Sozialwissenschaften
Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (1653) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (1029)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (337)
- Doctoral Thesis (119)
- Review (100)
- Part of a Book (45)
- Other (17)
- Preprint (5)
- Journal/Publication series (1)
Keywords
- Germany (7)
- international organizations (7)
- globalization (6)
- European Union (5)
- Political Science (4)
- Politikwissenschaft (4)
- accountability (4)
- bicameralism (4)
- capitalism (4)
- climate policy (4)
- democracy (4)
- financial crisis (4)
- financial institutions (4)
- financial markets (4)
- parliamentary government (4)
- political equality (4)
- visions of democracy (4)
- COVID-19 (3)
- coordination (3)
- flexibility (3)
- institutional design (3)
- international bureaucracies (3)
- local government (3)
- presidential government (3)
- semi-parliamentarism (3)
- Austria (2)
- Außenpolitik (2)
- Bourdieu (2)
- Carbon pricing (2)
- Coordination (2)
- Denmark (2)
- Digitalisierung (2)
- Diplomatie (2)
- EU (2)
- Energy transition (2)
- Executive-legislative relations (2)
- France (2)
- Higher education (2)
- Isomorphism (2)
- Measurement (2)
- Migration (2)
- Mixed methods (2)
- Paris agreement (2)
- Policy change (2)
- Politik (2)
- Postbürokratie (2)
- Public organizations (2)
- Quality management (2)
- Relational sociology (2)
- Staat (2)
- State (2)
- Trumponomics (2)
- Wissenschaftliches Schreiben (2)
- administration (2)
- affect (2)
- autonomy (2)
- cooperation (2)
- decentralization (2)
- decision-making (2)
- discourse (2)
- electoral systems (2)
- employment services (2)
- executives (2)
- experiments (2)
- field (2)
- governance (2)
- institutional change (2)
- methodology (2)
- presidentialism (2)
- second chambers (2)
- semi-parliamentary government (2)
- state (2)
- Öffentliche Organisationen (2)
- (Verfahrens-)Gerechtigkeit (1)
- 2 degrees C target (1)
- Abrüstung (1)
- Acceptance of wind energy (1)
- Accounting standards (1)
- Adaptive conjoint analysis (1)
- Afroamerikaner (1)
- Agenda Control (1)
- Agenda Powers (1)
- Agile (1)
- Agilität (1)
- Agrifood governance (1)
- Aid conditionalities (1)
- Aid diplomacy (1)
- Aid-for-trade (1)
- Algorithmen (1)
- Algorithms (1)
- Americas (1)
- Anti-Imperialismus (1)
- Antisemitismus (1)
- Appliance diffusion (1)
- Auditing standards (1)
- Australia (1)
- BRD (1)
- Beijing consensus (1)
- Belonging (1)
- Beratung (1)
- Bergbau (1)
- Berliner Mauer (1)
- Bibliometric analysis (1)
- Big data (1)
- Bildung (1)
- Boundary-making of work (1)
- Brandenburg (1)
- Bundesländer (1)
- Bundeswehr (1)
- Bureaucracy (1)
- Bureaucratic organization (1)
- Business participation (1)
- Candidates (1)
- Car ownership (1)
- Career Entry (1)
- Carl Schmitt (1)
- Character (1)
- Choice experiment (1)
- Cities and regions (1)
- City (1)
- Civil Service Reform (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Climate governance experiments (1)
- Climate of Opinion (1)
- Climate policy (1)
- Collective violence (1)
- Communication for development (1)
- Concentrating solar power (CSP) (1)
- Conceptions of social orders (1)
- Conflict dynamics (1)
- Conflicts of social orders (1)
- Consciousness regarding sustainable (1)
- Consumer typology (1)
- Control beliefs (1)
- Conversation Analysis (1)
- Coordination game (1)
- Corporate governance (1)
- Covid-19 (1)
- Culture (1)
- Cyberspace (1)
- DDR (1)
- Datenanalyse (1)
- De-globalisation Aid-not-trade (1)
- De-territorialisation Process (1)
- Decarbonisation (1)
- Decision-making (1)
- Decoloniale Theorie (1)
- Decomposition analysis (1)
- Demokratietheorie (1)
- Deskriptive Statistik (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Development aid (1)
- Development aid criticism (1)
- Digital observation formats (1)
- Digital trace (1)
- Digitale Beobachtungsformate (1)
- Digitization (1)
- Directorate General (1)
- Disarmament (1)
- Discourse (1)
- Discourse networks (1)
- Discrimination (1)
- Distributional effect (1)
- Doctorow (1)
- Dossier (1)
- Durkheim (1)
- Durkheim’s German Reception, Max Weber, Georg Simmel, Jürgen Habermas (1)
- Dynamics (1)
- EU Council Presidency (1)
- EU directives (1)
- EU policy-making (1)
- Eastern Europe (1)
- Economic sociology (1)
- Economics (1)
- Editorial policies (1)
- Education (1)
- Effektivität (1)
- Empirische Sozialforschung (1)
- Energy conflicts (1)
- Energy policy (1)
- Environmental sustainability (1)
- Erweiterung (1)
- Essay (1)
- Estimation uncertainty (1)
- Ethical accounting estimates (1)
- Eurasian Economic Union (1)
- European Commission (1)
- European Neighbourhood Policy (1)
- European integration (1)
- Europäische Integration (1)
- Evaluation (1)
- Existentialismus (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Expertenautorität (1)
- Explanation (1)
- Fatwas (1)
- Federalism (1)
- Feministische Philosophie (1)
- Ferdinand von Schirach (1)
- Field Experiment (1)
- Finanzrisiken (1)
- Firm (1)
- Fisheries management (1)
- Folter (1)
- Formal organization (1)
- Forschungsdesign, kausale Perspektiven, Theorietest, x-zentriert, y-zentriert, Experimente (1)
- Framing (1)
- Franco-Prussian War (1)
- Francs-tireurs (1)
- Frankreich (1)
- Frauenfreundlichkeit, Migrantenfreundlichkeit und Gleichheit der Teilhabe (1)
- Freiheit (1)
- Friedenssicherung (1)
- Functional differentiation (1)
- Föderalismus (1)
- Führung (1)
- G. Bingham Powell (1)
- G20 (1)
- GHG Protocol (1)
- Gender (1)
- Gendered (1)
- Gendered Categorization (1)
- Geneva convention of 1864 (1)
- Georg Simmel (1)
- Gerald Gaus (1)
- German Bundestag (1)
- German armed forces (1)
- German foreign policy (1)
- German literature (1)
- Geschichte 1999-2009 (1)
- Geschlechtliche Kategorisierung (1)
- Gesetzgebung (1)
- Gipfelproteste (1)
- Girls' Love (1)
- Global Zero (1)
- Global comparison (1)
- Governance (1)
- Governmentality (1)
- Great Britain (1)
- Grenzziehungen von Arbeit (1)
- Group of Twenty (1)
- Haiti (1)
- Hermeneutische Explikation (1)
- Higher Education (1)
- Historical Sociology (1)
- Horizontal Educational Inequality (1)
- Hostile-Media-Phenomenon (1)
- Hostile-Media-Phänomen (1)
- Household data (1)
- Human values (1)
- Hunger (1)
- Hybridity (1)
- Hybridität (1)
- Hydropower (1)
- Hyogo (1)
- IASB accounting conceptual framework (1)
- Ideational power (1)
- Imperialismus (1)
- Inclusion (1)
- Income (1)
- Independence (1)
- Index (1)
- India (1)
- Indicator (1)
- Indonesien (1)
- Inferenzstatistik (1)
- Information (1)
- Innovation und soziale Sicherung (1)
- Institutional entrepreneurship (1)
- Institutionelle Komplexität (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interaktion (1)
- International (1)
- International Labour Organization (1)
- International Politics (1)
- International Relations Theory (1)
- International climate negotiations (1)
- Internationale Politik (1)
- Investment (1)
- Iran (1)
- Japan (1)
- Jugendkultur (1)
- Klassik (1)
- Klimapolitik (1)
- Kontext (1)
- Koordinierung (1)
- Kosovo (1)
- Kyoto Protocol (1)
- Labor Administration (1)
- Landtage (1)
- Landwehr (1)
- Latein (1)
- Latin (1)
- Legislative process (1)
- Legitimacy (1)
- Legitimization (1)
- Level Differentiation (1)
- Lieferkettengesetz (1)
- Lifetime income (1)
- Lisa Smirl (1)
- Lisbon Treaty (1)
- Longitudinal and panel data (1)
- Low- and middle-income countries (1)
- Luhmann (1)
- Malnutrition (1)
- Management (1)
- Management control (1)
- Managerialism (1)
- Marine environmental management (1)
- Market integration (1)
- Markt (1)
- Max Weber (1)
- Meeres-Governance (1)
- Mehrebenensystem (1)
- Meinungsklima (1)
- Menschenrechte (1)
- Mercantilism (1)
- Methoden (1)
- Methodology (1)
- Methods (1)
- Mixed strategy (1)
- Monetary Fund (1)
- Moralische Intuition (1)
- Multilevel system (1)
- Multivariate cointegration (1)
- Narrationen (1)
- Narrationen im Politikunterricht (1)
- National Socialism (1)
- Nationalsozialismus (1)
- Neoliberalism (1)
- Neoliberalism Populism theoretical framework (1)
- New South Wales (1)
- New institutionalism (1)
- Nicht-Beherrschung (1)
- Nicht-ideale Theorie (1)
- Nigeria (1)
- Niklas (1)
- Normalisierung (1)
- Normalization (1)
- Norway (1)
- Nuclear Weapons (1)
- Nuklearwaffen (1)
- Objectivation (1)
- Objektivierung (1)
- Occupational Statistics (1)
- Organisationales Lernen (1)
- Organisationsreform (1)
- Organisationssoziologie (1)
- Organisationstheorie (1)
- Organization theory (1)
- Organizational change (1)
- Organizational learning (1)
- Organizations and society (1)
- Parliamentary Administrations (1)
- Parliaments (1)
- Partial organization (1)
- Partizipation (1)
- Peer-to-peer (1)
- Perceived socioeconomic status (1)
- Performance management (1)
- Performanz von Gesellschaften im internationalen Vergleich (1)
- Permanent income (1)
- Person Categories (1)
- Philosophical perspectives (1)
- Philosophie (1)
- Philosophy (1)
- Pluralistic ignorance (1)
- Pluralistische Ignoranz (1)
- Poland (1)
- Policy coordination (1)
- Political Governance (1)
- Political Inclusion (1)
- Political System (1)
- Political economy Socio-economic development (1)
- Political sociology (1)
- Politics of childhood (1)
- Politikdidaktik (1)
- Politikempfehlungen (1)
- Politische Herrschaft (1)
- Politisches System (1)
- Populism (1)
- Populism restated (1)
- Post-bureaucracy (1)
- Practice turn (1)
- Pragmatismus (1)
- Praxisrelevanz (1)
- President (1)
- President Trump (1)
- Presidents (1)
- Privacy (1)
- Processes (1)
- Profession (1)
- Protest Policing (1)
- Protestforschung (1)
- Prozessanalyse (1)
- Präferenzen (1)
- Public Broadcasters (1)
- Public sector (1)
- Public-private partnerships (1)
- Purchasing panel data (1)
- Quality assurance (1)
- Quality-Measurement (1)
- REDD (1)
- Ragtime (1)
- Randomized controlled trial (1)
- Ranking (1)
- Rassismus (1)
- Rechtsextremismus (1)
- Rechtsradikalismus (1)
- Regeln (1)
- Regional states (1)
- Regulierung (1)
- Rekonstruktion (1)
- Religionsfreiheit (1)
- Renewable energy (1)
- Repräsentation (1)
- Republikanismus (1)
- Residential energy demand (1)
- Review (1)
- Risikoauferlegung (1)
- Rockmusik (1)
- Rohstoffe (1)
- Rohstoffpolitik (1)
- Role of science (1)
- Russia (1)
- Russia and Eurasia (1)
- SDG 11 (1)
- Schülerorientierung (1)
- Scientific Writing (1)
- Secret society of torturers (1)
- Self-disclosure (1)
- Sequencing (1)
- Serene Khader (1)
- Shari'a (1)
- Simmel (1)
- Social (1)
- Social Differentiation (1)
- Social Inequality (1)
- Social change (1)
- Social class (1)
- Social movements (1)
- Social networking sites (1)
- Social order (1)
- Social relations (1)
- Sociology of Knowledge (1)
- Sociology of social facts (1)
- South Asia (1)
- Soziale Integration und Befähigung zur Autonomie (1)
- Stakeholder involvement typology (1)
- Statistical technologies of ordering (1)
- Statistische Ordnungstechniken (1)
- Steam coal (1)
- Studentenbewegung (1)
- Sub-national (1)
- Super Girl (1)
- Supreme audit institutions (1)
- Survey (1)
- Survey Research Methods (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Sustainability science (1)
- Switzerland (1)
- Symbolic capital (1)
- Symbolisches Kapital (1)
- Systemisches Risiko (1)
- Systems theory (1)
- Systemtheorie (1)
- Szenario (1)
- TOP-Guidelines (1)
- Technological change (1)
- Theorie-Praxis-Problem (1)
- Theory of social fields (1)
- Third-Person-Perception (1)
- Third-Person-Wahrnehmung (1)
- Thomas theorem (1)
- Thomas-Theorem (1)
- Torture (1)
- Transformative research (1)
- Transnational governance (1)
- Transnational networks (1)
- Transnationalization (1)
- Trust (1)
- Turkey (1)
- UK (1)
- UN-REDD (1)
- UNFCCC (1)
- USA (1)
- Ukraine (1)
- Umweltperformanz (1)
- Umweltpolitik (1)
- United Nations (1)
- United States (1)
- Universalismus (1)
- Urban politics (1)
- Velayate Faqih (1)
- Vereinte Nationen (1)
- Verschwindenlassen (1)
- Verwaltung (1)
- Verwaltungslehre (1)
- Verwaltungsreform (1)
- Vetopunkte (1)
- Vetospieler (1)
- Voluntary global business initiatives (1)
- Weber (1)
- Wohlstand und ökologische Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- World Bank (1)
- World Health Organization (1)
- YouTube (1)
- Zivilgesellschaft (1)
- acceptance (1)
- accountability dynamics (1)
- accountability mechanism (1)
- acknowledgements (1)
- acteurs non-étatiques (1)
- action theory (1)
- activation (1)
- administración pública (1)
- administration publique (1)
- administrative reform (1)
- adolescents (1)
- affective communication (1)
- agent-based modeling (1)
- agentes no estatales (1)
- aid worker (1)
- allocation policies (1)
- anniversary issue (1)
- anthropocene (1)
- application (1)
- asylum (1)
- authoritarian resilience (1)
- authority (1)
- authorship attribution (1)
- automated text analysis (1)
- battlefield tourism (1)
- big data (1)
- blind feeling (1)
- bureaucratic politics (1)
- bureaucraties internationales (1)
- burocracias internacionales (1)
- capabilities framework (1)
- carbon pricing (1)
- categorization (1)
- causal inference (1)
- causal perspectives (1)
- causes of effects (1)
- child asylum-seekers (1)
- childcare (1)
- childrearing practices (1)
- cities (1)
- citizen participation (1)
- civil service (1)
- civil service survey (1)
- civil society (1)
- civil war (1)
- climate change (1)
- climate change mitigation (1)
- climate change policy (1)
- climate finance (1)
- climate regime (1)
- co-ordination (1)
- coercion (1)
- collective violence (1)
- comparative environmental politics (1)
- comparison (1)
- complex majoritarianism (1)
- computer-assisted text analysis (1)
- concentrating solar power (1)
- concept of the political (1)
- conceptualization (1)
- conduct of life (1)
- conflict knowledge (1)
- constitutions (1)
- consumption (1)
- contingent encounters (1)
- contrastive empiricism (1)
- corruption (1)
- crisis (1)
- crisis management (1)
- criticism of social psychology (1)
- data protection (1)
- de-concentration (1)
- decarbonization (1)
- decision (1)
- decision processes (1)
- decision theory (1)
- definition (1)
- democratic quality (1)
- democratic theory (1)
- democratization (1)
- design options (1)
- development assistance (1)
- dictionary (1)
- digital overload (1)
- digital transformation (1)
- discourse analysis (1)
- dispatchable renewable electricity (1)
- domestic politics (1)
- domination (1)
- dossier (1)
- drivers (1)
- earth system governance (1)
- ecological modernization (1)
- economy (1)
- educational aspirations (1)
- effectiveness (1)
- effects of causes (1)
- efficiency (1)
- emotional geography (1)
- empirical implications of theoretical models (1)
- empirical research (1)
- enabling legislation (1)
- energy decarbonization (1)
- energy efficiency (1)
- energy policy (1)
- energy system modeling (1)
- enlargement (1)
- environmental degradation (1)
- environmental policy (1)
- environmental policy effects (1)
- environmental policy performance (1)
- environmental treaties (1)
- essay (1)
- excessive instrumental reasoning (1)
- executive personalism (1)
- executive-legislative relations (1)
- expert authority (1)
- expert survey (1)
- family workers (1)
- fan community (1)
- fan fiction (1)
- federalism (1)
- field trips (1)
- financial solidarity (1)
- food security governance (1)
- forecasting (1)
- formale Modelle (1)
- framework (1)
- functions of Presidency (1)
- gender (1)
- gender equality (1)
- gender inequality (1)
- gendered boundaries (1)
- generalizability (1)
- global climate governance (1)
- global commons (1)
- global governance (1)
- global negotiations (1)
- government formation (1)
- government policymaking (1)
- government-formation (1)
- great powers (1)
- head of state (1)
- heterogeneous treatment effects (1)
- higher education (1)
- hospitals (1)
- huella ecológica (1)
- human rights (1)
- humanitarian organisations (1)
- humanitarianism; (1)
- ideal types (1)
- identity (1)
- ideological congruence (1)
- immigration (1)
- impact assessment (1)
- implementation measures (1)
- incremental reform (1)
- industry development (1)
- innocence (1)
- innovation (1)
- institutional changes (1)
- institutional complexity (1)
- institutional reform (1)
- integration (1)
- inter-organizational order (1)
- inter-organizational relations (1)
- intergroup contacts (1)
- internal goods (1)
- internal/external locus of control development (1)
- international law (1)
- international organizations; food security governance; inter-organizational relations; overlap; perception (1)
- international trade (1)
- internationale Organisationen (1)
- internationale Verwaltungen (1)
- issue market (1)
- job autonomy (1)
- job satisfaction (1)
- juku (1)
- labor market (1)
- labour market administration (1)
- land use (1)
- language acquisition (1)
- language courses (1)
- legislatures (1)
- levee en masse (1)
- lifestyle (1)
- liminality (1)
- long-term policy (1)
- low-wage employment (1)
- machine learning (1)
- majority rule (1)
- marine governance (1)
- marketization (1)
- mattering (1)
- measurement (1)
- measurement error (1)
- migration (1)
- minister responsibility (1)
- mixed methods (1)
- modernity (1)
- modernización ecológica (1)
- monopoly of legitimate use of force (1)
- moral philosophy (1)
- moral sociology (1)
- motivation crowding (1)
- mots clés (1)
- multilateralism (1)
- multiple correspondence analysis (1)
- myth of Franktireurkrieg (1)
- national ecological footprint (1)
- national ministries (1)
- nationale Ministerien (1)
- non-probability samples (1)
- non-targeted SNS activities (1)
- nonprobability sampling (1)
- nonstate actors (1)
- norm of reciprocity (1)
- on-site visits (1)
- order transition (1)
- organisations internationales (1)
- organizaciones internacionales (1)
- organization theory (1)
- organizational fields (1)
- organizational reform (1)
- organizational reputation (1)
- palabras clave (1)
- parental leave (1)
- parenthood (1)
- parliamentarians (1)
- parliamentarism (1)
- parliamentary democracy (1)
- participation (1)
- party competition (1)
- peacekeeping (1)
- performance (1)
- performance appraisals (1)
- performance measurement (1)
- performance pay (1)
- performance rating (1)
- performance-related pay (1)
- personality (1)
- personnel policy (1)
- photovoltaics (1)
- planetary boundaries (1)
- policy (1)
- policy advice (1)
- policy agendas (1)
- policy competition (1)
- policy cycle (1)
- policy dismantling (1)
- policy output (1)
- policy transfer (1)
- political processes (1)
- political sociology (1)
- política ambiental comparada (1)
- pragmatism (1)
- praxeology (1)
- prediction (1)
- preferences (1)
- prestige (1)
- privacy (1)
- privatization (1)
- process tracing (1)
- prozessuale Erklärung (1)
- public (1)
- public administration (1)
- public employment service (1)
- public justification (1)
- public organizations (1)
- public service delivery (1)
- public-reason liberalism (1)
- qualitative research (1)
- quantitative research (1)
- ratification (1)
- real options (1)
- recall accuracy (1)
- reciprocity (1)
- refugees (1)
- regional equity (1)
- regional organizations (1)
- regulación estatal (1)
- regulation (1)
- regulations (1)
- renewable energy (1)
- representation (1)
- research (1)
- research design (1)
- retention (1)
- retrospective questions (1)
- revolution (1)
- rewards (1)
- rules (1)
- rural (1)
- scaling method (1)
- scenario (1)
- school achievement (1)
- science-policy interactions (1)
- scientific writing (1)
- self-selection (1)
- self-sufficiency (1)
- sensation (1)
- sensory experience (1)
- sentiment analysis (1)
- separation of powers (1)
- shadow education (1)
- siege of Paris 1870 (1)
- simple majoritarianism (1)
- simulation (1)
- situationally-specific habitus (1)
- smart CCTV (1)
- social and environmental administration (1)
- social functional approach to positive emotions (1)
- social policy (1)
- socialization conditions (1)
- sociology of knowledge (1)
- sociology of social forms (1)
- spaces of aid (1)
- staff turnover (1)
- stakeholder involvement concepts (1)
- statistical categorization (1)
- statistics (1)
- statistiques (1)
- strong structuration theory (SST) (1)
- subjective well-being (1)
- subnational authorities (1)
- survival analysis (1)
- sustainability science (1)
- sustainable development (1)
- symbolic boundaries (1)
- symbolic representation (1)
- technological change (1)
- technological learning (1)
- term limits (1)
- terrorist behavior (1)
- text based classification methods (1)
- theory test (1)
- theory testing (1)
- thermal energy storage (1)
- three-tier approach (1)
- trade (1)
- transmission (1)
- transnational actors (1)
- transnational governance arrangements (1)
- transnormative sociology (1)
- transposition (1)
- treadmill of production (1)
- unqual power (1)
- urban riots (1)
- urban sustainability (1)
- utility-scale batteries (1)
- validity (1)
- value chain analysis (1)
- varieties of capitalism (1)
- veto player theory (1)
- veto players (1)
- veto point (1)
- video surveillance (1)
- violence (1)
- welfare markets (1)
- welfare state (1)
- welfare state reform (1)
- welfare state retrenchment (1)
- wondering (1)
- word embeddings (1)
- work (1)
- work-family policies (1)
- working hours (1)
- working time (1)
- Öffentlicher Dienst (1)
- Überlegungsgleichgewicht (1)
Institute
Editorial
(2019)
The long-standing approach of using probability samples in social science research has come under pressure through eroding survey response rates, advanced methodology, and easier access to large amounts of data. These factors, along with an increased awareness of the pitfalls of the nonequivalent comparison group design for the estimation of causal effects, have moved the attention of applied researchers away from issues of sampling and toward issues of identification. This article discusses the usability of samples with unknown selection probabilities for various research questions. In doing so, we review assumptions necessary for descriptive and causal inference and discuss research strategies developed to overcome sampling limitations.
Recent years have seen a considerable broadening of the ambitions in urban sustainability policy-making. With its Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 Making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, the 2030 Agenda stresses the critical role of cities in achieving sustainable development. In the context of SDG17 on partnerships, emphasis is also placed on the role of researchers and other scientific actors as change agents in the sustainability transformation. Against this backdrop, this article sheds light on different pathways through which science can contribute to urban sustainability. In particular, we discern four forms of science-policy-society interactions as key vectors: 1. sharing knowledge and providing scientific input to urban sustainability policy-making; 2. implementing transformative research projects; 3. contributing to local capacity building; and 4. self-governing towards sustainability. The pathways of influence are illustrated with empirical examples, and their interlinkages and limitations are discussed. We contend that there are numerous opportunities for actors from the field of sustainability science to engage with political and societal actors to enhance sustainable development at the local level.
Happiness as the ultimate goal of human endeavour is a thread running through theology and philosophy from the ancient Greeks to modern times. Such a claim raises immediately a host of critical objections and problems relating to the idea of cultural relativism. Can the theme of happiness be continuous and how would we know that? One way to overcome this dilemma is to identify ‘regimes of happiness’ – that is, clusters of ideas, practices and institutions that in one way or another connect to broad ideas of human wellbeing, flourishing and satisfaction or Eudaimonia to use the word that dominates Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics (Contreras- Vejar and Turner, 2018). Contemporary discussions of happiness almost invariably start with Aristotle (Nagel, 1972). However, the methodology here is to some extent borrowed from Michel Foucault to understand the ‘genealogy’ of happiness across different social and cultural formations. In the Western world one could identify an Aristotelian regime of happiness based on the idea of a sound polity and flourishing citizens. There is also a Christian regime of happiness around such figures as St. Augustine and within which there have been radical shifts most notably brought about by Luther and the Protestant Reformation. Regimes of happiness can overlap with each other and their borders are obviously fuzzy. Some regimes may last a long time in various forms. For example, Aristotle's treatment of happiness is one of the most cited versions of happiness across the West. The idea of happiness is, however, not confined to the West. For example, the Vietnamese Constitution that was devised by Ho Chi Minh, an admirer of America society, crafted the 1945 Constitution with three key words as its primary values – Independence–freedom–happiness (or niem hanh phuc). The 2013 version of the Constitution in Article 3 says, ‘The state guarantees […] that people enjoy what is abundant and free for a happy life with conditions for all- round development.’
One further notion behind our discussion of ‘regimes of happiness’ is that in principle we can detect important shifts in regimes that are associated both with specific networks of individual thinkers, and with institutional changes in the location of intellectuals in these networks. In this chapter I am especially interested in the transitions in thinking about happiness from the late eighteenth century and through the nineteenth century.
Introduction
(2019)
This book started as a conversation about successful societies and human development. It was originally based on a simple idea— it would be unusual if, in a society that might be reasonably deemed as successful, its citizens were deeply unhappy. This combination— successful societies and happy citizens— raised immediate and obvious problems. How might one define “success” when dealing, for example, with a society as large and as complex as the United States? We ran into equally major problems when trying to understand “happiness.” Yet one constantly hears political analysts talking about the success or failure of various democratic institutions. In ordinary conversations one constantly hears people talking about being happy or unhappy. In the everyday world, conversations about living in a successful society or about being happy do not appear to cause bewilderment or confusion. “Ordinary people” do not appear to find questions like— is your school successful or are you happily married?— meaningless or absurd. Yet, in the social sciences, both “successful societies” and “happy lives” are seen to be troublesome.
As our research into happiness and success unfolded, the conundrums we discussed were threefold: societal conditions, measurements and concepts. What are the key social factors that are indispensable for the social and political stability of any given society? Is it possible to develop precise measures of social success that would give us reliable data? There are a range of economic indicators that might be associated with success, such as labor productivity, economic growth rates, low inflation and a robust GDP. Are there equally reliable political and social measures of a successful society and human happiness? For example, rule of law and the absence of large- scale corruption might be relevant to the assessment of societal happiness. These questions about success led us inexorably to what seems to be a futile notion: happiness. Economic variables such as income or psychological measures of well- being in terms of mental health could be easily analyzed; however, happiness is a dimension that has been elusive to the social sciences.
In our unfolding conversation, there was also another stream of thought, namely that the social sciences appeared to be more open to the study of human unhappiness rather than happiness.
Mixed methods approaches have become increasingly relevant in social sciences research over the last few decades. Nevertheless, we show that these approaches have rarely been explicitly applied in higher education research. This is somewhat surprising because mixed methods and empirical research into higher education seem to be a perfect match for several reasons: (1) the role of the researcher, which is associated with strong intersections between the research subject and the research object; (2) the research process, which relies on concepts and theories that are borrowed from other research fields; and (3) the research object, which exhibits unclear techniques in teaching and learning, making it difficult to grasp causalities between input and results. Mixed methods approaches provide a suitable methodology to research such topics. Beyond this, potential future developments underlining the particular relevance of mixed methods approaches in higher education are discussed.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether and how evolving ideas about management control (MC) emerge in research about public sector performance management (PSPM).
Design/methodology/approach
This is a literature review on PSPM research through using a set of key terms derived from a review of recent developments in MC.
Findings
MC research, originating in the management accounting discipline, is largely disconnected from PSPM research as part of public administration and public management disciplines. Overlaps between MC and PSPM research are visible in a cybernetic control approach, control variety and contingency-based reasoning. Both academic communities share an understanding of certain issues, although under diverging labels, especially enabling controls or, in a more general sense, usable performance controls, horizontal controls and control packaging. Specific MC concepts are valuable for future PSPM research, i.e. trust as a complement of performance-based controls in complex settings, and strategy as a variable in contingency-based studies.
Research limitations/implications
Breaking the boundaries between two currently remote research disciplines, on the one hand, might dismantle “would-be” innovations in one of these disciplines, and, on the other hand, may provide a fertile soil for mutual transfer of knowledge. A limitation of the authors’ review of PSPM research is that it may insufficiently cover research published in the public sector accounting journals, which could be an outlet for MC-inspired PSPM research.
Originality/value
The paper unravels the “apparent” and “real” differences between MC and PSPM research, and, in doing so, takes the detected “real” differences as a starting point for discussing in what ways PSPM research can benefit from MC achievements.
Even though concerns about adverse distributional implications for the poor are one of the most important political challenges for carbon pricing, the existing literature reveals ambiguous results. For this reason, we assess the expected incidence of moderate carbon price increases for different income groups in 87 mostly low- and middle-income countries. Building on a consistent dataset and method, we find that for countries with per capita incomes of below USD 15,000 per year (at PPP-adjusted 2011 USD) carbon pricing has, on average, progressive distributional effects. We also develop a novel decomposition technique to show that distributional outcomes are primarily determined by differences among income groups in consumption patterns of energy, rather than of food, goods or services. We argue that an inverse U-shape relationship between energy expenditure shares and income explains why carbon pricing tends to be regressive in countries with relatively higher income. Since these countries are likely to have more financial resources and institutional capacities to deal with distributional issues, our findings suggest that mitigating climate change, raising domestic revenue and reducing economic inequality are not mutually exclusive, even in low- and middle-income countries. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Given the rising popularity of social networking sites (SNSs), the influence of these platforms on the subjective well-being (SWB) of their users is an emerging topic in information systems research. Building on the norm of reciprocity and the social functional approach to positive emotions, we posit that targeted reciprocity-evoking forms of SNS activities are best suited to promote users’ positive emotions. The favourable potential of these activities is likely to be particularly pronounced among adolescents who pay special attention to social acceptance, which can be channelled with the help of reciprocal communication. Therefore, we conducted a quantitative 7-day diary study of 162 adolescent Facebook users attending German schools, looking at the impact of their daily SNS activities on their SWB. Based on a linear mixed model analysis, our results confirm a positive link between targeted reciprocity-evoking activities – such as chatting, giving and receiving feedback – and adolescents’ positive emotions. Our findings provide a reassuring perspective on the implications of the sociotechnical design of SNS communication channels. Specifically, by encouraging targeted activities, providers, users, and other stakeholders can ensure the beneficial impact of this technology on users’ SWB.
Feigning Democracy
(2017)
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation plus the sustainable management of forest and enhancement of carbon stocks (REDD+) is a global climate change mitigation initiative. The United Nations REDD Programme (UN-REDD) is training governments in developing countries, including Nigeria, to implement REDD+. To protect local people, UN-REDD has developed social safeguards including a commitment to strengthen local democracy to prevent an elite capture of REDD+ benefits. This study examines local participation and representation in the UN-REDD international policy board and in the national-level design process for the Nigeria-REDD proposal, to see if practices are congruent with the UN-REDD commitment to local democracy. It is based on research in Nigeria in 2012 and 2013, and finds that local representation in the UN-REDD policy board and in Nigeria-REDD is not substantive. Participation is merely symbolic. For example, elected local government authorities, who ostensibly represent rural people, are neither present in the UN-REDD board nor were they invited to the participatory forums that vetted the Nigeria-REDD. They were excluded because they were politically weak. However, UN-REDD approved the Nigeria-REDD proposal without a strategy to include or strengthen elected local governments. The study concludes with recommendations to help the UN-REDD strengthen elected local government authority in Nigeria in support of democratic local representation.
Gender and framing
(2019)
Framing literature has so far failed to construct gender as an analytical category that shapes the ways in which we perceive, identify and act upon grievances. This article builds on the insights of feminist theory and employs the conceptual vocabulary of the social movement framing perspective in maintaining gender as a main parameter of framing processes. Drawing on ethnographic research on local community struggles against hydropower plants in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey, this article maintains the centrality of gender to framing processes. It analyzes the gendered difference between men’s macro-framings and women’s cultural and socio-ecological framings, which is rooted in their differing relationships with their immediate environment, as well as with the state and its institutions. The article maintains that the framings of women, which represent the immediacy of the environment, are more effective in gaining public support and shaping movement outcomes. In this sense, constructing gender as an important determinant of “frame variation” is essential not only to reveal women’s frames that are largely silenced through and within the mechanisms of social movement organization, but also to stress their centrality in shaping repertoires of contention, public reception and movement outcomes.
Durkheim in Germany
(2017)
Just after the publication of the Theory of Communicative Action in 1981, a new generation of interpreters started a different reception of Durkheim in Germany. Hans-Peter Müller, sociologist and editor of the German translation of Leçons de sociologie, reconstructs the history of the German Durkheim’s Reception and illuminates the reasons for his interest in the French sociologist. He delivers different insights into the background which permitted the post-Habermasian generation to reach a new understanding of Durkheim’s work by enlightening the scientific and political conditions from which this new sensibility emerged.
The interview offers a reconstruction of the German reception of Durkheim since the middle of the 1970s. Hans Joas, who was one of its major protagonists, discusses the backdrop that finally permitted a scholarly examination of Durkheim’s sociology in Germany. Focussing on his personal reception Joas then gives an account of the Durkheimian themes that inspire his work.
Dialogue. Divergence. Veiled Reception. Criticism: Georg Simmel’s
relationship with Emile Durkheim
(2017)
Simmel was the only German sociologist who directly cooperated with Durkheim. After an initial impression of convergence between the sociology of social facts and the sociology of social forms, a break between the two founders of sociology became inevitable. Yet, Durkheim and Simmel went on positioning themselves against one other in the years ahead. Durkheim’s allegation of ‘individual psychologism’ induced Simmel to a veiled reception of Durkheim’s methodological approach that permitted him to refine the sociological epistemology he eventually presented in the Soziologie published in 1908. On this basis, he was able to formulate a final criticism of the sociology of social facts as a social psychology.
Making performance Pay Work
(2019)
Performance pay has been one of the main trends in public sector reform over the last decade and aims to increase employees’ motivation. However, positive results are sparse. In a majority of cases, pay scheme designers neglect that intrinsic motivation may be distorted by the introduction of extrinsic rewards (crowding out). Nevertheless, under certain conditions, performance pay schemes may also enhance intrinsic motivation (crowding-in). The perception of rewards has proven to be an especially crucial factor for the outcome of performance pay. Based on psychological contract theory, this paper analyzes the relationships between intrinsic motivation, public service motivation (PSM), personality characteristics, and the design of the performance- appraisal scheme. The empirical analysis relies on a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. Model findings reveal that a fair, participatory, and transparent design reduces the controlling perception while fostering the intrinsic motivation of employees. In addition, participants who score high on neuroticism perceive performance pay schemes to be more controlling and have lower values of intrinsic motivation.
This paper presents empirical evidence on the adoption, implementation and the perceived effectiveness of quality management in teaching and learning in German higher education institutions. Theoretically, the article combines two new institutionalist approaches: institutional isomorphism and institutional entrepreneurship. Empirically, the study refers to qualitative interview data and quantitative survey data. The analysis reveals that isomorphism is a leading driver behind the adoption of quality management in German higher education institutions, whereas institutional entrepreneurship plays an important role in quality management implementation. While isomorphism can be regarded as a conclusive reason behind the absence of a perception of quality management’s effectiveness, institutional entrepreneurship may function as a corrective towards the overall negative impact of isomorphic conformity by institutionalizing quality management in a sustainable manner.
Obwohl Latein eine nicht mehr gesprochene Sprache ist und ihr deswegen kein kommunikativer Nutzen zukommt, ist die Anzahl der Latein als Schulfach wählenden Schüler im Zeitverlauf angestiegen. Mehrere Studien haben zudem gezeigt, dass Lateinkenntnisse weder das logische Denken, noch den Erwerb anderer Sprachen, noch das Gespür für die grammatikalische Struktur der Muttersprache verbessern. Auch wenn sich empirisch keine Vorteile des Erwerbs alter Sprachen nachweisen lassen, können Menschen subjektiv an solche Vorteile glauben und ihr Verhalten an ihrer Konstruktion von Wirklichkeit ausrichten. Auf der Basis einer unter Eltern von Gymnasialschülern durchgeführten Befragung zeigen wir, dass Latein umfassende Transfereffekte zugeschrieben und Personen mit Lateinkenntnissen positiver bewertet werden als Personen mit Kenntnissen moderner Sprachen. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass die „Illusio“ der Vorteile von Latein zwar in allen Bildungsgruppen wirksam ist, doch besonders von den Hochgebildeten vertreten wird. Sie arbeiten damit an der Konstruktion einer Realität, von der sie selbst die größten Nutznießer sind, indem sie Latein als symbolisches Kapital verwenden.
In spring 2015, Turkey witnessed the unexpected rise of the HDP, founded by the Kurdish Liberation Movement together with the Turkish radical left, against President Erdoğan’s authoritarian rule. In this article, I will employ contemporary literature on left populism to explain the HDP’s rise as an alternative left hegemonic project against the neoliberal authoritarianism that Erdoğan represents. After discussing the historical context from which the HDP emerged and grew, I will evaluate its discourse and strategies based on a conceptualization of left-wing populism. Lastly, I will discuss the challenges that the HDP confronted after the June 2015 elections and the differences between the Turkish and Western European contexts for a left-wing populist strategy.
Almost half of the political life has been experienced under the state of emergency and state of siege policies in the Turkish Republic. In spite of such a striking number and continuity in the deployment of legal emergency powers, there are just a few legal and political studies examining the reasons for such permanency in governing practices. To fill this gap, this paper aims to discuss one of the most important sources of the ‘permanent’ political crisis in the country: the historical evolution of legal emergency power. In order to highlight how these policies have intensified the highly fragile citizenship regime by weakening the separation of power, repressing the use of political rights and increasing the discretionary power of both the executive and judiciary authorities, the paper sheds light on the emergence and production of a specific form of legality based on the idea of emergency and the principle of executive prerogative. In that context, it aims to provide a genealogical explanation of the evolution of the exceptional form of the nation-state, which is based on the way political society, representation, and legitimacy have been instituted and accompanying failure of the ruling classes in building hegemony in the country.
The German Sonderweg thesis has been discarded in most research fields. Yet in regards to the military, things differ: all conflicts before the Second World War are interpreted as prelude to the war of extermination between 1939-1945. This article specifically looks at the Franco-Prussian War 1870-71 and German behaviour vis-a-vis regular combatants, civilians and irregular guerrilla fighters, the so-called francs-tireurs. The author argues that the counter-measures were not exceptional for nineteenth century warfare and also shows how selective reading of the existing secondary literature has distorted our view on the war.
This article contributes to the politics of policy‐making in executive government. It introduces the analytical distinction between generalists and specialists as antagonistic players in executive politics and develops the claim that policy specialists are in a structurally advantaged position to succeed in executive politics and to fend off attempts by generalists to influence policy choices through cross‐cutting reform measures. Contrary to traditional textbook public administration, we explain the views of generalists and specialists not through their training but their positions within an organization. We combine established approaches from public policy and organization theory to substantiate this claim and to define the dilemma that generalists face when developing government‐wide reform policies (‘meta‐policies’) as well as strategies to address this problem. The article suggests that the conceptual distinction between generalists and specialists allows for a more precise analysis of the challenges for policy‐making across government organizations than established approaches.
Grenzen des Organiesierbaren
(2020)
Interessiert man sich für den gesellschaftlichen Einfluss der Organisationssoziologie auf die Praxis des Organisierens, so muss der Befund ernüchtern. Stärker als auf organisationssoziologische Wissensbestände wird in Unternehmen oder Verwaltungen auf aktuelle Managementtrends rekurriert. Man könnte diesen Befund beklagen und als fehlerhafte Rezeption der Praxis beiseitelegen. Alternativ ließe sich aber auch diskutieren, welchen Beitrag die Disziplin selbst zu dieser Rezeption leistet. Mit einer solchen Diskussion begibt man sich fast unweigerlich auf einen schwierigen Pfad. Zum einen kann die Soziologie gerade dann, wenn sie ihren Blick auf die Erforschung von Unternehmen oder Verwaltungen richtet, nicht die von der Praxis erwarteten positiven Antworten liefern. Gerade die Organisationssoziologie begibt sich zum anderen jedoch in direkte Konkurrenz zu Nachbardisziplinen wie die Betriebswirtschaftslehre oder die Organisationspsychologie, die die Rezeptionsfähigkeit ihrer Wissensbestände im Praxisfeld in den letzten Jahren unter Beweis gestellt haben. Die Erwartungen an die Umsetzbarkeit wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse in der Praxis sind dadurch gestiegen. Eine Soziologie, die ihre Erkenntniskraft in der kritischen Distanz sieht, mag das skeptisch stimmen. Es gilt daher, die Frage zu beantworten, wie die Praxisrelevanz einer Wissenschaft des zweiten Blicks auf Organisationen konkret aussehen kann. Diesem Vorhaben widmet sich das vorgelegte Promotionsprojekt. Die in der kumulativen Dissertation versammelten Beiträge verstehen sich allesamt als Erkundungen und Erprobungen der Praxisrelevanz der Organisationssoziologie anhand aktueller Managementfragen in Unternehmen. Die These lautet dabei, dass sich diese Praxisrelevanz nur als Kritik entfalten kann. Eine solche Kritik kann dabei zwei grundsätzliche Formen annehmen: Als Strukturkritik bezieht sie sich auf konkrete Organisationen, deren spezifische Eigenlogiken und strukturelle Verstrickungen. Sie beschreibt dabei für den Einzelfall Funktionen und Folgen von Erwartungsstrukturen, die sich dann z. B. fallvergleichend generalisieren oder typisieren lassen. Organisationssoziologische Strukturkritik kann sich damit sowohl als vergleichender, praxissensibler Forschungsansatz realisieren, als auch die Grundlage einer soziologisch orientierten Beratung bilden. Als Schematakritik richtet sie sich gegen verkürzte Vorstellungen des Organisierens, die sich etwa in Managementmoden finden lassen. Dem Kumulus zugrunde liegen fünf Beiträge, die konkrete Ausprägungen beider Kritikformen ausloten. Der erste Beitrag „Datafizierung und Organisation“ zeigt, wie Schematakritik an Nachbardisziplinen aussehen kann, indem er Organisation als blinden Fleck der Digitalisierungsforschung diskutiert und Anschlussstellen für interdisziplinäre Forschung ausweist. Daher liefert der Beitrag einen systematischen Zugang zu organisationalen Implikationen der Digitalisierung. Neben der Anreicherung der Digitalisierungsforschung kann die entwickelte Argumentation auch für die Praxis Erkenntniskraft haben, indem z. B. problematisiert wird, dass im Managementdiskurs um Digitalisierung überzogene Rationalisierungserwartungen herrschen oder durch digitale Infrastrukturen entstehende Informalitäten systematisch ausgeblendet werden Der zweite Beitrag „Führung als erfolgreiche Einflussnahme in kritischen Momenten“ legt eine Umdeutung des populären Managementbegriffs Führung durch Schematakritik vor. Damit trägt er in mehrfacher Hinsicht zu einer praxisrelevanten Neubestimmung von Führung bei. Für Führungskräfte ermöglicht er beispielsweise die Einsicht, dass sie ihre Führungsaufgaben auf kritische Momente konzentrieren können und postuliert die Abkehr vom heroischen Bild des dauerhaft Führenden. Diese Umdeutung kann auch für Führungskräfte in Organisationen entlastend sein, weist sie doch auf den Zusammenhang zwischen der organisationalen Verfasstheit und Führungschancen hin und eröffnet damit Gestaltungschancen jenseits der Führungskräfte- und Personalentwicklung. Für die Organisationsforschung liefert der Beitrag einen theoretisch integrierten Führungsbegriff, der Führung sowohl organisational als auch situativ bestimmt. Er steht somit exemplarisch für eine organisationssoziologische Schematakritik, die etablierte Managementbegriffe neu deutet. Der dritte Beitrag kritisiert mit dem Konzept der transformationalen Führung eine Managementmode und zeigt auf, wie das darin enthaltene Führungsmodell durch die Bildung moralischer Kategorien Organisationsprobleme auf Organisationsmitglieder (hier: Führungskräfte) verschiebt. Es wird einerseits eine organisationssoziologische Kritik am populären Managementkonzept der transformationalen Führung vorgelegt. Andererseits verdeutlicht der Beitrag anhand systemtheoretischer Konzepte wie elementarer Verhaltensweisen, Moral oder Rollentrennung exemplarisch, dass organisationssoziologisches Denken den Managementdiskurs bereichern kann, indem es Verkürzungen und Simplifizierungen aufdeckt und alternative Analyse- und Gestaltungsansätze bereitstellt. Dafür lässt sich auch im Praxisdiskurs Gehör finden, weil man annehmen darf, dass mit den Heilsversprechen von Kompaktlösungen auch Enttäuschungen einhergehen, für die die Organisationssoziologie Erklärungen liefern kann. Die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Strukturkritik werden in den letzten beiden Beiträgen diskutiert. Das Potenzial von Strukturkritik für die soziologisch orientierte Beratung von Organisationen exploriert der Beitrag „Die schwierige Liaison von Organisationssoziologie und Praxisbezug am Beispiel der Beratung“. Ausgehend vom Theorie-Praxis-Komplex wird eruiert, wie soziologischer Praxisbezug im Feld der Beratung aussehen kann. Dafür systematisiert der Beitrag organisationssoziologische Ansätze von Beratung und zeigt auf, wie ein genuin soziologischer Beratungsansatz aussehen könnte. Der letzte Beitrag stellt Grundzüge einer Methodologie strukturkritischer Forschung vor und illustriert diese an einem durchgeführten Forschungsprojekt zu Managementmoden. Anhand der Forschung in einem Produktionsbetrieb wird gezeigt, wie strukturkritische Forschung konkret aussehen kann. Solch strukturkritische Forschung steht im Forschungsprozess vor drei Herausforderungen: dem qualitativ hochwertigen Feldzugang, der Entwicklung einer für Forschung und Praxis instruktiven Fragestellung und der Rückspiegelung der Ergebnisse in das Feld. Der Beitrag stellt Grundzüge einer Methodologie strukturkritischer Organisationsforschung vor, die sich sachlich, zeitlich und sozial entlang der drei beschriebenen Momente des Feldzugangs, der Ausgangsfragestellung und der Rückspiegelung der Ergebnisse spezifizieren lassen.
Global food security governance is fraught with fragmentation, overlap and complexity. While calls for coordination and coherence abound, establishing an inter-organizational order at this level seems to remain difficult. While the emphasis in the literature has so far been on the global level, we know less about dynamics of inter-organizational relations in food security governance at the country level, and empirical studies are lacking. It is this research gap the article seeks to address by posing the following research question: In how far does inter-organizational order develop in the organizational field of food security governance at the country level? Theoretically and conceptually, the article draws on sociological institutionalism, and on work on inter-organizational relations. Empirically, the article conducts an exploratory case study of the organizational field of food security governance in Côte d’Ivoire, building on a qualitative content analysis of organizational documents covering a period from 2003 to 2016 and semi-structured interviews with staff of international organizations from 2016. The article demonstrates that not all of the developments attributed to food security governance at the global level play out in the same way at the country level. Rather, in the case of Côte d’Ivoire there are signs for a certain degree of coherence between IOs in the field of food security governance and even for an – albeit limited – division of labour. However, this only holds for specific dimensions of the inter-organizational order and appears to be subject to continuous contestation and reinterpretation under the surface.
Although the low-wage employment sector has enlarged over the past 20 years in the context of pronounced flexibility in restructured labor markets, gender differences in low-wage employment have declined in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In this article, the authors examine reasons for declining gender inequalities, and most notably concentrate on explanations for the closing gender gap in low-wage employment risks. In addition, they identify differences and similarities among the German-speaking countries. Based on regression techniques and decomposition analyses (1996-2016), the authors find significantly decreasing labor market risks for the female workforce. Detailed analysis reveals that (1) the concrete positioning in the labor market shows greater importance in explaining declining gender differences compared to personal characteristics. (2) The changed composition of the labor markets has prevented the low-wage sector from increasing even more in general and works in favor of the female workforce and their low-wage employment risks in particular.
In a critical approach to Mommsen’s classical thesis, which states the dependence of Weber’s sociology on his political position, the article reconstructs the foundation of Weber’s ‘The Profession and Vocation of Politics’ on his sociological analyses of the political domain in the manuscripts for the posthumous publication of Economy and Society. The first two pages of his 1919 lecture particularly show that Weber can fall back on the definitions of State and politics that he had already developed for his political sociology. Yet, to appreciate the full extent of this theoretical contribution, it is necessary to present Weber’s entire ideal-typical analysis of the political. The article then shows that Weber provides an unlabelled definition of ‘modern politics’ that negates ante litteram Carl Schmitt’s foundation of politics on the idea of enmity. In this context, Weber’s sound plea for parliamentarism and against the fascination of civil war comes to the fore that he wanted to deliver to his audience of young revolutionaries in January 1919.
Die Autoren haben mit diesem Buch den ersten politikwissenschaftlichen Lehrtext zum Thema Verwaltung und Verwaltungswissenschaften in Deutschland vorgelegt. Die spezifisch sozialwissenschaftlichen Perspektiven unterscheiden diese Studie vom bislang vorliegenden vor allem juristisch geprägten Lehrmaterial. Dargestellt werden die Entwicklung und Perspektiven der Verwaltungswissenschaften sowie der institutionelle Aufbau, die internen Strukturen und Prozesse sowie die Entwicklungsphasen der öffentlichen Verwaltung in Deutschland.
Unter Verschluss
(2020)
Despite the proliferation and promise of subnational climate initiatives, the institutional architecture of transnational municipal networks (TMNs) is not well understood. With a view to close this research gap, the article empirically assesses the assumption that TMNs are a viable substitute for ambitious international action under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It addresses the aggregate phenomenon in terms of geographical distribution, central players, mitigation ambition and monitoring provisions. Examining thirteen networks, it finds that membership in TMNs is skewed toward Europe and North America while countries from the Global South are underrepresented; that only a minority of networks commit to quantified emission reductions and that these are not more ambitious than Parties to the UNFCCC; and finally that the monitoring provisions are fairly limited. In sum, the article shows that transnational municipal networks are not (yet) the representative, ambitious and transparent player they are thought to be.
Agricultural landscapes safeguard ecosystem services (ES) and biodiversity upon which human well-being depends. However, only a fraction of these services are generally considered in land management decisions, resulting in trade-offs and societally inefficient solutions. The TEEB Study (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity) spearheaded the development of assessments of the economic significance of ES and biodiversity. Several national TEEB follow-ups have compiled case studies and derived targeted policy advice. By synthesizing insights from "Natural Capital Germany - TEEB DE" and focusing on rural areas, the objectives of this study were (i) to explore causes of the continued decline of ES and biodiversity, (ii) to introduce case studies exemplifying the economic significance of ES and biodiversity in land use decisions, and (iii) to synthesize key recommendations for policy, planning and management. Our findings indicate that the continued decrease of ES and biodiversity in Germany can be explained by implementation deficits within a well-established nature conservation system. Three case studies on grassland protection, the establishment of riverbank buffer zones and water-sensitive farming illustrate that an economic perspective can convey recognition of the values of ES and biodiversity. We conclude with suggestions for enhanced consideration, improved conservation and sustainable use of ES and biodiversity. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A comprehensive typology of basic executive formats is presented and linked to a discussion of tradeoffs in the design of executive-legislative relations. The focus is on the tradeoffs between three goals: (1) programmatic parties, (2) identifiable cabinets and (3) issue -specific legislative coalitions. To include semi-presidentialism into the typology in a logically consistent manner, a heretofore neglected executive format has to be defined, which is labelled semi-parliamentarism. Based on a discussion of Australian states, it is argued that semi-parliamentarism has the potential to mitigate the trilemma.
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence regarding the selection procedures for and characteristics of senior officials in supreme audit institutions (SIAs). Design/methodology/approach - This study follows a quantitative approach using original data collected for presidential elections of SIAs in the 16 federal states in Germany. A fractional logit model is calculated to test different theoretical assumptions in relation to structural, political and individual factors. Findings - The descriptive results confirm the findings of prior research that presidential candidates are elected with very high approval rates. The main determinants are the vote share of the ruling coalition and the executive experience of the presidential candidate. Research limitations/implications - This study focuses on 16 federal states in Germany, but an international comparative perspective covering subnational levels would further augment analysis through the variance of selection procedures and electoral outcomes. Social implications - Independence of auditors is a fundamental issue for the control of the executive, but it seems that there are inevitable trade-offs therein, such as between knowledge of the auditing objects or the politicization of the election process and the independence of the auditor. Originality/value - This study provides novel empirical insights into the election and selection procedures for senior SIA officials at the subnational level, and shows that the executive exerts strong, but functionally reasonable, influence on candidate selection.
Predicting Paris: Multi-Method Approaches to Forecast the Outcomes of Global Climate Negotiations
(2016)
We examine the negotiations held under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change in Paris, December 2015. Prior to these negotiations, there was considerable uncertainty about whether an agreement would be reached, particularly given that the world’s leaders failed to do so in the 2009 negotiations held in Copenhagen. Amid this uncertainty, we applied three different methods to predict the outcomes: an expert survey and two negotiation simulation models, namely the Exchange Model and the Predictioneer’s Game. After the event, these predictions were assessed against the coded texts that were agreed in Paris. The evidence suggests that combining experts’ predictions to reach a collective expert prediction makes for significantly more accurate predictions than individual experts’ predictions. The differences in the performance between the two different negotiation simulation models were not statistically significant.
New forms of communication and greater accessibility of Islamic texts on-line allow Muslims to shape their own religiosity, to become less dependent on established sources of authority, and thereby to become more aware of their own cultural diversity as a community. New practices of transnational Islam, and the growth of new concepts of Muslim identities currently emerging in the on-line community, are relatively free from immediate constraints. This article provides the result of a sociological analysis of three Internet sites in Sydney which deliver on-line fatwas. Even if cyberspace has allowed the Muslim world to be de-territorialised and provides a way for people to distance themselves from traditional communities if they wish, this research points out a variety of approaches, including one case which is aiming at re-localising an Australian Muslim system of values. This case highlights ways in which first generation Muslims are re-territorialising Shari'a in a specific western country.
Der vorliegende Beitrag interessiert sich aus differenzierungstheoretischer Perspektive am bundesdeutschen Beispiel für die Funktion askriptiver Personenkategorien im Politiksystem der funktional differenzierten Gesellschaft. Den Ausgangspunkt bildet die Geldabhängigkeit von Organisationen, welche die limitierte Inklusion von Individuen in die lebenslaufrelevanten Funktionssysteme zum Normalfall macht. Der nationale Wohlfahrtsstaat reagiert darauf mit der Regulierung des Arbeitsmarktzugangs durch die askriptiven Personenkategorien nationale Zugehörigkeit und Geschlecht, und erzeugt so eigene Formen limitierter Inklusion. Diese Personenkategorien werden im europäisierten Wohlfahrtsstaat durch die askriptive Personenkategorie des rationalen Akteurs mit individueller Agency, der sein Wollen in die Vertragslogiken des Arbeits marktes und des aktivierenden Sozialstaates stellt, ersetzt und der Arbeitsmarktzugang extensiviert. Bei allen Unterschieden zwischen dem nationalen und dem europäisierten Wohlfahrtsstaat begreift der Beitrag askriptive Personenkategorien als normative Strukturen einer Ebene sekundärer Ordnungsbildung, die sich zwischen Funktionssystem- und Organisationsebene schiebt und auf der Kategorien sozialer Ungleichheit im Wohlfahrtstaatsstaat produziert werden.
The present article asks from the perspective of differentiation theory for the function of ascriptive person categories within the political system of the functionally differentiated society. For this purpose it takes the Federal German as a case study. The article starts with the fact of money dependence of organisations and that this leads to the generally limited inclusion of the individuals into the functional systems, which are life course relevant. The national welfare state refers to the limited inclusion and regulates excess to the labour market via the ascriptive person categories national affiliation and gender, and by this it produces own modes of limited inclusion. The Europeanised welfare state expands the excess to the labour market. Simultaneously it replaces the national person categories by the person category of the rational actor with individual agency who puts his or her own willingness into the contract logics of labour marked and activating welfare state. Despite all differences between the national and the Europeanised welfare state the article conceives ascriptive person categories as normative structures of a secondary order formation which is slot between the levels of functional and organisational systems. On this secondary order level categories of social inequality are reproduced.
This article explores the practice and political significance of politicians’ journeys to conflict zones. It focuses on the German example, looking at field trips to theatres of international intervention as a way of first-hand knowledge in policymaking. Paying tribute to Lisa Smirl and her work on humanitarian spaces, objects and imaginaries and on liminality in aid worker biographies, two connected arguments are developed. First, through the exploration of the routinized practices of politicians’ field trips the article shows how these journeys not only remain confined to the ‘auxiliary space’ of aid/intervention, but that it is furthermore a staged reality of this auxiliary space that most politicians experience on their journeys. The question is then asked, second, what politicians actually experience on their journeys and how their experiences relate to their policy knowledge about conflict and intervention. It is shown that political field trips enable sensory/affectual, liminoid and liminal experiences, which have functions such as authority accumulation, agenda setting, community building, and civilizing domestic politics, while at the same time reinforcing, in most cases, pre-existing conflict and intervention imaginaries.
Die politikwissenschaftliche Literatur unterscheidet zwei Grundtypen von Forschungsdesigns: x- und y-zentriert. Dieser Beitrag argumentiert, dass ein „kontrastives“ Forschungsdesign als dritter Grundtyp abgegrenzt werden sollte. Die drei Designs unterscheiden sich durch die Anzahl der betrachteten Theorien und dadurch, ob mehrere Theorien konkurrierend oder komplementär sind. Die typologische Abgrenzung des kontrastiven Designs verdeutlicht auch die Vor- und Nachteile x- und y-zentrierter Designs. Anhand verschiedener Beispielstudien (experimentell und nicht-experimentell, quantitativ und qualitativ) werden die Charakteristika der drei Designs sowie ihre Kombinationsmöglichkeiten herausgearbeitet. Darüber hinaus wird das kontrastive Design als verbindendes Element zwischen den quantitativen und qualitativen Forschungs-„Kulturen“ hervorgehoben.
The political science literature distinguishes two basic types of research designs: x- and y-centered. The article argues for the distinction of a third basic type: the "contrastive" design. The three designs differ in the number of relevant theories and in whether they see theories as competing or complementary. The typological differentiation of the contrastive research design helps to clarify the pros and cons of x- and y-centered designs. The article uses exemplary studies (experimental and observational, quantitative and qualitative) to illustrate the characteristics of the three designs as well as the possibilities of combining them. The contrastive design also constitutes a common element of the quantitative and qualitative research, "cultures".
Through an analysis of climate policy-making in the European Commission (EU), this article argues that co-ordination in the Commission displays the same characteristics as the co-ordination across ministries in central governments, i.e., the properties of negative co-ordination. The article is based on a survey among Commission officials. Overall, the article reveals that a public administration perspective on the Commission proves invaluable to gain insights on how decisions are made at the European Union level. The article contributes to the emerging literature viewing the Commission as an ordinary bureaucracy - as opposed to a unique supranational organization.
In 2002 Germany adopted an ambitious national sustainability strategy, covering all three sustainability spheres and circling around 21 key indicators. The strategy stands out because of its relative stability over five consecutive government constellations, its high status and increasingly coercive nature. This article analyses the strategy's role in the policy process, focusing on the use and influence of indicators as a central steering tool. Contrasting rationalist and constructivist perspectives on the role of knowledge in policy, two factors, namely the level of consensus about policy goals and the institutional setting of the indicators, are found to explain differences in use and influence both across indicators and over time. Moreover, the study argues that the indicators have been part of a continuous process of ‘structuring’ in which conceptual and instrumental use together help structure the sustainability challenge in such a way that it becomes more manageable for government policy.
The literature on international regulatory regimes has highlighted how rival standards can create different points of convergence. Scholarly attention has also focused on how the European Union (EU) and the United States (USA) attempt to ‘export’ their environmental standards internationally. Here, we explore the effectiveness of these attempts by means of third states' decisions to ratify the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, a multilateral environmental agreement regulating genetically modified organisms that is promoted by the EU but opposed by the USA. Our findings confirm that both rivals are able to influence the ratification decision of states, but they also suggest that these effects may have different origins. Countries relying more heavily on US markets for food exports tend to be less likely to ratify the Cartagena Protocol, while countries that have applied for EU membership are more likely to ratify the protocol.
An egalitarian approach to the fair representation of voters specifies three main institutional requirements: proportional representation, legislative majority rule and a parliamentary system of government. This approach faces two challenges: the under-determination of the resulting democratic process and the idea of a trade-off between equal voter representation and government accountability. Linking conceptual with comparative analysis, the article argues that we can distinguish three ideal-typical varieties of the egalitarian vision of democracy, based on the stages at which majorities are formed. These varieties do not put different relative normative weight onto equality and accountability, but have different conceptions of both values and their reconciliation. The view that accountability is necessarily linked to ‘clarity of responsibility’, widespread in the comparative literature, is questioned – as is the idea of a general trade-off between representation and accountability. Depending on the vision of democracy, the two values need not be in conflict.
The sociology of violence still struggles with two critical questions: What motivates people to act violently on behalf of groups and how do they come to identify with the groups for which they act? Methodologically the article addresses these puzzling problems in favor of a relational sociology that argues against both micro- and macro-reductionist accounts, while theoretically it proposes a twofold reorientation: first, it makes a plea for the so called cognitive turn in social theory; second, it proposes following praxeological accounts of social action that focus on the dynamic interpenetration of cognition and socio-cultural practices. The argument is that symbolic boundaries constitute the “missing link” that allows for overcoming the micro-macro gap in violence research: Symbolic boundaries can cause people's participation in collective violence by providing the essential relational resources for violent action and by triggering the cognitive/affective mechanisms necessary for social actors to become drawn into mobilization processes that can cause their engaging in coordinated attacks on sites across the boundary. The article offers a new theoretical argument by drawing on knowledge from violence research, social action theory and cognitive science allowing for a non-reductionist theory of action that explains how and why people engage in collective violence.
Decentralizing for performance? A quantitative assessment of functional reforms in the German Lander
(2016)
In the last 10 years, the governments of most of the German Länder initiated administrative reforms. All of these ventures included the municipalization of substantial sets of tasks. As elsewhere, governments argue that service delivery by communes is more cost-efficient, effective and responsive. Empirical evidence to back these claims is inconsistent at best: a considerable number of case studies cast doubt on unconditionally positive appraisals. Decentralization effects seem to vary depending on the performance dimension and task considered. However, questions of generalizability arise as these findings have not yet been backed by more ‘objective’ archival data. We provide empirical evidence on decentralization effects for two different policy fields based on two studies. Thereby, the article presents alternative avenues for research on decentralization effects and matches the theoretical expectations on decentralization effects with more robust results. The analysis confirms that overly positive assertions concerning decentralization effects are only partially warranted. As previous case studies suggested, effects have to be looked at in a much more differentiated way, including starting conditions and distinguishing between the various relevant performance dimensions and policy fields.