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This paper describes a two-level formalism where feature structures are used in contextual rules. Whereas usual two-level grammars describe rational sets over symbol pairs, this new formalism uses tree structured regular expressions. They allow an explicit and precise definition of the scope of feature structures. A given surface form may be described using several feature structures. Feature unification is expressed in contextual rules using variables, like in a unification grammar. Grammars are compiled in finite state multi-tape transducers.
This article describes a HMM-based word-alignment method that can selectively enforce a contiguity constraint. This method has a direct application in the extraction of a bilingual terminological lexicon from a parallel corpus, but can also be used as a preliminary step for the extraction of phrase pairs in a Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation system. Contiguous source words composing terms are aligned to contiguous target language words. The HMM is transformed into a Weighted Finite State Transducer (WFST) and contiguity constraints are enforced by specific multi-tape WFSTs. The proposed method is especially suited when basic linguistic resources (morphological analyzer, part-of-speech taggers and term extractors) are available for the source language only.
Nested complementation plays an important role in expressing counter- i.e. star-free and first-order definable languages and their hierarchies. In addition, methods that compile phonological rules into finite-state networks use double-nested complementation or “double negation”. This paper reviews how the double-nested complementation extends to a relatively new operation, generalized restriction (GR), coined by the author (Yli-Jyrä and Koskenniemi 2004). This operation encapsulates a double-nested complementation and elimination of a concatenation marker, diamond, whose finite occurrences align concatenations in the arguments of the operation. The paper demonstrates that the GR operation has an interesting potential in expressing regular languages, various kinds of grammars, bimorphisms and relations. This motivates a further study of optimized implementation of the operator.
Der Tagungsband enthält das Programm und die Abstracts des 26. Symposiums der Fachgruppe Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, veranstaltet an der Universität Potsdam vom 1. bis 3. Mai 2008. Etwa 450 Kongressteilnehmer präsentieren den aktuellen Forschungs- und Wissensstand der Klinischen Psychologie und Psychotherapie in Deutschland. Grußworte halten die brandenburgische Ministerin für Arbeit, Soziales, Gesundheit und Familie, Dagmar Ziegler, die Präsidentin der Universität Potsdam, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. Sabine Kunst, sowie Prof. Dr. Michael Linden als Vertreter der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN). Zu den Themenschwerpunkten des Kongresses gehören Einflussfaktoren auf die psychische Gesundheit Älterer, Impulsivität, Schlaf- und Traumforschung in der Klinischen Psychologie, Behandlung von Essstörungen, Wirksamkeitsstudien psychischer Störungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Angst und Depression, Behandlung von Kriegs- und Folteropfern, Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren der Kindesentwicklung sowie Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Außer den Vorträgen gibt es eine Präsentation von etwa 150 Postern. Zum Programm der Tagung gehört ebenso die Verleihung des Klaus-Grawe-Awards for the Advancement of Innovative Research in Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy an Prof. Dr. Timothy J. Strauman von der Duke University (USA), die Verleihung der Nachwuchswissenschaftler- und Posterpreise sowie ein Pre-conference Workshop für Doktorandinnen und Doktoranden der Klinischen Psychologie zum Thema "Verhaltens- und Molekulargenetik".
Observational evidence exists that winds of massive stars are clumped. Many massive star systems are known as non-thermal particle production sites, as indicated by their synchrotron emission in the radio band. As a consequence they are also considered as candidate sites for non-thermal high-energy photon production up to gamma-ray energies. The present work considers the effects of wind clumpiness expected on the emitting relativistic particle spectrum in colliding wind systems, built up from the pool of thermal wind particles through diffusive particle acceleration, and taking into account inverse Compton and synchrotron losses. In comparison to a homogeneous wind, a clumpy wind causes flux variations of the emitting particle spectrum when the clump enters the wind collision region. It is found that the spectral features associated with this variability moves temporally from low to high energy bands with the time shift between any two spectral bands being dependent on clump size, filling factor, and the energy-dependence of particle energy gains and losses.
The most massive stars are those with the shortest but most active life. One group of massive stars, the Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs), of which only a few objects are known, are in particular of interest concerning the stability of stars. They have a high mass loss rate and are close to being instable. This is even more likely as rotation becomes an important factor in stellar evolution of these stars. Through massive stellar winds and sometimes giant eruptions, LBV nebulae are formed. Various aspects in the evolution in the LBV phase lead, beside the large scale morphological and kinematical differences, to a diversity of small structures like clumps, rims, and outflows in these nebulae.
Gamma-rays can be produced by the interaction of a relativistic jet and the matter of the stellar wind in the subclass of massive X-ray binaries known as “microquasars”. The relativistic jet is ejected from the surroundings of the compact object and interacts with cold protons from the stellar wind, producing pions that then quickly decay into gamma-rays. Since the resulting gamma-ray emissivity depends on the target density, the detection of rapid variability in microquasars with GLAST and the new generation of Cherenkov imaging arrays could be used to probe the clumped structure of the stellar wind. In particular, we show here that the relative fluctuation in gamma rays may scale with the square root of the ratio of porosity length to binary separation, $\sqrt{h/a}$, implying for example a ca. 10% variation in gamma ray emission for a quite moderate porosity, h/a ∼ 0.01.