Refine
Year of publication
- 2013 (269) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (182)
- Doctoral Thesis (48)
- Conference Proceeding (15)
- Review (12)
- Postprint (6)
- Preprint (5)
- Other (1)
Keywords
- Arabidopsis thaliana (6)
- population dynamics (4)
- Individual-based model (3)
- Microsatellites (3)
- Nitrogen (3)
- climate change (3)
- metabolism (3)
- Aldehyde oxidoreductase (2)
- Allozymes (2)
- Apis mellifera (2)
- Approximate Bayesian Computation (2)
- Biodiversity Exploratories (2)
- Calcium (2)
- Carbon cycling (2)
- Climate change (2)
- DNA cleavage (2)
- Daphnia (2)
- Development (2)
- Dictyostelium (2)
- Ellenberg indicator values (2)
- Fertilization (2)
- Interspecific interactions (2)
- Land-use intensity (2)
- Mediterranean Sea (2)
- Mitochondrial DNA (2)
- Molybdenum cofactor (2)
- Nyctereutes procyonoides (2)
- Orchestia montagui (2)
- Phylogeography (2)
- Pinus sylvestris (2)
- Talitrids (2)
- Transcription (2)
- Vulpes vulpes (2)
- arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (2)
- bacterial O-antigen (2)
- bioenergetics (2)
- cAMP (2)
- carbohydrate interaction (2)
- dispersal (2)
- gene flow (2)
- growth (2)
- individual-based model (2)
- intermediate disturbance hypothesis (2)
- microsatellites (2)
- mitochondrial DNA (2)
- morphology (2)
- phosphorylation (2)
- plant communities (2)
- regime shift (2)
- senescence (2)
- starch (2)
- stress response (2)
- structural thermodynamics (2)
- tailspike protein (2)
- transcription factor (2)
- trophic status (2)
- (Semi-natural) Grasslands (1)
- 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1)
- 16S rDNA (1)
- 2P cross section (1)
- 3 '-end processing (1)
- ARA (1)
- Acid mining lakes (1)
- Actin bundles (1)
- Adhäsion (1)
- Aeridinae (1)
- Agent-based model (1)
- Agri-environmental schemes (1)
- Alectrurus risora (1)
- Allogamy (1)
- Allometry (1)
- Amyloid fibril (1)
- Amyloidogenesis (1)
- Animal migration (1)
- Animal personality (1)
- Anostraca (1)
- Anoxie (1)
- Anther retention (1)
- Anti-biotin antibody (1)
- Antioxidant genes (1)
- Arctic (1)
- Arktis (1)
- Aromatic aldehydes (1)
- Ascocentrum (1)
- Ausbreitung (1)
- Avoidance (1)
- BEEBOOK (1)
- BFN1 (1)
- BMI (1)
- BeeScan (1)
- Behavioural adaptations (1)
- Behavioural type (1)
- Benzaldehyde (1)
- Beta diversity (1)
- Biocatalysis (1)
- Biodiversity Exploratories project (1)
- Biodiversity exploratories (1)
- Biodiversity hotspot (1)
- Biological conservation (1)
- Biomass nutrient concentrations (1)
- Biosensor (1)
- Bis-MGD (1)
- Bistability (1)
- Black Sea (1)
- Blowfly (1)
- Body size (1)
- Boloria eunomia (1)
- Boosting (1)
- Bottom-up effects (1)
- Brownification (1)
- Bucerotidae (1)
- Burrow system (1)
- C. elegans (1)
- CFR Proteaceae (1)
- CLSM (1)
- CMC (1)
- CO2 emissions (1)
- COLOSS (1)
- CORM-2 (1)
- CSR-strategies (1)
- Ca2+ (1)
- Calcium oscillations (1)
- Calliphora (1)
- Canonical correlation analysis (1)
- Cantharophily (1)
- Carbohydrate Metabolism (1)
- Carbon Cycling (1)
- Caspian Sea (1)
- Catalase (1)
- Cell culture (1)
- Cell migration (1)
- Cell structures (1)
- Cell-free protein expression (1)
- Centrosome (1)
- Cephalodella acidophila (1)
- Ceramidase inhibitors (1)
- Ceramide (1)
- Chemical reaction network theory (1)
- Chemotaxis (1)
- Chitolectin (1)
- Chitooligosaccharides (1)
- Chlorella vulgaris (1)
- Chondrocytes (1)
- Chronic Renal Failure (1)
- Chronic Renal Failure in Children (1)
- Cohesive ends (1)
- Common vole (1)
- Community-level Allee effects (1)
- Competition (1)
- Computer Modeling (1)
- Concerted evolution (1)
- Confocal laser scanning microscopy (1)
- Coniferous plantations (1)
- Connectivity (1)
- Consistency (1)
- Control region (1)
- Copper (1)
- Core incubation experiments (1)
- Crosstalk (1)
- Culicivora caudacuta (1)
- Cytochrome c (1)
- Cytochrome oxidase I (1)
- DHA (1)
- Dendrochronology (1)
- Desiccation tolerance (1)
- Diceros bicornis var. minor (1)
- Dimensionality reduction (1)
- Direct electron transfer (1)
- Discrimination (1)
- Disturbance (1)
- Dithiolene (1)
- Diversität (1)
- Drought stress (1)
- Drought-stress (1)
- Dynamic Energy Budget (1)
- EXO (1)
- Ecological risk assessment (1)
- Ecological speciation (1)
- Ecological stoichiometry (1)
- Ecological synthesis (1)
- Ecology (1)
- Ecosystem processes (1)
- Ecosystem service value (1)
- Ecotoxicology (1)
- Effect model (1)
- Electron transfer (1)
- Employment (1)
- Endothelialization (1)
- Epithelial ion transport (1)
- Escherichia coli (1)
- Euanthe (1)
- Evolution (1)
- ExPEC (1)
- FGF23 (1)
- FITC-dextran release (1)
- FMN (1)
- Facilitation (1)
- Faecal corticosterone metabolites (1)
- Fagus sylvatica (1)
- FeS cluster (1)
- Fitness components (1)
- Floral scent (1)
- Fluorescence lifetime (1)
- Flux coupling analysis (1)
- Fodder quality (1)
- Folsomia candida (1)
- Foraging behavior (1)
- Foraging movement (1)
- Forest continuity (1)
- Forest management (1)
- Formin (1)
- Fractal landscapes (1)
- Fragmentierung (1)
- Fraser Complex (1)
- Fruit set (1)
- Functional groups (1)
- G3BP (1)
- GABA (1)
- Gehirn (1)
- Gene expression (1)
- Gene structure (1)
- Genetic vectors (1)
- Germany (1)
- Glacial relict species (1)
- Glucanotransferase (1)
- Glykogen (1)
- Gondwana break-up (1)
- Grassland management (1)
- Grasslands (1)
- Growth rates (1)
- Haberlea rhodopensis (1)
- Habitat choice (1)
- Habitat filtering (1)
- Habitat use (1)
- Hemodialysis (1)
- Heterogeneity (1)
- HiT selection (1)
- High affinity binding (1)
- Historic land use (1)
- Housekeeping genes (1)
- Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) (1)
- Human face (1)
- Hybridoma technology (1)
- Hypoxidaceae (1)
- Hypoxis (1)
- Hämolyse (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- In vitro protein synthesis (1)
- Indicators (1)
- Indium tin oxide nanoparticles (1)
- Influenza virus detection (1)
- Insect (1)
- Insekt (1)
- Internal transcribed spacer (1)
- Internal waves (1)
- Internalin J (1)
- Invasive species (1)
- Jena experiment (1)
- K-ir-like (1)
- Kidney Transplantation (1)
- Kinesin (1)
- Klotho (1)
- Kohlenstoff (1)
- Körperbautyp (1)
- Körperfett (1)
- Labeled membrane proteins (1)
- Labor demand (1)
- Lafora disease (1)
- Land use type (1)
- Land-use modeling (1)
- Landscape metrics (1)
- Leaf Cell (1)
- LemnaTec (1)
- Life cycle (1)
- Limiting similarity (1)
- Livestock type (1)
- Locomotion costs (1)
- Macrobrachium rosenbergii (1)
- Maltose Metabolism (1)
- Mass action system (1)
- Mboost (1)
- Medicago truncatula (1)
- Mercaptoundecanoic acid (1)
- Metabolic Regulation (1)
- Metabolic network (1)
- Metabolome analysis (1)
- Methan (1)
- Micelle (1)
- Microbial activities (1)
- Microtubule (1)
- Microtus arvalis (1)
- Mikrobiologie (1)
- Mitochondrial gene order (1)
- Mitochondrial recombination (1)
- Moco (1)
- Model structure (1)
- Modified primers (1)
- Molecular methods (1)
- Molecularly imprinted polymer film (1)
- Molybdenum (1)
- Molybdoenzymes (1)
- Molybdopterin (1)
- Monoclonal antibody (1)
- Morphogenesis (1)
- Morphometrics (1)
- Movement (1)
- Multi-cofactor enzymes (1)
- Murella (1)
- Mutual Information (1)
- N-omega-hydroxy-L-arginine (1)
- NHR2 (1)
- NMR (1)
- Naive single chain library (1)
- Naturally rare species (1)
- Neofinetia (1)
- Nest predation (1)
- Nested and overlapping genes (1)
- NetLogo (1)
- Nitric oxide synthase (1)
- Nitrogen cycling (1)
- Non-stationarity (1)
- Null models (1)
- Nutrient availability (1)
- OGB-1 (1)
- ORE1 (1)
- Obesity (1)
- Oligosaccharide (1)
- Ophrys (1)
- Organic farming (1)
- Orthoptera (1)
- Oryza sativa (1)
- Outcrossing (1)
- Oxidation (1)
- Oxytricha (1)
- PAs (1)
- PLFA (1)
- POL (1)
- PTH (1)
- Paratethys (1)
- Pattern-oriented modeling (1)
- Pattern-oriented modelling (1)
- Pauridia (1)
- Permafrost (1)
- Peronosporaceae (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Pflanzengemeinschaften (1)
- Pharmakologie (1)
- Philippine archipelago (1)
- Phosphate (1)
- Phosphorus (1)
- Phosphorylierung (1)
- Phototaxis (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Physiological mode of action (1)
- Plant Biochemistry (1)
- Plant conservation (1)
- Plant functional traits (1)
- Plant height (1)
- Plant species richness (1)
- Plant-animal interactions (1)
- Plasticity (1)
- Poecilia mexicana (1)
- Polyculture (1)
- Polymerase chain reaction (1)
- Population (1)
- Population dynamics (1)
- Population structure (1)
- Population viability analysis (1)
- Populationsdynamik (1)
- Porewater profiles (1)
- Post-transcriptional modification (1)
- Pre-mRNA splicing (1)
- Predictive vegetation mapping (1)
- Primärproduktion (1)
- Proteinfaltung (1)
- RFID (1)
- RNAPII (1)
- Recently rare species (1)
- Recombinant Escherichia coli (1)
- Redox conditions (1)
- Repeatability (1)
- Resting eggs (1)
- Restriction enzymes (1)
- Resurrection plants (1)
- Rhaphidophoridae (1)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (1)
- Rhizophagus irregularis (1)
- Ribosome (1)
- Rice cum prawn culture (1)
- SIRT6 (1)
- SSU rDNA (1)
- Salivary gland (1)
- Sandy soil (1)
- Saniella (1)
- Schulzensee (1)
- Scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin) (1)
- Sea of Azov (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Sediment-water interface (1)
- Seed mass (1)
- Seed number (1)
- Selection method (1)
- Selection of antibody producing cells (1)
- Selection vs. age-class forests (1)
- Shaker (1)
- Shannon diversity (1)
- Shrews (1)
- Signalling (1)
- Silviculture (1)
- Similarity transformation (1)
- Single chain antibody (1)
- Sirtuins (1)
- Site ecology (1)
- Skeletal robustness (1)
- Skelettrobustizität (1)
- Slum tourism (1)
- Small mammals (1)
- Soil ecology (1)
- Space use (1)
- Species distribution modelling (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Species traits (1)
- Specific leaf area (SLA) (1)
- Speicheldrüse (1)
- Sphagnum magellanicum (1)
- Sphingolipids (1)
- Spiloxene (1)
- Spore formation (1)
- Squashes pulp (1)
- Standing biomass (1)
- Starch Degradation (1)
- Stress (1)
- Stress granules (1)
- Stress response (1)
- Structure-activity-relationship (1)
- Stärke (1)
- Sub-lethal effects (1)
- Supralittoral talitrids (1)
- Surface plasmon resonance (1)
- Surface preparation (1)
- Sustainable aquaculture (1)
- Sustainable management of Mediterranean grazing land (1)
- Synthetic glycoprotein (1)
- TAT selection (1)
- TCSPC (1)
- TPK (1)
- Taxonomic position (1)
- Tetrahydrobiopterin (1)
- Thellungiella halophila (1)
- Time-scales hierarchy (1)
- Transkriptionsfaktoren (1)
- Transkriptom Sequenzierung (1)
- Transkriptomanalyse (1)
- Translation (1)
- Tritrophic interaction (1)
- Troglophilus (1)
- Two-photon excitation (1)
- Typical forest species (1)
- Tyrannidae (1)
- Unmanaged vs. managed forests (1)
- Urosomoida (1)
- Vegetation structure (1)
- Vicariance (1)
- Voles (1)
- Wood anatomy (1)
- YKL-40 (1)
- Zelltyp-spezifisch (1)
- Zuckertransporter (1)
- Zweizustandsmodell (1)
- abiotic stress (1)
- accumulation (1)
- acid lakes (1)
- adaptation (1)
- additive partitioning of biodiversity effects (1)
- adhesion (1)
- allelopathy (1)
- allopatry (1)
- allozymes (1)
- anatoxin (1)
- animal personalities (1)
- anoxia (1)
- anthropogenic effect (1)
- anthropometric field studies (1)
- antibiotic paradox (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antibiotics (1)
- apoplast (1)
- appetitive learning (1)
- arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza-Symbiose (1)
- arbuskuläre Mykorrhizasymbiose (1)
- argumentation (1)
- argumentation schemes (1)
- associative learning (1)
- aversive learning (1)
- bacteriaalgae associations (1)
- bacterial production (1)
- behavioral choice (1)
- behaviour (1)
- behavioural adaptations (1)
- beta(2)-microglobulin (1)
- beta-diversity (1)
- biodegradable copolymers (PLGA) (1)
- biodiversity (1)
- biodiversity conservation (1)
- biodiversity refugia (1)
- biomedical applications (1)
- biomimetic sensors (1)
- black rhinoceros (1)
- boldness (1)
- brain (1)
- brownification (1)
- burrow system (1)
- calcite precipitation (1)
- captive populations (1)
- carbon (1)
- carbon flow (1)
- carbon turnover (1)
- carotenoids bioavailability (1)
- cave crickets (1)
- cell selectivity (1)
- cell structure (1)
- cell type-specific (1)
- central Westland (1)
- chemostat experiments (1)
- chloroplast (1)
- classification (1)
- climatic debt (1)
- climatic limitation (1)
- codon usage (1)
- coexistence (1)
- cohesive ends (1)
- colony decline (1)
- common vole (1)
- community dynamics (1)
- community respiration (1)
- community structure (1)
- competition resistance trade-off (1)
- conservation biology (1)
- conservation genetics (1)
- copepods (1)
- cox2 (1)
- cyanobacteria (1)
- cylindrospermopsin (1)
- cytochrome oxidase I gene (1)
- degradable polymer (1)
- demographic properties (1)
- dendroclimatology (1)
- detrended correspondence analyses (1)
- development (1)
- diet competition (1)
- digital laser range finder (1)
- divergence (1)
- diversity (1)
- drug delivery system (1)
- drug eluting stent (1)
- dung (1)
- dynamic energy budget theory (1)
- ecological modelling (1)
- ecological speciation (1)
- ecological stoichiometry (1)
- ecophysiology (1)
- ecosystem services (1)
- ecosystem stability (1)
- ecotypes (1)
- electropolymers (1)
- electrospinning (1)
- energy budget (1)
- environmental changes (1)
- enzymes (1)
- evolution (1)
- evolutionary theory (1)
- expansin (1)
- face proportions (1)
- faecal corticosterone metabolites (1)
- faeces (1)
- feedbacks (1)
- feeding strategies (1)
- fen grasslands (1)
- floral scent (1)
- flow-through vessel (1)
- food preference (1)
- food quality (1)
- food structuring (1)
- forest management (1)
- forest understorey plant species (1)
- formate dehydrogenase (1)
- fragmentation (1)
- free-flying honey bees (1)
- fried (1)
- functional traits (1)
- functional types (1)
- gene expression (1)
- gene regulatory network (1)
- generalizability (1)
- genetic variation (1)
- genetic vectors (1)
- geochronology (1)
- geographical and altitudinal distribution (1)
- germination (1)
- global carbon cycle (1)
- global change (1)
- glycogen (1)
- gustatory responsiveness (1)
- habitat loss (1)
- harmonic radar (1)
- height (1)
- hemolysis (1)
- heteronuclear NMR (1)
- heterotrophic bacteria (1)
- hierarchical level (1)
- hierarchical structures (1)
- honey bee (1)
- honey bee dance (1)
- honey bee flight (1)
- honey bee mating (1)
- honey bee navigation (1)
- hook-lipped rhinoceros (1)
- hormone (1)
- image analysis (1)
- imaging (1)
- individual based modeling (1)
- individual discrimination (1)
- individual-based models (1)
- insect (1)
- integrated model (1)
- interspecific interactions (1)
- interspecific variation (1)
- intraspecific divergence (1)
- invasive (1)
- invasive species (1)
- isolation-by-adaptation (1)
- körperliche Bewegung (1)
- lamprophyre (1)
- land snails (1)
- land-use history (1)
- landscape genetics (1)
- leaf development (1)
- leaf litter (1)
- leucine-rich repeat protein (1)
- leucinreiches repeat-Protein (1)
- life history (1)
- life-table experiments (1)
- lipid profiling (1)
- local abundances (1)
- local adaptation (1)
- locomotion (1)
- long distance movement (1)
- low temperature stress (1)
- mRNA structure (1)
- macrophytes (1)
- matK (1)
- maternal effects (1)
- measuring instrument (1)
- mesocosms (1)
- metabolite profiling (1)
- methane (1)
- methyl viologen (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microcapsules (1)
- microcystin (1)
- microstructure (1)
- mirror illusion (1)
- mirror therapy (1)
- mobile links (1)
- modified primers (1)
- moesin (1)
- molecular methods (1)
- molecular systematics (1)
- molecularly imprinted polymers (1)
- molybdenum cofactor (Moco)-binding chaperone (1)
- molybdoenzyme (1)
- morality (1)
- morphogenesis (1)
- multifactorial environmental change (1)
- multiple stressors (1)
- mycorrhiza (1)
- n-oxPTH (1)
- nanocapsules (1)
- nest predation (1)
- neutral theory (1)
- new combination (1)
- niche optimum (1)
- niche width (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- nitrogen deposition (1)
- nitrogen fixation (1)
- non-associative learning (1)
- northern peatlands (1)
- nutrient limitation (1)
- nutrient-stress (1)
- nutrition (1)
- observation hive (1)
- olfactory communication (1)
- olfactory responsiveness (1)
- ontogenesis (1)
- orchids (1)
- organ size (1)
- oxygen curves (1)
- pH (1)
- pH response (1)
- pace-of-life (1)
- parasites and diseases (1)
- paratose (1)
- percentage of body fat (1)
- periphyton (1)
- pharmacology (1)
- phenotypic plasticity (1)
- phospholipid-derived fatty acid (1)
- phosphorus (1)
- phototaxis (1)
- physical activity (1)
- place (1)
- plant community (1)
- plant potassium channel (1)
- plant species richness (1)
- plant-climate interaction (1)
- polar environment (1)
- pollinator shift (1)
- polymer foams (1)
- polymerase chain reaction (1)
- pore-size distribution (1)
- potassium (1)
- predictability (1)
- predictive systems ecology (1)
- primary production (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- process-based range models (1)
- promoter (1)
- proteasome (1)
- protein folding (1)
- protein-protein interaction (1)
- proteomics (1)
- psbA-trnH (1)
- qualitative pathway interpretation (1)
- quantitative PCR (1)
- quantitative wood anatomy (1)
- quorum sensing (1)
- range filling (1)
- range shifts (1)
- range size (1)
- realized niche (1)
- reasoning (1)
- recombinant Escherichia coli (1)
- reference gene (1)
- reinforcement (1)
- replicates (1)
- reproductive biology (1)
- restriction enzymes (1)
- review (1)
- rotifers (1)
- salivary gland (1)
- saxitoxin (1)
- screening (1)
- secretory cell (1)
- sedimentation (1)
- sediments (1)
- seed longevity (1)
- seed production (1)
- serotonin (1)
- sexual deception (1)
- sexual isolation (1)
- shallow lakes (1)
- shape-memory polymers (1)
- shrews (1)
- signal (1)
- site-directed mutagenesis (1)
- small mammals (1)
- soils (1)
- somatotype (1)
- speciation (1)
- species assemblies (1)
- species coexistence (1)
- species distribution models (1)
- species-specific (1)
- stability program (1)
- stable isotope tracing (1)
- stable isotopes (1)
- stage structure (1)
- starch synthases (1)
- steam-dried (1)
- steamed (1)
- stroke (1)
- structural equation modeling (1)
- sub-inhibitory concentration (1)
- submerged macrophytes (1)
- submicrometer (1)
- sucrose (1)
- sugar response (1)
- sugar transporter (1)
- superoxide (1)
- tRNA (1)
- taxonomy (1)
- temperate deciduous forest (1)
- temperate zone (1)
- temperature (1)
- temperature sensing (1)
- terrestrial subsidies (1)
- thermodynamic stability (1)
- thermodynamische Stabilität (1)
- three hybrid (1)
- township tourism (1)
- trade-offs (1)
- transcript level (1)
- transcription (1)
- transcription factors (1)
- transcriptome analysis (1)
- transcriptome sequencing (1)
- transcriptomics (1)
- transient dynamics (1)
- translation (1)
- tree rings (1)
- trehalose (1)
- triple resonance (1)
- trnL (1)
- trnL-F (1)
- two hybrid (1)
- two-state model (1)
- typification (1)
- understory (1)
- urine (1)
- vacuolar ATPase (1)
- virulence (1)
- virulence-associated genes (1)
- virulenzassoziierte Gene (1)
- voles (1)
- voltage-dependent (1)
- voltage-independent (1)
- wetland ecosystems (1)
- zooplankton (1)
- Ökologie (1)
- Ökotoxikologie (1)
- ökologische Modellierung (1)
Institute
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (269) (remove)
Morphological and genetic evidence for early Holocene cattle management in northeastern China
(2013)
The domestication of cattle is generally accepted to have taken place in two independent centres: around 10,500 years ago in the Near East, giving rise to modern taurine cattle, and two millennia later in southern Asia, giving rise to zebu cattle. Here we provide firmly dated morphological and genetic evidence for early Holocene management of taurine cattle in northeastern China. We describe conjoining mandibles from this region that show evidence of oral stereotypy, dated to the early Holocene by two independent C-14 dates. Using Illumina high-throughput sequencing coupled with DNA hybridization capture, we characterize 15,406 bp of the mitogenome with on average 16.7-fold coverage. Phylogenetic analyses reveal a hitherto unknown mitochondrial haplogroup that falls outside the known taurine diversity. Our data suggest that the first attempts to manage cattle in northern China predate the introduction of domestic cattle that gave rise to the current stock by several thousand years.
Chirocephalus ruffoi is a fairy shrimp endemic to the Italian peninsula, where it is known only from thirteen high mountain locations. Twelve of these are in the Northern Apennines while the thirteenth is about 700 km away in the Calabrian Apennines (Southern Italy). We quantified degree of genetic divergence within the species by sequencing a fragment of the mitochondrial DNA encoding for Cytochrome Oxidase I. We then combined genetic data with the re-analysis of two different datasets on the morphometrics of the resting eggs (cysts) produced by the species as an adaptation to survive seasonal droughts. Genetic data revealed profound divergence; we identified four clusters of haplotypes within the species phylogeography, three in the Northern Apennines and one in the Calabrian Apennines with most of the genetic variation (a parts per thousand 70%) being apportioned among haplogroups. We found high variability in cyst morphometrics, especially in cyst size and height of the spines ornamenting the surface. Genetic and morphometric data are decoupled suggesting that cyst morphology is either under selection or a plastic trait. We, therefore, caution against using cyst morphology for taxonomic purposes in anostracans.
Time hierarchies, arising as a result of interactions between system's components, represent a ubiquitous property of dynamical biological systems. In addition, biological systems have been attributed switch-like properties modulating the response to various stimuli across different organisms and environmental conditions. Therefore, establishing the interplay between these features of system dynamics renders itself a challenging question of practical interest in biology. Existing methods are suitable for systems with one stable steady state employed as a well-defined reference. In such systems, the characterization of the time hierarchies has already been used for determining the components that contribute to the dynamics of biological systems. However, the application of these methods to bistable nonlinear systems is impeded due to their inherent dependence on the reference state, which in this case is no longer unique. Here, we extend the applicability of the reference-state analysis by proposing, analyzing, and applying a novel method, which allows investigation of the time hierarchies in systems exhibiting bistability. The proposed method is in turn used in identifying the components, other than reactions, which determine the systemic dynamical properties. We demonstrate that in biological systems of varying levels of complexity and spanning different biological levels, the method can be effectively employed for model simplification while ensuring preservation of qualitative dynamical properties (i.e., bistability). Finally, by establishing a connection between techniques from nonlinear dynamics and multivariate statistics, the proposed approach provides the basis for extending reference-based analysis to bistable systems.
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) plays a critical role in a number of key physiological and pathological processes. Investigation of electron-transfer reactions in NOS would contribute to a better understanding of the nitric oxide (NO) synthesis mechanism. Herein, we describe an electrochemically driven catalytic strategy, using a nanocomposite that consisted of the oxygenase domain of neuronal NOS (D290nNOSoxy), indium tin oxide (ITO) nanopartides and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Fast direct electron transfer between electrodes and D290nNOSoxy was observed with the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k(er)) of 154.8 +/- 0.1 s(-1) at the scan rate of 5 V s(-1). Moreover, the substrate IV-hydroxy-L-arginine (NHA) was used to prove the concept of electrochemically driven biocatalysis of D290nNOSoxy. In the presence of the oxygen cosubstrate and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) cofactor, the addition of NHA caused the decreases of both oxidation current at + 0.1 V and reduction current at potentials ranging from -0.149 V to -0.549 V vs Ag/AgCl. Thereafter, a series of control experiments such as in the absence of BH4 or D290nNOSoxy were performed. All the results demonstrated that D290nNOSoxy biocatalysis was successfully driven by electrodes in the presence of BH4 and oxygen. This novel bioelectronic system showed potential for further investigation of NOS and biosensor applications. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Poststroke spasticity (PSS)-related disability is emerging as a significant health issue for stroke survivors. There is a need for predictors and early identification of PSS in order to minimize complications and maladaptation from spasticity. Reviewing the literature on stroke and upper motor neuron syndrome, spasticity, contracture, and increased muscle tone measured with the Modified Ashworth Scale and the Tone Assessment Scale provided data on the dynamic time course of PSS. Prevalence estimates of PSS were highly variable, ranging from 4% to 42.6%, with the prevalence of disabling spasticity ranging from 2% to 13%. Data on phases of the PSS continuum revealed evidence of PSS in 4% to 27% of those in the early time course (1-4 weeks poststroke), 19% to 26.7% of those in the postacute phase (1-3 months poststroke), and 17% to 42.6% of those in the chronic phase (>3 months poststroke). Data also identified key risk factors associated with the development of spasticity, including lower Barthel Index scores, severe degree of paresis, stroke-related pain, and sensory deficits. Although such indices could be regarded as predictors of PSS and thus enable early identification and treatment, the different measures of PSS used in those studies limit the strength of the findings. To optimize evaluation in the different phases of care, the best possible assessment of PSS would make use of a combination of indicators for clinical impairment, motor performance, activity level, quality of life, and patient-reported outcome measures. Applying these recommended measures, as well as increasing our knowledge of the physiologic predictors of PSS, will enable us to perform clinical and epidemiologic studies that will facilitate identification and early, multimodal treatment.
The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a long-established model organism for studies on photosynthesis and carbon metabolism-related physiology. Under conditions of air-level carbon dioxide concentration [CO2], a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) is induced to facilitate cellular carbon uptake. CCM increases the availability of carbon dioxide at the site of cellular carbon fixation. To improve our understanding of the transcriptional control of the CCM, we employed FAIRE-seq (formaldehyde-assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements, followed by deep sequencing) to determine nucleosome-depleted chromatin regions of algal cells subjected to carbon deprivation. Our FAIRE data recapitulated the positions of known regulatory elements in the promoter of the periplasmic carbonic anhydrase (Cah1) gene, which is upregulated during CCM induction, and revealed new candidate regulatory elements at a genome-wide scale. In addition, time series expression patterns of 130 transcription factor (TF) and transcription regulator (TR) genes were obtained for cells cultured under photoautotrophic condition and subjected to a shift from high to low [CO2]. Groups of co-expressed genes were identified and a putative directed gene-regulatory network underlying the CCM was reconstructed from the gene expression data using the recently developed IOTA (inner composition alignment) method. Among the candidate regulatory genes, two members of the MYB-related TF family, Lcr1 (Low-CO2 response regulator 1) and Lcr2 (Low-CO2 response regulator 2), may play an important role in down-regulating the expression of a particular set of TF and TR genes in response to low [CO2]. The results obtained provide new insights into the transcriptional control of the CCM and revealed more than 60 new candidate regulatory genes. Deep sequencing of nucleosome-depleted genomic regions indicated the presence of new, previously unknown regulatory elements in the C. reinhardtii genome. Our work can serve as a basis for future functional studies of transcriptional regulator genes and genomic regulatory elements in Chlamydomonas.