Staat, Recht und Politik – Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere = State, Law, and Politics - Research and Discussion Papers
ISSN (online) 2509-6974
URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-series-914
Herausgegeben von apl. Prof. Dr. iur. Norman Weiß, Universität Potsdam
Die Reihe der Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere bietet eine Vielfalt an rechtlich und rechtspolitisch relevanten Themen aus den Bereichen des nationalen und internationalen Öffentlichen Rechts. Den Forschungsschwerpunkten der Professur entsprechend handelt es sich dabei insbesondere um das deutsche Verfassungsrecht, das Recht der Vereinten Nationen und den internationalen Schutz der Menschenrechte. Behandelt werden sowohl Grundsatzfragen als auch aktuelle Herausforderungen. Mit den Veröffentlichungen kommuniziert die Professur damit einerseits die Ergebnisse ihrer Forschungsleistungen, andererseits stellen die Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere einen Beitrag zur aktuellen Diskussion dar. Die Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere stehen auch Studierenden und Nachwuchswissenschaftler*innen offen; sie durchlaufen ein internes Begutachtungsverfahren.
The series of research and discussion papers offers a variety of legally and politically relevant topics from the areas of national and international public law. According to the main research areas of the professorship, these are in particular German constitutional law, United Nations law, and the international protection of human rights. Both fundamental issues and current challenges are dealt with. With these publications, the professorship communicates the results of its research achievements on the one hand, and on the other, the research and discussion papers represent a contribution to the current discussion. The research and discussion papers are also open to students and young researchers; they undergo an internal review process.
URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-series-914
Herausgegeben von apl. Prof. Dr. iur. Norman Weiß, Universität Potsdam
Die Reihe der Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere bietet eine Vielfalt an rechtlich und rechtspolitisch relevanten Themen aus den Bereichen des nationalen und internationalen Öffentlichen Rechts. Den Forschungsschwerpunkten der Professur entsprechend handelt es sich dabei insbesondere um das deutsche Verfassungsrecht, das Recht der Vereinten Nationen und den internationalen Schutz der Menschenrechte. Behandelt werden sowohl Grundsatzfragen als auch aktuelle Herausforderungen. Mit den Veröffentlichungen kommuniziert die Professur damit einerseits die Ergebnisse ihrer Forschungsleistungen, andererseits stellen die Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere einen Beitrag zur aktuellen Diskussion dar. Die Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere stehen auch Studierenden und Nachwuchswissenschaftler*innen offen; sie durchlaufen ein internes Begutachtungsverfahren.
The series of research and discussion papers offers a variety of legally and politically relevant topics from the areas of national and international public law. According to the main research areas of the professorship, these are in particular German constitutional law, United Nations law, and the international protection of human rights. Both fundamental issues and current challenges are dealt with. With these publications, the professorship communicates the results of its research achievements on the one hand, and on the other, the research and discussion papers represent a contribution to the current discussion. The research and discussion papers are also open to students and young researchers; they undergo an internal review process.
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12
Dieses Papier thematisiert die völkerstrafrechtliche Einordnung rein störender, also nicht zerstörender Cyberoperationen. Nach der erforderlichen Begriffsklärung werden die einzelnen Fragen der Anwendbarkeit des Völkerstrafrechts erörtert und geprüft, welche Tatbestände durch solche Aktionen verwirklicht werden können.
2
Kurz vor ihrem sechzigsten Geburtstag ist die europäische Union mit inneren und äußeren Herausforderungen konfrontiert und befindet sich in einer tiefen Krise. Am 1. März 2017 legte Kommissionspräsident Juncker das „Weißbuch über die Zukunft der Europäischen Union“ vor, in dem er verschiedene Szenarien darlegt und zur Diskussion über die anste-henden Entscheidungen einlädt. Diese Papier versteht sich als ein solcher Diskussionsbei-trag.
5
Since 2015, the European Union has struggled to deal with the influx of refugees coming into its territories. The number of institutions involved in designing a competent response approach, com-bined with the unilateral and uncoordinated state reactions, have left unclear where to look for when searching for answers and new alternatives. Can the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) take a leading role in solving this and future crises? After a brief recapitulation of the crisis, an analysis of UNHCR’s statue, relationship to international law, and doctrine will put this question to the test while exploring options that are not only available but also feasible in a system where politics trump both legality and morality. If UNHCR is to play an active role in fu-ture refugee policies and become the lead agency it once was, a new daring and innovative approach has to emerge in order to readapt to the power relations that prevail in the twenty-first century.
10
This paper evaluates the construction of the rights of human rights defenders within international law and its shortcomings in protecting women. Human rights defenders have historically been defined on the basis of their actions as defenders. However, as Marxist-feminist scholar Silvia Federici contends, women are inherently politicised and, moreover, face obstacles to political action which are invisible to and untouchable by the law. Labour rights set an example of handling such a disadvantaged political position by placing vital importance on workers’ right to association and collective action. The paper closes with the suggestion that transposing this construction of rights to women would better protect women as human rights defenders while emphasising their capacity for self-determination in their political actions.
3
The right to privacy in the digital age generates new challenges for the international jurisdiction. The following article deals with such challenges. Therefore it firstly defines the term of privacy in general and presents an international legal framework. With whisteblower Snowden a huge political discourse was initiated and the article gives insights into its further development. In 2015 the Human Rights Council for the first time announced a special rapporteur on the right to privacy. However, the discourse is not only taking place on a political level, also civil society organizations advocate more stringent regulations and prosecutions against violations of the right to privacy. Moreover the importance of the technology sector becomes clear. Companies like Microsoft are increasingly taking responsibility to protect digital media against unjustified data misuse, surveillance, collection and storage. But whereas the IT sector is developing very quickly, legislative processes do so rather slowly. Lastly, the individual is also hold to account. To protect oneself against data misuse is to a great extent acting self-responsible. Still, therefore information on protection must be clear and accessible for everyone.
8
The Forgotten War: Yemen
(2019)
The conflict in Yemen seems forgotten considering the worldwide severe humanitarian catastrophes. Nevertheless, since the conflict escalated around four years ago, it became one of the worst humanitarian crises in recent history and has no end in sight. Thousands of people were killed even more displaced and the country is facing tremendous food insecurity as well as the world’s largest cholera outbreak. It is no longer just a civil war between the Houthi- and Hadi-Faction. International interests play a major role and made it a proxy war between Saudi Arabia (and its allies) on one side and Iran on the other. This all happens at the expense of the civilian population. Therefore, it is urgent to analyse the actors involved, their interests within the conflict and furthermore searching for possibilities to overcome it.
7
Unfolding the history of one of the oldest human val-ues, the freedom of expression, while defining its limits, is a complicated task. Does freedom stop where hate starts? This very old dilemma is -now more than ever before- revealing new dimensions. Politicians and new laws aim at regulating free expression, while disagree-ments over such regulation gradually become a source of endless conflict in newly formed multicultural, inter-connected, and digitized societies. The example of the Network Enforcement Act is used to understand the idea of restrictive legal practices in Germany, but also to enlighten the fact that law is a human construction which was created in order to regulate communication among individuals. Alternative practices, to straight legal ones, are summarized to show other dimensions of regulating hate speech without involving top-down approaches. The article proposes the approach of re-storative justice as a combination of legal and medita-tive practices in cases of hate speech. One advantage of the restorative justice approach elaborated in this arti-cle is the potential to remedy the inner hate and the pain, both of the victim and perpetrator. Finally, reveal-ing parts of history and new aspects of the ‘hate speech-puzzle’, leads to a questioning of contemporary social structures that possibly generate hate itself.
6
The phenomenon of male-to-male sexual assault undoubtedly occurs, both in domestic and conflict contexts. There is a small but growing discourse supporting the analysis of this phenomenon, however it remains significantly limited and its growth disproportionate to the concerns it warrants. The international law, NGO and State actors are largely responsible for this inhibition, predominately attributable to their intent in preserving the feminist and patriarchal values on which their institutions are founded. The strength with which the feminist discourse has embedded itself into the agendas of relevant actors is obstructing attempts at unbiased analysis of gender-based violence and the development of a discourse dedicated to understanding male sexual assault. It appears to be a prevailing sector-wide perception that females are the only victims of sexual violence and that creating space for a discussion on male-sexual assault will detract worth from the feminist discourse on female sexual assault. This paper discusses the means in which the sectors ignorance towards male sexual assault manifests and the harmful implications of ignoring this phenomenon. The author uses contextual analyses from development, international law, and cultural examples.
14
Under Brazil's ex-president Bolsonaro, deforestation of the Amazon increased dramatically. An Austrian NGO filed a complaint to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) against Bolsonaro in October 2021, accusing him of crimes against humanity against the backdrop of his involvement in environmental destruction. This paper deals with the question of whether this initi-ative constitutes a promising means of juridification to mitigate conflicts revolving around mass deforestation in Brazil. It thematizes attempts to juridify environmental destruction in international criminal law and examines the Climate Fund Case at the Brazilian Supreme Court. Finally, emerging problems and arguments in favour of starting preliminary examinations at the ICC against Bolsonaro are illuminated. This paper provides arguments as to why the initiative might be a promising undertaking, even though it is unlikely that Bolsonaro will be arrested.
16
The Women, Peace and Security Agenda (WPSA) is an international framework addressing the disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women and girls and promoting their meaningful participation in peacebuilding efforts. The Security Council called on Member States to develop National Action Plans (NAPs) to operationalize the four pillars of the Agenda. This study looks at the relevant steps undertaken by both Germany and the European Union. The author calls for improvements on either level and makes four recommendations.