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Portal Wissen = Signs
(2015)
Signs take a variety of forms. We use or encounter them every day in various areas. They represent perceptions and ideas: A letter represents a sound, a word or picture stands for an idea, a note for a sound, a chemical formula for a substance, a boundary stone for a territorial claim, a building for an ideology, a gesture for a cue or an assessment.
On the one hand, we open up the world to ourselves by using signs; we acquire it, ensconce ourselves in it, and we punctuate it to represent ourselves in it. On the other, this reference to the world and ourselves becomes visible in our sign systems. As manifestations of a certain way of interacting with nature, the environment, and fellow human beings, they provide information about the social order or ethnic distinctions of a certain society or epoch as well as about how it perceives the world and humanity.
As a man-made network of meanings, sign systems can be changed and, in doing so, change how we perceive the world and humanity. Linguistically, this may, for example, be done by using an evaluative prefix: human – inhuman, sense – nonsense, matter – anti-matter or by hierarchizing terms, as in upper class and lower class. The consequences of such labeling, therefore, may decide on the raison d'être of the signified within an aspect of reality and the nature of this existence.
Since ancient times we have reflected on signs, at first mainly in philosophy. Each era has created theories of signs as a means of approaching its essence. Nowadays semiotics is especially concerned with them. While linguistics focuses on linguistic signs, semiotics deals with all types of signs and the interaction of components and processes involved in their communication. Semiotics has developed models, methods, and concepts. Semiosis and semiosphere, for example, are concepts that illuminate the processing of signs, i.e. the construction of meaning and the interaction of different sign systems. A sign is not limited to a monolithic meaning but is culturally contingent and marked by the socioeconomic conditions of the individual decoding it. Sociopolitical and sociocultural developments therefore affect the processing of signs.
Dealing with signs and sign systems, their circulation, and reciprocal play with shapes and interpretive possibilities is therefore an urgent and trailblazing task in light of sociocultural communication processes in our increasingly heterogeneous society to optimize communication and promote intercultural understanding as well as to recognize, use, and bolster social trends.
The articles in this magazine illustrate the many ways academia is involved in researching, interpreting, and explaining signs. Social scientists at the University of Potsdam are examining whether statistics about petitions made by GDR citizens can be interpreted retrospectively as a premonitory sign of the peaceful revolution of 1989. Colleagues at the Institute of Romance Studies are analyzing what Alexander von Humboldt’s American travel diaries signalize, and young researchers in the Research Training Group on “Wicked Problems, Contested Administrations” are examining challenges that seem to raise question marks for administrations. A project promoting sustainable consumption hopes to prove that academia can contribute to setting an example. An initiative of historians supporting Brandenburg cities in disseminating the history of the Reformation shows that the gap between academia and signs and wonder is not unbridgeable.
I wish you an inspiring read!
Prof. Dr. Eva Kimminich
Professor of Romance Cultural Studies
Portal Wissen = small
(2016)
Let’s be honest: even science wants to make it big, at least when it comes to discovering new knowledge. Yet if one thing belongs in the annals of successful research, it is definitely small things. Scientists have long understood that their job is to explore things that they don’t see right away. Seneca once wrote, “If something is smaller than the great, this does not mean at all that it is insignificant.”
The smallest units of life, such as bacteria or viruses, can often have powerful effects. And again and again, (seemingly) large things must first be disassembled or reduced to small pieces in order to recognize their nature. One of the greatest secrets of our world – the atom, the smallest, if no longer indivisible, unit of chemical elements – revealed itself only by looking at its diminutive size. By no means is ‘small’ (German: klein) merely a counterpoint to large, at least in linguistic terms; the word comes from West Germanic klaini, which means ‘fine’ or ‘delicate,’ and is also related to the English word ‘clean.’ Fine and clean – certainly something worth striving for in scientific work. And a bit of attention to detail doesn’t hurt either.
This doesn’t mean that researchers can be smallminded; they should be ready to expect the unexpected and to adjust their work accordingly. And even if they cannot attain their goals in the short term, they need staying power to keep themselves from being talked down, from giving up.
Strictly speaking, research is like putting together a puzzle with tons of tiny pieces; you don’t want it to end. Every discovery worthy of a Nobel Prize, every major research project, has to start with a small idea, with a tiny spark, and then the planning of the minutest details can begin. What follows is work focused on minuscule details: hours of interviews searching for the secret of the cerebellum (Latin for ‘little brain’), days of field studies searching for Lilliputian forms of life, weeks of experimentation meant to render visible the microscopically tiny, months of archival research that brings odds and ends to light, or years of reading fine print. All while hunting for a big hit...
This is why we’ve assembled a few ‘little’ stories about research at the University of Potsdam, under the motto: small, but look out! Nutritional scientists are working on rescuing some of the earth’s smaller residents – mice – from the fate of ‘lab rats’ by developing alternatives to animal testing. Linguists are using innovative methods in several projects to investigate how small children learn languages. Astrophysicists in Potsdam are scanning the skies above Babelsberg for the billions of stars in the Magellan Cloud, which only seem tiny from down here. The Research Center Sanssouci, initiated by the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation and the University of Potsdam, is starting small but will bring about great things for Potsdam’s cultural landscape. Biologists are drilling down to the smallest building blocks of life, looking for genes in barley so that new strains with positive characteristics can be cultivated.
Like we said: little things. Have fun reading!
The Editorial
Portal Wissen = Point
(2016)
A point is more than meets the eye. In geometry, a point is an object with zero dimensions – it is there but takes up little space. You may assume that something so small is easily overlooked. A closer look reveals that points are everywhere and play a significant role in many areas. In physics, for example, a mass point is the highest possible idealization of a body, which is the theoretical notion that the entire mass of a body is concentrated in a point, its “center of mass”.
Points are at the beginning (starting points), at intersections (pivot points), and at the end (final points). A point symbolizes great precision. There is a reason we “get to the point”. In writing, a point abbreviates, structures, and finalizes what is said. Physicians puncture, and athletes collect points on playing fields, courses, and on tables.
It’s no wonder that researchers are “surrounded” by points and work with them every day: Points bring order to chaos, structure the unexplained, and name the nameless. A point is often the beginning, an entry to worlds, findings, or problems.
Points are for everyone, though. German mathematician Oskar Perron wrote, “A point is exactly what the intelligent yet innocent, uncorrupted reader imagines it to be.” We want to follow up on this quotation: The latest edition of Portal Wissen offers exciting starting points, analyzes points of view, and gets right to the point.
We follow a physicist to the sun – the center point of our solar system – to ponder the origin of solar eruptions. We talked to a marketing professor about turning contentious points into successful deals during negotiation. Business information experts present leverage points that prepare both humans and machines for factories in the age of Industry 4.0. Enthusiastic entrepreneurs show us how their research became the starting point of a successful business idea – and also make the world a bit better. Geoscientists explain why the weather phenomenon El Niño causes – wet and dry – flashpoints. Just to name a few of many points …
We hope our magazine scores points with you and wish you an inspiring read!
The Editorial
Portal Wissen = Earth
(2017)
Earth’s surface is constantly changing. It is the synergetic overlap between the geosphere, biosphere, and climatic sphere and influences the development of our planet. It is our habitat and plays a key role in maintaining the wellbeing of humanity. Many aspects of this system as a whole, however, are not yet understood.
This needs to change immediately because there is not much time left for the Earth – or for us. Photographer and filmmaker Yann Arthus- Bertrand warned in 2009, “In less than 200 years we have disturbed the balance of the Earth that has been created in over four billion years.” Potsdam and Berlin geoscientists, biologists, and climatologists have now joined forces*: They are investigating processes of the Earth's surface in order to better understand them on various spatial and time scales and to predict how our living environment will develop.
In this issue of the research magazine “Portal Wissen”, we present some of the research projects as well as the researchers who drive them. We followed researchers to Ethiopia – to the “cradle of humankind” – where elaborate drilling is offering a glimpse into climate history. Analyses of the several-hundred-thousand- year old deposits provide insights not only for geological and climate researchers. Biologists were able to reconstruct how entire ecosystems developed over long periods using state-of-the-art genetic analysis. A geomicrobiologist shows us the vast insight you get when you cross disciplinary boundaries. His research is no longer taking place on and in the earth but even in outer space. The young researchers of the research training group StRatGy cut large boulders from the Argentinean Andes into the thinnest of slices in order to understand how the mountains developed. And a data analysis expert explains why it is not enough to collect and feed a lot of data into a computer; they also have to be made readable using the right analytic tools.
“The world is a fine place and worth the fighting for,” wrote Ernest Hemingway. This is exactly what researchers are doing when they look for solutions to prevent humanity from irreversibly damaging the Earth. We met a researcher who is working with colleagues throughout Europe to learn more about trace elements and using plants as pollutant “vacuum cleaners”. And it was explained to us how satellite images taken from afar are revolutionizing nature conservation.
The diversity of research at the University of Potsdam should not be forgotten. We followed administrative scientists on the trail of successful reforms around the world and we looked at how reading can be more successful. We asked what supplementary extracurricular lessons can offer (or not offer) and looked into the networked classroom of the future. Germanists also revealed their Brandenburg linguistic treasures to us, psychologists showed us their experiments, and a historian explained to us why the MfS – the GDR state security ministry – were active as development workers. Last but not least, we visited a chemist in the lab, were introduced to the language of climate images, and listened to a romance philologist who researches with all her senses.
Enjoy your read!
The Editors
Portal Wissen = rich
(2017)
The current Issue of Portal Wissen is entitled “reich”, a German word with several meanings. Both an adjective and a noun, it can be translated as rich, wealthy, and abundant, or realm, empire, and kingdom. It is also part of words like Reichtum (wealth, fortune), Reichweite (reach, scope), lehrreich (informative, instructive) and ruhmreich (glorious, renowned*).
Realms – a complex subject. While the worldly empires of mankind come and go, even if they often claim the opposite, and the eternal existence of the kingdom of heaven has not been credibly proven, another and much older realm has an almost inexhaustible wealth – the animal and plant kingdom.
Speaking of wealth: Some people are rich and want to stay rich at any price. Others still want to become rich and are looking for a path to wealth – some for the fastest, some for the easiest, and some for the perfect path. There are even people who want to leave nothing to chance and use a scientific approach, for example the American author Wallace D. Wattles, who published the book The Science of Getting Rich in 1903. His essay was intended for “for the men and women whose most pressing need is for money; who wish to get rich first, and philosophize afterward.” He was so convinced of his work that he even offered a guarantee of success. Anyone who followed his manual would “undoubtedly become rich because the science that is used here is an exact science, and failure is impossible.”
Wattles has been almost forgotten, but the secret of wealth – at least financial wealth – seems anything but deciphered. Some have got it, others want it. There are worlds in between – as well as envy, prejudices and ignorance. More than enough reason for us to look again at Wallace D. Wattles and his self-confidently presented alleged relationship between wealth and science, and to say: Yes! Of course, science makes us rich, but primarily rich in perception, experience and – in knowledge. Science in itself is not glorious but instructive. The great thing is: All can equally benefit from the wealth created by science at the same time. Nobody has to get rich at the expense of others, on the contrary: You can often achieve much more together with others. Everything else comes (almost) by itself. “Those who acquire knowledge are richly rewarded by God,” is the religiously informed praise of sciences by the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
The current issue of the Portal Wissen, however, focuses on facts, which is admittedly not in style at the moment. We therefore invite you to a tour of the University of Potsdam and its partners. It is about studies on the rich biodiversity of porpoises and lab mice. We present a historian who studies rich church treasures and talk with an education researcher about the secret of financial wealth. German philologists explain the rich language of literary criticism in the era of Enlightenment, and we follow a geo-scientist into the mountains where he moved large boulders to find the right stones. It is also about the cities of tomorrow, which have many high-rise buildings but are still (rich in) green, abundant water from once-in-acentury flash floods, and insects as an alternative to a rich diet of tomorrow. We take you to the border area of two disciplines where law and philosophy work hand in hand, talk with two literary scholars who are studying the astounding reach of the Schlager phenomenon of traditional German-language pop music, and learn from a sustainability researcher how to work together to achieve long-term solutions for pressing global problems.
We wish you a pleasant read!
The Editors
Portal Wissen = Language
(2018)
Language is perhaps the most universal tool of human beings. It enables us to express ourselves, to communicate and understand, to help and get help, to create and share togetherness.
However, that does not completely capture the value of language. “Language belongs to the character of man,” said the English philosopher Sir Francis Bacon. If you believe the poet Johann Gottfried von Herder, a human is “only a human through language”. Ultimately, this means that we live in our world not with, but in, language. We not only describe our reality by means of language, but language is the device through which we open up the world in the first place. It is always there and shapes and influences us and the way we perceive, analyze, describe and ultimately determine everything around us.
Since it is so deeply connected with human nature, it is hardly surprising that our language has always been in the center of academic research – and not only in those fields that bear the name linguistics. Philosophy and media studies, neurology and psychology, computer science and semiotics – all of them are based on linguistic structures and their premises and possibilities.
Since July 2017, a scientific network at the University of Potsdam has been working on exactly this interface: the Collaborative Research Center “Limits of Variability in Language” (SFB 1287), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Linguists, computer scientists, psychologists, and neurologists examine where language is or is not flexible. They hope to find out more about individual languages and their connections.
In this issue of Portal Wissen, we asked SFB spokeswoman Isabell Wartenburger and deputy spokesman Malte Zimmermann to talk about language, its variability and limits, and how they investigate these aspects. We also look over the shoulders of two researchers who are working on sub-projects: Germanist Heike Wiese and her team examine whether the pandemonium of the many different languages spoken at a weekly market in Berlin is creating a new language with its own rules. Linguist Doreen Georgi embarks on a typological journey around the world comparing about 30 languages to find out if they have common limits.
We also want to introduce other research projects at the University of Potsdam and the people behind them. We talk to biologists about biodiversity and ecological dynamics, and the founders of the startup “visionYOU” explain how entrepreneurship can be combined with social responsibility. Other discussions center round the effective production of antibodies and the question of whether the continued use of smartphones will eventually make us speechless. But do not worry: we did not run out of words – the magazine is full of them!
Enjoy your reading!
The Editors
Portal Wissen = Cosmos
(2018)
Speaking of the cosmos means speaking about nothing less than everything, about the entirety of space filled with matter and energy. We only see a tiny fraction of it from Earth: planets like Venus or stars like the Sun. There are at least 100 billion stars in our home galaxy alone. Bound by gravity, these luminescent celestial bodies of very hot gas form a system visible from Earth as a whitish ribbon, which we call the Milky Way. The observable cosmos contains at least 100 billion such galaxies with stars, cosmic dust, gas, and probably dark matter as well. The universe is 13.8 billion years old; crossing it once would probably take 78 billion light-years.
Given these dimensions, it is hardly surprising that for us humans, the mystery of the properties of the cosmos is connected with questions of being. Where do we come from? Where are we going? Are we alone in the universe? Such questions are in the wheelhouse of astrophysicists, who explore the vastness of the cosmos through physical means, even though they, of course, deal with physical laws, mathematical formulas, and complicated measuring methods. In this issue of Portal Wissen, we talked with astrophysicists at the University of Potsdam about their research and everyday work.
Lutz Wisotzki showed us a 3D spectrograph, which he has developed in collaboration with colleagues from the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics (AIP) and six other European institutes. This technical masterpiece enables scientists to look deeply into space and to “journey” through time to galaxies shortly after the Big Bang. Philipp Richter introduced us to the astrophysics research initiative and demonstrated how the University of Potsdam is working together with the AIP, the Albert Einstein Institute (AEI) and the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) to train junior researchers. The newly appointed Professor of Stellar Astrophysics, Stephan Geier, presented us with stars so close together to each other that they appear to be one to the naked eye. The physicist, who is also a historian, researches their turbulent relationships.
We have not confined ourselves to cosmic themes, though, but also questioned rather earthly matters such as modern consumption. We have thought about potential love relationships with robots and testimonials in literature and art. We learned why the rainforest in Central Africa disappeared 2,600 years ago, how to produce knee prostheses on a production line, and how animals in the field benefit from big data.
But back to the cosmos. The writing of late astrophysicist Stephen Hawking fundamentally shaped our concepts and knowledge of the universe. And that is because he was both an important physicist and a literary genius. Hardly anyone has been able to capture difficult facts in such a clear, understandable, and beautiful language. With this exemplary understanding of science in mind, we hope to offer you a stimulating read.
The Editors
Portal Wissen = Data
(2019)
Data assimilation? Stop! Don’t be afraid, please, come closer! No tongue twister, no rocket science. Or is it? Let’s see. It is a matter of fact, however, that data assimilation has been around for a long time and (almost) everywhere. But only in the age of supercomputers has it assumed amazing proportions.
Everyone knows data. Assimilation, however, is a difficult term for something that happens around us all the time: adaptation. Nature in particular has demonstrated to us for millions of years how evolutionary adaptation works. From unicellular organisms to primates, from algae to sequoias, from dinosaurs ... Anyone who cannot adapt will quickly not fit in anymore.
We of course have also learned to adapt in new situations and act accordingly. When we want to cross the street, we have a plan of how to do this: go to the curb, look left and right, and only cross the street if there’s no car (coming). If we do all this and adapt our plan to the traffic we see, we will not just safely cross the street, but we will also have successfully practiced data assimilation.
Of course, that sounds different when researchers try to explain how data assimilation helps them. Meteorologists, for example, have been working with data assimilation for years. The German Weather Service writes, “In numerical weather prediction, data assimilation is the approximation of a model run to the actual development of the atmosphere as described by existing observations.” What it means is that a weather forecast is only accurate if the model which is used for its calculation is repeatedly updated, i.e. assimilated, with new measurement data.
In 2017 an entire Collaborative Research Center was established at the University of Potsdam, CRC 1294, to deal with the mathematical basics of data assimilation. For Portal Wissen, we asked the mathematicians and speakers of the CRC Prof. Sebastian Reich and Prof. Wilhelm Huisinga how exactly data assimilation works and in which areas of research they can be used profitably in the future. We have looked at two projects at the CRC itself: the analysis of eye movements and the research on space weather.
In addition, the current issue is full of research projects that revolve around data in very different ways. Atmospheric physicist Markus Rex throws a glance at the spectacular MOSAiC expedition. Starting in September 2019, the German research icebreaker “Polarstern” will drift through the Arctic Ocean for a year and collect numerous data on ice, ocean, biosphere, and atmosphere. In the project “TraceAge”, nutritionists will use the data from thousands of subjects who participated in a long-term study to find out more about the function of trace elements in our body. Computer scientists have developed a method to filter relevant information from the flood of data on the worldwide web so as to enable visually impaired to surf the Internet more easily. And a geophysicist is working on developing an early warning system for volcanic eruptions from seemingly inconspicuous seismic data.
Not least, this issue deals with the fascination of fire and ice, the possibilities that digitization offers for administration, and the question of how to inspire children for sports and exercise. We hope you enjoy reading – and if you send us some of your reading experience, we will assimilate it into our next issue. Promised!
Portal Wissen = Energy
(2020)
Energy – there is something to it. There is, of course, the matter-of-fact definition in every student encyclopedia: “the capacity to do mechanical work, transfer heat, or emit light.” In this way, energy accompanies us, often undetected, all day long: getting out of bed, turning on the heat, switching on the lights, taking a hot shower, getting dressed, making coffee, having breakfast – before we have even left the house, we have already released, transformed, applied, and refueled a lot of energy. And we haven’t even worked, at least not in the traditional sense.
But energy is not just a physical quantity that, due to its omnipresence, plays a key role in every natural science discipline, such as biology and chemistry, but also in almost every technical field. It is also indispensable when it comes to how we understand and describe our world and our activities – and it has been for a long time. How about an example? The Greek philosopher Aristotle was the first to speak of enérgeia, for him a rather nonphysical thing, a living “reality and effectiveness ” – that which makes the possible real. About 2,100 years later, the uncrowned king of German literature Johann Wolfgang von Goethe declared it to be a humanistic essence. “What can we call our own if not energy, strength, and will!” And for his contemporary Wilhelm von Humboldt, energy “was the human’s first and only virtue”. Although physics began to dominate the concept of energy when it became the leading science in the 19th century, energy remained significant in many areas.
Reason enough for us to take a look at energy-related matters at the University of Potsdam. We found them in a wide range of disciplines: While Iranian physicist Safa Shoaee is researching how organic materials can be used to manufacture the solar cells of the future, Swedish environmental researcher Johan Lilliestam is focusing on the different dimensions of the energy transition to learn what makes it successful. Slavicist Susanne Strätling, on the other hand, crosses the boundaries of her discipline as she examines a complex conceptual history and tries to find out why energy electrifies us today more than ever. And physicist Markus Gühr is able to use ultrashort flashes of light to investigate how molecules change under its influence and convert energy in the process.
Of course, we have enough energy to highlight the diversity of research at the University of Potsdam besides the feature topic of this issue. A cognitive researcher, for example, explains why our brain processes both music and language according to its own respective rhythm, while an environmental researcher presents a method that uses particles from outer space to measure soil moisture. Educational researchers have also launched a study on hate speech in schools and we introduce a palaeoclimatologist who is one of twelve researchers in the new postdoc program at the University of Potsdam. We have spared no energy!
Portal Wissen = Health
(2020)
The Coronavirus pandemic has made it very clear how much health and well-being determine our lives. And that science led the way in this regard could not be ignored. At the University of Potsdam, too, many researchers deal with aspects of health maintenance, whether in nutritional sciences, sports and rehabilitation medicine, biochemistry, or psychology. Their research includes supporting chronically ill children and the professional handling of risks, as you can read in this issue of our magazine.
With the establishment of our seventh faculty, the Faculty of Health Sciences, these and many new medical topics are getting more attention at the University of Potsdam. While in the beginning, the “Brandenburg Health Campus” funded by the federal state of Brandenburg was a virtual network of university and non-university research, it is now getting more points of intersection and, not only since COVID-19, a very practical use and plausible to everyone.
The Faculty of Health Sciences, founded in 2018, is supported by three institutions: the University of Potsdam, the Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus-Senftenberg and the Brandenburg Medical School in Neuruppin. They pursue an interdisciplinary approach that holistically develops teaching, transfers new scientific findings from theory to practice and thus further improves overall medical care in Brandenburg. Their vision of being a central platform of research, teaching, and transfer combines socially relevant issues and existing expertise to align them with the needs of people in Brandenburg and use them to their benefit. This interdisciplinary structure has never been more important to advancing patient-oriented basic research and health care models. An innovative concept that can make Brandenburg a pioneer.
In the meantime, the Faculty of Health Sciences has established 16 new professorships at the supporting universities, which are concerned with medicine and healthy aging, health services research, nursing and rehabilitation sciences, and telemedicine. Cardiology and physiology will play a central role as well. In general, the innovative faculty counts on strong interdisciplinary relationships, for example with nutritional sciences and the digital health department at the Digital Engineering Faculty. The role of digitization and well-prepared data in combating the Coronavirus pandemic can also be read about in this issue.
As usual, the research magazine addresses the full range of research at the university: We introduce historian Dominik Geppert, who deals with the history of unified Germany after 1990 embedded in the tensions created by a context of national unification, European integration, and global networking. In a self-experiment, we explored together with a psycholinguist how to research word-finding disorders. Last but not least, we were able to take part in a trip to Namibia, where ecologists from Potsdam examine wildlife management in the threatened savannah. Let them take you where kudu and springbok live!