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- word n-gram probability (1)
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- x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) (1)
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- zeitaufgelöst (1)
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- азобензолсодержащие ПАВ (1)
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Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (5445) (remove)
Investigation of tropospheric arctic aerosol and mixed-phase clouds using airborne lidar technique
(2005)
An Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar (AMALi) was constructed and built at Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) in Potsdam, Germany for the lower tropospheric aerosol and cloud research under tough arctic conditions. The system was successfully used during two AWI airborne field campaigns, ASTAR 2004 and SVALEX 2005, performed in vicinity of Spitsbergen in the Arctic. The novel evaluation schemes, the Two-Stream Inversion and the Iterative Airborne Inversion, were applied to the obtained lidar data. Thereby, calculation of the particle extinction and backscatter coefficient profiles with corresponding lidar ratio profiles characteristic for the arctic air was possible. The comparison of these lidar results with the results of other in-situ and remote instrumentation (ground based Koldewey Aerosol Raman Lidar (KARL), sunphotometer, radiosounding, satellite imagery) allowed to provided clean contra polluted (Arctic Haze) characteristics of the arctic aerosols. Moreover, the data interpretation by means of the ECMWF Operational Analyses and small-scale dispersion model EULAG allowed studying the effects of the Spitsbergens orography on the aerosol load in the Planetary Boundary Layer. With respect to the cloud studies a new methodology of alternated remote AMALi measurements with the airborne in-situ cloud optical and microphysical parameters measurements was proved feasible for the low density mixed-phase cloud studies. An example of such approach during observation of the natural cloud seeding (feeder-seeder phenomenon) with ice crystals precipitating into the lower supercooled stratocumulus deck were discussed in terms of the lidar signal intensity profiles and corresponding depolarisation ratio profiles. For parts of the cloud system characterised by almost negligible multiple scattering the calculation of the particle backscatter coefficient profiles was possible using the lidar ratio information obtained from the in-situ measurements in ice-crystal cloud and water cloud.
Bestimmung von Ozonabbauraten über der Arktis und Antarktis mittels Ozonsonden- und Satellitendaten
(2005)
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der chemischen Ozonzerstörung im arktischen und antarktischen stratosphärischen Polarwirbel. Diese wird durch Abbauprodukte von anthropogen emittierten Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffen und Halonen, Chlor- und Bromradikale, verursacht. Studien in denen der gemessene und modellierte Ozonabbau verglichen wird zeigen, dass die Prozeße bekannt sind, der quantitative Verlauf allerdings nicht vollständig verstanden ist. Die Prozesse, die zur Ozonzerstörung führen sind in beiden Polarwirbeln ähnlich. Allerdings fällt als Konsequenz unterschiedlicher meteorologischer Bedingungen der chemische Ozonabbau im arktischen Polarwirbel weniger drastisch aus als über der Antarktis. Der arktische Polarwirbel ist im Mittel stärker dynamisch gestört als der antarktische und weist eine stärkere Jahr-zu-Jahr Variabilität auf. Das erschwert die Messung des chemischen Ozonabbaus. Zur Trennung des chemischen Ozonabbaus von der dynamischen Umverteilung des Ozons im arktischen Polarwirbel wurde die Matchmethode entwickelt. Bei dieser Methode werden Luftpakete innerhalb des Polarwirbels mehrfach beprobt, um den chemischen Anteil der Ozonänderung zu quantifizieren. Zur Identifizierung von doppelt beprobten Luftpaketen werden Trajektorien aus Windfeldern berechnet. Können zwei Messungen im Rahmen bestimmter Qualitätskriterien durch eine Trajektorie verbunden werden, kann die Ozondifferenz zwischen beiden Sondierungen berechnet und als chemischer Ozonabbau interpretiert werden. Eine solche Koinzidenz wird Match genannt. Der Matchmethode liegt ein statistischer Ansatz zugrunde, so dass eine Vielzahl solcher doppelt beprobter Luftmassen vorliegen muss, um gesicherte Aussagen über die Ozonzerstörung gewinnen zu können. So erhält man die Ozonzerstörung in einem bestimmten Zeitintervall, also Ozonabbauraten. Um die Anzahl an doppelt beprobten Luftpackten zu erhöhen wurde eine aktive Koordinierung der Ozonsondenaufstiege entwickelt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Matchkampagnen während des arktischen Winters 2002/2003 und zum ersten Mal während eines antarktischen Winter (2003) durchgeführt. Aus den gewonnenen Daten wurden Ozonabbauraten in beiden Polarwirbeln bestimmt. Diese Abbauraten dienen zum einen der Evaluierung von Modellen, ermöglichen aber auch den direkten Vergleich von Ozonabbauraten in beiden Polarwirbeln. Der Winter 2002/2003 war zu Beginn durch sehr tiefe Temperaturen in der mittleren und unteren Stratosphäre charakterisiert, so dass die Matchkampagne Ende November gestartet wurde. Ab Januar war der Polarwirbel zeitweise stark dynamisch gestört. Die Kampagne ging bis Mitte März. Für den Höhenbereich von 400 bis 550 K potentieller Temperatur (15-23 km) konnten Ozonabbauraten und der Verlust in der Gesamtsäule berechnet werden. Die Ozonabbauraten wurden in verschiedenen Tests auf ihre Stabilität überprüft. Der antarktische Polarwirbel war vom Beginn des Winters bis Mitte Oktober 2003 sehr kalt und stellte Ende September kurzzeitig den Rekord für die größte bisher aufgetretene Ozonloch-Fläche ein. Es konnten für den Kampagnenzeitraum, Anfang Juni bis Anfang Oktober, Ozonabbauraten im Höhenbereich von 400 bis 550 K potentieller Temperatur ermittelt werden. Der zeitliche Verlauf des Ozonabbaus war dabei auf fast allen Höhenniveaus identisch. Die Zunahme des Sonnenlichtes im Polarwirbel mit der Zeit führt zu einem starken Anwachsen der Ozonabbauraten. Ab Mitte September gingen die Ozonabbauraten auf Null zurück, da bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt das gesamte Ozon zwischen ca. 14 und 21 km zerstört wurde. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wird ein neuer Algorithmus auf Basis der multivariaten Regression vorgestellt, mit dem Ozonabbauraten aus Ozonprofilen verschiedener Sensoren gleichzeitig berechnet werden können. Dabei können neben der Ozonabbaurate die systematischen Fehler zwischen den einzelnen Sensoren bestimmt werden. Dies wurde exemplarisch am antarktischen Winter 2003 für das 475 K potentielle Temperatur Niveau gezeigt. Neben den Ozonprofilen der Sonden wurden Daten von zwei Satellitenexperimenten verwendet. Die mit der multivariaten Matchtechnik berechneten Ozonabbauraten stimmen gut mit den Ozonabbauraten der Einzelsensor-Matchansätze überein.
Am Beispiel der Orgelpfeife wurde der Einfluss der Wandungsgeometrie des akustischen Wellenleiters auf die Schallabstrahlung untersucht. Für verschiedene Metalllegierungen wurden unterschiedliche Profile der Orgelpfeifenwandung verglichen: ein konisches Wandungsprofil mit zur Mündung hin abnehmender Wandungsstärke und ein paralleles Wandungsprofil mit konstanter Wandungsstärke. Für eine hohe statistische Sicherheit der Ergebnisse wurden sämtliche Untersuchungen an vier mal zehn Testpfeifen durchgeführt. Mit Ausnahme der beschriebenen Unterschiede sind die Pfeifen von gleichen Abmessungen und auf gleichen Klang intoniert. Die Überprüfung der Wandungseinflüsse auf den Klang besteht aus drei verschiedenen Untersuchungen: Erstens, einer subjektiven Hinterfragung der Wahrnehmbarkeit in einem Hörtest. Zweitens wurde der abgestrahlte Luftschall objektiv gemessen und das Spektrum der Pfeifen in seinen Komponenten (Teiltöne, Grundfrequenz) verglichen. Drittens wurde mit einer neuartigen Messtechnik die Oszillation des Pfeifenkörpers (ein einem akustischen Monopol entsprechendes "Atmen" des Querschnitts) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse belegen die Wahrnehmbarkeit unterschiedlicher Wandungsprofile als auch klare objektive Differenzen zwischen den emittierten Schallspektren. Ein Atmen mit guter Korrelation zur inneren Druckanregung bestätigt den Einfluss wandungsprofilabhängiger Oszillationen auf den Klang der Orgelpfeife. Schließlich wurde die Interaktion zweier in Abstand und Grundfrequenz nah beieinander liegender Orgelpfeifen überprüft. Als Ursache des dabei wahrnehmbaren Oktavsprung des Orgeltons konnte eine gegenphasiger Oszillation des Grundtons beider Pfeifen nachgewiesen werden.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein besseres Verständnis der Kopplung der Troposphäre und der Stratosphäre in den mittleren und polaren Breiten der Nordhemisphäre (NH) auf Monatszeitskalen erzielt, die auf die Ausbreitung von quasi-stationären Wellen zurückzuführen ist. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf den dynamisch aktiven Wintermonaten, welche die grösste Variabilität aufweisen. Die troposphärische Variabilität wird zum Grossteil durch bevorzugte Zirkulationsstrukturen, den Telekonnexionsmustern, bestimmt. Mittels einer rotierten EOF-Analyse der geopotenziellen Höhe in 500 hPa wurden die wichtigsten regionalen troposphärischen Telekonnexionsmuster der Nordhemisphäre berechnet. Diese lassen sich drei grossen geografischen Regionen zuordnen; dem nordatlantisch-europäischen Raum, Eurasien und dem pazifisch-nordamerikanischen Raum. Da es sich um die stärksten troposphärischen Variabilitätsmuster handelt, wurden sie als grundlegende troposphärische Grössen herangezogen, um dynamische Zusammenhänge zwischen der troposphärischen und der stratosphärischen Zirkulation zu untersuchen. Dabei wurde anhand von instantanen und zeitverzögerten Korrelationsanalysen der troposphärischen Muster mit stratosphärischen Variablen erstmalig gezeigt, dass unterschiedliche regionale troposphärische Telekonnexionsmuster unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf die stratosphärische Zirkulation haben. Es ergaben sich für die pazifisch-nordamerikanischen Muster signifikante instantane Korrelationen mit quasi-barotropen Musterstrukturen und für die nordatlantisch-europäischen Muster zonalsymmetrische Ringstrukturen ab 1978 mit signifikanten Korrelationswerten über tropischen und subtropischen Breiten und inversen Korrelationswerten über polaren Gebieten. Bei einer Untersuchung des Einflusses der stratosphärischen Variabilität wurde gezeigt, dass sich die stärkste Kopplung von nordatlantisch-europäischen Telekonnexionsmustern mit der stratosphärischen Zirkulation bei einem in Richtung Europa verschobenen Polarwirbel ergibt, wodurch die signifikanten Korrelationen ab 1978 erklärt werden können. Eine zonal gemittelte und vor allem lokale Untersuchung der Wellenausbreitungsbedingungen während dieser stratosphärischen Situation zeigt, dass es zu schwächeren Windgeschwindigkeiten in der Stratosphäre im Bereich von Nordamerika und des westlichen Nordatlantiks kommt und sich dadurch die Wellenausbreitungsbedingungen in diesem geografischen Bereich für planetare Wellen verbessern. Durch die stärkere Wellenausbreitung kommt es zu einer stärkeren Wechselwirkung mit dem Polarjet, wobei dieser abgebremst wird. Diese Abbremsung führt zu einer Verstärkung der meridionalen Residualzirkulation. D. h., wenn es zu einer verstärkten Wellenanregung im Nordatlantik und über Europa kommt, ist die Reaktion der Residualzirkulation bei einem nach Europa verschobenem Polarwirbel besonders stark. Die quasi-barotropen Korrelationsstrukturen, die sich bei den pazifisch-nordamerikanischen Mustern zeigen, weisen aufgrund von abnehmenden Störungsamplituden mit zunehmender Höhe, keiner Westwärtsneigung und einem negativen Brechungsindex im Pazifik auf verschwindende Wellen hin, die als Lösung der Wellengleichung bei negativem Brechungsindex auftreten. Dies wird durch den Polarjet, der im Bereich des Pazifiks stets sehr weit in Richtung Norden verlagert ist, verursacht. Abschliessend wurde in dieser Arbeit untersucht, ob die gefundenen Zusammenhänge von nordatlantisch-europäischen Telekonnexionsmustern mit der stratosphärischen Zirkulation auch von einem Atmosphärenmodell wiedergegeben werden können. Dazu wurde ein transienter 40-Jahre-Klimalauf des ECHAM4.L39(DLR)/CHEM Modells mit möglichst realistischen Antrieben erstmalig auf die Kopplung der Troposphäre und der Stratosphäre analysiert. Dabei konnten sowohl die troposphärischen, als auch die stratosphärischen Variabilitätsmuster vom Modell simuliert werden. Allerdings zeigen sich in den stratosphärischen Mustern Phasenverschiebungen in den Wellenzahl-1-Strukturen und ihre Zeitreihen weisen keinen signifikanten Trend ab 1978 auf. Die Kopplung der nordatlantisch-europäischen Telekonnexionsmuster mit der stratosphärischen Zirkulation zeigt eine wesentlich schwächere Reaktion der meridionalen Residualzirkulation. Somit stellte sich heraus, dass insbesondere die stratosphärische Zirkulation im Modell starke Diskrepanzen zu den Beobachtungen zeigt, die wiederum Einfluss auf die Wellenausbreitungsbedingungen haben. Es wird damit deutlich, dass für eine richtige Wiedergabe der Wellenausbreitung und somit der Kopplung der Troposphäre und Stratosphäre die stratosphärische Zirkulation eine wichtige Rolle spielt.
This work explores the equilibrium structure and thermodynamic phase behavior of complexes formed by charged polymer chains (polyelectrolytes) and oppositely charged spheres (macroions). Polyelectrolyte-macroion complexes form a common pattern in soft-matter physics, chemistry and biology, and enter in numerous technological applications as well. From a fundamental point of view, such complexes are interesting in that they combine the subtle interplay between electrostatic interactions and elastic as well as entropic effects due to conformational changes of the polymer chain, giving rise to a wide range of structural properties. This forms the central theme of theoretical studies presented in this thesis, which concentrate on a number of different problems involving strongly coupled complexes, i.e. complexes that are characterized by a large adsorption energy and small chain fluctuations. In the first part, a global analysis of the structural phase behavior of a single polyelectrolyte-macroion complex is presented based on a dimensionless representation, yielding results that cover a wide range of realistic system parameters. Emphasize is made on the interplay between the effects due to the polyelectrolytes chain length, salt concentration and the macroion charge as well as the mechanical chain persistence length. The results are summarized into generic phase diagrams characterizing the wrapping-dewrapping behavior of a polyelectrolyte chain on a macroion. A fully wrapped chain state is typically obtained at intermediate salt concentrations and chain lengths, where the amount of polyelectrolyte charge adsorbed on the macroion typically exceeds the bare macroion charge leading thus to a highly overcharged complex. Perhaps the most striking features occur when a single long polyelectrolyte chain is complexed with many oppositely charged spheres. In biology, such complexes form between DNA (which carries the cell's genetic information) and small oppositely charged histone proteins serving as an efficient mechanism for packing a huge amount of DNA into the micron-size cell nucleus in eucaryotic cells. The resultant complex fiber, known as the chromatin fiber, appears with a diameter of 30~nm under physiological conditions. Recent experiments indicate a zig-zag spatial arrangement for individual DNA-histone complexes (nucleosome core particles) along the chromatin fiber. A numerical method is introduced in this thesis based on a simple generic chain-sphere cell model that enables one to investigate the mechanism of fiber formation on a systematic level by incorporating electrostatic and elastic contributions. As will be shown, stable complex fibers exhibit an impressive variety of structures including zig-zag, solenoidal and beads-on-a-string patterns, depending on system parameters such as salt concentration, sphere charge as well as the chain contour length (per sphere). The present results predict fibers of compact zig-zag structure within the physiologically relevant regime with a diameter of about 30~nm, when DNA-histone parameters are adopted. In the next part, a numerical method is developed in order to investigate the role of thermal fluctuations on the structure and thermodynamic phase behavior of polyelectrolyte-macroion complexes. This is based on a saddle-point approximation, which allows to describe the experimentally observed reaction (or complexation) equilibrium in a dilute solution of polyelectrolytes and macroions on a systematic level. This equilibrium is determined by the entropy loss a single polyelectrolyte chain suffers as it binds to an oppositely charged macroion. This latter quantity can be calculated from the spectrum of polyelectrolyte fluctuations around a macroion, which is determined by means of a normal-mode analysis. Thereby, a stability phase diagram is obtained, which exhibits qualitative agreement with experimental findings. At elevated complex concentrations, one needs to account for the inter-complex interactions as well. It will be shown that at small separations, complexes undergo structural changes in such a way that positive patches from one complex match up with negative patches on the other. Furthermore, one of the polyelectrolyte chains may bridge between the two complexes. These mechanisms lead to a strong inter-complex attraction. As a result, the second virial coefficient associated with the inter-complex interaction becomes negative at intermediate salt concentrations in qualitative agreement with recent experiments on solutions of nucleosome core particles.
Unter atmosphärischen Zirkulationsregimen versteht man bevorzugte quasi-stationäre Zustände der atmosphärischen Zirkulation auf der planetaren Skala, die für eine bis mehrere Wochen persistieren können. Klimaänderungen, ob natürlich entstanden oder anthropogen verursacht, äußern sich in erster Linie durch Änderungen der Auftrittswahrscheinlichkeiten der natürlichen Regime. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden dynamische Mechanismen des Regimeverhaltens und der dekadischen Klimavariabilität der Atmosphäre bei Abwesenheit zeitlich veränderlicher externer Einflussfaktoren untersucht. Das Hauptwerkzeug dafür war ein quasi-geostrophisches Dreischichtenmodell der winterlichen atmosphärischen Zirkulation auf der Nordhemisphäre, das eine spektrale T21-Auflösung, einen orographischen und einen zeitlich konstanten thermischen Antrieb mit nicht-zonalen Anteilen besitzt. Ein solches Modell vermag großskalige atmosphärische Strömungsvorgänge außerhalb der Tropen mit einiger Genauigkeit zu simulieren. Nicht berücksichtigt werden Feuchteprozesse, die Wechselwirkung der Atmosphäre mit anderen Teilen des Klimasystems sowie anthropogene Einflüsse. Für das Dreischichtenmodell wurde ein automatisiertes, iteratives Verfahren zur Anpassung des thermischen Modellantriebs neu entwickelt. Jede Iteration des Verfahrens besteht aus einer Testintegration des Modells, ihrer Auswertung, dem Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit den NCEP-NCAR-Reanalysedaten aus den Wintermonaten Dezember, Januar und Februar sowie einer auf diesem Vergleich basierenden Antriebskorrektur. Nach Konvergenz des Verfahrens stimmt das Modell sowohl bezüglich des zonal gemittelten Klimazustandes als auch bezüglich der zeitgemittelten nicht-zonalen außertropischen diabatischen Erwärmung nahezu perfekt mit den wintergemittelten Reanalysedaten überein. In einer 1000-jährigen Simulation wurden die beobachtete mittlere Zirkulation im Winter sowie ihre Variabilität realitätsnah reproduziert, insbesondere die Arktische Oszillation (AO) und ihre vertikale Ausdehnung. Der AO-Index des Modells weist deutliche dekadische Schwankungen auf, die allein durch die interne Modelldynamik bedingt sind. Darüber hinaus zeigt das Modell ein Regimeverhalten, das gut mit den Beobachtungsdaten übereintimmt. Es besitzt ein Regime, das in etwa der negativen Phase der Nordatlantischen Oszillation (NAO) entspricht und eines, das der positiven Phase der AO ähnelt. Eine weit verbreitete Hypothese ist die näherungsweise Übereinstimmung zwischen Regimen und stationären Lösungen der Bewegungsgleichungen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde diese Hypothese für das Dreischichtenmodell überprüft, mit negativem Resultat. Es wurden mittels eines Funktionalminimierungsverfahrens sechs verschiedene stationäre Zustände gefunden. Diese sind allesamt durch eine äußerst unrealistische Zirkulation gekennzeichnet und sind daher weit vom Modellattraktor entfernt. Fünf der sechs Zustände zeichnen sich durch einen extrem starken subtropischen Jet in der mittleren und obereren Modellschicht aus. Da die Ursache des Regimeverhaltens des Dreischichtenmodells nach wie vor unklar war, wurde auf ein einfacheres Modell, nämlich ein barotropes Modell mit T21-Auflösung zurückgegriffen. Für die Anpassung des Oberflächenantriebs wurde eine modifizierte Form der iterativen Prozedur verwendet. Die zeitgemittelte Zirkulation des barotropen Modells stimmt sehr gut mit der zeitlich und vertikal gemittelten Zirkulation des Dreischichtenmodells überein. Das dominierende räumliche Muster der Variabilität besitzt eine AO-ähnliche Struktur. Zudem besitzt das barotrope Modell zwei Regime, die näherungsweise der positiven und negativen Phase der AO entsprechen und somit auch den Regimen des Dreischichtenmodells ähneln. Im Verlauf der Justierung des Oberflächenantriebs konnte beobachtet werden, dass die zwei Regime des barotropen Modells durch die Vereinigung zweier koexistierender Attraktoren entstanden. Der wahrscheinliche Mechanismus der Attraktorvereinigung ist eine Randkrise eines der beiden Attraktoren, gefolgt von einer explosiven Bifurkation des anderen Attraktors. Es wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass der beim barotropen Modell vorgefundene Mechanismus der Regimeentstehung für atmosphärische Zirkulationsmodelle mit realitätsnahem Regimeverhalten Allgemeingültigkeit besitzt. Gestützt wird die Hypothese durch vier Experimente mit dem Dreischichtenmodell, bei denen jeweils der Parameter der Bodenreibung verringert und die Antriebsanpassung wiederholt wurde. Bei diesen Experimenten erhöhte sich die Persistenz und die Separiertheit der Regime bei abnehmender Reibung drastisch und damit auch der Anteil dekadischer Zeitskalen an der Variabilität. Die Zunahme der Persistenz der Regime ist charakteristisch für die Annäherung an eine inverse innere Krise, deren Existenz aber nicht nachgewiesen werden konnte.
In the present work, we discuss two subjects related to the nonequilibrium dynamics of polymers or biological filaments adsorbed to two-dimensional substrates. The first part is dedicated to thermally activated dynamics of polymers on structured substrates in the presence or absence of a driving force. The structured substrate is represented by double-well or periodic potentials. We consider both homogeneous and point driving forces. Point-like driving forces can be realized in single molecule manipulation by atomic force microscopy tips. Uniform driving forces can be generated by hydrodynamic flow or by electric fields for charged polymers. In the second part, we consider collective filament motion in motility assays for motor proteins, where filaments glide over a motor-coated substrate. The model for the simulation of the filament dynamics contains interactive deformable filaments that move under the influence of forces from molecular motors and thermal noise. Motor tails are attached to the substrate and modeled as flexible polymers (entropic springs), motor heads perform a directed walk with a given force-velocity relation. We study the collective filament dynamics and pattern formation as a function of the motor and filament density, the force-velocity characteristics, the detachment rate of motor proteins and the filament interaction. In particular, the formation and statistics of filament patterns such as nematic ordering due to motor activity or clusters due to blocking effects are investigated. Our results are experimentally accessible and possible experimental realizations are discussed.
Strong damped Lyman alpha absorption (DLA) lines seen spectra of distant quasar are believed to arise when the sight line to the quasar goes trough the disc of a galaxy or a proto galaxy. Most of the neutral matter in the universe is contained in these clouds of neutral hydrogen that cause the absorption lines. Hence these DLAs are reservoirs for the formation of stars and galaxies throughout the universe. Despite intensive efforts over more than two decades only few galaxies responsible for the DLAs have been found. The problem is that the galaxies that harbour the neutral clouds are not necessarily bright, and selecting galaxies based on absorption lines could well select different types of galaxies than found in large surveys. If we are to understand how galaxies form out of neutral gas clouds it is essential to locate the galaxies in which DLAs reside. This thesis explores the use of integral field spectroscopy (IFS) to observe quasars known to have strong absorption lines in their spectra. IFS allows us to obtain a spectrum at many spatial points close to the quasar, thus providing images and spectroscopy simultaneously. From the imaging part, we can directly identify objects, and from the spectroscopy we can calculate the distances to the objects. When the distance of the object found in emission matches the distance to the object that cause the DLA line, we have identified the absorbing galaxy. Using this technique, we have showed that we can successfully recover a few DLA galaxies known previously from the literature. In a survey aimed to increase the number of DLA galaxies we have identified eight new candidate DLA galaxies. The projected distances from the candidates to the quasar sight lines indicate that the DLA galaxies have sizes similar to local disc galaxies. Hence our results suggest that large discs may be present when the universe was just 2 billion years old. We furthermore find no differences between the sizes of the very distant DLA galaxies and those that are not so distant. The large sizes imply that their neutral hydrogen masses are also similar to those in local galaxies, but we argue that the DLA galaxies are not necessarily as luminous as the present day disc galaxies. Taking advantage of the three-dimensional view provided by the IFS data, the second part of this thesis investigates extended emission line regions arising in the quasar neighborhood. We find that extended emission line nebulae are common around quasars, and explore the effects that may be the cause. Some quasars are known to be powerful radio emitters while others are not detected at radio wavelengths. We find that significantly larger and brighter emission line nebulae are found around the quasars which have the brightest radio emission, and in particular those that have large radio jets. The existence of the nebulae can be interpreted as an interaction of the radio jet with the surrounding medium, but we can not rule out a scenario where there are density or temperature differences in the surrounding environment. Only for the brightest object, where additional velocity information can be derived from the IFS data, can we argue for an interaction. In conclusion the use of IFS to search for faint emission lines, both from point sources and extended nebulae provides exciting new results within the scientific areas studied here.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Eigenschaften geschlossener fluider Membranen, sogenannter Vesikeln, bei endlichen Temperaturen untersucht. Dies beinhaltet Betrachtungen zur Form freier Vesikeln, eine Untersuchung des Adhäsionsverhaltens von Vesikeln an planaren Substraten sowie eine Untersuchung der Eigenschaften fluider Vesikeln in eingeschränkten Geometrien. Diese Untersuchungen fanden mit Hilfe von Monte-Carlo-Simulationen einer triangulierten Vesikeloberfläche statt. Die statistischen Eigenschaften der fluktuierenden fluiden Vesikeln wurden zum Teil mittels Freier-Energie-Profile analysiert. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde eine neuartige Histogrammethode entwickelt.<BR> Die Form für eine freie fluide Vesikel mit frei veränderlichem Volumen, die das Konfigurationsenergie-Funktional minimiert, ist im Falle verschwindender Temperatur eine Kugel. Mit Hilfe von Monte-Carlo-Simulationen sowie einem analytisch behandelbaren Modellsystem konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich dieses Ergebnis nicht auf endliche Temperaturen verallgemeinern lässt und statt dessen leicht prolate und oblate Vesikelformen gegenüber der Kugelgestalt überwiegen. Dabei ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit für eine prolate Form ein wenig gröoßer als für eine oblate. Diese spontane Asphärizität ist entropischen Ursprungs und tritt nicht bei zweidimensionalen Vesikeln auf. Durch osmotische Drücke in der Vesikel, die größer sind als in der umgebenden Flüssigkeit, lässt sich die Asphärizität reduzieren oder sogar kompensieren. Die Übergänge zwischen den beobachteten prolaten und oblaten Formen erfolgen im Bereich von Millisekunden in Abwesenheit osmotisch aktiver Partikel. Bei Vorhandensein derartiger Partikel ergeben sich Übergangszeiten im Bereich von Sekunden. Im Rahmen der Untersuchung des Adhäsionsverhaltens fluider Vesikeln an planaren, homogenen Substraten konnte mit Hilfe von Monte-Carlo-Simulationen festgestellt werden, dass die Eigenschaften der Kontaktfläche der Vesikeln stark davon abhängen, welche Kräfte den Kontakt bewirken. Für eine dominierende attraktive Wechselwirkung zwischen Substrat und Vesikelmembran sowie im Falle eines Massendichteunterschieds der Flüssigkeiten innerhalb und außerhalb der Vesikel, der die Vesikel auf das Substrat sinken lässt, fndet man innerhalb der Kontakt ache eine ortsunabhangige Verteilung des Abstands zwischen Vesikelmembran und Substrat. Drückt die Vesikel ohne Berücksichtigung osmotischer Effekte auf Grund einer Differenz der Massendichten der Membran und der umgebenden Flüssigkeit gegen das Substrat, so erhält man eine Abstandsverteilung zwischen Vesikelmembran und Substrat, die mit dem Abstand vom Rand der Kontaktfläche variiert. Dieser Effekt ist zudem temperaturabhängig. Ferner wurde die Adhäsion fluider Vesikeln an chemisch strukturierten planaren Substraten untersucht. Durch das Wechselspiel von entropischen Effekten und Konfigurationsenergien entsteht eine komplexe Abhängigkeit der Vesikelform von Biegesteifigkeit, osmotischen Bedingungen und der Geometrie der attraktiven Domänen. Für die Bestimmung der Biegesteifigkeit der Vesikelmembranen liefern die existierenden Verfahren stark voneinander abweichende Ergebnisse. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte mittels Monte-Carlo-Simulationen zur Bestimmung der Biegesteifigkeit anhand des Mikropipettenverfahrens von Evans gezeigt werden, dass dieses Verfahren die a priori für die Simulation vorgegebene Biegesteifigkeit im wesentlichen reproduzieren kann. Im Hinblick auf medizinisch-pharmazeutische Anwendungen ist der Durchgang fluider Vesikeln durch enge Poren relevant. In Monte-Carlo-Simulationen konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein spontaner Transport der Vesikel durch ein Konzentrationsgefälle osmotisch aktiver Substanzen, das den physiologischen Bedingungen entspricht, induziert werden kann. Es konnten die hierfür notwendigen osmotischen Bedingungen sowie die charakteristischen Zeitskalen abgeschätzt werden. Im realen Experiment sind Eindringzeiten in eine enge Pore im Bereich weniger Minuten zu erwarten. Ferner konnte beobachtet werden, dass bei Vesikeln mit einer homogenen, positiven spontanen Krümmung Deformationen hin zu prolaten Formen leichter erfolgen als bei Vesikeln ohne spontane Krümmung. Mit diesem Effekt ist eine Verringerung der Energiebarriere für das Eindringen in eine Pore verbunden, deren Radius nur wenig kleiner als der Vesikelradius ist.
The Thesis is focused on the properties of self-organized nanostructures. Atomic and electronic properties of different systems have been investigated using methods of electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy. Implementation of the STM technique (including design, construction, and tuning of the UHV experimental set-up) has been done in the framework of present work. This time-consuming work is reported to greater detail in the experimental part of this Thesis. The scientific part starts from the study of quantum-size effects in the electronic structure of a two-dimensional Ag film on the supporting substrate Ni(111). Distinct quantum well states in the sp-band of Ag were observed in photoelectron spectra. Analysis of thickness- and angle-dependent photoemission supplies novel information on the properties of the interface. For the first time the Ni(111) relative band gap was indirectly probed in the ground-state through the electronic structure of quantum well states in the adlayer. This is particularly important for Ni where valence electrons are strongly correlated. Comparison of the experiment with calculations performed in the formalism of the extended phase accumulation model gives the substrate gap which is fully consistent with the one obtained by ab-initio LDA calculations. It is, however, in controversy to the band structure of Ni measured directly by photoemission. These results lend credit to the simplest view of photoemission from Ni, assigning early observed contradictions between theory and experiments to electron correlation effects in the final state of photoemission. Further, nanosystems of lower dimensionality have been studied. Stepped surfaces W(331) and W(551) were used as one-dimensional model systems and as templates for self-organization of Au nanoclusters. Photon energy dependent photoemission revealed a surface resonance which was never observed before on W(110) which is the base plane of the terrace microsurfaces. The dispersion E(k) of this state measured on stepped W(331) and W(551) with angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is modified by a strong umklapp effect. It appears as two parabolas shifted symmetrically relative to the microsurface normal by half of the Brillouin zone of the step superlattice. The reported results are very important for understanding of the electronic properties of low-dimensional nanostructures. It was also established that W(331) and W(551) can serve as templates for self-organization of metallic nanostructures. A combined study of electronic and atomic properties of sub-monolayer amounts of gold deposited on these templates have shown that if the substrate is slightly pre-oxidized and the temperature is elevated, then Au can alloy with the first monolayer of W. As a result, a nanostructure of uniform clusters of a surface alloy is produced all over the steps. Such clusters feature a novel sp-band in the vicinity of the Fermi level, which appears split into constant energy levels due to effects of lateral quantization. The last and main part of this work is devoted to large-scale reconstructions on surfaces and nanostructures self-assembled on top. The two-dimensional surface carbide W(110)/C-R(15x3) has been extensively investigated. Photoemission studies of quantum size effects in the electronic structure of this reconstruction, combined with an investigation of its surface geometry, lead to an advanced structural model of the carbide overlayer. It was discovered that W(110)/C-R(15x3) can control self-organization of adlayers into nanostructures with extremely different electronic and structural properties. Thus, it was established that at elevated temperature the R(15x3) superstructure controls the self-assembly of sub-monolayer amounts of Au into nm-wide nanostripes. Based on the results of core level photoemission, the R(15x3)-induced surface alloying which takes place between Au and W can be claimed as driving force of self-organization. The observed stripes exhibit a characteristic one-dimensional electronic structure with laterally quantized d-bands. Obviously, these are very important for applications, since dimensions of electronic devices have already stepped into the nm-range, where quantum-size phenomena must undoubtedly be considered. Moreover, formation of perfectly uniform molecular clusters of C60 was demonstrated and described in terms of the van der Waals formalism. It is the first experimental observation of two-dimensional fullerene nanoclusters with "magic numbers". Calculations of the cluster potentials using the static approach have revealed characteristic minima in the interaction energy. They are achieved for 4 and 7 molecules per cluster. The obtained "magic numbers" and the corresponding cluster structures are fully consistent with the results of the STM measurements.