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Active host-searching in bat ectoparasites. As a pilot study, this paper discribes the mobility of ectoparasites after removing from their hosts. Spinturnix acuminatus (Koch, 1836)(Acari, Spinturnicidae) a permanent stationary bat mite normally survives the removing only a few hours. This species moves easily on the patagium or on human skin. In contrast, on other surfaces the movements of this species seems to be less orientated and it is unlikely that the mite can reach a host in some distance. Nycteribia kolenatii Theodor & Moscona, 1954 (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) a bat fly, shows excellent movements in the fur of its host. The specimens survive the removing from the host several days. The ability to clamber up a wall was tested with a rough clay brick. The bat fly achieves only 9,6 cm on average. This result does not support good abilities for host searching in this species. Bat fleas (Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae): Ischnopsyllus elongatus (Curtis, 1832), I. hexactenus (Kolenati, 1856), I. simplex (Rothschild, 1906)and other species survive the removing from their hosts several days. In case of a vertical barrier they showed a stereotype upside climbing, followed by a horizontal appetitive behavior. The fleas were climbing a distance in the upside of 6,45 m on average(1,2-21,68 m). As excellent climbers bat fleas are able to overcome edges and slopes and to crawl on the ceiling. Therefore, it seems to be no problem for a flea to parasite any bat in a resting room. Additionally, some bugs (Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758) were examinated. They run with a speed of 63 cm per minute and were able to climb easily on the brick. On average their stretch of way achieved 2,85 m in ten minutes.
Zur Ektoparasitenfauna der Fledermäuse in Sachsen Anhalt : Ectoparasites of bats in Saxony-Anhalt
(2011)
During the summer 2010 several mist nettings for the monitoring of bat species were performed in Saxony-Anhalt. Captured individuals were tested for ectoparasitic infestation. The aim was to update the fauna of ectoparasites of this state and to collect data on the distribution of individual species. Regarding this, results of previous surveys are summarised. In the present study nine out of thirteen bat species were found to be infested with a total of one flea species, one species of bat flies and eight species of mites. The infestation with fleas was below the expectations. Six spinturnicid mite species out of those occurring in Germany could be ascertained for Saxony-Anhalt. These are Spinturnix acuminatus (Koch, 1836), S. andegavinus (Kolenati, 1857), S. helvetiae Deunff, Keller & Aellen, 1986, S. mystacinus (Kolenati, 1857), S. plecotinus (Koch, 1839) and S. puncata (Sundevall, 1833). Details about the infestation with parasites (abundances) of the respective bat species are presented. Further information on the biology of spinturnicid mites are given and infestation characteristics are compared with those of other surveys. Keywords: ectoparasites, bats, Chiroptera, gamasine mite, Acari, Spinturnix, Ischnopsyllidae, Nycteribiidae, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
Bei einer aktuellen Studie am Iberg in Bad Grund konnten im September 2010 acht Fledermausarten parasitologisch untersucht werden. Die Faenge ergaben Nachweise von 11 Ektoparasitenarten (Fledermausfliegen, Floehe, Flughaut- und Ohrmilben), wobei einige davon Erstfunde fuer Niedersachsen sind. Aus den Fundangaben wurden Parasitenspektren fuer die einzelnen Wirtsarten erstellt und durch weitere unveroeffentlichte Meldungen ergaenzt. Fuer den Vergleich von Ektoparasitenspektren verschiedener Wirtsarten erfolgte die Einfuehrung einer Formel, die die Berechnung einer allgemeinen "Parasitenlast" ermoeglicht. Die Betrachtung der Verteilung von Ektoparasiten auf Individuen zeigte eine starke Trennung verschiedener Parasitengruppen, ein synchrones Vorkommen wurde nur selten registriert. Moeglicherweise ist die Konkurrenz zwischen Ektoparasitenarten ein bisher unterschaetzter determinierender Faktor fuer die Praesenz auf einem Wirt.
Investigation of the ectoparasitic fauna (Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae; Diptera: Nycteribiidae; Heteroptera: Cimicidae) on bats in Brandenburg, Germany (part 2). The current investigation of bats in summer and winter quarters took place in addition to the study of Scheffler and Ressler (2005) and supplied new data for spreading and host spectrum of fleas and bat flies. With Penicillidia monoceros Speiser, 1900 on Myotis daubentoni a species of bat fly was found, which was not known in brandenburg (Germany) before. The proof of the flea species Nycteridopsylla longiceps Rothschild, 1908 at Pipistrellus pipistrellus is only the third detection in Brandenburg after 1911 and 1964. With Barbastella barbastellus the spectrum of examinated bats was extended. This species was parasitized by two flea species. On four species of bats also bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicidae)could be caught in summer quarters, which belong to the species Cimex dissimilis (Horvat, 1910). The causes of varying parasitizing rates with different species of fleas and bat flies are discussed.
Die vorliegende Untersuchung von Fledermaeusen in Sommer- und Winterquartieren liefert neue daten zur Verbreitung und Haeufigkeit von Ektoparasiten aus Brandenburg und anderen Bundeslaendern. An 11 Fledermausarten wurden insgesamt 7 Floharten (Ischnosyllidae), zwei Lausfliegenarten (Nycteribiidae) und zwei Wanzenarten (Cimicidae) nachgewiesen. Die Floharten Ischnopsyllus intermedius und die Artengruppe I. simplex/mysticus ergaenzen die Liste der aktuellen Funde fuer Brandenburg. Nach dem milden Winter 2006-7 wurden in einigen Winterquartieren Veraenderungen im Artenspektrum der Parasiten festgestellt. Nycteribia kolenatii an Myotis daubentoni und Nycteribia eusarca an Nyctalus noctula traten bei der vorliegenden Untersuchung relativ haeufig auf. Die anderen ektoparasitischen Floehe und Lausfliegen waren sehr selten zu finden. Die meisten Parasitenarten und die hoechste Befallsintensitaet wies die Wasserfledermaus (Myotis daubentoni) auf.
Investigation of the ectoparasitic fauna (Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae; Diptera: Nycteribiidae) on bats in Brandenburg, Germany. During the investigation of bats in hibernation places four species of fleas (Ischnopsyllus hexactenus (Kolenati, 1856) on Myotis myotis and Myotis nattereri, Nycteridopsylla pentactena (Kolenati, 1856)on Myotis daubentoni, Ischnopsyllus elongatus (Curtis, 1832) and Nycteridopsylla eusarca Dampf, 1908 on Nyctalus noctula) and one bat fly (Nycteribia kolenatii Theodor and Moscona, 1954 on Myotis daubentoni, Myotis natereri and Plecotus auritus were found. For the first time specimens of Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Pipistrellus pygmaeus were investigated separately in summer quarters to reveal differences in the parasitic flea fauna. Ischnopsyllus octactenus (Kolenati, 1856) was present on both bat species. The host-parasite relationship of autochthonous flea species in Brandenburg is discussed.
In einer Wochenstubengesellschaft der Rauhhautfledermaus (Pipistrellus nathusii), in der Schorfheide im Norden Brandenburgs, wurde ein starkes Vorkommen der Roten Waldameise (Formica rufa) festgestellt. Die Fledermäuse waren offensichtlich durch die Anwesenheit der Ameisen nicht beunruhigt. Der ungewöhnlich enge Kontakt zwischen Ameisen und Fledermäusen führte zur Überlegung, dass es regelmässige Interaktionen zwischen Ameisen und Fledermäusen geben könnte, die beiden Seiten Vorteile bieten. Vergleichbare Beziehungen wurden bisher hauptsächlich bei Vögeln als anting beschrieben. Interaktionen zum gegenseitigen Vorteil sind zwischen Fledermäusen und Ameisen bisher kaum beachtet worden, so dass weitere Untersuchungen notwendig sind.
Off-grid
(2018)
1. Advances in LED technology combined with solar, storable energy bring light to places remote from electricity grids. Worldwide more than 1.3 billion of people are living off-grid, often in developing regions of high insect biodiversity. In developed countries, dark refuges for wildlife are threatened by ornamental garden lights. Solar powered LEDs (SPLEDs) are cheaply available, dim, and often used to illuminate foot paths, but little is known on their effects on ground living (epigeal) arthropods.
2. We used off-the-shelf garden lamps with a single ‘white’ LED (colour temperature 7250 K) to experimentally investigate effects on attraction and nocturnal activity of ground beetles (Carabidae).
3. We found two disparate and species-specific effects of SPLEDs. (i) Some nocturnal, phototactic species were not reducing activity under illumination and were strongly attracted to lamps (>20-fold increase in captures compared to dark controls). Such species aggregate in lit areas and SPLEDs may become ecological traps, while the species is drawn from nearby, unlit assemblages. (ii) Other nocturnal species were reducing mobility and activity under illumination without being attracted to light, which may cause fitness reduction in lit areas.
4. Both reactions offer mechanistic explanations on how outdoor illumination can change population densities of specific predatory arthropods, which may have cascading effects on epigeal arthropod assemblages. The technology may thus increase the area of artificial light at night (ALAN) impacting insect biodiversity.
5. Measures are needed to mitigate effects, such as adjustment of light colour temperature and automated switch-offs.
Evidence of female preference for odor of distant over local males in a bat with female dispersal
(2021)
Geographic variation of sexually selected male traits is common in animals. Female choice also varies geographically and several studies found female preference for local males, which is assumed to lead to local adaptation and, therefore, increases fitness. As females are the nondispersing sex in most mammalian taxa, this preference for local males might be explained by the learning of male characteristics. Studies on the preference of females in female-dispersing species are lacking so far. To find out whether such females would also show preferences for local males, we conducted a study on greater sac-winged bats (Saccopteryx bilineata), a species where females disperse and males stay in their natal colony. Male greater sac-winged bats possess a wing pouch that is filled with odoriferous secretion and fanned toward females during courtship display. In a combination of chemical analysis and behavioral preference tests, we analyzed whether the composition of wing sac secretion varies between two geographically distinct populations (300 km), and whether females show a preference for local or distant male scent. Using gas chromatography, we found significant differences in the composition of the wing sac odors between the two geographically distinct populations. In addition, the behavioral preference experiments revealed that females of both populations preferred the scent of geographically distant males over local males. The wing sac odor might thus be used to guarantee optimal outbreeding when dispersing to a new colony. This is-to our knowledge-the first study on odor preference of females of a species with female-biased dispersal.
Die in der Umgebung von potsdam untersuchten Nester der Mehlschwalbe (Delichon urbica) enthielten drei spezifische Ektoparasitenarten in unterschiedlicher Dichte. Pro nest fanden sich von der Mehlschwalbenlausfliege (Stenepteryx hirundinis) 0-12 Eier, von der Mehlschwalbenwanze (Oeciacus hirundinis)195-1104 Larven und Imagines und vom Mehlschwalbenfloh (Ceratophyllus hirundinis)9-135 Imagines. Zwischen 1. Oktober und dem 9.-16. mai des folgenden Jahres gab es im Durchschnitt nur einen geringfuegigen Rueckgang der Anzahl der Wanzen, waehrend die Abundanz adulter Floehe deutlich zunahm. Die Parasitendichte schwankte zwischen verschiedenen Fundorten und selbst innerhalb einer Nestreihe erheblich. In den am staerksten mit Parasiten belasteten Nestern ist eine erfolgreiche Aufzucht der Jungtiere durch die Mehlschwalben unwahrscheinlich. Die Hoehe der Parasitenlast koennte die Wahl der Schwalbenzwischen der Nutzung vorjaehriger Nester oder dem Ausbau aelterer nester wesentlich beeinflussen.