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Das politische System Kubas
(2008)
Active host-searching in bat ectoparasites. As a pilot study, this paper discribes the mobility of ectoparasites after removing from their hosts. Spinturnix acuminatus (Koch, 1836)(Acari, Spinturnicidae) a permanent stationary bat mite normally survives the removing only a few hours. This species moves easily on the patagium or on human skin. In contrast, on other surfaces the movements of this species seems to be less orientated and it is unlikely that the mite can reach a host in some distance. Nycteribia kolenatii Theodor & Moscona, 1954 (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) a bat fly, shows excellent movements in the fur of its host. The specimens survive the removing from the host several days. The ability to clamber up a wall was tested with a rough clay brick. The bat fly achieves only 9,6 cm on average. This result does not support good abilities for host searching in this species. Bat fleas (Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae): Ischnopsyllus elongatus (Curtis, 1832), I. hexactenus (Kolenati, 1856), I. simplex (Rothschild, 1906)and other species survive the removing from their hosts several days. In case of a vertical barrier they showed a stereotype upside climbing, followed by a horizontal appetitive behavior. The fleas were climbing a distance in the upside of 6,45 m on average(1,2-21,68 m). As excellent climbers bat fleas are able to overcome edges and slopes and to crawl on the ceiling. Therefore, it seems to be no problem for a flea to parasite any bat in a resting room. Additionally, some bugs (Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758) were examinated. They run with a speed of 63 cm per minute and were able to climb easily on the brick. On average their stretch of way achieved 2,85 m in ten minutes.
Small livestock is an important resource for rural human populations in dry climates. How strongly will climate change affect the capacity of the rangeland? We used hierarchical modelling to scale quantitatively the growth of shrubs and annual plants, the main food of sheep and goats, to the landscape extent in the eastern Mediterranean region. Without grazing, productivity increased in a sigmoid way with mean annual precipitation. Grazing reduced productivity more strongly the drier the landscape. At a point just under the stocking capacity of the vegetation, productivity declined precipitously with more intense grazing due to a lack of seed production of annuals. We repeated simulations with precipitation patterns projected by two contrasting IPCC scenarios. Compared to results based on historic patterns, productivity and stocking capacity did not differ in most cases. Thus, grazing intensity remains the stronger impact on landscape productivity in this dry region even in the future.