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Sequences from natural conversations, which are in ethnomethodological conversational analysis analyzed as "other-initiated self-repair", are here described as sequences in which participants manifest and treat local problems of understanding. This approach, which takes participants' perspectives into account, shows that these sequences have a detailed internal structure: - Participants use different types of problem manifestation to signal different types of problems of understanding; syntactic and prosodic cues are used as type-differentiating devices in problem manifestation; for different types of problems different assumptions with respect to the degree of reciprocity can be reconstructed as underlying problem manifestation and problem treatment. - There is a relation of conditional relevance holding between specific types of problem manifestation and specific types of problem treatment. - Problem types are ordered in relation to each other in terms of preference structures. Thus, an analysis which takes participants' perspectives into account and which looks more closely at linguistic signalling cues allows to differentiate between various types of internal structures within so-called repair sequences.
Inhalt: I Problemstellung II Unternehmensentwicklung, Organisation und Personal 1 Offenkundige Nachteile von Bürokratie und Hierarchie 2 Veränderte Ansprüche und Bedürfnisse der Mitarbeiter III Organisation als Funktion der Unternehmensführung IV Personal als Funktion der Unternehmensführung 1 Verwaltungsperiode 2 Anerkennungsperiode 3 Integrationsperiode V Felder der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Organisation und Personal 1 Struktur und Führungsorganisation 2 Organisations- und Personalentwicklung 3 Sachmittelorganisation in Fabrik und Büro 4 Arbeitsplatzgestaltung und Raumplanung 5 Ablauforganisation VI Konsequenzen und Tendenzen VII Verzeichnis der Anmerkungen
This article outlines a research strategy for investigating, in a laboratory setting, the acquisition and the "limits" of a cognitive skill. Expert digit memory is used as an illustration. Two participants with initial average digit- and word-span memory were trained to memorize and reproduce strings of 80 to 90 digits presented at 10- to 1-sec rates. The instruction and training program, based on a theory of skilled memory, focused on three components: (a) acquisition of a mnemonic system (i.e., recoding digits into historical dates or concrete nouns), (b) use of a long-term memory retrieval structure (i.e., instruction in the Method of Loci), and (c) improvement in processing speed. After 86 experimental sessions, one participant recalled 90 random digits presented at a 1-sec rate. The digits were, however, constrained to be compatible with the participant's historical knowledge. The second participant recalled 80 random digits presented at a 5-sec rate after 70 sessions. Speed of encoding and retrieval processing was the only component that required extensive practice for skilled digit-memory acquisition.
Two studies are reported which examine the availability of scientific propositions of personality in lay conceptions of personality. It is argued from a social constructivist perspective that models of personality must derive from and refer to lay conceptions of persons. Eysenck's trait-type model of introversion-extroversion, containing specific propositions about phenotypic and genotypic differences between extraverts and introverts, was utilized as the scientific model of personality and its availability in lay conceptions of personality was examined in two studies. In the first study, subjects were presented with a genotypic characterization of either an introvert or an extravert target person and asked to infer corresponding phenotypic differences. In the second study, the inference process was reversed with subjects being asked to infer genotypic characteristics of introverts versus extraverts on the basis of phenotypic target person descriptions of the two types. Results from both studies show a high degree of accuracy in subjects' inferences, suggesting that laypersons have well-formed conceptions about personality containing 'higher-order' psychogenetic propositions corresponding to Eysenck's trait-type model. The implications of the findings for theory construction are discussed.
In the isolated rat liver perfused in situ stimulation of the nerve bundles around the portal vein and the hepatic artery caused an increase of urate formation that was inhibited by the α1-blocker prazosine and the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol. Moreover, nerve stimulation increased glucose and lactate output and decreased perfusion flow. Infusion of noradrenaline had similar effects. Compared to nerve stimulation infusion of glucagon led to a less pronounced increase of urate formation and a twice as large increase in glucose output but a decrease in lactate release without affecting the flow rate. Insulin had no effect on any of the parameters studied.
Inhalt: 1. Einleitung 2. Präferenzstrukturen bei der Behandlung von Verständigungsproblemen 2.1. Selbstzuschreibung vor Fremdzuschreibung 2.2. Selbstzugeschriebene Verstehensprobleme: Referenzprobleme vor lokalen Bedeutungsverstehensproblemen vor lokalen Erwartungsproblemen 2.3. Fremdzugeschriebene Probleme: "Wortverwechslungen" vor "Irrtümern" vor Inferenz- oder Erwartungsproblemen 3. Das Imagekonzept als Erklärung: Präferenzen für die Wahrung und Pflege des Selbst- und des Fremd-Image
Inhalt: I. Zur Bedeutung der Geschlechterdifferenz für die pädagogische Theorie und Praxis II. „Krise des Bürgertums" und „Pädagogische Bewegung" III. Geschlechteranthropologie als Grundlage einer Bildungstheorie für Frauen IV. Politische Irrwege als Folge einer ungeschichtlichen Definition des „Weiblichen"
Inhalt: 1. Einleitung 2. Das Problembehandlungsschema und die Analysekategorien 3. Korrekturtypen 3.1. Unmarkierte Ersetzung eines Bezugselements der voraufgegangenen Äußerung 3.2. Markierte Ersetzung eines Einzelelements der voraufgegangenen Äußerung 3.3. Markierte Ersetzung einer gesamten Bezugsäußerung 4. Präferenzstrukturen 5. Gemeinsamkeitsunterstellungen bei Selbst- und Fremdzuschreibungen von Verstehens- und Verständigungsproblemen
Dritte im Bund: die Geliebte
(1987)
Inhalt: Brigitte Wormbs: Das Wort - Elisabeth Flitner: Verliebt, verlobt , verheiratet - und dann ? Soziologische Gedanken zum Arrangement der Geschlechter - Renate Valtin: Das Thema «Geliebte» in Zeitschriften und Illustrierten. Ein Lehrstück aus dem Patriarchat - Anke Hüper: Alltag der Geliebten - Brigitte Weidenhammer, Siegfried Zepf: «Grenzenlose Erfüllung» durch Unerfüllbarkeit ? Die Geliebte und der Mann ihrer Wahl - Luise Reddemann: «Ein kleines Paradies zu dritt . . . » Über den verbreiteten Wunschtraum, mit mehreren Partnern zu leben - Günther Bittner: Die Geliebte als magische Vervollständigung - Hildegard Baumgart: Die Bedeutung der «anderen» für die Ehefrau. Erfahrungen aus der Eheberatung - Elga Sorge: Geliebte oder Liebende ? Theologische Gedanken zur Befreiung vom Geliebtwerden - Vera Slupik: Henriette Hübsch und Ignaz Igel. Die Rechte der Geliebten - Christl Wickert: Politik vor Privatleben. Zum Selbstverständnis alleinstehender Parlamentarierinnen in der Weimarer Republik - Gisela Breitling: Die Geschöpfe des Pygmalion - Mechthild Zeul: Die Geliebte des französischen Leutnants. Psychoanalytische Deutung eines Films von Karel Reisz - Sara Lennox: Schattenriß eines Liebhabers. Traum und Wirklichkeit der Geliebten in der Prosa von DDR - Autorinnen vor der Wende - Anna Maria Stuby: «Und doch, welch Glück , geliebt zu werden !» Die Geliebte als literarischer Topos
A system of descriptive categories for the notation and analysis of intonation in natural conversation is presented and discussed in relation to other systems currently suggested for incorporation in discourse analysis, The categories are based on purely auditive criteria. They differ from e.g. tonetic approaches by relying more on transcribers' and analysts' perception of the form and internal cohesiveness of contours, especially with respect to rhythmicality and/or pitch contour (gestalt). Intonation is conceived of as a relational phenomenon; the role of intonation in conversational utterances can only be analyzed by considering its co-occurrence with other properties of utterances like syntactic, semantic and discourse organizational structures and devices. In general, intonation is viewed as one signalling system contributing to the contextualization of utterances in their conversational context. A broad functional differentiation between different types of intonation categories seems plausible: Local categories like accents might fulfill mainly semantic functions, while global categories like different contour types might fulfill primarily functions with respect to the interactive coordination of activities in conversation.