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Confusion about model validation is one of the main challenges in using ecological models for decision support, such as the regulation of pesticides. Decision makers need to know whether a model is a sufficiently good representation of its real counterpart and what criteria can be used to answer this question. Unclear terminology is one of the main obstacles to a good understanding of what model validation is, how it works, and what it can deliver. Therefore, we performed a literature review and derived a standard set of terms. 'Validation' was identified as a catch-all term, which is thus useless for any practical purpose. We introduce the term 'evaludation', a fusion of 'evaluation' and 'validation', to describe the entire process of assessing a model's quality and reliability. Considering the iterative nature of model development, the modelling cycle, we identified six essential elements of evaludation: (i) 'data evaluation' for scrutinising the quality of numerical and qualitative data used for model development and testing; (ii) 'conceptual model evaluation' for examining the simplifying assumptions underlying a model's design; (iii) 'implementation verification' for testing the model's implementation in equations and as a computer programme; (iv) 'model output verification' for comparing model output to data and patterns that guided model design and were possibly used for calibration; (v) 'model analysis' for exploring the model's sensitivity to changes in parameters and process formulations to make sure that the mechanistic basis of main behaviours of the model has been well understood; and (vi) 'model output corroboration' for comparing model output to new data and patterns that were not used for model development and parameterisation. Currently, most decision makers require 'validating' a model by testing its predictions with new experiments or data. Despite being desirable, this is neither sufficient nor necessary for a model to be useful for decision support. We believe that the proposed set of terms and its relation to the modelling cycle can help to make quality assessments and reality checks of ecological models more comprehensive and transparent. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Rezensierte Werke: Kiwitt, M.: Les gloses françaises du glossaire biblique B.N. hébr. 301. Édition critique partielle et étude linguistique (= Romanische Texte des Mittelalters, Bd. 2). - Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter 2013. - 472 S. Edzard, A.B.: Varietätenlinguistische Untersuchungen zum Judenfranzösischen (= Bonner Romanistische Arbeiten, Bd. 103). - Bern–Berlin–Frankfurt am Main.: Peter Lang 2011. - 398 S. ISBN 978-3-631-61571-3
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the cutting edge in innate and adaptive immunity. The major functions of these antigen presenting cells are the capture, endosomal processing and presentation of antigens, providing them an exclusive ability to provoke adaptive immune responses and to induce and control tolerance. Immature DCs capture and process antigens, migrate towards secondary lymphoid organs where they present antigens to naive T cells in a well synchronized sequence of procedures referred to as maturation. Indeed, recent research indicated that sphingolipids are modulators of essential steps in DC homeostasis. It has been recognized that sphingolipids not only modulate the development of DC subtypes from precursor cells but also influence functional activities of DCs such as antigen capture, and cytokine profiling. Thus, it is not astonishing that sphingolipids and sphingolipid metabolism play a substantial role in inflammatory diseases that are modulated by DCs. Here we highlight the function of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) on DC homeostasis and the role of SIP and SW metabolism in inflammatory diseases.
In der verdienstvollen Reihe der Abhandlungen der Studiengruppe für Politik und Völkerrecht ist ein gerade jetzt – Ukraine/Krim-Krise! – höchst aktueller Band zum Thema Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Völker erschienen. Der Band, der die auf einer Tagung der Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung in Verbindung mit der Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen im Dezember 2010 gehaltenen Vorträge umfasst, präsentiert keine grundstürzend neuen Erkenntnisse, aber die mit dem Selbstbestimmungsrecht verbundenen Probleme werden in aller Regel übersichtlich dargestellt und erörtert. So ist das Fundament bereitet, auf dem auch die neueren Ereignisse sinnvoll diskutiert werden können. In diesem Zusammenhang soll auch auf frühere Arbeiten der Studiengruppe aufmerksam gemacht werden, die im vorliegenden Band freilich erstaunlich wenig, jedenfalls nicht erkennbar, ausgewertet werden.