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Overproduction of Chl b retards senescence through transcriptional reprogramming in arabidopsis
(2012)
Leaf senescence is a developmentally and environmentally regulated process which includes global changes in gene expression. Using Arabidopsis as a model, we modified Chl arrangement in photosystems by overexpressing the catalytic domain (the C domain) of chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) fused with the linker domain (the B domain) of CAO and green fluorescent protein (GFP). In these plants (referred to as the BCG plants for the B and C domains of CAO and GFP), the Chl a/b ratio was drastically decreased and Chl b was incorporated into core antenna complexes. The BCG plants exhibited a significant delay of both developmental and dark-induced leaf senescence. The photosynthetic apparatus, CO2 fixation enzymes and the chloroplast structure were lost in wild-type plants during senescence, while BCG plants retained them longer than the wild type. Large-scale quantitative real-time PCR analyses of 1,880 transcription factor (TF) genes showed that 241 TFs are differentially expressed between BCG plants and wild-type plants at senescence, similar to 40% of which are known senescence-associated genes (SAGs). Expression profiling also revealed the down-regulation of a large number of additional non-TF SAGs. In contrast, genes involved in photosynthesis were up-regulated, while those encoding Chl degradation enzymes were down-regulated in BCG plants. These results demonstrate that alteration of pigment composition in the photosynthetic apparatus retards senescence through transcriptional reprogramming.
Objective: The age of menarche is usually considered to be affected by nutritional, health-related, social, and economic factors and has significantly decreased since the mid-19th century. The present study was performed to investigate whether the timing of menarche paralleled the general acceleration of physical development, or whether this pattern differed.
Study Design: In all, 30 German studies on menarcheal age (n = > 200) since 1848 were collected. Frequency distributions were analyzed.
Results: During the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century, mean menarcheal age decreased from 18 to 12-13 years in Europe. Yet, the data fail to support the conventional hypothesis that menarcheal age mainly depends on nutritional, health, and economic factors.
Conclusions: We suggest that later than usual menarche may not necessarily be regarded as a physical illness, but in view of the apparently physiological delay of menarche in the 19th century, may be viewed as "collective social amenorrhea."
Target Audience: Obstetricians & Gynecologists and Family Physicians.
Learning Objectives: After participating in this CME activity, physicians should be better able to evaluate menarche as an indicator of developmental tempo in both historical and modern settings, compare menarche in healthy mid-19th century girls with menarche in average modern girls, and assess the marked sensitivity of full pubertal development to environmental circumstances.
Plant oxylipins are an important class of signaling molecules in plants. The cyclic adducts of epinephrine or norepinephrine with the naturally occurring oxylipin (12Z,15Z)-9-hydroxy-10-oxo-octadeca-12,15-dienoic acid (KODA, 1) or its synthetic analogues (2-6) have been reported to possess flower-inducing activity toward Lemna paucicostata. By in vivo and in vitro experiments with seedlings of Pharbitis nil cv. Violet carbonyl groups of the alpha-ketols (1 and 3) and the ketones (7 and 9) were enantio-selectively reduced to give their corresponding vicinal diols (2 and 4) and alcohols (8 and 10). The stereochemistry at the oxymethine carbon was determined based on the long range C H coupling constants and the modified Mosher's method. Orientation of the adjacent hydroxyl group in (1 and 3) did not affect the enantio-selectivity, whereas the conversion was slightly affected and higher yields were obtained with the R-enantiomers of the alpha-ketols.
Test-retest-reliability of metabolic and cardiovascular load during isokinetic strength testing
(2012)