Refine
Year of publication
- 2022 (188) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (154)
- Doctoral Thesis (19)
- Postprint (10)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (2)
- Part of a Book (1)
- Other (1)
- Review (1)
Language
- English (188) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (188)
Keywords
- permafrost (7)
- climate change (6)
- Andes (3)
- diffusion (3)
- machine learning (3)
- ocean color remote sensing (3)
- pollen (3)
- radiation belts (3)
- Arctic ocean (2)
- Argentina (2)
- Asia (2)
- Central Andes (2)
- Climate change (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- ERA5 (2)
- GEDI (2)
- ICESat-2 (2)
- Landsat (2)
- Magnetotellurics (2)
- Opalinus Clay (2)
- Opalinuston (2)
- PHREEQC (2)
- Precipitation (2)
- Sentinel 2 (2)
- Siberia (2)
- Tibetan Plateau (2)
- Vertical flux (2)
- analysis (2)
- bacteria (2)
- bat fatalities (2)
- biodiversity decline (2)
- canopy height (2)
- earthquake (2)
- extreme events (2)
- flood risk (2)
- floods (2)
- food web (2)
- geodynamics (2)
- green-green dilemma (2)
- hydraulic fracturing (2)
- isotopic fractionation (2)
- landscape evolution (2)
- lidar (2)
- mapping (2)
- modelling (2)
- monitoring (2)
- nearshore zone (2)
- numerical modelling (2)
- numerische Modellierung (2)
- radiocarbon (2)
- reactive transport (2)
- reaktiver Transport (2)
- renewable energy (2)
- savanna (2)
- sensitivity (2)
- stable isotopes (2)
- subduction (2)
- surface processes (2)
- suspended sediment (2)
- wind energy production (2)
- %Ro (1)
- 16S rRNA genes (1)
- 2D Numerical Modelling (1)
- ASPECT (1)
- Active tectonics (1)
- Africa (1)
- Agricultural Model Inter-comparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP); (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Amazon region (1)
- Analog historical seismograms (1)
- Andean back-arc; (1)
- Anden (1)
- Antarctica (1)
- Arctic (1)
- Arctic Ocean (1)
- Arctic lakes (1)
- Arctic nearhore zone (1)
- Argentinien (1)
- Assapaat landslide (1)
- Atmospheric CO2 (1)
- B-isotopes (1)
- Baryt (1)
- Bayesian inference (1)
- Bayesian model (1)
- Beaufort Sea (1)
- Beni Suef Basin (1)
- Best management practice (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Blattverschiebung (1)
- Bocono (1)
- Body waves (1)
- Brazil (1)
- Bruchausbreitung (1)
- Building exposure modelling (1)
- CMIP6 (1)
- CO2 emissions (1)
- COH-fluid (1)
- CRNS (1)
- Carbonation (1)
- Causality (1)
- Cenozoic flat-slab (1)
- Central Myanmar Basin (1)
- Chain structure (1)
- Change-point regression model (1)
- Chilean Coastal Cordillera (1)
- Chilean subduction zone (1)
- Chironomidae (1)
- Cladocera (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate governance (1)
- Climate reconstructions (1)
- Cluster analysis moment (1)
- Cologne (1)
- Colorado mineral belt (1)
- Comparative hydrology (1)
- Complex terrain (1)
- Composition and structure of the continental crust (1)
- Conductive channel (1)
- Continental Rifts (1)
- Coordination number (1)
- Cost-benefit (1)
- DEM analysis (1)
- DOC (1)
- Data collection (1)
- Data-Mining (1)
- Deep carbon cycle (1)
- Deformation (1)
- Deformationsmechanismen (1)
- Densification (1)
- Diamond anvil cell (1)
- Diatoms (1)
- Dissolved organic matter (DOM) (1)
- Distributed acoustic sensing (1)
- EMIC (1)
- EMIC waves (1)
- Early pleistocene; (1)
- Earthquake loss modelling (1)
- Earthquake scenario (1)
- Earthquake source observations (1)
- Earthquake swarm (1)
- East Asian summer monsoon (1)
- East Siberia (1)
- Eastern Alps (1)
- Eastern Dharwar craton (1)
- Egypt (1)
- El Nino Southern Oscillation (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- Embedding (1)
- Endlagerung nuklearer Abfälle (1)
- Engineering (1)
- Ensemble (1)
- Epistemic uncertainty (1)
- Erdbeben (1)
- Erosion (1)
- Ethiopia rift (1)
- Etna (1)
- European Alps (1)
- Evolutionary ecology (1)
- Extreme (1)
- Extremereignisse (1)
- Faceted taxonomy (1)
- Fagradalsfjall (1)
- FastScape (1)
- Field measurements (1)
- Fluid inclusion geochemistry (1)
- Fluid mixing (1)
- Fluid/magma reservoir (1)
- Focused ion beam (1)
- Forearc (1)
- Formationsschaden (1)
- Fourier analysis (1)
- Functional connectivity (1)
- GNSS (1)
- Ganga River (1)
- Garnet-orthopyroxene-cordierite gneiss (1)
- Gashydrate (1)
- Generalized Extreme Value distribution (1)
- Genetic algorithm (1)
- Geochronology (1)
- Geodynamic Modelling (1)
- Geodynamics (1)
- Geodynamik (1)
- Geodynamische Modellierung (1)
- Geomorphic systems (1)
- Geophysics (1)
- Geothermie (1)
- Germany (1)
- Gewässerfernerkundung (1)
- Global inversion (1)
- Global warming (1)
- Global warming potential (1)
- Gorkha earthquake (1)
- Grabenbrüche (1)
- Granulite enclaves (1)
- Graph theory (1)
- Greek Islands (1)
- Greenhouse gas emissions (1)
- Ground-based estimates (1)
- Ground-motion model (1)
- Groundwater recharge (1)
- Grundgestein (1)
- Guaymas Basin (1)
- HBV-light model (1)
- HP-experiments (1)
- Hadley-Walker Circulation (1)
- Heteroscedastic (1)
- High pressure and high temperature; (1)
- Himalaya (1)
- Hochwasserrisiko (1)
- Homo sapiens (1)
- Horizontal (1)
- Horizontal flux (1)
- Hydrology (1)
- Hydrothermal veins (1)
- Iceland (1)
- Image processing (1)
- InSAR (1)
- India (1)
- Indian monsoon (1)
- Indian summer monsoon (1)
- Indo-Burman Ranges (1)
- Induzierte Seismizität (1)
- Injektion (1)
- Injektionsschema (1)
- Intermediate-deep earthquakes (1)
- International policy (1)
- Inverse methods (1)
- Ischigualasto-Villa Union Basin (1)
- Isotopenfraktionierung (1)
- James Ross archipelago (1)
- Joint Inversion (1)
- Kenya Rift (1)
- Kerogen petrography (1)
- L-moments estimation (1)
- LP (1)
- Lacustrine sediment (1)
- Landscapes (1)
- Landslide chronosequences (1)
- Landslides (1)
- Las Chacras-Potrerillos (1)
- Late Glacial (1)
- Legume model (1)
- Limnology (1)
- Lithosphäre (1)
- Lokalisierung von Deformation (1)
- Low impact development (1)
- Lu-Hf (1)
- Machine learning (1)
- Magma-Entgasung (1)
- Magnitude scalin (1)
- Mallik (1)
- Mediterranean (1)
- Merida Andes (1)
- Methane (1)
- Microbial processes (1)
- Micropollutants (1)
- Mikroplatte (1)
- Mikrostrukturelle (1)
- Model calibration (1)
- Model ensemble (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Modellierung der Wassertrübung (1)
- Molybdenum mineralization (1)
- Mountain meteorology (1)
- Multivariate (1)
- N-butylpyridinium bromide (1)
- NSGA-II (1)
- Nano-XRF (1)
- NanoSIMS (1)
- NanoSIMS; (1)
- Nd isotopic composition (1)
- Near-source saturation (1)
- Near-surface geophysics (1)
- Neotektonik (1)
- Nepal (1)
- Nocardioides alcanivorans (1)
- Non-uniqueness (1)
- Northeast China (1)
- Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (1)
- Numerische 2D Modellierung (1)
- Nutrients (1)
- ODP 659 (1)
- ODP 721/722 (1)
- ODP 967 (1)
- Oberflächenprozesse (1)
- Ohre Rift (1)
- OpenStreetMap (1)
- Optimization (1)
- Ore (1)
- Orinoco River system (1)
- PM balances (1)
- PM10, PM2, PM1 (1)
- PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations (1)
- PSD (1)
- Palaeoclimate (1)
- Paleoseismologie (1)
- Paläoklimatologie (1)
- Particle swarm optimization (1)
- Permafrostsedimente (1)
- Phytoliths (1)
- Phytoplankton (1)
- Plio-Pleistocene (1)
- Plio-pleistocene transition (1)
- Policy (1)
- Pollen (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Probabilistic exposure modelling (1)
- RCP4,5 and 8,5 (1)
- Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Random Forest (1)
- Reaktivierung von Störungszonen (1)
- Recharge controls (1)
- Recurrence analysis (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Reykjanes (1)
- Rhine basin (1)
- Rift (1)
- Risstransmissivität (1)
- Russia (1)
- Russian Arctic (1)
- SIMS (1)
- Salzgestein (1)
- Sava River (1)
- Scenario (1)
- Schadensmodellierung (1)
- Schallemissionen (1)
- Scheme (1)
- Sediment characterization (1)
- Sediment reuse (1)
- Seesystemreaktionen (1)
- Seismic anisotropy (1)
- Seismic damage assessment (1)
- Seismic nest (1)
- Seismic noise (1)
- Seismic risk (1)
- Seismic tomography (1)
- Seismicity and tectonics (1)
- Semiarid (1)
- Sensitivity analysis (1)
- Sentinel-1 InSAR (1)
- Short-lived climate pollutants (1)
- Sierra de San Luis (1)
- Silicate melts (1)
- Slope temperature (1)
- Sm-Nd (1)
- Soil (1)
- Sorption (1)
- South America (1)
- South China Sea (1)
- Spannungsmessung (1)
- Spatially cross-correlated ground motion (1)
- Spectral accelerations (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- State space reconstruction (1)
- Statistical analysis (1)
- StorAge Selection function (1)
- Storm water management model (1)
- Strain Localisation (1)
- Streamflow (1)
- Strike-slip faults (1)
- Strukturgeologie (1)
- Subduktion (1)
- Surface (1)
- Surface waves and free oscillations (1)
- TanDEM-X DEM (1)
- Tauern Window; (1)
- Temperature (1)
- Thick-skinned tectonics (1)
- Time series analysis (1)
- Time-series analysis (1)
- Torsion Experiments (1)
- Torsionsexperimente (1)
- Transfer function (1)
- Triassic rifting (1)
- Tropical lake (1)
- Trujillo Block (1)
- Ultra-low velocity zones (1)
- Uran (1)
- VERB (1)
- VLP (1)
- VT events and tremor (1)
- Varved sediments (1)
- Walker circulation (1)
- Wasser-Gesteins-Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Water budget / balance (1)
- Waveform inversion (1)
- West Burma Terrane (1)
- Windböen (1)
- Winderosion (1)
- Wirtsgesteinsskala (1)
- Within-model uncertainty (1)
- XANES (1)
- XRD in the clay fraction (1)
- XRF analysis (1)
- Yangtze River (1)
- Yedoma (1)
- Zentral Asien (1)
- acoustic emissions (1)
- aegean (1)
- afterslip inversion (1)
- age-heterogeneity (1)
- agemodeling (1)
- air pollution (1)
- ambient noise (1)
- anaerobe Inkubationensexperimente (1)
- anaerobic incubation experiments (1)
- ancient DNA (1)
- andean geology (1)
- apatite geochemistry and U-Pb dating (1)
- aquatic carbon cycle (1)
- arctic (1)
- arktischer Nahküstenbereich (1)
- bacterial diversity (1)
- bacterial-community structure (1)
- barite (1)
- basement rock (1)
- basin modeling (1)
- biogeography (1)
- bioturbation (1)
- black carbon (1)
- body waves (1)
- bond strength (1)
- boreal (1)
- boreal forest (1)
- buildings (1)
- burial (1)
- carbon cycle (1)
- carbon fluxes (1)
- catchment (1)
- catchment nitrate export (1)
- catchment response (1)
- change (1)
- characteristics (1)
- charcoal (1)
- chemistry (1)
- chorus waves (1)
- city district (1)
- clay (1)
- cleaner energy transitions (1)
- climat change (1)
- climate adaptation (1)
- climate benefits (1)
- climate change adaptation (1)
- climate gradient (1)
- climate modeling (1)
- climate time series analysis (1)
- climate transition (1)
- clumped isotopes (1)
- code (1)
- compound-specific stable isotopes (1)
- computational geosciences (1)
- concentration (1)
- conflict (1)
- cosmic-rays (1)
- cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- covalency (1)
- creep and unmapped faults; (1)
- crustal structure (1)
- damage modelling (1)
- data-mining (1)
- deep biosphere (1)
- deep long-period earthquakes (1)
- deformation (1)
- degradation (1)
- density-driven flow (1)
- deposition (1)
- derived flood risk analysis (1)
- deterministic (1)
- detrital provenance (1)
- diamond anvil cell (1)
- dichtegetriebene Strömung (1)
- digital elevation models (1)
- digital twin (1)
- directivity analysis (1)
- disaster risk (1)
- discharge (1)
- discharge time series (1)
- disturbance (1)
- downscaling (1)
- drainage-divide migration (1)
- earth system sciences (1)
- earthquake damage (1)
- earthquake hydrology (1)
- earthquake swarms (1)
- earthquakes (1)
- ecosystem service cascade (1)
- electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- electrochemistry (1)
- emergency management (1)
- empirical (1)
- enhanced geothermal system (1)
- enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) (1)
- environmental (1)
- environmentalism (1)
- equifinality (1)
- erosion (1)
- eruption (1)
- estimation (1)
- event characteristics (1)
- expedition (1)
- exposure (1)
- extensional tectonics (1)
- extreme seasons (1)
- fault network (1)
- fault reactivation (1)
- faults (1)
- fields (1)
- fire (1)
- flat-slab (1)
- flood frequency (1)
- flood modelling; (1)
- flood risk analysis (1)
- floodplain wetlands (1)
- fluctuation (1)
- fluvial erosion (1)
- flux (1)
- forecasting (1)
- forecasting (1922, 4315, 7924, 7964) (1)
- forest (1)
- formation damage (1)
- fracture growth (1)
- fracture transmissivity (1)
- frequency-domain electromagnetics (1)
- gas flux (1)
- gas hydrate (1)
- gas hydrates (1)
- generative model (1)
- geochronology (1)
- geogenic degassing (1)
- geoinformatics (1)
- geomodeling (1)
- geomorphic connectivity (1)
- geostatistics (1)
- geothermal energy (1)
- geyser (1)
- global change (1)
- grain size (1)
- greenhouse gas (1)
- ground motion fields (1)
- ground motion modeling (1)
- groundwater recharge (1)
- habitat (1)
- hazards (1)
- heat flow (1)
- heavy tail behavior (1)
- hellenic volcanic arc (1)
- hexadecane (1)
- high spatial resolution (1)
- high-pressure (1)
- historical geography (1)
- hominid (1)
- horizontaler Fluss (1)
- host rock scale (1)
- human evolution (1)
- hybrid (1)
- hydrate formation (1)
- hydrated silicate (1)
- hydraulische Risserzeugung (1)
- hydraulisches Aufbrechen (1)
- hydrodynamic interactions (1)
- hydrodynamic sorting (1)
- hydrogen bond (1)
- hydrological modeling (1)
- hydrological uplift and subsidence (1)
- hydrothermal system; (1)
- ice complex (1)
- imaging (1)
- impact (1)
- incommensurate modulation (1)
- induced seismicity (1)
- injection (1)
- injection scheme (1)
- intercultural understanding (1)
- interdisciplinarity (1)
- interseismic strain rate (1)
- inverse analysis (1)
- inverse modeling (1)
- ionic liquids (1)
- iron (1)
- knickpoints (1)
- lake system responses (1)
- larch (1)
- larch forest (1)
- laterally constrained inversion (1)
- lethal violence (1)
- level (1)
- lithosphere (1)
- low temperature thermochronology (1)
- low-frequency (1)
- machine learning (0555) (1)
- magma degassing (1)
- magma plumbing system (1)
- marine sediments (1)
- maschinelles Lernen (1)
- mathematical geology (1)
- melts (1)
- mesoscale heterogeneous catchment (1)
- metal-containing ionic liquids; (1)
- methane (1)
- methane hydrate (1)
- microbial community (1)
- microbial diversity (1)
- microbial mats (1)
- microplate (1)
- microstructural deformation mechanisms (1)
- minimum gradient support regularization (1)
- mining sciences (1)
- model (1)
- modeling; (1)
- modern pollen assemblages (1)
- molecular biomarkers (1)
- molekulare Biomarker (1)
- monsoon (1)
- morphometric indices (1)
- mountain growth (1)
- multiperspective reception of AvH (1)
- multisensor system (1)
- multivariate statistics (1)
- muons (1)
- near-surface monitoring (1)
- neutrons (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- nitrogen legacies (1)
- normal faults (1)
- nuclear waste disposal (1)
- numerical simulation (1)
- numerical simulations (1)
- offene Daten (1)
- online (1)
- open data (1)
- organic carbon stabilization (1)
- organic matter (1)
- organisches Material (1)
- orographic rainfall (1)
- paleoceanography (1)
- paleoclimate (1)
- paleoclimatology (1)
- paleoseismology (1)
- parameter (1)
- peat characterization (1)
- pedogenic carbonate (1)
- pegmatite (1)
- periglacial process (1)
- permafost (1)
- permafrost sediments (1)
- permutation entropy (1)
- petrothermales System (EGS) (1)
- phase transition (1)
- phytoplankton (1)
- planktonic foraminifera (1)
- planning indicators (1)
- plasma density (1)
- plastic degradation (1)
- plastisphere (1)
- pollen-vegetation-climate relationships (1)
- population pressure (1)
- poroelasticity (1)
- power-law rheology (1)
- precaution (1)
- precipitation (1)
- propagating uplift (1)
- provenance (1)
- quantitative vegetation reconstruction (1)
- quartäre Geochronologie (1)
- radial flow (1)
- radiale Strömung (1)
- radiocarbon dating (1)
- reactive transport simulation (1)
- reaktive Transportsimulation (1)
- reconstruction (1)
- redox processes (1)
- reduction (1)
- regional flood frequency analysis (1)
- relative pollen productivity (1)
- relaxation (1)
- remote sensing (1)
- renya Rift (1)
- reservoirs (1)
- rheology (1)
- rift (1)
- rift transfer zone (1)
- rifts (1)
- risk (1)
- risk management (1)
- river dynamics (1)
- river incision (1)
- rivers (1)
- rotational sensor (1)
- russische Arktis (1)
- salt rock (1)
- santorini (1)
- sediment (1)
- sediment dynamics (1)
- sediment routing system (1)
- sediment transport (1)
- sedimentary aquifer (1)
- seismic monitoring (1)
- seismic tomography (1)
- seismicity (1)
- seismicity model (1)
- sensitivity analysis (1)
- slope aspect (1)
- software (1)
- soil formation (1)
- soil-moisture (1)
- solid earth (1)
- sorption (1)
- source rock evaluation (1)
- spin (1)
- stabile Isotope (1)
- stable carbon isotopes (1)
- statistics (1)
- steric factors (1)
- stress measurement (1)
- strike-slip (1)
- subcatchment response (1)
- subduction zone (1)
- submarine gas vents (1)
- submarine volcanism (1)
- subsurface life (1)
- sulfate reduction (1)
- surface type-function-concept (1)
- surface velocity (1)
- surface wave (1)
- surface wave, inversion, near surface (1)
- taiga (1)
- tectonic geodesy (1)
- temperature sensor (1)
- tensor inversion (1)
- terrestrial (1)
- tetrahalidometallates (1)
- thaw (1)
- thermochronological modelling (AFT, AHe and ZHe) (1)
- thermochronology (1)
- thermodynamic and kinetic properties (1)
- thermodynamische und kinetische Eigenschaften (1)
- thermokarst (1)
- thermokarst lakes (1)
- thermophiles; (1)
- time series analysis (1)
- tourmaline (1)
- transition (1)
- travel time distribution (1)
- triaxial deformation experiments (1)
- triaxiale Deformationsexperimente (1)
- tropical climate (1)
- tundra (1)
- turbidity modelling (1)
- twin domains (1)
- ultra-relativistic electrons (1)
- upper tail (1)
- uranium (1)
- urban green (1)
- urban planning practice (1)
- variability (1)
- varved lake sediments (1)
- verbesserte geothermische Systeme (1)
- vertikaler Fluss (1)
- volcano-seismology (1)
- volcanoseismology (1)
- vulnerability (1)
- warfare (1)
- warvierte Seesedimente (1)
- water balance (1)
- water quality (1)
- water quality modeling (1)
- water rock interactions (1)
- water table (1)
- wetland (1)
- wetland hydrology (1)
- wind energy-biodiversity (1)
- wind energy-biodiversity conflict (1)
- wind gusts (1)
- winderosion (1)
- yedoma (1)
- yedoma ice complex (1)
Institute
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (188) (remove)
Reconstructing thermal histories in thrust belts is commonly used to infer the age and rates of thrusting and hence the driving mechanisms of orogenesis.
In areas where ancient basins have been incorporated into the orogenic wedge, a quantitative reconstruction of the thermal history helps distinguish among potential mechanisms responsible for heating events.
We present such a reconstruction for the Ischigualasto-Villa Union basin in the western Pampean Ranges of Argentina, where Triassic rifting and late Cretaceous-Cenozoic retroarc foreland basin development has been widely documented, including Miocene flat-slab subduction.
We report results of organic and inorganic thermal indicators acquired along three stratigraphic sections, including vitrinite reflectance and X-ray diffractometry in claystones and new thermochronological [(apatite fission-track and apatite and zircon [U-Th]/He)] analyses.
Despite up to 5 km-thick Cenozoic overburden and unlike previously thought, the thermal peak in the basin is not due to Cenozoic burial but occurred in the Triassic, associated with a high heat flow of up to 90 mWm(-2) and <2 km of burial, which heated the base of the Triassic strata to similar to 160 degrees C. Following exhumation, attested by the development of an unconformity between the Triassic and Late-Cretaceous-Cenozoic sequences, Cenozoic re-burial increased the temperature to similar to 110 degrees C at the base of the Triassic section and only similar to 50 degrees C 7 km upsection, suggesting a dramatic decrease in the thermal gradient.
The onset of Cenozoic cooling occurred at similar to 10(-8) Ma, concomitant with sediment accumulation and thus preceding the latest Miocene onset of thrusting that has been independently documented by stratigraphic-cross-cutting relationships.
We argue that the onset of cooling is associated with lithospheric refrigeration following establishment of flat-slab subduction, leading to the eastward displacement of the asthenospheric wedge beneath the South American plate.
Our study places time and temperature constraints on flat-slab cooling that calls for a careful interpretation of exhumation signals in thrustbelts inferred from thermochronology only.
Seismology, like many scientific fields, e.g., music information retrieval and speech signal pro- cessing, is experiencing exponential growth in the amount of data acquired by modern seismo- logical networks. In this thesis, I take advantage of the opportunities offered by "big data" and by the methods developed in the areas of music information retrieval and machine learning to predict better the ground motion generated by earthquakes and to study the properties of the surface layers of the Earth. In order to better predict seismic ground motions, I propose two approaches based on unsupervised deep learning methods, an autoencoder network and Generative Adversarial Networks. The autoencoder technique explores a massive amount of ground motion data, evaluates the required parameters, and generates synthetic ground motion data in the Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS) domain. This method is tested on two synthetic datasets and one real dataset. The application on the real dataset shows that the substantial information contained within the FAS data can be encoded to a four to the five-dimensional manifold. Consequently, only a few independent parameters are required for efficient ground motion prediction. I also propose a method based on Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (CGAN) for simulating ground motion records in the time-frequency and time domains. CGAN generates the time-frequency domains based on the parameters: magnitude, distance, and shear wave velocities to 30 m depth (VS30). After generating the amplitude of the time-frequency domains using the CGAN model, instead of classical conventional methods that assume the amplitude spectra with a random phase spectrum, the phase of the time-frequency domains is recovered by minimizing the observed and reconstructed spectrograms. In the second part of this dissertation, I propose two methods for the monitoring and characterization of near-surface materials and site effect analyses. I implement an autocorrelation function and an interferometry method to monitor the velocity changes of near-surface materials resulting from the Kumamoto earthquake sequence (Japan, 2016). The observed seismic velocity changes during the strong shaking are due to the non-linear response of the near-surface materials. The results show that the velocity changes lasted for about two months after the Kumamoto mainshock. Furthermore, I used the velocity changes to evaluate the in-situ strain-stress relationship. I also propose a method for assessing the site proxy "VS30" using non-invasive analysis. In the proposed method, a dispersion curve of surface waves is inverted to estimate the shear wave velocity of the subsurface. This method is based on the Dix-like linear operators, which relate the shear wave velocity to the phase velocity. The proposed method is fast, efficient, and stable. All of the methods presented in this work can be used for processing "big data" in seismology and for the analysis of weak and strong ground motion data, to predict ground shaking, and to analyze site responses by considering potential time dependencies and nonlinearities.
The Gofa Province and the Chew Bahir Basin of southern Ethiopia constitute tectonically active regions, where the Southern Main Ethiopian Rift converges with the Northern Kenya Rift through a wide zone of extensional deformation with several north to northeast-trending, left-stepping en-e & PRIME;chelon basins. This sector of the Southern Main Ethiopian Rift is characterized by a semi-arid climate and a largely uniform lithology, and thus provides ideal conditions for studying the different parameters that define the tectonic and geomorphic features of this complex kinematic transfer zone. In this study, the degree of tectonic activity, spatiotemporal variations in extension, and the nature of kinematic linkage between different fault systems of the transfer zone are constrained by detailed quantitative geomorphic analysis of river catchments and focused field work. We analyzed fluvial and landscape morphometric characteristics in combination with structural, seismicity, and climatic data to better evaluate the tectono-geomorphic history of this transfer zone. Our data reveal significant north-south variations in the degree of extension from the Sawula Basin in the north (mature) to the Chew Bahir Basin in the south (juvenile). First, normalized channel-steepness indices and the spatial arrangement of knickpoints in footwall-draining streams suggest a gradual, southward shift in extensional deformation and recent tectonic activity. Second, based on 1-k(m) radius local relief and mean-hillslope maximum values that are consistent with ksn anomalies, we confirm strain localization within zones of fault interaction. Third, morphometric indices such as hypsometry, basin asymmetry factor, and valley floor width to valley height ratio also indicate a north to south gradient in tectonic activity, highlighting the importance of such a wide transfer zone with diffuse extension linking different rift segments during the break-up of continental crust.
Volcano-seismic signals such as long-period events and tremor are important indicators for volcanic activity and unrest. However, their wavefield is complex and characterization and location using traditional seismological instrumentation is often difficult.
In 2019 we recorded the full seismic wavefield using a newly developed 3C rotational sensor co-located with a 3C traditional seismometer on Etna, Italy. We compare the performance of the rotational sensor, the seismometer and the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Osservatorio Etneo (INGV-OE) seismic network with respect to the analysis of complex volcano-seismic signals. We create event catalogs for volcano-tectonic (VT) and long-period (LP) events combining a STA/LTA algorithm and cross-correlations.
The event detection based on the rotational sensor is as reliable as the seismometer-based detection. The LP events are dominated by SH-type waves. Derived SH phase velocities range from 500 to 1,000 m/s for LP events and 300-400 m/s for volcanic tremor. SH-waves compose the tremor during weak volcanic activity and SH- and SV-waves during sustained strombolian activity.
We derive back azimuths using (a) horizontal rotational components and (b) vertical rotation rate and transverse acceleration. The estimated back azimuths are consistent with the INGV-OE event location for (a) VT events with an epicentral distance larger than 3 km and some closer events, (b) LP events and tremor in the main crater area. Measuring the full wavefield we can reliably analyze the back azimuths, phase velocities and wavefield composition for VT, LP events and tremor in regions that are difficult to access such as volcanoes.
In this study we present a novel method for the automatic detection of minerals and elements using hyperspectral transmittance imaging microscopy measurements of complete thin sections (HyperTIM).
This is accomplished by using a hyperspectral camera system that operates in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) range with a specifically designed sample holder, scanning setup, and a microscope lens.
We utilize this method on a monazite ore thin section from Steenkampskraal (South Africa), which we analyzed for the rare earth element (REE)-bearing mineral monazite ((Ce,Nd,La)PO4), with high concentrations of Nd. The transmittance analyses with the hyperspectral VNIR camera can be used to identify REE minerals and Nd in thin sections.
We propose a three-point band depth index, the Nd feature depth index (NdFD), and its related product the Nd band depth index (NdBDI), which enables automatic mineral detection and classification for the Nd-bearing monazites in thin sections. In combination with the average concentration of the relative Nd content, it permits a destruction-free, total concentration calculation for Nd across the entire thin section.
Fast-localized electron loss, resulting from interactions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, can produce deepening minima in phase space density (PSD) radial profiles. Here, we perform a statistical analysis of local PSD minima to quantify how readily these are associated with radiation belt depletions. The statistics of PSD minima observed over a year are compared to the Versatile Electron Radiation Belts (VERB) simulations, both including and excluding EMIC waves. The observed minima distribution can only be achieved in the simulation including EMIC waves, indicating their importance in the dynamics of the radiation belts. By analyzing electron flux depletions in conjunction with the observed PSD minima, we show that, in the heart of the outer radiation belt (L* < 5), on average, 53% of multi-MeV electron depletions are associated with PSD minima, demonstrating that fast localized loss by interactions with EMIC waves are a common and crucial process for ultra-relativistic electron populations.
Phase transitions in molecular crystals are often determined by intermolecular interactions. The cage complex of [Co(C12H30N8)](3+) . 3 NO3- is reported to undergo a disorder-order phase transition at T-c1 approximate to 133 K upon cooling. Temperature-dependent neutron and synchrotron diffraction experiments revealed satellite reflections in addition to main reflections in the diffraction patterns below T-c1. The modulation wave vector varies as function of temperature and locks in at T-c3 approximate to 98 K. Here, we demonstrate that the crystal symmetry lowers from hexagonal to monoclinic in the incommensurately modulated phases in T-c1<T<T-c3. Distinctive levels of competitions: trade-off between longer N-H...O and shorter C-H...O hydrogen bonds; steric constraints to dense C-H...O bonds give rise to pronounced modulation of the basic structure. Severely frustrated crystal packing in the incommensurate phase is precursor to optimal balance of intermolecular interactions in the lock-in phase.
The immense advances in computer power achieved in the last decades have had a significant impact in Earth science, providing valuable research outputs that allow the simulation of complex natural processes and systems, and generating improved forecasts. The development and implementation of innovative geoscientific software is currently evolving towards a sustainable and efficient development by integrating models of different aspects of the Earth system. This will set the foundation for a future digital twin of the Earth. The codification and update of this software require great effort from research groups and therefore, it needs to be preserved for its reuse by future generations of geoscientists. Here, we report on Geo-Soft-CoRe, a Geoscientific Software & Code Repository, hosted at the archive DIGITAL.CSIC. This is an open source, multidisciplinary and multiscale collection of software and code developed to analyze different aspects of the Earth system, encompassing tools to: 1) analyze climate variability; 2) assess hazards, and 3) characterize the structure and dynamics of the solid Earth. Due to the broad range of applications of these software packages, this collection is useful not only for basic research in Earth science, but also for applied research and educational purposes, reducing the gap between the geosciences and the society. By providing each software and code with a permanent identifier (DOI), we ensure its self-sustainability and accomplish the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principles. Therefore, we aim for a more transparent science, transferring knowledge in an easier way to the geoscience community, and encouraging an integrated use of computational infrastructure.
The concepts of CO2 emission, global warming, climate change, and their environmental impacts are of utmost importance for the understanding and protection of the ecosystems.
Among the natural sources of gases into the atmosphere, the contribution of geogenic sources plays a crucial role. However, while subaerial emissions are widely studied, submarine outgassing is not yet well understood.
In this study, we review and catalog 122 literature and unpublished data of submarine emissions distributed in ten coastal areas of the Aegean Sea. This catalog includes descriptions of the degassing vents through in situ observations, their chemical and isotopic compositions, and flux estimations.
Temperatures and pH data of surface seawaters in four areas affected by submarine degassing are also presented.
This overview provides useful information to researchers studying the impact of enhanced seawater CO2 concentrations related either to increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere or leaking carbon capture and storage systems.
Agricultural production worldwide has been increasing in the last decades at a very fast pace and with it the waste generation. Livestock activities are one of the largest producers of residues in the agricultural sector and contribute greatly to climate change. The present chapter gives an introduction and an in-depth analysis of the waste management of livestock for the conversion in a circular agriculture and economy based on research and experience in the sector conducted in the last decades. The conversion of animal waste into energy generation is an opportunity for farmers to obtain additional economic benefits, while contributing to the environment by preventing the release of GHGs into the atmosphere. The use of animal waste for energy generation through anaerobic digestion is a progressive technique and is being widely accepted in Europe, where Germany is the leading country in the use of biogas plants for energy production among others in the European Union. Economically speaking, the livestock industry faces the challenge of converting its production into a clean and more profitable production. The goal of this chapter is to analyze the economic benefit as well as the environmental contribution and future challenges of the use of livestock waste in the biorefineries sector from different perspectives, based on an intensive literature review. This review is accompanied by a geospatial analysis component, mapping biogas reactor hotspots and clusters in Germany, by means of methods of spatial statistics as analysis methods as kernel density estimations (KDE) and K-means clustering, based on volunteer geographic data. The applied methods easily can be transferred to other regions and allow a quick macroscopic overview over existing biogas reactors; furthermore, an identification of cluster and hotspots with a high biogas potential, that in a subsequent step can be analyzed in depth in larger scales.