Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Wissenschaftlicher Artikel (38)
- Postprint (4)
- Preprint (2)
- Monographie/Sammelband (1)
- Sonstiges (1)
- Ausgabe (Heft) zu einer Zeitschrift (1)
Gehört zur Bibliographie
- ja (47) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- biodiversity (5)
- Plant-soil feedback (3)
- biological invasions (3)
- local adaptation (3)
- novel ecosystems (3)
- zebularine (3)
- Biodiversity (2)
- Botanic gardens (2)
- Bryophyte (2)
- Global change (2)
- Grassland (2)
- Land-use intensity (2)
- Mars (2)
- Plant diversity (2)
- Plant performance (2)
- Silene vulgaris (2)
- Solidago canadensis (2)
- Solidago gigantea (2)
- alien species (2)
- arable weeds (2)
- cereal leaf beetle (2)
- climate adaptation (2)
- climate change (2)
- coexistence (2)
- common‐garden experiment (2)
- concepts (2)
- ddRAD (2)
- ecological novelty (2)
- ecosystem services (2)
- ecosystem services provisioning (2)
- ecosystems (2)
- epigenetic variation (2)
- functional diversity (2)
- fungal pathogens (2)
- global change (2)
- grasslands (2)
- herbivory (2)
- management (2)
- microsatellites (2)
- novel species (2)
- resilience (2)
- standard metrics (2)
- structural equation model (2)
- wheat (2)
- AFLP (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Adaptive evolution (1)
- Allopatric/sympatric speciation (1)
- Altitudinal gradient (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Artificial selection (1)
- Astrobiology (1)
- BIOMEX (1)
- Biosignature (1)
- CO2 concentration (1)
- Carex limosa (1)
- Coexistence mechanisms (1)
- Community assembly (1)
- Community composition (1)
- Conservation genetics (1)
- Dactylis glomerata (1)
- EXPOSE-R2 (1)
- Ex situ conservation (1)
- Ex situ/in situ population genetic comparison (1)
- Experimental environment (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- Extremotolerant (1)
- Fen meadows (1)
- Field conditions (1)
- Field experiment (1)
- Genetic drift (1)
- Grassland diversity (1)
- Grimmia sp (1)
- Habitability (1)
- Herbivores (1)
- Herbivorous insects (1)
- ISSR (1)
- Individual size (1)
- Instrumentation (1)
- Irradiation (1)
- Land management (1)
- Land use (1)
- Limits of life (1)
- Local plant-abundance (1)
- Low Earth Orbit (1)
- Lythrum salicaria (1)
- MSAP (1)
- Moon (1)
- Multi-factorial environmental change (1)
- Nutritional quality (1)
- Plant soil feedbacks (1)
- Plant-community composition (1)
- Post glacial colonization (1)
- Sand dune steppe and grassland vegetation (1)
- Selective herbivory (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Sphagnum magellanicum (1)
- Terminalia catappa (1)
- UV irradiation (1)
- Vegetation change (1)
- abiotic soil factors (1)
- additive partitioning of biodiversity effects (1)
- annuals (1)
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (1)
- biodiversity effects (1)
- biogeography (1)
- biomass allocation (1)
- biotic interactions (1)
- bog/mire plants (1)
- bryophytes (1)
- climatic limitation (1)
- coastal dunes (1)
- colonization (1)
- community biomass (1)
- cytosine methylation (1)
- data synthesis (1)
- dispersal (1)
- disturbance (1)
- eco-evolutionary experience (1)
- ecophysiology (1)
- ecosystem functioning (1)
- ecosystem processes (1)
- ecosystem stability (1)
- endophytes (1)
- enemy release (1)
- environmental conditions (1)
- epigenetics (1)
- establishment (1)
- fungal pathogen susceptibility (1)
- genome scan (1)
- geographical and altitudinal distribution (1)
- germination (1)
- glacial divergence (1)
- global change ecology (1)
- grassland communities (1)
- heterosis (1)
- inbreeding depression (1)
- intermediate disturbance hypothesis (1)
- intraspecific divergence (1)
- invasive (1)
- invasive plant (1)
- invasive species (1)
- land use change (1)
- landscape diversity (1)
- latitudinal gradient (1)
- leading/trailing edge (1)
- life-history traits (1)
- microsites (1)
- multi-host-multi-pathogen interactions (1)
- multifactorial environmental change (1)
- mycorrhiza (1)
- native range (1)
- naturalized species (1)
- nitrogen deposition (1)
- nitrogen fixation (1)
- northern peatlands (1)
- obligate parasitic fungal pathogens (1)
- outbreeding depression (1)
- parasites and diseases (1)
- pathogen diversity (1)
- pathogen proneness (1)
- pathogen transmission (1)
- phenotypic plasticity (1)
- phenotypic variability (1)
- phylogenetic diversity (1)
- plant development and life-history traits (1)
- plant diversity (1)
- plant functional traits (1)
- plant functional types (1)
- plant growth (1)
- plant invasion (1)
- plant invasions (1)
- plant performance (1)
- plant species diversity (1)
- plant-soil (belowground) interactions (1)
- plant-soil feedbacks (1)
- plant-soil interaction (1)
- plasticity (1)
- population differentiation (1)
- reciprocal transplant experiment (1)
- relatedness (1)
- reproductive biology (1)
- rhizosphere (1)
- root traits (1)
- ruderal plant species (1)
- seed bank (1)
- selection (1)
- sexual/asexual reproduction (1)
- shifting baselines (1)
- soil aggregation (1)
- soil biota (1)
- soil inoculation (1)
- soil microbiome (1)
- soil sterilization (1)
- soils (1)
- spatial autocorrelation (1)
- species assembly (1)
- specific root length (1)
- stability (1)
- succession (1)
- temperature (1)
- temperature increase (1)
- transgenerational effects (1)
- water-stable aggregates (1)
- wetland ecosystems (1)
- wetland vegetation (1)
Increasing air temperature and atmospheric CO2 levels may affect the distribution of invasive species. Whereas there is wide knowledge on the effect of global change on temperate species, responses of tropical invasive species to these two global change drivers are largely unknown. We conducted a greenhouse experiment on Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae), an invasive tree species on Brazilian coastal areas, to evaluate the effects of increased air temperature and CO2 concentration on seed germination and seedling growth on the island of Santa Catarina (Florianopolis, Brazil). Seeds of the invasive tree were subjected to two temperature levels (ambient and +1.6 degrees C) and two CO2 levels (ambient and 650 ppmv) with a factorial design. Increased temperature enhanced germination rate and shortened germination time of T. catappa seeds. It also increased plant height, number of leaves and above-ground biomass. By contrast, increased atmospheric CO2 concentration had no significant effects, and the interaction between temperature and CO2 concentration did not affect any of the measured traits. Terminalia catappa adapts to a relatively broad range of environmental conditions, being able to tolerate cooler temperatures in its invasive range. As T. catappa is native to tropical areas, global warming might favour its establishment along the coast of subtropical South America, while increased CO2 levels seem not to have significant effects on seed germination or seedling growth.
Rapid decay of diversity-productivity relationships after invasion of experimental plant communities
(2004)
The effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning generally increase over time, but the underlying processes remain unclear. Using 26 long-term grassland and forest experimental ecosystems, we demonstrate that biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships strengthen mainly by greater increases in functioning in high-diversity communities in grasslands and forests. In grasslands, biodiversity effects also strengthen due to decreases in functioning in low-diversity communities. Contrasting trends across grasslands are associated with differences in soil characteristics.
Insurance effects of biodiversity can stabilize the functioning of multispecies ecosystems against environmental variability when differential species' responses lead to asynchronous population dynamics. When responses are not perfectly positively correlated, declines in some populations are compensated by increases in others, smoothing variability in ecosystem productivity. This variance reduction effect of biodiversity is analogous to the risk- spreading benefits of diverse investment portfolios in financial markets. We use data from the BIODEPTH network of grassland biodiversity experiments to perform a general test for stabilizing effects of plant diversity on the temporal variability of individual species, functional groups, and aggregate communities. We tested three potential mechanisms: reduction of temporal variability through population asynchrony; enhancement of long-term average performance through positive selection effects; and increases in the temporal mean due to overyielding. Our results support a stabilizing effect of diversity on the temporal variability of grassland aboveground annual net primary production through two mechanisms. Two-species communities with greater population asynchrony were more stable in their average production over time due to compensatory fluctuations. Overyielding also stabilized productivity by increasing levels of average biomass production relative to temporal variability. However, there was no evidence for a performance-enhancing effect on the temporal mean through positive selection effects. In combination with previous work, our results suggest that stabilizing effects of diversity on community productivity through population asynchrony and overyielding appear to be general in grassland ecosystems.
Global change has complex eco-evolutionary consequences for organisms and ecosystems, but related concepts (e.g., novel ecosystems) do not cover their full range. Here we propose an umbrella concept of "ecological novelty" comprising (1) a site-specific and (2) an organism-centered, eco-evolutionary perspective. Under this umbrella, complementary options for studying and communicating effects of global change on organisms, ecosystems, and landscapes can be included in a toolbox. This allows researchers to address ecological novelty from different perspectives, e.g., by defining it based on (a) categorical or continuous measures, (b) reference conditions related to sites or organisms, and (c) types of human activities. We suggest striving for a descriptive, non-normative usage of the term "ecological novelty" in science. Normative evaluations and decisions about conservation policies or management are important, but require additional societal processes and engagement with multiple stakeholders.
Interactions between soil microorganisms and plants can play a vital role for plant fitness and therefore also for plant community composition and biodiversity. However, little is known about how biotic plant soil interactions influence the local dominance and abundance of plant species and whether specific taxonomic or functional groups of plants are differentially affected by such biotic soil-effects. In two greenhouse experiments, we tested the biotic soil-effects of 33 grassland species differing in individual size and local abundance. We hypothesized that large plants that are not locally dominant (despite their size-related competitive advantage enabling them to potentially outshade competitors) are most strongly limited by negative biotic soil-effects. We sampled soils at the opposite ends of a gradient in land-use intensity in temperate grasslands to account for putative modulating effects of land-use intensity on biotic soil-effects.
As hypothesized, large, but non-dominant species (especially grasses) experienced more negative biotic soil-effects compared with small and abundant plant species. Land-use intensity had contrasting effects on grasses and herbs resulting in more negative biotic soil-effects for grasses in less intensively managed grasslands. We conclude that biotic soil-effects contribute to the control of potentially dominant plants and hence enable species coexistence and biodiversity especially in species-rich less intensively managed grasslands.
Aims Plants directly and indirectly interact with many abiotic and biotic soil components. Research so far mostly focused on direct, individual abiotic or biotic effects on plant growth, but only few studies tested the indirect effects of abiotic soil factors on plant growth. Therefore, we investigated how abiotic soil conditions affect plant performance, via changes induced by soil biota. Methods In a full-factorial experiment, we grew the widespread grass Dactylis glomerata either with or without soil biota and investigated the impact of soil temperature, fertility and moisture on the soil biota effects on plant growth. We measured biomass production, root traits and colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as well as microbial respiration. Important Findings We found significant interaction effects between abiotic soil conditions and soil biota on plant growth for fertility, but especially for soil temperature, as an increase of 10 degrees C significantly changed the soil biota effects on plant growth from positive to neutral. However, if tested individually, an increase in soil temperature and fertility per se positively affected plant biomass production, whereas soil biota per se did not affect overall plant growth, but both influenced root architecture. By affecting soil microbial activity and root architecture, soil temperature might influence both mutualistic and pathogenic interactions between plants and soil biota. Such soil temperature effects should be considered in soil feedback studies to ensure greater transferability of results from artificial and experimental conditions to natural environmental conditions.
Plant-soil feedback effects can be masked by aboveground herbivory under natural field conditions
(2017)
For plants, herbivory and interactions with their surrounding soil ecosystem are crucial factors influencing individual performance and plant-community composition. Until now, research has mostly focused on individual effects of herbivory or plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) on plant growth and community composition, but few studies have explicitly investigated herbivory in the context of PSFs. These few studies, however, were performed under greenhouse conditions even though PSFs and herbivory may differ between greenhouse and field conditions. Therefore, we performed a field experiment in a grassland, testing the growth responses of three grass species that consistently differ in local abundance, on soils previously conditioned by these species. We tested these PSF effects for the three species both in the presence and in the absence of aboveground herbivores. Without herbivores, the two subdominant species suffered from negative PSF effects. However, in the presence of herbivores and on heterospecific soils, the same two species experienced a significant loss of shoot biomass, whereas, in contrast, enhanced root growth was observed on conspecific soils, resulting in overall neutral PSF effects. The dominant species was not damaged by herbivores and showed overall neutral PSF effects in the field with and without herbivores. Our study provides empirical evidence that negative PSF effects that exist under natural field conditions in grasslands can be overwhelmed by aboveground herbivory. Hence, potential PSF effects might not be detected in the field, because other abiotic and biotic interactions such as aboveground herbivory have stronger effects on plant performance and might therefore mask or override these PSF effects.
Under natural conditions, aboveground herbivory and plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) are omnipresent interactions strongly affecting individual plant performance. While recent research revealed that aboveground insect herbivory generally impacts the outcome of PSFs, no study tested to what extent the intensity of herbivory affects the outcome. This, however, is essential to estimate the contribution of PSFs to plant performance under natural conditions in the field. Here, we tested PSF effects both with and without exposure to aboveground herbivory for four common grass species in nine grasslands that formed a gradient of aboveground invertebrate herbivory. Without aboveground herbivores, PSFs for each of the four grass species were similar in each of the nine grasslands-both in direction and in magnitude. In the presence of herbivores, however, the PSFs differed from those measured under herbivory exclusion, and depended on the intensity of herbivory. At low levels of herbivory, PSFs were similar in the presence and absence of herbivores, but differed at high herbivory levels. While PSFs without herbivores remained similar along the gradient of herbivory intensity, increasing herbivory intensity mostly resulted in neutral PSFs in the presence of herbivores. This suggests that the relative importance of PSFs for plant-species performance in grassland communities decreases with increasing intensity of herbivory. Hence, PSFs might be more important for plant performance in ecosystems with low herbivore pressure than in ecosystems with large impacts of insect herbivores.
Interactions between plants and soil microorganisms influence individual plant performance and thus plant-community composition. Most studies on such plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) have been performed under controlled greenhouse conditions, whereas no study has directly compared PSFs under greenhouse and natural field conditions. We grew three grass species that differ in local abundance in grassland communities simultaneously in the greenhouse and field on field-collected soils either previously conditioned by these species or by the general grassland community. As soils in grasslands are typically conditioned by mixes of species through the patchy and heterogeneous plant species’ distributions, we additionally compared the effects of species-specific versus non-specific species conditioning on PSFs in natural and greenhouse conditions. In almost all comparisons PSFs differed between the greenhouse and field. In the greenhouse, plant growth in species-specific and non-specific soils resulted in similar effects with neutral PSFs for the most abundant species and positive PSFs for the less abundant species. In contrast, in the field all grass species tested performed best in non-specific plots, whereas species-specific PSFs were neutral for the most abundant and varied for the less abundant species. This indicates a general beneficial effect of plant diversity on PSFs in the field. Controlled greenhouse conditions might provide valuable insights on the nominal effects of soils on plants. However, the PSFs observed in greenhouse conditions may not be the determining drivers in natural plant communities where their effects may be overwhelmed by the diversity of abiotic and biotic above- and belowground interactions in the field.