Refine
Year of publication
- 2013 (86) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (63)
- Doctoral Thesis (10)
- Preprint (7)
- Conference Proceeding (3)
- Postprint (2)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (1)
Keywords
- children (6)
- Eye movements (4)
- eye movements (4)
- Kinder (3)
- Reading (3)
- adolescence (3)
- learning (3)
- media violence (3)
- Adipositas (2)
- Adolescence (2)
- Children (2)
- Depression (2)
- Eltern (2)
- Linear mixed model (2)
- Mental number line (2)
- Visual attention (2)
- Working memory (2)
- adolescents (2)
- aggressive cognitions (2)
- associative networks (2)
- embodied cognition (2)
- fixation durations (2)
- inhibition (2)
- longitudinal study (2)
- obesity (2)
- parafoveal processing (2)
- parents (2)
- reading (2)
- sentence reading (2)
- sexual aggression (2)
- working memory capacity (2)
- 13-to 15-month-old infants (1)
- 5-HTTLPR (1)
- ACTH (1)
- Abdominal pain (1)
- Academic achievement (1)
- Age at First Drink (1)
- Alan Kennedy (1)
- Alcohol Use (1)
- Altersunterschiede (1)
- Animacy (1)
- Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität (1)
- Attention (1)
- Attention: Selective (1)
- Auditory pitch (1)
- Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle (1)
- Augenbewegungen (1)
- Automobildesign (1)
- BDNF (1)
- BMI (1)
- Bewältigungsstrategien (1)
- Blickbewegungen (1)
- Boundary paradigm (1)
- Brazil (1)
- Category identification (1)
- Child's emotional eating (1)
- Chinese (1)
- Chronic abdominal pain (1)
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (1)
- Cognitive-behavioral treatment (1)
- Common Sense Model of Illness Representation (1)
- Computational modeling (1)
- Context-specific task features (1)
- Coping (1)
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene (1)
- Cortisol (1)
- Current motivation (1)
- Decoupling (1)
- Distributed processing (1)
- Dual task (1)
- Dyslexia (1)
- EEG/ERP (1)
- EMG (1)
- Early psychosocial adversity (1)
- Eating (1)
- Eltern-Kind-Assoziation (1)
- Embodied perception (1)
- Ernährung (1)
- Event-related potentials (1)
- Expertise (1)
- Eye movement (1)
- Eye movements in reading (1)
- Eye tracking (1)
- Eyemind assumption (1)
- Family adversity (1)
- Feeding practices (1)
- Fixational selectivity (1)
- Gender differences (1)
- Gene-environment interaction (1)
- Goal-directed movements (1)
- Grasp affordances (1)
- HPA axis (1)
- Hemmung (1)
- Human (1)
- IAT (1)
- Infant (1)
- Infant action processing (1)
- Infants (age: 7 months) (1)
- Innovativität (1)
- Job-anxiety (1)
- Jugendalter (1)
- Korrektursakkaden (1)
- Körperunzufriedenheit (1)
- Landepositionsfehler (1)
- Lesen (1)
- Longitudinal study (1)
- Magnitude comparison (1)
- Maltreatment (1)
- Maternal weight (1)
- Metacognitive strategy knowledge (1)
- Mikrosakkaden (1)
- MoMo-AFB (1)
- Modality (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Modelllernen (1)
- Mother-infant interaction (1)
- Motor resonance account (1)
- Musikrhythmus (1)
- Mütter (1)
- Naming (1)
- Nc (1)
- Numerical cognition (1)
- Object categorization (1)
- Ostensive communication (1)
- Parafoveal processing (1)
- Parafoveal-on-foveal effects (1)
- Parsing difficulty (1)
- Peers (1)
- Perceptual span (1)
- Personality traits (1)
- Preschoolers (1)
- Preview effects (1)
- Prior knowledge (1)
- Produkterleben (1)
- Prospective Longitudinal Study (1)
- Psychosocial functioning (1)
- Puberty (1)
- Rapid automatized naming (1)
- Rational action understanding (1)
- Rational imitation tasks (1)
- Reading comprehension (1)
- Reading motivation (1)
- Reading strategy (1)
- Reasoning ability (1)
- Recognition memory (1)
- SMARC (1)
- SNARC (1)
- Scene perception (1)
- Sekundärsakkaden (1)
- Semantik (1)
- Sentence comprehension (1)
- Serial and parallel (1)
- Serial recall (1)
- Social cognition (1)
- Sozialer Druck (1)
- Spatial bias (1)
- Spatial coding (1)
- Sprachrhythmus (1)
- Surprisal (1)
- Test anxiety (1)
- To learners in which of the following categories does your work apply (1)
- Verbal cues (1)
- Visual stimulus processing (1)
- Young Adulthood (1)
- Young adults (1)
- additive and interactive effects (1)
- aesthetic preferences (1)
- aesthetic user requirements (1)
- age (1)
- age at first cigarette (1)
- age differences (1)
- aggression (1)
- attention (1)
- attentional control (1)
- automatic associations (1)
- automatic attitudes (1)
- automotive design (1)
- binocular combination (1)
- body dissatisfaction (1)
- calculation (1)
- childhood (1)
- childhood abuse (1)
- children and adolescents (1)
- chronic illness (1)
- clinical interview (1)
- cognitive flexibility (1)
- cold pressor pain (1)
- common sense model of illness representation (1)
- composition effects (1)
- computational modeling (1)
- concepts of illness (1)
- confirmation bias (1)
- corrective saccades (1)
- covert attention (1)
- dependence (1)
- developmental dyscalculia (1)
- diet (1)
- disturbed eating (1)
- early smoking experiences (1)
- eating disorders (1)
- effects of trial history (1)
- elementary school (1)
- emotion regulation (1)
- evoked potentials (1)
- expertise (1)
- familiarity (1)
- family background (1)
- family relations (1)
- female perpetrators (1)
- finger counting (1)
- fixation locations (1)
- food preference (1)
- formal cognitive models (1)
- formale kognitive Modelle (1)
- free associations (1)
- fruits and vegetables (1)
- gender (1)
- generalizability (1)
- gestörtes Essverhalten (1)
- hand dynamics (1)
- illness representations (1)
- implicit measures (1)
- innovativeness (1)
- interactive learning environment (1)
- interference model (1)
- interoception (1)
- interoceptive awareness (1)
- intervention (1)
- interview method (1)
- learning disability (1)
- lexical decision (1)
- linear mixed models (1)
- male victims (1)
- mathematics (1)
- mental number line (1)
- microsaccades (1)
- migration (1)
- modeling (1)
- modelling (1)
- monocular deprivation (1)
- mothers (1)
- musical rhythm (1)
- near-hand effect (1)
- number cognition (1)
- numerical cognition (1)
- occupational health (1)
- oculomotor control (1)
- old adults and young adults (1)
- operational momentum (1)
- optimization (1)
- overweight (1)
- parafoveale Verarbeitung (1)
- parent-child-association (1)
- parental pressure (1)
- participation disorders (1)
- peer pressure (1)
- peers (1)
- perception (1)
- physical activity (1)
- physical activity questionnaire (1)
- pleasurable smoking sensations (1)
- point process (1)
- pornography (1)
- preview benefit (1)
- primary care (1)
- product experience (1)
- prosodic boundary (1)
- psychometric properties (1)
- pubertal timing (1)
- puberty (1)
- publication bias (1)
- reading comprehension (1)
- reading frequency (1)
- reading motivation (1)
- reappraisal (1)
- rehabilitation episodes (1)
- replicability (1)
- reproductive strategies (1)
- research transparency (1)
- saccadic error (1)
- saliency (1)
- same-sex contacts (1)
- scene perception (1)
- secondary saccades (1)
- semantic (1)
- semantics (1)
- sensory balance (1)
- sex differences (1)
- sexual scripts (1)
- sexual victimization (1)
- sickness absence (1)
- social cognition (1)
- social pressure (1)
- spatial frequencies (1)
- spatial representation (1)
- spatial statistics (1)
- speech rhythm (1)
- stimulus-onset delay (1)
- subjektive Krankheitskonzepte (1)
- symbolic calculation (1)
- syntactic processing (1)
- syntaktische Ambiguität (1)
- tactile perception (1)
- tracking (1)
- trait-anxiety (1)
- unipolar affective disorders (1)
- workplace (1)
- wrap-up process (1)
- x Comprehension (1)
- x Early adolescence (1)
- x Intrinsic (1)
- x Motivation/engagement, x Extrinsic (1)
- Übergewicht (1)
- ästhetische Nutzeranforderungen (1)
- ästhetische Präferenzen (1)
Institute
- Department Psychologie (86) (remove)
Automobildesigner haben als Gestaltungsexperten die Aufgabe, die Identität und damit die Werte einer Marke in Formen zu übersetzen, welche eine Vielzahl von Kunden ansprechen (Giannini & Monti, 2003; Karjalainen, 2002). Für diesen Übersetzungsprozess ist es zielführend, ästhetische Kundenbedürfnisse zu kennen, denn die Qualität einer Designlösung hängt auch davon ab, inwieweit der Designer Kundenbe-dürfnisse und damit das Designproblem richtig erfasst hat (Ulrich, 2006). Eine Grundlage hierfür entsteht durch eine erfolgreiche Designer-Nutzer-Interaktion und den Aufbau eines gemeinsamen Kontextwissens (Lee, Popovich, Blackler & Lee, 2009). Zwischen Designern und Kunden findet jedoch häufig kein direkter Austausch statt (Zeisel, 2006). Zudem belegen Befunde der Kunst- und Produktästhetikforschung, dass der Erwerb von gestalterischem Wissen und damit die Entwicklung ästhetischer Expertise mit Veränderungen der kognitiven Verarbeitung ästhetischer Objekte einhergeht, die sich in Wahrnehmung, Bewertung und Verhalten manifestieren. Damit ist auch zu erwarten, dass die Präferenzurteile von Designern und Kunden bei der ästhetischen Bewertung von Design nicht immer konvergieren. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die systematische Untersuchung dieser expertisebedingten Wahrnehmungs- und Bewertungsunterschiede zwischen designge-schulten und ungeschulten Personen bei der Betrachtung von Automobildesign. Damit sollten Perzeption, Verarbeitung und Bewertung von Automobildesign durch design-ungeschulte Personen transparenter gemacht und mit der Verarbeitung designgeschul-ter Personen verglichen werden, um einen Beitrag zur gemeinsamen Wissensbasis und damit einer erfolgreichen Designer-Nutzer-Interaktion zu leisten. Die theoretische Einbettung der Arbeit basierte auf dem Modell ästhetischer Erfahrung und ästheti-schen Urteilens von Leder, Belke, Oeberst und Augustin (2004), welches konkrete Annahmen zu Verarbeitungsunterschieden von ästhetischen Objekten zwischen Experten und Laien bietet, die bisher allerdings noch nicht umfassend geprüft wurden. Den ersten Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bildete die Untersuchung von Unter-schieden zwischen Designern und designungeschulten Rezipienten bei der Beschrei-bung und Bewertung auf dem Markt vorhandenen Fahrzeugdesigns. Dabei sollte auch geprüft werden, ob eine lexikalische Verbindung zwischen Beschreibungsattributen von Fahrzeugrezipienten und den postulierten Markenwerten von Automobilmarken hergestellt werden kann. Diesem ersten Untersuchungsanliegen wurde in zwei Studien nachgegangen: Studie I diente der Erhebung von Beschreibungsattributen mittels Triadenvergleich in Anlehnung an Kelly (1955). Es wurde geprüft, ob designgeschulte Teilnehmer produkti-ver verbalisieren, dabei anteilig mehr symbolbezogene als formbezogene Attribute generieren und innerhalb ihrer Gruppe häufiger gleiche Attribute nutzen als designun-geschulte Teilnehmer. Hierfür beschrieben 20 designgeschulte Probanden und 20 designungeschulte Probanden mit selbst gewählten Adjektiven die Unterschiede zwischen vier präsentierten Fahrzeugen. Die Gruppen nutzten dabei entgegen der Annahmen sehr ähnliche Attribute und unterschieden sich somit auch nicht in ihrer Verwendung symbolbezogener und formbezogener Attribute. Die generierten Attribute wurden mittels Prototypenansatz (Amelang & Zielinski, 2002) den ermittelten und nachfolgend kategorisierten Markenwerten von 10 Automobilherstellern zugeordnet, so dass sechs Skalen zur Erfassung der ästhetischen Wirkung von Fahrzeugen entstanden. In Studie II wurde ein diese sechs Skalen umfassender Fragebogen an einer Stichprobe von 83 Designern und Designstudierenden sowie 98 Probanden ohne Designausbildung in einer Onlinebefragung hinsichtlich Skalenkonsistenz geprüft. Außerdem wurden erste Annahmen aus dem Modell von Leder et al. (2004) abgeleitet und durch einen Vergleich der beiden Teilnehmergruppen hinsichtlich der Bewertung der vier präsentierten Fahrzeugmodelle für die Skalen mit guter interner Konsistenz (Attraktivität, Dynamik, Fortschritt, Qualität), sowie eines ästhetischen Gesamturteils, der benötigten Bewertungszeit und der Automobilaffinität überprüft. Hierbei vergaben Designstudierende und insbesondere ausgebildete Designer radikalere Bewertungen als Designlaien, benötigten mehr Zeit bei der Bewertung und waren automobilaffiner als die ungeschulten Befragungsteilnehmer. Den zweiten Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildete eine konzeptionelle Zusammen-führung der Annahmen des Modells von Leder et al. (2004) und der Postulate zur Wirkung von Objekteigenschaften auf ästhetische Urteile (Berlyne, 1971; Martindale, 1988; Silvia, 2005b). Konkret sollte geprüft werden, welchen Einfluss marktrelevante Objekteigenschaften, wie z.B. das Ausmaß an Innovativität, auf die durch Expertise moderierte Bewertung von Design haben. In den Studien III und IV wurden hierfür systematisch bezüglich Innovativität und Balance gestufte Linienmodelle von Fahrzeu-gen präsentiert. In Studie III wurden die Modelle in einer Onlinebefragung durch 18 Designstudierende und 20 Studenten der Fahrzeugtechnik hinsichtlich Attraktivität, Innovativität und Balance bewertet. Im Einklang mit den Annahmen konnte gezeigt werden, dass sehr neuartiges Design von den designungeschulten Probanden als weniger attraktiv bewertet wird als von Betrachtern eines Designstudienganges. In Studie IV wurden neben den Ästhetikbewertungen zusätzlich das Blickverhal-ten und der affektiver Zustand der Versuchsteilnehmer in einem Messwiederholungs-design mit einer zwischengelagerten Phase elaborierter Designbewertung, in welcher der in Studie II geprüfte Fragebogen eingesetzt wurde, erhoben. An der Laborstudie nahmen je 11 Designer, Ingenieure, und Geisteswissenschaftler teil. Wiederum wurde innovatives Design von den designungeschulten Gruppen als weniger attraktiv bewertet. Dieser Unterschied reduzierte sich jedoch nach wiederholter Bewertung der Modelle. Die Manifestation expertisebedingten Blickverhaltens konnte nicht beobach-tet werden, wie auch die durch eine angenommene bessere Bewältigung einherge-hende positivere Stimmung oder höhere Zufriedenheit in der Expertengruppe. Gemeinsam mit den Befunden aus den Studien II und III wurde deutlich, dass Designausbildung und, noch ausgeprägter, Designexpertise neben einer höheren Attraktivitätsbewertung innovativen Designs auch zu einer differenzierteren Beurtei-lung von Innovativität führt. Dies wurde mit der Erweiterung des mentalen Schemas für Fahrzeuge durch die Beschäftigung mit vielfältigen Modellvarianten bereits während des Studiums interpretiert. Es wurden Hinweise auf eine stilbezogene, elaboriertere Verarbeitung von Fahrzeugdesign durch designgeschulte Betrachter beobachtet sowie eine mit Expertise einhergehende Autonomität ästhetischer Urteile als Ausdruck einer hohen ästhetischen Entwicklungsstufe (Parsons, 1987). Mit diesen bei unterschiedlichen Stichproben beobachteten, stabilen expertisebedingten Bewer-tungsunterschieden wurde eine begründete Basis für die geforderte Sensibilisierung für ästhetische Kundenbedürfnisse im Gestaltungsprozess geschaffen. Der in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Fragebogen kann hierbei für eine elaborierte Messung von Fahrzeugdesignpräferenzen, zum Vergleich der ästhetischen Wirkung mit den intendierten Markenwerten sowie für die Diskussion von Nutzereindrücken eingesetzt werden. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeiten tragen somit zur Erweiterung und Präzisierung des theoretischen Verständnisses von Ästhetikbewertungen bei und lassen sich gleichzeitig in die Praxis der Designausbildung und des Designprozesses übertragen.
Several chronometric biases in numerical cognition have informed our understanding of a mental number line (MNL). Complementing this approach, we investigated spatial performance in a magnitude comparison task. Participants located the larger or smaller number of a pair on a horizontal line representing the interval from 0 to 10. Experiments 1 and 2 used only number pairs one unit apart and found that digits were localized farther to the right with "select larger" instructions than with "select smaller" instructions. However, when numerical distance was varied (Experiment 3), digits were localized away from numerically near neighbors. This repulsion effect reveals context-specific distortions in number representation not previously noticed with chronometric measures.
We tested the limits of working-memory capacity (WMC) of young adults, old adults, and children with a memory-updating task. The task consisted of mentally shifting spatial positions within a grid according to arrows, their color signaling either only go (control) or go/no-go conditions. The interference model (IM) of Oberauer and Kliegl (2006) was simultaneously fitted to the data of all groups. In addition to the 3 main model parameters (feature overlap, noise, and processing rate), we estimated the time for switching between go and no-go steps as a new model parameter. In this study, we examined the IM parameters across the life span. The IM parameter estimates show that (a) conditions were not different in interference by feature overlap and interference by confusion; (b) switching costs time; (c) young adults and children were less susceptible than old adults to interference due to feature overlap; (d) noise was highest for children, followed by old and young adults; (e) old adults differed from children and young adults in lower processing rate; and (f) children and old adults had a larger switch cost between go steps and no-go steps. Thus, the results of this study indicated that across age, the IM parameters contribute distinctively for explaining the limits of WMC.
The preference for fruits and vegetables is the main predictor for the longtime healthy eating behavior. There are many factors which affect the development of food preferences. The familiarity with different foods seems to be a special aspect associated with the corresponding preference. To establish a preference for fruits and vegetables during early childhood, we need to know more about the factors that affect this preference development. So far, research has mostly concentrated on the food intake and less on the corresponding preference. Additionally, it is often based on studies of the mere-exposure effect or on older children and their ability to label fruits and vegetables correctly. Findings about the level of food familiarity in young children and its relation to the actual food preference are still missing. Our study focuses on different aspects of food familiarity as well as on their relationship to the child's preference and presents results from 213 children aged 2 to 10 years. Using standardized photos, the food preference was measured with a computer-based method that ran automatically without influence from parents or interviewer. The children knew fewer of the presented vegetables (66 %) than fruits or sweets (78 % each). About the same number of vegetables (63 %) had already been tasted by the children and were considered tasty. Only 48 % of the presented vegetables were named correctly - an ability that increases in older children. Concerning the relationship between the familiarity with vegetables and their preference, the different familiarity aspects showed that vegetables of lower preference were less often recognized, tasted, considered tasty, or named correctly.
Background.Vocational interests play a central role in the vocational decision-making process and are decisive for the later job satisfaction and vocational success. Based on Ackerman's (1996) notion of trait complexes, specific interest profiles of gifted high-school graduates can be expected. Aims.Vocational interests of gifted and highly achieving adolescents were compared to those of their less intelligent/achieving peers according to Holland's (1997) RIASEC model. Further, the impact of intelligence and achievement on interests were analysed while statistically controlling for potentially influencing variables. Changes in interests over time were investigated. Sample.N= 4,694 German students (age: M= 19.5, SD= .80; 54.6% females) participated in the study (TOSCA; Koller, Watermann, Trautwein, & Ludtke, 2004). Method. Interests were assessed in participants' final year at school and again 2 years later (N= 2,318). Results.Gifted participants reported stronger investigative and realistic interests, but lower social interests than less intelligent participants. Highly achieving participants reported higher investigative and (in wave 2) higher artistic interests. Considerable gender differences were found: gifted girls had a flat interest profile, while gifted boys had pronounced realistic and investigative and low social interests. Multilevel multiple regression analyses predicting interests by intelligence and school achievement revealed stable interest profiles. Beyond a strong gender effect, intelligence and school achievement each contributed substantially to the prediction of vocational interests. Conclusions.At the time around graduation from high school, gifted young adults show stable interest profiles, which strongly differ between gender and intelligence groups. These differences are relevant for programmes for the gifted and for vocational counselling.
Two experiments investigated (1) how activation of manual affordances is triggered by visual and linguistic cues to manipulable objects and (2) whether graspable object parts play a special role in this process. Participants pressed a key to categorize manipulable target objects copresented with manipulable distractor objects on a computer screen. Three factors were varied in Experiment 1: (1) the target's and (2) the distractor's handles' orientation congruency with the lateral manual response and (3) the Visual Focus on one of the objects. In Experiment 2, a linguistic cue factor was added to these three factors-participants heard the name of one of the two objects prior to the target display onset. Analysis of participants' motor and oculomotor behaviour confirmed that perceptual and linguistic cues potentiated activation of grasp affordances. Both target- and distractor-related affordance effects were modulated by the presence of visual and linguistic cues. However, a differential visual attention mechanism subserved activation of compatibility effects associated with target and distractor objects. We also registered an independent implicit attention attraction effect from objects' handles, suggesting that graspable parts automatically attract attention during object viewing. This effect was further amplified by visual but not linguistic cues, thus providing initial evidence for a recent hypothesis about differential roles of visual and linguistic information in potentiating stable and variable affordances (Borghi in Language and action in cognitive neuroscience. Psychology Press, London, 2012).
We easily recover the causal properties of visual events, enabling us to understand and predict changes in the physical world. We see a tennis racket hitting a ball and sense that it caused the ball to fly over the net; we may also have an eerie but equally compelling experience of causality if the streetlights turn on just as we slam our car's door. Both perceptual [1] and cognitive [2] processes have been proposed to explain these spontaneous inferences, but without decisive evidence one way or the other, the question remains wide open [3-8]. Here, we address this long-standing debate using visual adaptation-a powerful tool to uncover neural populations that specialize in the analysis of specific visual features [9-12]. After prolonged viewing of causal collision events called "launches" [1], subsequently viewed events were judged more often as noncausal. These negative aftereffects of exposure to collisions are spatially localized in retinotopic coordinates, the reference frame shared by the retina and visual cortex. They are not explained by adaptation to other stimulus features and reveal visual routines in retinotopic cortex that detect and adapt to cause and effect in simple collision stimuli.
Background Job-anxiety, as distinguished from trait-anxiety, is associated with long-term sickness absence. The prevalence of job-anxiety within a working population is not known. Identifying individuals who would benefit from intervention might be useful.
Aims To investigate job-anxiety in employees not undergoing treatment for mental health illness, firstly by assessing the level of job-anxiety and work-related avoidance tendencies in a working sample, and secondly by testing whether job-anxiety is distinguishable from trait-anxiety.
Methods Cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample obtained through personal contact distribution. Employees from different professional settings completed an anonymous questionnaire and provided information on their employment status. The State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) was used to measure trait-anxiety and the Job-Anxiety-Scale (JAS) was used to assess job (state) anxiety.
Results There was a 69% response rate (240 responses); 188 responses were available for analysis of whom 62% were women. There were no employees with high trait-anxiety. Ten employees (5%) reported increased job-anxiety and of these nine employees reported high 'tendencies of avoidance and workplace absence'. Avoidance was most often accompanied by the comorbid job-anxieties 'job-related social anxiety', 'fear of changes at work' and 'fears of existence', 'anticipatory' and 'conditioned' job-anxiety and 'panic symptoms'.
Conclusions In this sample, self-reported job-anxiety appeared as a specific type of anxiety as opposed to trait-anxiety. In the workplace job-anxiety can present as job-avoidance and sickness absence and should be distinguished from trait-anxiety. In practice, employers and occupational health practitioners should be aware of those employees prone to sickness absence.