Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (45)
Year of publication
- 2011 (45) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (45) (remove)
Language
- English (45) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (45)
Keywords
- Body dissatisfaction (3)
- ADHD (2)
- Adolescence (2)
- Adolescent (2)
- Autonomic response (2)
- Eating disorder (2)
- Elite athlete (2)
- Heart rate variability (2)
- Microsaccade (2)
- Somatoform disorder (2)
- Stress (2)
- Academic achievement (1)
- Action prediction (1)
- Action-perception (1)
- Age at First Drink (1)
- Alexithymia (1)
- Anxiety (1)
- Attitude (1)
- Autonomic (1)
- Background texture (1)
- Bayesian inference (1)
- Biofeedback (1)
- Biological motion (1)
- CBCL (1)
- Chinese (1)
- Common coding (1)
- Daily Hassles (1)
- Decoupling hypothesis (1)
- Depression (1)
- Divergent thinking (1)
- Doping (1)
- Drinking Behavior (1)
- Dual-task interference (1)
- Dysregulation (1)
- EMG biofeedback (1)
- Early adversity (1)
- Entrepreneurs (1)
- Error-correction (1)
- Eurythmy therapy (1)
- Exclusion of alternatives (1)
- Eye movement (1)
- Eye movements (1)
- Facial recognition (1)
- Focus (1)
- Font size (1)
- GIRK2 (1)
- Grades (1)
- GxE interaction (1)
- HPA (1)
- Haptics (1)
- Health related quality of life (1)
- Historical trend (1)
- Implicit association test (IAT) (1)
- Infancy (1)
- Internal simulation (1)
- International collaboration (1)
- Interoceptive awareness (1)
- KCNJ6 (1)
- Kinesthetic representations (1)
- Linear mixed model (1)
- Longitudinal (1)
- Longitudinal Study (1)
- Longitudinal study (1)
- Mental speed (1)
- Mind-body-therapy (1)
- Mother-infant interaction (1)
- Motor execution (1)
- Neurofeedback (1)
- Neuropeptide Y (1)
- Occupational stress (1)
- Pain threshold (1)
- Pain tolerance (1)
- Parental pressure (1)
- Peer pressure (1)
- Perception-action-link (1)
- Physicians (1)
- Point-light action (1)
- Poland (1)
- Pragmatic inference (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Pseudocleft (1)
- Psychological publications (1)
- Psychosocial health risks and resources (1)
- Real-time prediction (1)
- Reasoning (1)
- Response (1)
- Saccade (1)
- Saccade latency (1)
- Saccadic error (1)
- Saccadic facilitation effect (1)
- Secondary saccade (1)
- Sexual aggression (1)
- Sexual scripts (1)
- Sexuality (1)
- Short-term memory (1)
- Single-blind (1)
- Skin conductance (1)
- Social performance (1)
- Social stress (1)
- Sport (1)
- Stressful Life Events (1)
- Sympathovagal balance (1)
- Target eccentricity (1)
- Teachers (1)
- Vision (1)
- Visual representations (1)
- Weight and muscle concerns (1)
- Word order (1)
- Young adulthood (1)
- age differences (1)
- aggressive behavior (1)
- aggressive cognitions (1)
- alcoholism (1)
- bipolar (1)
- chaining (1)
- childhood (1)
- comorbidity (1)
- compensation strategies (1)
- criminology (1)
- depression (1)
- desensitization (1)
- gender (1)
- gene x environment (1)
- genetics (1)
- individual differences (1)
- irritability (1)
- leniency bias (1)
- linear mixed model (1)
- longitudinal (1)
- maternal distress (1)
- media violence (1)
- memory access (1)
- object-based attention (1)
- parafoveal-on-foveal effect (1)
- perceptual span (1)
- physiological arousal (1)
- posterior statistical power (1)
- preadolescent depression (1)
- preview benefit (1)
- probability of replication (1)
- random-effects model (1)
- rape (1)
- recognition memory (1)
- robbery (1)
- serial order memory (1)
- short-term memory (1)
- spatial attention (1)
- statistical estimation (1)
- stress (1)
- substance use (1)
- suicidality (1)
- temperament (1)
- victim blame (1)
- visual attention (1)
Institute
- Department Psychologie (45) (remove)
Can you see me in the snow? - action simulation aids the detection of visually degraded human motion
(2011)
Using a novel paradigm, we demonstrate that action simulation can directly facilitate ongoing perception of people's movements. Point-light actors (PLAs) representing common human motions were shown embedded in a visual noise reminiscent of "TV snow". At first, the PLAs were perceived clearly, then occluded from view for a short duration, during which it was hypothesized that a real-time action simulation was generated tracking the motion's course. The PLA then reappeared in motion at variable visibility against the noise, whilst detection thresholds for the reappearance were measured. In the crucial manipulation, the test motion was either temporally congruent with the motion as it would have continued during occlusion, and thus temporally matching the simulation, or temporally incongruent. Detection thresholds were lower for congruent than for incongruent reappearing motions, suggesting that reappearing motion that temporally matched the internal action simulation was more likely to be detected.
Miniature eye movements jitter the retinal image unceasingly, raising the question of how perceptual continuity is achieved during visual fixation. Recent work discovered suppression of visual bursts in the superior colliculus around the time of microsaccades, tiny jerks of the eyes that support visual perception while gaze is fixed. This finding suggests that corollary discharge, supporting visual stability when rapid eye movements drastically shift the retinal image, may also exist for the smallest saccades.
Objective: The delineation of developmental pathways to juvenile depressive symptoms is of major clinical interest because these are known to be predictive for adult mood disorders and for a range of other mental health problems. This study investigates the impact of child temperament and early maternal distress, both of which are known to influence children's emotional development, on preadolescent depression. Methods: In a prospective, longitudinal at-risk sample (163 boys, 178 girls), we assessed temperament at the age of 3 months and at 2 years, 4.5 years, and 8 years, respectively, and chronic maternal distress during infancy. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to investigate the prediction of depressive symptoms at the age of 11 years measured by the Child Depression Inventory. In addition, we controlled for psychosocial and obstetric perinatal risks and gender. Results: Psychosocial risks and self-control temperament made significant independent contributions to preadolescent depression, whereas fearful, difficult temperament and obstetric risks were unrelated to depressive outcome. Interestingly, a clear gender difference emerged with a significant prediction from maternal distress only in girls. Conclusions: Our data extend previous findings of a concurrent association between regulative temperament and juvenile depression to a predictive view. Furthermore, the results point toward gender-specific pathways to preadolescent depression and support earlier findings indicating that subclinical maternal distress may exert as detrimental effects on child development as clinical depression.
Linear mixed models (LMMs) provide a still underused methodological perspective on combining experimental and individual-differences research. Here we illustrate this approach with two-rectangle cueing in visual attention (Egly et al., 1994). We replicated previous experimental cue-validity effects relating to a spatial shift of attention within an object (spatial effect), to attention switch between objects (object effect), and to the attraction of attention toward the display centroid (attraction effect), also taking into account the design-inherent imbalance of valid and other trials. We simultaneously estimated variance/covariance components of subject-related random effects for these spatial, object, and attraction effects in addition to their mean reaction times (RTs). The spatial effect showed a strong positive correlation with mean RT and a strong negative correlation with the attraction effect. The analysis of individual differences suggests that slow subjects engage attention more strongly at the cued location than fast subjects. We compare this joint LMM analysis of experimental effects and associated subject-related variances and correlations with two frequently used alternative statistical procedures.
A study with 199 Polish adolescents explored the prominence of risk factors of sexual aggression as part of the sexual scripts for consensual sexual encounters and as predictors of the acceptance of sexual aggression. Distinguishing between general scripts, attributed to the age group as a whole, and individual scripts, reflecting personal standards, sexual scripts were linked to the normative endorsement of the risk factors and to the acceptance of sexual aggression. Individual scripts contained fewer risk factors of sexual aggression than general scripts. The more prominently the risk elements featured in the individual (but not in the general) scripts, the more they were seen as acceptable. For boys, risk scores in individual scripts were correlated with sexual behaviour and linked to the acceptance of sexual aggression via their normative endorsement. The distinction between individual and general scripts as guidelines for behaviour is discussed in terms of its significance for the understanding of sexual aggression.
The present study investigated whether visual and kinesthetic stimuli are stored as multisensory or modality-specific representations in unimodal and crossmodal working memory tasks. To this end, angle-shaped movement trajectories were presented to 16 subjects in delayed matching-to-sample tasks either visually or kinesthetically during encoding and recognition. During the retention interval, a secondary visual or kinesthetic interference task was inserted either immediately or with a delay after encoding. The modality of the interference task interacted significantly with the encoding modality. After visual encoding, memory was more impaired by a visual than by a kinesthetic secondary task, while after kinesthetic encoding the pattern was reversed. The time when the secondary task had to be performed interacted with the encoding modality as well. For visual encoding, memory was more impaired, when the secondary task had to be performed at the beginning of the retention interval. In contrast, memory after kinesthetic encoding was more affected, when the secondary task was introduced later in the retention interval. The findings suggest that working memory traces are maintained in a modality-specific format characterized by distinct consolidation processes that take longer after kinesthetic than after visual encoding.
A Video-Based training method for improving soccer referees' intuitive decision-making skills
(2011)
We present a video-based online training-tool (SET, for Schiedsrichter-Entscheidungs-Training, in German) for improving soccer referees' decisions. We assume that referees' decision-making in contact situations mainly relies on intuitive processing. For improving intuitive decisions, feedback on the correctness of decisions is essential; explanations are not required (Hogarth, 2008). Referees participating in SET watch videos, make decisions, and receive feedback. Evidence of the training's effectiveness was obtained in two experiments with soccer players and expert referees. Immediate feedback on the correctness of decisions without further explanations was sufficient for increasing decision accuracy. Results illustrate that SET is a promising tool for complementing referees' training.
Background:
Recent studies have identified a Child Behavior Checklist profile that characterizes children with severe affective and behavioral dysregulation (CBCL-dysregulation profile, CBCL-DP). In two recent longitudinal studies the CBCL-DP in childhood was associated with heightened rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders, among them bipolar disorder, an increased risk for suicidality, and marked psychosocial impairment at young-adult follow-up. This is the first study outside the US that examines the longitudinal course of the CBCL-DP.
Methods:
We studied the diagnostic and functional trajectories and the predictive utility of the CBCL-DP in the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an epidemiological cohort study on the outcome of early risk factors from birth into adulthood. A total of 325 young adults (151 males, 174 females) participated in the 19-year assessment.
Results:
Young adults with a higher CBCL-DP score in childhood were at increased risk for substance use disorders, suicidality and poorer overall functioning at age 19, even after adjustment for parental education, family income, impairment and psychiatric disorders at baseline. Childhood dysregulation was not related to bipolar disorder in young adulthood. The CBCL-DP was neither a precursor of a specific pattern of comorbidity nor of comorbidity in general.
Conclusions:
Children with high CBCL-DP values are at risk for later severe, psychiatric symptomatology. The different developmental trajectories suggest that the CBCL-DP is not simply an early manifestation of a single disease process but might rather be an early developmental risk marker of a persisting deficit of self-regulation of affect and behavior.
In alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude (a close correlate of reading speed) is independent of font size, presumably because an increase in the angular size of letters is compensated for by a decrease of visual acuity with eccentricity. We propose that this invariance may (also) be due to the presence of spaces between words, guiding the eyes across a large range of font sizes. Here, we test whether saccade amplitude is also invariant against manipulations of font size during reading Chinese, a character-based writing system without spaces as explicit word boundaries for saccade-target selection. In contrast to word-spaced alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude decreased significantly with increased font size, leading to an increase in the number of fixations at the beginning of words and in the number of refixations. These results are consistent with a model which assumes that word beginning (rather than word center) is the default saccade target if the length of the parafoveal word is not available.
Repression and sensitization as situational modes of coping with anxiety were examined as predictors of trait measures of cognitive avoidance and vigilance. In this study, 303 undergraduates saw a violent film clip to elicit anxiety. Increases in skin conductance level (SCL) and state anxiety (STA) from baseline were measured to identify repressors (high SCL, low STA) and contrast them with sensitizers (low SCL, high STA) and genuinely low anxious individuals (low SCL, low STA). State anger was also recorded. Trait measures of vigilance and cognitive avoidance were collected 2 weeks earlier. Significant SCL x STA interactions indicated that repressors scored higher on cognitive avoidance and lower on vigilance compared to sensitizers and low anxious participants. Repressors were less likely than sensitizers to report gaze avoidance during the clip. The anger by SCL interaction was nonsignificant, suggesting that repressors and sensitizers differ specifically in the processing of anxiety rather than negative affect in general.