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Perhaps like no other country, Germany has radically changed its policies towards regulating air pollution in the European context. Acting originally as a dragger in the 1970s to regulate transboundary air pollutants due to pessimism about the relationship between causes and effects, Germany responded very decisively to its own damage assessment in the early 1980s. In particular the adverse effects to forests (Waldsterben" or forest decline) led to the formulation of strict air pollution regulations in the domestic context, efforts to spread the regulatory system within the European Union, and activities within the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe to foster stronger, continent-wide emission reductions. Using three conceptual models (rational actor, domestic politics, and social learning), we show that Germany deviated strongly from the ideal policy cycle consisting of (i) domestic policy formulation, (ii) international negotiations, as well as (iii) implementation and compliance with the provisions of international environmental agreements. Both national policy-making as well as partial implementation have been well on the way towards compliance even before Germany entered international negotiations on substantive protocols. Therefore, one may conclude from this country study that push countries may use the results of their national policy processes to influence the policy of other countries.
Political Science research encounters inferences across levels of analysis; however, they are fraught with challenges. After introducing voting examples of aggregation bias, problems posed by aggregation bias are summarized more generally. Subsequently, the article reviews the major methodological approaches to overcome aggregation bias and to solve the ecological inference (disaggregation) problem. The article highlights the possibility that aggregation bias may lead governments to accept (or reject) international climate agreements when negotiating as blocs of countries as compared to the distribution of the preferences of all countries involved in the negotiations.
Although past research has emphasized the importance of international regimes for international gover-nance, systematic assessments of regime effects are missing. This article derives a standardized measure-ment concept for the effectiveness of international environmental regimes. It is based on a simultaneous evaluation of actual policy against a no-regime counterfactual and a collective optimum. Subsequently, the empirical feasibility of the measurement concept is demonstrated by way of two international treaties regu-lating transboundary air pollution in Europe. The results demonstrate that the regimes indeed show positive effects;but fall substantially short of the collective optima.
Deset godina poslije : odnosi rodova u promijenjenom svijetu-novi izazovi za zenske i rodne studije
(2000)
Geschlechterverhältnisse in Veränderung : Herausforderungen für Frauen- und Geschlechterordnung
(2000)
Männlichkeit(en) erforschen
(2000)
Social Organization
(2001)
Diszipliniertes Geschlecht : Konturen von Disziplinarität un der Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung
(2001)
Klaus von Dohnanyi
(2001)
Hans Leussink
(2001)
Andreas von Bülow
(2001)
Einleitung
(2001)
Charisma und Vergemeinschaftung im George- und Horkheimer-Kreis : Gemeinsamkeiten und Gegensätze
(2001)
Managing parliaments in the 21st Century : from Policy-Making and Public Management to Governance
(2001)
Gender-Mainstreaming : Herausforderung für eine eingreifende Genderforschung und Frauenpolitik
(2002)