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Institute
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This dissertation examines the integration of incongruent visual-scene and morphological-case information (“cues”) in building thematic-role representations of spoken relative clauses in German.
Addressing the mutual influence of visual and linguistic processing, the Coordinated Interplay Account (CIA) describes a mechanism in two steps supporting visuo-linguistic integration (Knoeferle & Crocker, 2006, Cog Sci). However, the outcomes and dynamics of integrating incongruent thematic-role representations from distinct sources have been investigated scarcely. Further, there is evidence that both second-language (L2) and older speakers may rely on non-syntactic cues relatively more than first-language (L1)/young speakers. Yet, the role of visual information for thematic-role comprehension has not been measured in L2 speakers, and only limitedly across the adult lifespan.
Thematically unambiguous canonically ordered (subject-extracted) and noncanonically ordered (object-extracted) spoken relative clauses in German (see 1a-b) were presented in isolation and alongside visual scenes conveying either the same (congruent) or the opposite (incongruent) thematic relations as the sentence did.
1 a Das ist der Koch, der die Braut verfolgt.
This is the.NOM cook who.NOM the.ACC bride follows
This is the cook who is following the bride.
b Das ist der Koch, den die Braut verfolgt.
This is the.NOM cook whom.ACC the.NOM bride follows
This is the cook whom the bride is following.
The relative contribution of each cue to thematic-role representations was assessed with agent identification. Accuracy and latency data were collected post-sentence from a sample of L1 and L2 speakers (Zona & Felser, 2023), and from a sample of L1 speakers from across the adult lifespan (Zona & Reifegerste, under review). In addition, the moment-by-moment dynamics of thematic-role assignment were investigated with mouse tracking in a young L1 sample (Zona, under review).
The following questions were addressed: (1) How do visual scenes influence thematic-role representations of canonical and noncanonical sentences? (2) How does reliance on visual-scene, case, and word-order cues vary in L1 and L2 speakers? (3) How does reliance on visual-scene, case, and word-order cues change across the lifespan?
The results showed reliable effects of incongruence of visually and linguistically conveyed thematic relations on thematic-role representations. Incongruent (vs. congruent) scenes yielded slower and less accurate responses to agent-identification probes presented post-sentence. The recently inspected agent was considered as the most likely agent ~300ms after trial onset, and the convergence of visual scenes and word order enabled comprehenders to assign thematic roles predictively.
L2 (vs. L1) participants relied more on word order overall. In response to noncanonical clauses presented with incongruent visual scenes, sensitivity to case predicted the size of incongruence effects better than L1-L2 grouping. These results suggest that the individual’s ability to exploit specific cues might predict their weighting.
Sensitivity to case was stable throughout the lifespan, while visual effects increased with increasing age and were modulated by individual interference-inhibition levels. Thus, age-related changes in comprehension may stem from stronger reliance on visually (vs. linguistically) conveyed meaning.
These patterns represent evidence for a recent-role preference – i.e., a tendency to re-assign visually conveyed thematic roles to the same referents in temporally coordinated utterances. The findings (i) extend the generalizability of CIA predictions across stimuli, tasks, populations, and measures of interest, (ii) contribute to specifying the outcomes and mechanisms of detecting and indexing incongruent representations within the CIA, and (iii) speak to current efforts to understand the sources of variability in sentence comprehension.
Bildung:digital
(2024)
Heute Morgen schon im Bett geswiped, geliked oder gepostet? Auf Arbeit an einer Video-Konferenz teilgenommen, eine Datenbank benutzt oder programmiert? Auf dem Heimweg schnell noch im Laden mit dem Smartphone bezahlt, Podcasts gehört und die Ausleihe der Bibliotheksbücher verlängert? Und abends auf der Couch mit dem Tablet auf ELSTER.de die Steuererklärung ausgefüllt, online geshoppt oder Rechnungen bezahlt, ehe die Streaming-Plattform mit einer Serie lockt?
Unser Leben ist durch und durch digitalisiert. Diese Veränderungen machen vieles schneller, leichter, effizienter. Doch damit Schritt zu halten, verlangt uns einiges ab und gelingt beileibe nicht allen. Es gibt Menschen, die für eine Überweisung lieber zur Bank gehen, das Programmieren den Experten überlassen, die Steuererklärung per Post schicken und das Smartphone nur zum Telefonieren benutzen. Sie wollen nicht, vielleicht können sie auch nicht. Haben es nicht gelernt. Andere, jüngere Menschen, wachsen als „Digital Natives“ inmitten digitaler Geräte, Tools und Prozesse auf. Aber können sie deshalb wirklich damit umgehen? Oder brauchen auch sie digitale Bildung?
Aber wie sieht erfolgreiche digitale Bildung eigentlich aus? Lernen wir dabei ein Tablet zu bedienen, richtig zu googeln und Excel-Tabellen zu schreiben? Möglicherweise geht es um mehr: darum, den umfassenden Wandel zu verstehen, der unsere Welt erfasst, seitdem sie in Einsen und Nullen zerlegt und virtuell neu aufgebaut wird. Aber wie lernen wir, in einer Welt der Digitalität zu leben – mit allem, was dazu gehört und zu unserem Nutzen? Für die aktuelle Ausgabe der „Portal Wissen“ haben wir uns an der Universität Potsdam umgeschaut, welche Rolle die Verbindung von Digitalisierung und Lernen in der Forschung der verschiedenen Disziplinen spielt: Wir haben mit Katharina Scheiter, Professorin für digitale Bildung, über die Zukunft in deutschen Schulen gesprochen und uns gleich von mehreren Expert*innen Beispiele dafür zeigen lassen, wie digitale Instrumente schulisches Lernen, aber auch Weiterbildung im Berufsleben verbessern können. Außerdem haben uns Forschende aus Informatik und Agrarforschung vorgeführt, wie auch gestandene Landwirte dank digitaler Hilfsmittel noch viel über ihr Land und ihre Arbeit lernen können. Wir haben mit Bildungsforschenden gesprochen, die mithilfe von Big Data analysieren, wie Jungen und Mädchen lernen und wo mögliche Ursachen für Unterschiede zu suchen sind. Die Bildungsund Politikwissenschaftlerin Nina Kolleck wiederum schaut auf Bildung vor dem Hintergrund der Globalisierung und setzt dabei auf die Auswertung von großen Mengen Social-Media- Daten.
Dabei verlieren wir natürlich die Vielfalt der Forschung an der Uni Potsdam nicht aus den Augen: Wir stellen der Strafrechtlerin Anna Albrecht 33 Fragen, begleiten eine Gruppe von Geoforschenden in den Himalaya und lassen uns erklären, welche Alternativen es bald zu Antibiotika geben könnte. Außerdem geht es in diesem Magazin um Stress und wie er uns krankmacht, die Forschung zu nachhaltiger Erzgewinnung und neue Ansätze in der Schulentwicklung.
Neu ist auch eine ganze Reihe kürzerer Beiträge, die zum Blättern und Schmökern einladen: von Forschungsnews und Personalia- Infos über fotografische Einblicke in Labore, einfache Erklärungen komplexer Phänomene und Ausblicke in die weite Forschungswelt bis hin zu einer kleinen Wissenschaftsutopie, einem persönlichen Dank an die Forschung und einem Wissenschaftscomic. All das im Namen der Bildung, versteht sich. Viel Vergnügen bei der Lektüre!
Wo programmiert wird, da passieren Fehler. Um das Debugging, also die Suche sowie die Behebung von Fehlern in Quellcode, stärker explizit zu adressieren, verfolgt die vorliegende Arbeit das Ziel, entlang einer prototypischen Lernumgebung sowohl ein systematisches Vorgehen während des Debuggings zu vermitteln als auch Gestaltungsfolgerungen für ebensolche Lernumgebungen zu identifizieren. Dazu wird die folgende Forschungsfrage gestellt: Wie verhalten sich die Lernenden während des kurzzeitigen Gebrauchs einer Lernumgebung nach dem Cognitive Apprenticeship-Ansatz mit dem Ziel der expliziten Vermittlung eines systematischen Debuggingvorgehens und welche Eindrücke entstehen während der Bearbeitung?
Zur Beantwortung dieser Forschungsfrage wurde orientierend an literaturbasierten Implikationen für die Vermittlung von Debugging und (medien-)didaktischen Gestaltungsaspekten eine prototypische Lernumgebung entwickelt und im Rahmen einer qualitativen Nutzerstudie mit Bachelorstudierenden informatischer Studiengänge erprobt. Hierbei wurden zum einen anwendungsbezogene Verbesserungspotenziale identifiziert. Zum anderen zeigte sich insbesondere gegenüber der Systematisierung des Debuggingprozesses innerhalb der Aufgabenbearbeitung eine positive Resonanz. Eine Untersuchung, inwieweit sich die Nutzung der Lernumgebung längerfristig auf das Verhalten von Personen und ihre Vorgehensweisen während des Debuggings auswirkt, könnte Gegenstand kommender Arbeiten sein.
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) has identified river morphological alteration and diffuse pollution as the two main pressures affecting water bodies in Europe at the catchment scale. Consequently, river restoration has become a priority to achieve the WFD's objective of good ecological status. However, little is known about the effects of stream morphological changes, such as re-meandering, on in-stream nitrate retention at the river network scale. Therefore, catchment nitrate modeling is necessary to guide the implementation of spatially targeted and cost-effective mitigation measures. Meanwhile, Germany, like many other regions in central Europe, has experienced consecutive summer droughts from 2015-2018, resulting in significant changes in river nitrate concentrations in various catchments. However, the mechanistic exploration of catchment nitrate responses to changing weather conditions is still lacking.
Firstly, a fully distributed, process-based catchment Nitrate model (mHM-Nitrate) was used, which was properly calibrated and comprehensively evaluated at numerous spatially distributed nitrate sampling locations. Three calibration schemes were designed, taking into account land use, stream order, and mean nitrate concentrations, and they varied in spatial coverage but used data from the same period (2011–2019). The model performance for discharge was similar among the three schemes, with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) scores ranging from 0.88 to 0.92. However, for nitrate concentrations, scheme 2 outperformed schemes 1 and 3 when compared to observed data from eight gauging stations. This was likely because scheme 2 incorporated a diverse range of data, including low discharge values and nitrate concentrations, and thus provided a better representation of within-catchment heterogenous. Therefore, the study suggests that strategically selecting gauging stations that reflect the full range of within-catchment heterogeneity is more important for calibration than simply increasing the number of stations.
Secondly, the mHM-Nitrate model was used to reveal the causal relations between sequential droughts and nitrate concentration in the Bode catchment (3200 km2) in central Germany, where stream nitrate concentrations exhibited contrasting trends from upstream to downstream reaches. The model was evaluated using data from six gauging stations, reflecting different levels of runoff components and their associated nitrate-mixing from upstream to downstream. Results indicated that the mHM-Nitrate model reproduced dynamics of daily discharge and nitrate concentration well, with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency ≥ 0.73 for discharge and Kling-Gupta Efficiency ≥ 0.50 for nitrate concentration at most stations. Particularly, the spatially contrasting trends of nitrate concentration were successfully captured by the model. The decrease of nitrate concentration in the lowland area in drought years (2015-2018) was presumably due to (1) limited terrestrial export loading (ca. 40% lower than that of normal years 2004-2014), and (2) increased in-stream retention efficiency (20% higher in summer within the whole river network). From a mechanistic modelling perspective, this study provided insights into spatially heterogeneous flow and nitrate dynamics and effects of sequential droughts, which shed light on water-quality responses to future climate change, as droughts are projected to be more frequent.
Thirdly, this study investigated the effects of stream restoration via re-meandering on in-stream nitrate retention at network-scale in the well-monitored Bode catchment. The mHM-Nitrate model showed good performance in reproducing daily discharge and nitrate concentrations, with median Kling-Gupta values of 0.78 and 0.74, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of gross nitrate retention efficiency, which accounted for both denitrification and assimilatory uptake, were 5.1 ± 0.61% and 74.7 ± 23.2% in winter and summer, respectively, within the stream network. The study found that in the summer, denitrification rates were about two times higher in lowland sub-catchments dominated by agricultural lands than in mountainous sub-catchments dominated by forested areas, with median ± SD of 204 ± 22.6 and 102 ± 22.1 mg N m-2 d-1, respectively. Similarly, assimilatory uptake rates were approximately five times higher in streams surrounded by lowland agricultural areas than in those in higher-elevation, forested areas, with median ± SD of 200 ± 27.1 and 39.1 ± 8.7 mg N m-2 d-1, respectively. Therefore, restoration strategies targeting lowland agricultural areas may have greater potential for increasing nitrate retention. The study also found that restoring stream sinuosity could increase net nitrate retention efficiency by up to 25.4 ± 5.3%, with greater effects seen in small streams. These results suggest that restoration efforts should consider augmenting stream sinuosity to increase nitrate retention and decrease nitrate concentrations at the catchment scale.
Körper – Karte – Text
(2024)
Rabelais' Pentalogie um die Riesen Gargantua und Pantagruel spiegelt Aspekte des sich verändernden Weltbildes ihrer Entstehungszeit. Diese Studie untersucht auf der Folie der Theorie des Simulakrum Schrift, wie Körpermodellierungen und kartographisches imaginaire durch den Autor als Strategien der Verhüllung verborgener Botschaften eingesetzt werden. Sie zeigt an ausgewählten Beispielen des Quart Livre die Aufweichung der Grenzen von Körper, Karte und Text und deren Durchdringung. Die Metaphorizität des Textes gibt Aufschluss über seine Autoreflexivität und bewirkt eine gleichsam ganzheitliche Lektüreerfahrung. Schließlich avanciert die Fiktion in ihrer Trugbildhaftigkeit als grotesk-sinnlicher Körper und polysemantische Karte zum Welterklärungsmodell, das jedoch erst dechiffriert werden muss.
Enterprise solutions, specifically enterprise systems, have allowed companies to integrate enterprises’ operations throughout. The integration scope of enterprise solutions has increasingly widened, now often covering customer activities, activities along supply chains, and platform ecosystems. IS research has contributed a wide range of explanatory and design knowledge dealing with this class of IS. During the last two decades, many technological as well as managerial/organizational innovations extended the affordances of enterprise solutions—but this broader scope also challenges traditional approaches to their analysis and design. This position paper presents an enterprise-level (i.e., cross-solution) perspective on IS, discusses the challenges of complexity and coordination for IS design and management, presents selected enterprise-level insights for IS coordination and governance, and explores avenues towards a more comprehensive body of knowledge on this important level of analysis.
With Arctic ground as a huge and temperature-sensitive carbon reservoir, maintaining low ground temperatures and frozen conditions to prevent further carbon emissions that contrib-ute to global climate warming is a key element in humankind’s fight to maintain habitable con-ditions on earth. Former studies showed that during the late Pleistocene, Arctic ground condi-tions were generally colder and more stable as the result of an ecosystem dominated by large herbivorous mammals and vast extents of graminoid vegetation – the mammoth steppe. Characterised by high plant productivity (grassland) and low ground insulation due to animal-caused compression and removal of snow, this ecosystem enabled deep permafrost aggrad-ation. Now, with tundra and shrub vegetation common in the terrestrial Arctic, these effects are not in place anymore. However, it appears to be possible to recreate this ecosystem local-ly by artificially increasing animal numbers, and hence keep Arctic ground cold to reduce or-ganic matter decomposition and carbon release into the atmosphere.
By measuring thaw depth, total organic carbon and total nitrogen content, stable carbon iso-tope ratio, radiocarbon age, n-alkane and alcohol characteristics and assessing dominant vegetation types along grazing intensity transects in two contrasting Arctic areas, it was found that recreating conditions locally, similar to the mammoth steppe, seems to be possible. For permafrost-affected soil, it was shown that intensive grazing in direct comparison to non-grazed areas reduces active layer depth and leads to higher TOC contents in the active layer soil. For soil only frozen on top in winter, an increase of TOC with grazing intensity could not be found, most likely because of confounding factors such as vertical water and carbon movement, which is not possible with an impermeable layer in permafrost. In both areas, high animal activity led to a vegetation transformation towards species-poor graminoid-dominated landscapes with less shrubs. Lipid biomarker analysis revealed that, even though the available organic material is different between the study areas, in both permafrost-affected and sea-sonally frozen soils the organic material in sites affected by high animal activity was less de-composed than under less intensive grazing pressure. In conclusion, high animal activity af-fects decomposition processes in Arctic soils and the ground thermal regime, visible from reduced active layer depth in permafrost areas. Therefore, grazing management might be utilised to locally stabilise permafrost and reduce Arctic carbon emissions in the future, but is likely not scalable to the entire permafrost region.
The present thesis looks at cultural conceptualisations in relation to DEATH in Irish English from a Cultural Linguistic perspective and puts a special focus on the diachronic development of these conceptualisations. For the study, a corpus consisting of 1,400 death notices from the Dublin-based national newspaper The Irish Times from 14 historical periods between 1859 and 2023 was compiled, resulting in a highly specialised 70,000-word corpus. First, the manual qualitative analysis of the death notices produced evidence for eight superordinate cultural conceptualisations surrounding DEATH, namely, in the order of their frequency THE DEAD ARE TO BE REMEMBERED OR REGRETTED, DEATH IS SOMETHING POSITIVE, DEATH IS REST, DEATH IS A JOURNEY, DYING IS THE BEGINNING OF ANOTHER LIFE, DEATH IS (NOT) A TABOO, DEATH IS GOD’S WILL, and DEATH IS THE END. These conceptualisations were derived from linguistic expressions in the death notices that have these conceptualisations as a cognitive basis. Second, the quantitative comparison of the individual conceptualisations detected diachronic variation, which is interconnected with historical and social developments in Ireland. The thesis, therefore, illustrates the applicability of Cultural Linguistics as an adequate method for diachronic studies interested in culturally determined developments of conceptualisations.
Margrethe, the 80, and who?
(2024)