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Chemically cross-linked composite gels based on bentonite clay from Manyrak deposit (Kazakhstan Republic) and nonionic polymers, i.e., poly(hydroxyethylacrylate) and poly(acrylamide), were polymerized in situ after preliminary intercalation of monomers in an aqueous suspension of bentonite clay. By means of cryo-scanning electron microscopy, it was shown that bentonite clay is well incorporated into the gel network structure with pore sizes up to 1.5 mu m. The intercalated bentonite clay can adsorb cationic surfactants as well as heavy metal ions due to electrostatic interactions. Conductometric and surface tension measurements indicate not only the adsorption of surfactants and heavy metals inside the hydrogel, but also the displacement of the critical micellization concentration (CMC) of the surfactants.
This Letter is focused on the one-pot formation of CdS nanoparticles in aqueous medium in presence of polyethyleneimine (PEI). Quantum dots can be obtained by adding a pre-cooled aqueous Na2S solution to a pre-cooled aqueous CdCl2 solution dropwise in presence of PEI.
Field flow fractionation in combination with TEM experiments show a time dependent agglomeration of individual quantum dots from 1.6 nm up to 3.2 nm in size. The hyperbranched PEI of moderate molar mass (>20000 g/mol) is an excellent polymer to prevent a further increase of the particle size. Therefore, stable fluorescent PEI-capped CdS quantum dots are available.
By dropping a NaH2PO4 center dot H2O precursor solution to a CaCl2 solution at 90 degrees C under continuous stirring in presence of two biopolymers, i.e. gelatin (G) and chitosan (C), supramolecular calcium phosphate (CP) card house structures are formed. Light microscopic investigations in combination with scanning electron microscopy show that the GC-based flower-like structure is constructed from very thin CP platelets. Titration experiments indicate that H-bonding between both biopolymers is responsible for the synergistic effect in presence of both polymers. Gelatin chitosan water complexes play an important role with regard to supramolecular ordering. FTIR spectra in combination with powder X-ray diffraction show that after burning off all organic components (heating up >600 degrees C) dicalcium and tricalcium phosphate crystallites are formed. From high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) it is obvious to conclude, that individual crystal platelets are dicalcium phosphates, which build up ball-like supramolecular structures. The results reveal that the GC guided crystal growth leads to nano-porous supramolecular structures, potentially attractive candidates for bone repair. (c) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Aqueous solutions of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and poly(N,N'-diallyl-N,N'-dimethyl-alt-maleamic carboxylate) (PalH), a synthetic pH-tuneable polyelectrolyte (PEL), have been investigated by various techniques at different pH-values in absence and presence of NaCl. Potentiometric measurements using a surfactant-selective electrode indicate a quite complex interaction mechanism, which can be subdivided into different regions, where non-cooperative, electrostatic and cooperative hydrophobic interactions are of relevance. It was concluded, that in dependence on pH, conformational changes are responsible for the different interaction behavior in the NaCl-free system. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) suggests that early stage hydrophobic binding is an exothermic process followed by electrostatic interactions, which are endothermic in nature and entropy driven. After NaCl addition the interaction mechanism becomes independent of pH due to a screening of (i) attractive interactions between the surfactant head groups and oppositely charged binding sites and (ii) repulsive forces between the surfactant head groups. Furthermore, the ITC investigations have revealed that after salt-addition surfactant micelles interact with the polymer instead of separated SDS molecules due to a depression of the CMC.
Janus emulsions, containing olive oil (OO) and silicone oil (SiO), were formed in presence of polyelectrolyte complex particles, i.e., gelatin-sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA) complexes. The diameter of completely engulfed Janus droplets can be tuned between 50 and 200 mu m by varying the gelatin/NaPAA complex particle size between 200 and 400 nm. The gelatin/NaPAA complex particles adsorbed at the olive oil interface decrease the interfacial tension and stabilize the resulting completely engulfed Pickering Janus emulsions. Long-term stable Janus gels can be synthesized in presence of gelatin/sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) mixtures. In that case Coulombic forces are of relevance with regard to the stabilization of the Janus droplets embedded in a gelatin/NaCMC gel matrix. Janus gels show elastic reological behavior and thixotropic properties.