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Two columnar phases forming 2,4,6-triarylamino-1,3,5-triazines have been investigated in binary mixtures with calamitic and non-liquid crystalline benzoic acids carrying one or two alkoxy chains at the aromatic core. The triazines form hydrogen bonded aggregates with the complementary acids. Each investigated equimolar mixture exhibits a columnar mesophase due to segregation of the H-bonded polar core region from the lipophilic aliphatic molecular segments. The cross sectional shape of cylindrical aggregates and, therefore, the two-dimensional lattice symmetries, hexagonal or rectangular, are defined by the number of alkoxy chains of the benzoic acid component
Quantification of subsurface water fluxes based on the one dimensional solution to the heat transport equation depends on the accuracy of measured subsurface temperatures. The influence of temperature probe setup on the accuracy of vertical water flux calculation was systematically evaluated in this experimental study. Four temperature probe setups were installed into a sand box experiment to measure temporal highly resolved vertical temperature profiles under controlled water fluxes in the range of +/- 1.3 md(-1). Pass band filtering provided amplitude differences and phase shifts of the diurnal temperature signal varying with depth depending on water flux. Amplitude ratios of setups directly installed into the saturated sediment significantly varied with sand box hydraulic gradients. Amplitude ratios provided an accurate basis for the analytical calculation of water flow velocities, which matched measured flow velocities. Calculated flow velocities were sensitive to thermal properties of saturated sediment and to temperature sensor spacing, but insensitive to thermal dispersivity equal to solute dispersivity. Amplitude ratios of temperature probe setups indirectly installed into piezometer pipes were influenced by thermal exchange processes within the pipes and significantly varied with water flux direction only. Temperature time lags of small sensor distances of all setups were found to be insensitive to vertical water flux.