and memory-related tasks were used to characterize more exactly the relationships in the performances between auditory nonverbal task and selective linguistic or mnemonic disturbances. All examined conduction aphasics showed increased thresholds in the duration discrimination task. The low thresholds on this task were in a strong correlative relation to the reduced performances in repetition and working memory task. This was interpreted as an indication of a pronounced disturbance in integrating auditory verbal information into a long-term window (sampling disturbance) resulting in an additional load of working memory. In order to determine the lesion topography of patients with sampling disturbances, the anatomical and psychophysical data were correlated on the basis of a voxelwise statistical approach. It was found that tissue damage extending through the insula, the posterior superior temporal gyrus, and the supramarginal gyrus causes impairments in sequencing of time-sensitive information.
It has been known for many decades that the lunar tidal influence in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) is noticeably enhanced during Northern Hemisphere winters. Recent literature has discussed the role of stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events behind the enhancement of lunar tides and the findings suggest a positive correlation between the lunar tidal amplitude and lower stratospheric parameters (zonal mean air temperature and zonal mean zonal wind) during SSW events. The positive correlation raises the question whether an inverse approach could also be developed which makes it possible to deduce the occurrence of SSW events before their direct observations (before 1952) from the amplitude of the lunar tides. This study presents an analysis technique based on the phase of the semi-monthly lunar tide to determine the lunar tidal modulation of the EEJ. A statistical approach using the superposed epoch analysis is also carried out to formulate a relation between the EEJ tidal amplitude and lower stratospheric parameters. Using these results, we have estimated a threshold value for the tidal wave power that could be used to identify years with SSW events from magnetic field observations.
In the Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model of genetic incompatibilities post-zygotic gene-flow
barriers arise by fixation of novel alleles at interacting loci in separated populations. Many such incompatibilities are polymorphic in plants, implying an important role for genetic drift or balancing selection in their origin and evolution. Here we show that NPR1 and RPP5 loci cause a genetic incompatibility between the incipient species Capsella grandiflora and C. rubella, and the more distantly related C. rubella and C. orientalis. The incompatible RPP5 allele results from a mutation in C. rubella, while the incompatible NPR1 allele is frequent in the ancestral C. grandiflora. Compatible and incompatible NPR1 haplotypes are maintained by balancing selection in C. grandiflora, and were divergently sorted into the derived C. rubella and
C. orientalis. Thus, by maintaining differentiated alleles at high frequencies, balancing selection
on ancestral polymorphisms can facilitate establishing gene-flow barriers between derived populations through lineage sorting of the alternative alleles.
In the Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller model of genetic incompatibilities post-zygotic gene-flow barriers arise by fixation of novel alleles at interacting loci in separated populations. Many such incompatibilities are polymorphic in plants, implying an important role for genetic drift or balancing selection in their origin and evolution. Here we show that NPR1 and RPP5 loci cause a genetic incompatibility between the incipient species Capsella grandiflora and C. rubella, and the more distantly related C. rubella and C. orientalis. The incompatible RPP5 allele results from a mutation in C. rubella, while the incompatible NPR1 allele is frequent in the ancestral C. grandiflora. Compatible and incompatible NPR1 haplotypes are maintained by balancing selection in C. grandiflora, and were divergently sorted into the derived C. rubella and C. orientalis. Thus, by maintaining differentiated alleles at high frequencies, balancing selection on ancestral polymorphisms can facilitate establishing gene-flow barriers between derived populations through lineage sorting of the alternative alleles.
We present the results of a broadband X-ray study of the enigmatic Be star Gamma Cassiopeiae (herein gamma Cas) based on observations made with both the Suzaku and INTEGRAL observatories.. Cas has long been recognized as the prototypical example of a small subclass of Be stars with moderately strong X-ray emission dominated by a hot thermal component in the 0.5-12 keV energy range (L-x approximate to 10(32)-10(33) erg s(-1)). This places them at the high end of the known luminosity distribution for stellar emission, but several orders of magnitude below typical accretion-powered Be X-ray binaries. The INTEGRAL observations spanned an eight-year baseline and represent the deepest measurement to date at energies above similar to 50 keV. We find that the INTEGRAL data are consistent within statistics to a constant intensity source above 20 keV, with emission extending up to similar to 100 keV, and that searches for all of the previously reported periodicities of the system at lower energies led to null results. We further find that our combined Suzaku and INTEGRAL spectrum, which we suggest is the most accurate broadband X-ray measurement of gamma Cas to date, is fitted extremely well with a thermal plasma emission model with a single absorption component. We found no compelling need for an additional non-thermal high-energy component. We discuss these results in the context of a currently favored models for gamma Cas and its analogs.
We examine by extensive computer simulations the self-diffusion of anisotropic star-like particles in crowded two-dimensional solutions. We investigate the implications of the area coverage fraction phi of the crowders and the crowder-crowder adhesion properties on the regime of transient anomalous diffusion. We systematically compute the mean squared displacement (MSD) of the particles, their time averaged MSD, and the effective diffusion coefficient. The diffusion is ergodic in the limit of long traces, such that the mean time averaged MSD converges towards the ensemble averaged MSD, and features a small residual amplitude spread of the time averaged MSD from individual trajectories. At intermediate time scales, we quantify the anomalous diffusion in the system. Also, we show that the translational-but not rotational-diffusivity of the particles Dis a nonmonotonic function of the attraction strength between them. Both diffusion coefficients decrease as the power law D(phi) similar to (1 - phi/phi*)(2 ... 2.4) with the area fraction phi occupied by the crowders and the critical value phi*. Our results might be applicable to rationalising the experimental observations of non-Brownian diffusion for a number of standard macromolecular crowders used in vitro to mimic the cytoplasmic conditions of living cells.
The looping of polymers such as DNA is a fundamental process in the molecular biology of living cells, whose interior is characterised by a high degree of molecular crowding. We here investigate in detail the looping dynamics of flexible polymer chains in the presence of different degrees of crowding. From the analysis of the looping-unlooping rates and the looping probabilities of the chain ends we show that the presence of small crowders typically slows down the chain dynamics but larger crowders may in fact facilitate the looping. We rationalise these non-trivial and often counterintuitive effects of the crowder size on the looping kinetics in terms of an effective solution viscosity and standard excluded volume. It is shown that for small crowders the effect of an increased viscosity dominates, while for big crowders we argue that confinement effects (caging) prevail. The tradeoff between both trends can thus result in the impediment or facilitation of polymer looping, depending on the crowder size. We also examine how the crowding volume fraction, chain length, and the attraction strength of the contact groups of the polymer chain affect the looping kinetics and hairpin formation dynamics. Our results are relevant for DNA looping in the absence and presence of protein mediation, DNA hairpin formation, RNA folding, and the folding of polypeptide chains under biologically relevant high-crowding conditions.
Polymer looping is controlled by macromolecular crowding, spatial confinement, and chain stiffness
(2015)
We study by extensive computer simulations the looping characteristics of linear polymers with varying persistence length inside a spherical cavity in the presence of macromolecular crowding. For stiff chains, the looping probability and looping time reveal wildly oscillating patterns as functions of the chain length. The effects of crowding differ dramatically for flexible versus stiff polymers. While for flexible chains the looping kinetics is slowed down by the crowders, for stiffer chains the kinetics turns out to be either decreased or facilitated, depending on the polymer length. For severe confinement, the looping kinetics may become strongly facilitated by crowding. Our findings are of broad impact for DNA looping in the crowded and compartmentalized interior of living biological cells.
We study the dynamics of polymer chains in a bath of self-propelled particles (SPP) by extensive Langevin dynamics simulations in a two-dimensional model system. Specifically, we analyse the polymer looping properties versus the SPP activity and investigate how the presence of the active particles alters the chain conformational statistics. We find that SPPs tend to extend flexible polymer chains, while they rather compactify stiffer semiflexible polymers, in agreement with previous results. Here we show that higher activities of SPPs yield a higher effective temperature of the bath and thus facilitate the looping kinetics of a passive polymer chain. We explicitly compute the looping probability and looping time in a wide range of the model parameters. We also analyse the motion of a monomeric tracer particle and the polymer's centre of mass in the presence of the active particles in terms of the time averaged mean squared displacement, revealing a giant diffusivity enhancement for the polymer chain via SPP pooling. Our results are applicable to rationalising the dimensions and looping kinetics of biopolymers at constantly fluctuating and often actively driven conditions inside biological cells or in suspensions of active colloidal particles or bacteria cells.
Eclipsing systems of massive stars allow one to explore the properties of their components in great detail. We perform a multi-wavelength, non-LTE analysis of the three components of the massive multiple system delta Ori A, focusing on the fundamental stellar properties, stellar winds, and X-ray characteristics of the system. The primary's distance-independent parameters turn out to be characteristic for its spectral type (O9.5 II), but usage of the Hipparcos parallax yields surprisingly low values for the mass, radius, and luminosity. Consistent values follow only if delta Ori lies at about twice the Hipparcos distance, in the vicinity of the sigma-Orionis cluster. The primary and tertiary dominate the spectrum and leave the secondary only marginally detectable. We estimate the V-band magnitude difference between primary and secondary to be Delta V approximate to 2.(m)8. The inferred parameters suggest that the secondary is an early B-type dwarf (approximate to B1 V), while the tertiary is an early B-type subgiant (approximate to B0 IV). We find evidence for rapid turbulent velocities (similar to 200 km s(-1)) and wind inhomogeneities, partially optically thick, in the primary's wind. The bulk of the X-ray emission likely emerges from the primary's stellar wind (logL(X)/L-Bol approximate to -6.85), initiating close to the stellar surface at R-0 similar to 1.1 R-*. Accounting for clumping, the mass-loss rate of the primary is found to be log (M) over dot approximate to -6.4 (M-circle dot yr(-1))., which agrees with hydrodynamic predictions, and provides a consistent picture along the X-ray, UV, optical, and radio spectral domains.
Drawing on phonology research within the generative linguistics tradition, stochastic methods, and notions from complex systems, we develop a modelling paradigm linking phonological structure, expressed in terms of syllables, to speech movement data acquired with 3D electromagnetic articulography and X-ray microbeam methods. The essential variable in the models is syllable structure. When mapped to discrete coordination topologies, syllabic organization imposes systematic patterns of variability on the temporal dynamics of speech articulation. We simulated these dynamics under different syllabic parses and evaluated simulations against experimental data from Arabic and English, two languages claimed to parse similar strings of segments into different syllabic structures. Model simulations replicated several key experimental results, including the fallibility of past phonetic heuristics for syllable structure, and exposed the range of conditions under which such heuristics remain valid. More importantly, the modelling approach consistently diagnosed syllable structure proving resilient to multiple sources of variability in experimental data including measurement variability, speaker variability, and contextual variability. Prospects for extensions of our modelling paradigm to acoustic data are also discussed.
1 + 2 is more than 2 + 1: Violations of commutativity and identity axioms in mental arithmetic
(2015)
Over the past decade or so, a large number of studies have revealed that conceptual meaning is sensitive to situational context. More recently, similar contextual influences have been documented in the domain of number knowledge. Here we show such context dependency in a length production task. Adult participants saw single digit addition problems of the form n1 + n2 and produced the sum by changing bi-directionally the length of a horizontally extended line, using radially arranged buttons. We found that longer lines were produced when n1 < n2 compared to n1 > n2 and that unit size increased with result size. Thus, the mathematical axioms of commutativity and identity do not seem to hold in mental addition. We discuss implications of these observations for our understanding of cognitive mechanisms involved in mental arithmetic and for situated cognition generally.
The molecular structure and conformational behavior of 3-methyl-3-phenyl-3-silatetrahydropyran 1 was studied by gas-phase electron diffraction (GED-MS), low temperature C-13 NMR spectroscopy (LT NMR) and theoretical calculations. The 1-Ph-eq and 1-Ph-ax conformers were located on the potential energy surface. Rotation about the Si-C-ph bond revealed the phenyl ring orthogonal to the averaged plane of the silatetrahydropyran ring for 1-Ph-eq and a twisted orientation for 1-Ph-ax. Theoretical calculations and GED analysis indicate the predominance of 1-Ph-ax in the gas phase with the ratio of conformers (GED) 1-Ph-eq:1-Ph-ax=38:62 (Delta G degrees(307)=-0.29 kcal/mol). In solution, LT NMR spectroscopy gives almost the opposite ratio Ph-eq:1-Ph-ax=68:32 (Delta G degrees(103)=0.16 kcal/mol). Simulation of solvent effects using the PCM continuum model or by calculation of the solvent-solute complexes allowed us to rationalize the experimentally observed opposite conformational predominance of the conformers of compound 1 in the gas phase and in solution. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Molecular structure and conformational behavior of 3-isopropoxy-3-methyl-3-oxasilinane is studied by low temperature C-13 NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations (DFT, MP2). Two conformers, 1-ROax and 1-ROeq, were found experimentally and located on the potential energy surface. LT C-13 NMR spectroscopy gives almost equal population of the two conformers at 98 K with Delta G(98K)degrees=0.02 kcal/mol in favor of 1-ROax and Delta G(98K)(#)=4.5 kcal/mol. The corresponding DFT calculated values (Delta G(98K)degrees=0.03 kcal/mol, Delta G(98K)(#)=5.1 kcal/mol) are in excellent agreement with the experiment. Detailed DFT and MP2 calculations of the solvent effect on the conformational equilibrium were performed and highlighted the leveling out of the two conformers when transferred from gas to solution. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
3-Methyl-3-silatetrahydropyran 1 was synthesized and its molecular structure and conformational behavior was studied by gas-phase electron diffraction (GED), FTIR, low temperature H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy, and by theoretical calculations (DFT, MP2). Two conformers; 1-ax and 1-eq; were located on the potential energy Surface. In the gas phase; a slight predominance of the axial conformer was determined, with the ratio 1-ax:1-eq = 54(9):46(9) (from GED) or 53:47 or 61;39 (from IR). In solution, LT NMR spectroscopy at 103 K gives the ratio 1-ax:1-eq = 35:65 (-Delta G(103)degrees = 0.13 kcal/mol). Simulation of solvent effects using the PCM continuum model or by calculation of the corresponding solvent-solute complexes allowed us to rationalize the experimentally observed opposite conformational predominance of the conformers of 3-methyl-3-silatettahydropyran in the gas phase and in solution. Comparative analysis of the effect of heteroatom in 1-hetero-3-methyl-3-silacyclohexanes on the structure, stereoelectronic interactions, and relative energies of the conformers is done.
We present a new record of eolian dust flux to the western Subarctic North Pacific (SNP) covering the past 27,000years based on a core from the Detroit Seamount. Comparing the SNP dust record to the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) ice core record shows significant differences in the amplitude of dust changes to the two regions during the last deglaciation, while the timing of abrupt changes is synchronous. If dust deposition in the SNP faithfully records its mobilization in East Asian source regions, then the difference in the relative amplitude must reflect climate-related changes in atmospheric dust transport to Greenland. Based on the synchronicity in the timing of dust changes in the SNP and Greenland, we tie abrupt deglacial transitions in the Th-230-normalized He-4 flux record to corresponding transitions in the well-dated NGRIP dust flux record to provide a new chronostratigraphic technique for marine sediments from the SNP. Results from this technique are complemented by radiocarbon dating, which allows us to independently constrain radiocarbon paleoreservoir ages. We find paleoreservoir ages of 745140years at 11,653year B.P., 680228years at 14,630year B.P., and 790498years at 23,290year B.P. Our reconstructed paleoreservoir ages are consistent with modern surface water reservoir ages in the western SNP. Good temporal synchronicity between eolian dust records from the Subantarctic Atlantic and equatorial Pacific and the ice core record from Antarctica supports the reliability of the proposed dust tuning method to be used more widely in other global ocean regions.
Porphyrin substituent regiochemistry, conformation and packing - the case of 5,10-diphenylporphyrin
(2015)
5,10-Disubstituted porphyrins are more recent additions to the family of meso-substituted porphyrins. A crystallographic comparison of 5,10-diphenylporphyrin with the regioisomeric 5,15-disubstituted system reveals striking differences in their conformation. In the free base porphyrins the former uses mainly out-of-plane distortion to alleviate steric strain while in-plane core elongation predominates in the latter. In contrast, the structure of the Cu(II) complex is planar and forms strong p-p aggregates with very small lateral shifts. Macroscopically, the packing is similar to that of porphyrin sponges of the 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin type.
Cartography-Oriented Design of 3D Geospatial Information Visualization - Overview and Techniques
(2015)
In economy, society and personal life map-based interactive geospatial visualization becomes a natural element of a growing number of applications and systems. The visualization of 3D geospatial information, however, raises the question how to represent the information in an effective way. Considerable research has been done in technology-driven directions in the fields of cartography and computer graphics (e.g., design principles, visualization techniques). Here, non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) represents a promising visualization category - situated between both fields - that offers a large number of degrees for the cartography-oriented visual design of complex 2D and 3D geospatial information for a given application context. Still today, however, specifications and techniques for mapping cartographic design principles to the state-of-the-art rendering pipeline of 3D computer graphics remain to be explored. This paper revisits cartographic design principles for 3D geospatial visualization and introduces an extended 3D semiotic model that complies with the general, interactive visualization pipeline. Based on this model, we propose NPR techniques to interactively synthesize cartographic renditions of basic feature types, such as terrain, water, and buildings. In particular, it includes a novel iconification concept to seamlessly interpolate between photorealistic and cartographic representations of 3D landmarks. Our work concludes with a discussion of open challenges in this field of research, including topics, such as user interaction and evaluation.
Texture mapping is a key technology in computer graphics. For the visual design of 3D scenes, in particular, effective texturing depends significantly on how important contents are expressed, e.g., by preserving global salient structures, and how their depiction is cognitively processed by the user in an application context. Edge-preserving image filtering is one key approach to address these concerns. Much research has focused on applying image filters in a post-process stage to generate artistically stylized depictions. However, these approaches generally do not preserve depth cues, which are important for the perception of 3D visualization (e.g., texture gradient). To this end, filtering is required that processes texture data coherently with respect to linear perspective and spatial relationships. In this work, we present an approach for texturing 3D scenes with perspective coherence by arbitrary image filters. We propose decoupled deferred texturing with (1) caching strategies to interactively perform image filtering prior to texture mapping and (2) for each mipmap level separately to enable a progressive level of abstraction, using (3) direct interaction interfaces to parameterize the visualization according to spatial, semantic, and thematic data. We demonstrate the potentials of our method by several applications using touch or natural language inputs to serve the different interests of users in specific information, including illustrative visualization, focus+context visualization, geometric detail removal, and semantic depth of field. The approach supports frame-to-frame coherence, order-independent transparency, multitexturing, and content-based filtering. In addition, it seamlessly integrates into real-time rendering pipelines and is extensible for custom interaction techniques. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this paper we report on a series of replicated tracer experiments with deuterium conducted under controlled, steady stormflow conditions at the Gardsjon G1 catchment in south-western Sweden. In five different years, these experiments were carried out in a subcatchment of G1. Deuterium was applied as a narrow pulse so that distributions of water transit times could be directly inferred from the observed tracer breakthrough curves. Significantly different transit times of water were observed under similar experimental conditions. Coefficients of variation for estimated mean transit times were greater than 60%, which can be understood as a measure of the interannual variability for this type of experiments. Implications for water transit times under more natural flow conditions as wells as for future experimentation are discussed. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The structure of bulk liquid water was recently probed by x-ray scattering below the temperature limit of homogeneous nucleation (T-H) of similar to 232 K [J. A. Sellberg et al., Nature 510, 381-384 (2014)]. Here, we utilize a similar approach to study the structure of bulk liquid water below T-H using oxygen K-edge x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES). Based on previous XES experiments [T. Tokushima et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 460, 387-400 (2008)] at higher temperatures, we expected the ratio of the 1b(1)' and 1b(1)" peaks associated with the lone-pair orbital in water to change strongly upon deep supercooling as the coordination of the hydrogen (H-) bonds becomes tetrahedral. In contrast, we observed only minor changes in the lone-pair spectral region, challenging an interpretation in terms of two interconverting species. A number of alternative hypotheses to explain the results are put forward and discussed. Although the spectra can be explained by various contributions from these hypotheses, we here emphasize the interpretation that the line shape of each component changes dramatically when approaching lower temperatures, where, in particular, the peak assigned to the proposed disordered component would become more symmetrical as vibrational interference becomes more important. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
Referential Coding Does Not Rely on Location Features: Evidence for a Nonspatial Joint Simon Effect
(2015)
The joint Simon effect (JSE) shows that the presence of another agent can change one's representation of one's task and/or action. According to the spatial response coding approach, this is because another person in one's peri-personal space automatically induces the spatial coding of one's own action, which in turn invites spatial stimulus-response priming. According to the referential coding approach, the presence of another person or event creates response conflict, which the actor is assumed to solve by emphasizing response features that discriminate between one's own response and that of the other. The 2 approaches often make the same predictions, but the spatial response coding approach considers spatial location as the only dimension that can drive response coding, whereas the referential coding approach allows for other dimensions as well. To compare these approaches, the authors ran 2 experiments to see whether a nonspatial JSE can be demonstrated. Participants responded to the geometrical shape of a central colored stimulus by pressing a left or right button, while wearing gloves of the same or different color as the stimuli. Participants performed the task individually, either by responding to either stimulus shapes (Experiment 1) or by responding to only 1 of the 2 shapes (Experiment 2), and in the presence of a coactor. Congruence between stimulus and glove color affected performance in the 2-choice and the joint tasks but not in the individual go/no-go task. This demonstration of a nonspatial JSE is inconsistent with the spatial response coding approach but supports the referential coding approach.
It is well established in language acquisition research that monolingual children and adult second language learners misinterpret sentences with the universal quantifier every and make quantifier-spreading errors that are attributed to a preference for a match in number between two sets of objects. The present Visual World eye-tracking study tested bilingual heritage Russian-English adults and investigated how they interpret of sentences like Every alligator lies in a bathtub in both languages. Participants performed a sentence-picture verification task while their eye movements were recorded. Pictures showed three pairs of alligators in bathtubs and two extra objects: elephants (Control condition), bathtubs (Overexhaustive condition), or alligators (Underexhaustive condition). Monolingual adults performed at ceiling in all conditions. Heritage language (HL) adults made 20% q-spreading errors, but only in the Overexhaustive condition, and when they made an error they spent more time looking at the two extra bathtubs during the Verb region. We attribute q-spreading in HL speakers to cognitive overload caused by the necessity to integrate conflicting sources of information, i.e. the spoken sentences in their weaker, heritage, language and attention-demanding visual context, that differed with respect to referential salience.
Climate forecasts project further increases in extremely high-temperature events. These present threats to biodiversity, as they promote population declines and local species extinctions. This implies that ecological communities will need to rely more strongly on recovery processes, such as recolonization from a meta-community context. It is poorly understood how differences in extreme event intensity change the outcome of subsequent community reassembly and if such extremes modify the biotic environment in ways that would prevent the successful re-establishment of lost species. We studied replicated aquatic communities consisting of algae and herbivorous rotifers in a design that involved a control and two different heat wave intensity treatments (29 degrees C and 39 degrees C). Animal species that suffered heat-induced extinction were subsequently re-introduced at the same time and density, in each of the two treatments. The 39 degrees C treatment led to community closure in all replicates, meaning that a previously successful herbivore species could not re-establish itself in the postheat wave community. In contrast, such closure never occurred after a 29 degrees C event. Heat wave intensity determined the number of herbivore extinctions and strongly affected algal relative abundances. Re-introduced herbivore species were thus confronted with significantly different food environments. This ecological legacy generated by heat wave intensity led to differences in the failure or success of herbivore species re-introductions. Reassembly was significantly more variable, and hence less predictable, after an extreme heat wave, and was more canalized after a moderate one. Our results pertain to relatively simple communities, but they suggest that ecological legacies introduced by extremely high-temperature events may change subsequent ecological recovery and even prevent the successful re-establishment of lost species. Knowing the processes promoting and preventing ecological recovery is crucial to the success of species re-introduction programs and to our ability to restore ecosystems damaged by environmental extremes.
Climate change will alter the forces of predation and competition in temperate ectotherm food webs. This may increase local extinction rates, change the fate of invasions and impede species reintroductions into communities. Invasion success could be modulated by traits (e.g., defenses) and adaptations to climate. We studied how different temperatures affect the time until extinction of species, using bitrophic and tritrophic planktonic food webs to evaluate the relative importance of predatory overexploitation and competitive exclusion, at 15 and 25 A degrees C. In addition, we tested how inclusion of a subtropical as opposed to a temperate strain in this model food web affects times until extinction. Further, we studied the invasion success of the temperate rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus into the planktonic food web at 15 and 25 A degrees C on five consecutive introduction dates, during which the relative forces of predation and competition differed. A higher temperature dramatically shortened times until extinction of all herbivore species due to carnivorous overexploitation in tritrophic systems. Surprisingly, warming did not increase rates of competitive exclusion among the tested herbivore species in bitrophic communities. Including a subtropical herbivore strain reduced top-down control by the carnivore at high temperature. Invasion attempts of temperate B. calyciflorus into the food web always succeeded at 15 A degrees C, but consistently failed at 25 A degrees C due to voracious overexploitation by the carnivore. Pre-induction of defenses (spines) in B. calyciflorus before the invasion attempt did not change its invasion success at the high temperature. We conclude that high temperatures may promote local extinctions in temperate ectotherms and reduce their chances of successful recovery.
The Specificity of Psychological Factors Associated with Binge Eating in Adolescent Boys and Girls
(2015)
Low self-esteem, lack of interoceptive awareness, perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, weight teasing, and internalization of the societal body ideal are known to be associated with binge eating (BE) in adolescents. The purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate whether these attributes are BE-specific and whether different patterns exist for boys and girls. We assessed BE, internalizing symptoms and psychological factors in 1039 adolescents from a community sample by self-report. Using multinomial logistic regression and controlling for measured height and weight, we compared adolescents with BE with individuals from a healthy control group and adolescents reporting internalizing symptoms. Individuals from the BE-group reported a greater lack of interoceptive awareness and higher body dissatisfaction than individuals from the healthy control group. Additionally, we found a significant interaction between gender and body dissatisfaction. Internalization of the societal body ideal was related to BE when compared to internalizing symptoms. Results suggest, that the lack of interoceptive awareness and body dissatisfaction display substantial associations with BE, and that the latter effect is especially strong in boys. The internalization of societal standards of beauty emerged as a BE-specific factor and this finding emphasizes the role of the societal body ideal in the nature of eating pathology in boys and in girls. Increasing body satisfaction and the acceptance of realistic body ideals might be effective strategies in preventing eating pathology.
Inflammation in Cachexia
(2015)
Trade plays a key role in the spread of alien species and has arguably contributed to the recent enormous acceleration of biological invasions, thus homogenizing biotas worldwide. Combining data on 60-year trends of bilateral trade, as well as on biodiversity and climate, we modeled the global spread of plant species among 147 countries. The model results were compared with a recently compiled unique global data set on numbers of naturalized alien vascular plant species representing the most comprehensive collection of naturalized plant distributions currently available. The model identifies major source regions, introduction routes, and hot spots of plant invasions that agree well with observed naturalized plant numbers. In contrast to common knowledge, we show that the 'imperialist dogma,' stating that Europe has been a net exporter of naturalized plants since colonial times, does not hold for the past 60 years, when more naturalized plants were being imported to than exported from Europe. Our results highlight that the current distribution of naturalized plants is best predicted by socioeconomic activities 20 years ago. We took advantage of the observed time lag and used trade developments until recent times to predict naturalized plant trajectories for the next two decades. This shows that particularly strong increases in naturalized plant numbers are expected in the next 20 years for emerging economies in megadiverse regions. The interaction with predicted future climate change will increase invasions in northern temperate countries and reduce them in tropical and (sub) tropical regions, yet not by enough to cancel out the trade-related increase.
Poly(N-propargyl glycine) (PNPG) can be readily prepared by ring-opening polymerization of N-propargyl glycine N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) and modified using various addition reactions such as copper catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of azide, radical (photo-)addition of thiol, nucleophilic addition of ethylene oxide, and thermal induced cross-linking. It is demonstrated that PNPG can serve as a modular platform to produce a bibliography of novel functional polypeptoid or pseudopeptide materials, including polypeptoid ionic liquids and graft copolymers.
Polypeptoids have been of great interest in the polymer science community since the early half of the last century; however, they had been basically forgotten materials until the last decades in which they have enjoyed an exciting revival. In this mini-review, we focus on the recent developments in polypeptoid chemistry, with particular focus on polymers synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs). Specifically, we will review traditional monomer synthesis (such as Leuchs, Katchalski, and Kricheldorf) and recent advances in polymerization methods to yield both linear, cyclic, and functional polymers, solution and bulk thermal properties, and preliminary results on the use of polypeptoids as biomaterials (i.e immunogenicity, biodistribution, degradability, and drug delivery).
As polypeptoids become increasingly popular, they present a more soluble and processable alternative to natural and synthetic polypeptides; the breadth of their potential functionality slowly comes into focus. This report analyzes the ability of an alkyne-functionalized polypeptoid, poly(N-propargyl glycine), to crosslink upon heating. The crosslinking process is analyzed by thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis), Fourier-transform infrared, electron paramagnetic resonance, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. While a precise mechanism cannot be confidently assigned, it is clear that the reaction proceeds by a radical mechanism that exclusively involves the alkyne functionality, which, upon crosslinking, yields alkene and aromatic products.
Three oligo[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide] based polyesterurethanes (OLGA-PUs) containing different diurethane linkers are investigated by the Langmuir monolayer technique and compared to poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide] (PLGA) to elucidate the influence of the diurethane junction units on hydrophilicity and packing motifs of these polymers at the air-water interface. The presence of diurethane linkers does not manifest itself in the Langmuir layer behavior both in compression and expansion experiments when monomolecular films of OLGA-PUs are spread on the water surface. However, the linker retard the evolution of morphological structures at intermediate compression level under isobaric conditions (with a surface pressure greater than 11 mN m(-1)) compared to the PLGA, independent on the chemical structure of the diurethane moiety. The layer thicknesses of both OLGA-PU and PLGA films decrease in the high compression state with decreasing surface pressure, as deduced from ellipsometric data. All films must be described with the effective medium approximation as water swollen layers.
In freshwater systems, Daphnia has been demonstrated to show adaptive responses following the light-dark cycle. The adjustment of these responses to the change of day and night is probably transmitted via the hormone melatonin. The rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis is the arylalkylamine N-transferase (AANAT). We identified three genes coding for insect-like AANATs in Daphnia, of which we measured the gene expression in an ecologically relevant light-dark cycle. We demonstrated that Daphnia's insect-like AANAT gene expression oscillated in a daily manner, and that the highest peak of expression after the onset of darkness was followed by a peak of melatonin production at midnight. Moreover, we could show an oscillation of endogenous melatonin synthesis in Daphnia. In most organisms, melatonin synthesis is due to rhythmic expression of genes of the circadian clock, since transcription of aanats is directly linked to a circadian transcription factor. We could demonstrate that putative clock genes and insect-like AANAT genes of Daphnia were equally expressed. Therefore, we propose that melatonin synthesis is coupled to the expression of Daphnia clock genes, and that insect-like AANATs of crustaceans have a similar function as AANATs of vertebrates: The initiation of melatonin synthesis. In future studies with Daphnia, it will be necessary to take the time of day into account since melatonin concentrations might influence stress responses.