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Soil landscape research is faced with wide-ranging questions of soil erosion, precision farming, and agricultural risk management. Digital Soil Morphometrics is a powerful tool to provide respective answers or recommendations but requires soil data from the pedon-to-field scale with high horizontal and vertical resolutions, including the subsoil. We present an efficient sampling and measurement method for easily obtainable soil driving cores with low-destructive preparation. Elemental contents and soil organic and mineral matter composition were measured rapidly and in large numbers using a multi-sensor approach, i.e., visible and near infrared (Vis-NIR), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. The suitability of the approach with respect to three-dimensional soil landscape models was tested using soils along a slope representing different stages of erosion and deposition in a hummocky landscape under arable land use (Calcaric Regosols, Calcic Luvisols, Luvic Stagnosols, Gleyic-Colluvic Regosols). The combination of soil core sampling, pedological description, and three spectroscopic techniques enabled rapid determination and interpretation of horizontal and vertical spatial distributions of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic and mineral matter composition, as well as CaCO3, Fe, and Mn contents. Depth profiles for SOC, CaCO3, and Fe contents were suitable indicators for site-specific degrees of erosion and matter transport processes at the pedon-to-field scale. Fe and Mn profiles helped identifying zones of reductive and oxic domains in subsoils (gleyzation). Further methodical developments should implement plant-availability of nutrients, characterization of Fe oxides, and calibration of the spectroscopic techniques to field-moist samples.
Spätholozäne Landschaftsentwicklung in Westchina : zwei Fallbeispiele aus der Provinz Qinghai
(2004)
Zusammenfassung Neuere archäologische Forschungsergebnisse belegen, dass seit der frühen Bronzezeit ein intensiver kultureller und wirtschaftlicher Austausch zwischen West- und Südostchina bestand. Es war anzunehmen, dass die Grundlage dieses Austausches vergleichsweise weit entwickelte Landnutzungsaktivitäten waren. Geoarchäologische Untersuchungen über die Umweltauswirkungen der bronzezeitlichen Landnutzung in Westchina fehlen bisher. An zwei Fallbeispielen in der Provinz Qinghai, den archäologischen Fundplätzen Lajia und Fengtai, wird aufgezeigt, dass dort die wirtschaftliche Wertschöpfung auf vergleichsweise intensiver Landnutzung basierte. Die damit verbundene Zerstörung der natürlichen Vegetation ermöglichte katastrophale Erosionsereignisse, die zum Niedergang beider Siedlungen führten. Abstract Late Holocene Landscape Development in Western China ; Two Case Studies from Qinghai Province Recent archaeological research results show that an intensive cultural as well as economic exchange took place between Western and South-Eastern China since early Bronze Age. It can be assumed, that the exchange based on comparatively well developed land use activities. Geo-archaeological investigations concerning the environmental impact of Bronze Time land use in Western China are missing so far. Two case studies about the archaeological sites Lajia and Fengtai located in Qinghai Province show, that the creation of economic value based on comparatively intensive land use. The associated clearing of natural vegetation caused disastrous erosion events, which led to the decline of both settlements.