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Document Type
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Keywords
A catalog of genetic loci associated with kidney function from analyses of a million individuals
(2019)
Wuttke, Matthias ; Li, Yong ; Li, Man ; Sieber, Karsten B. ; Feitosa, Mary F. ; Gorski, Mathias ; Tin, Adrienne ; Wang, Lihua ; Chu, Audrey Y. ; Hoppmann, Anselm ; Kirsten, Holger ; Giri, Ayush ; Chai, Jin-Fang ; Sveinbjornsson, Gardar ; Tayo, Bamidele O. ; Nutile, Teresa ; Fuchsberger, Christian ; Marten, Jonathan ; Cocca, Massimiliano ; Ghasemi, Sahar ; Xu, Yizhe ; Horn, Katrin ; Noce, Damia ; Van der Most, Peter J. ; Sedaghat, Sanaz ; Yu, Zhi ; Akiyama, Masato ; Afaq, Saima ; Ahluwalia, Tarunveer Singh ; Almgren, Peter ; Amin, Najaf ; Arnlov, Johan ; Bakker, Stephan J. L. ; Bansal, Nisha ; Baptista, Daniela ; Bergmann, Sven ; Biggs, Mary L. ; Biino, Ginevra ; Boehnke, Michael ; Boerwinkle, Eric ; Boissel, Mathilde ; Böttinger, Erwin ; Boutin, Thibaud S. ; Brenner, Hermann ; Brumat, Marco ; Burkhardt, Ralph ; Butterworth, Adam S. ; Campana, Eric ; Campbell, Archie ; Campbell, Harry ; Canouil, Mickael ; Carroll, Robert J. ; Catamo, Eulalia ; Chambers, John C. ; Chee, Miao-Ling ; Chee, Miao-Li ; Chen, Xu ; Cheng, Ching-Yu ; Cheng, Yurong ; Christensen, Kaare ; Cifkova, Renata ; Ciullo, Marina ; Concas, Maria Pina ; Cook, James P. ; Coresh, Josef ; Corre, Tanguy ; Sala, Cinzia Felicita ; Cusi, Daniele ; Danesh, John ; Daw, E. Warwick ; De Borst, Martin H. ; De Grandi, Alessandro ; De Mutsert, Renee ; De Vries, Aiko P. J. ; Degenhardt, Frauke ; Delgado, Graciela ; Demirkan, Ayse ; Di Angelantonio, Emanuele ; Dittrich, Katalin ; Divers, Jasmin ; Dorajoo, Rajkumar ; Eckardt, Kai-Uwe ; Ehret, Georg ; Elliott, Paul ; Endlich, Karlhans ; Evans, Michele K. ; Felix, Janine F. ; Foo, Valencia Hui Xian ; Franco, Oscar H. ; Franke, Andre ; Freedman, Barry I. ; Freitag-Wolf, Sandra ; Friedlander, Yechiel ; Froguel, Philippe ; Gansevoort, Ron T. ; Gao, He ; Gasparini, Paolo ; Gaziano, J. Michael ; Giedraitis, Vilmantas ; Gieger, Christian ; Girotto, Giorgia ; Giulianini, Franco ; Gogele, Martin ; Gordon, Scott D. ; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F. ; Gudnason, Vilmundur ; Haller, Toomas ; Hamet, Pavel ; Harris, Tamara B. ; Hartman, Catharina A. ; Hayward, Caroline ; Hellwege, Jacklyn N. ; Heng, Chew-Kiat ; Hicks, Andrew A. ; Hofer, Edith ; Huang, Wei ; Hutri-Kahonen, Nina ; Hwang, Shih-Jen ; Ikram, M. Arfan ; Indridason, Olafur S. ; Ingelsson, Erik ; Ising, Marcus ; Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. ; Jakobsdottir, Johanna ; Jonas, Jost B. ; Joshi, Peter K. ; Josyula, Navya Shilpa ; Jung, Bettina ; Kahonen, Mika ; Kamatani, Yoichiro ; Kammerer, Candace M. ; Kanai, Masahiro ; Kastarinen, Mika ; Kerr, Shona M. ; Khor, Chiea-Chuen ; Kiess, Wieland ; Kleber, Marcus E. ; Koenig, Wolfgang ; Kooner, Jaspal S. ; Korner, Antje ; Kovacs, Peter ; Kraja, Aldi T. ; Krajcoviechova, Alena ; Kramer, Holly ; Kramer, Bernhard K. ; Kronenberg, Florian ; Kubo, Michiaki ; Kuhnel, Brigitte ; Kuokkanen, Mikko ; Kuusisto, Johanna ; La Bianca, Martina ; Laakso, Markku ; Lange, Leslie A. ; Langefeld, Carl D. ; Lee, Jeannette Jen-Mai ; Lehne, Benjamin ; Lehtimaki, Terho ; Lieb, Wolfgang ; Lim, Su-Chi ; Lind, Lars ; Lindgren, Cecilia M. ; Liu, Jun ; Liu, Jianjun ; Loeffler, Markus ; Loos, Ruth J. F. ; Lucae, Susanne ; Lukas, Mary Ann ; Lyytikainen, Leo-Pekka ; Magi, Reedik ; Magnusson, Patrik K. E. ; Mahajan, Anubha ; Martin, Nicholas G. ; Martins, Jade ; Marz, Winfried ; Mascalzoni, Deborah ; Matsuda, Koichi ; Meisinger, Christa ; Meitinger, Thomas ; Melander, Olle ; Metspalu, Andres ; Mikaelsdottir, Evgenia K. ; Milaneschi, Yuri ; Miliku, Kozeta ; Mishra, Pashupati P. ; Program, V. A. Million Veteran ; Mohlke, Karen L. ; Mononen, Nina ; Montgomery, Grant W. ; Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O. ; Mychaleckyj, Josyf C. ; Nadkarni, Girish N. ; Nalls, Mike A. ; Nauck, Matthias ; Nikus, Kjell ; Ning, Boting ; Nolte, Ilja M. ; Noordam, Raymond ; Olafsson, Isleifur ; Oldehinkel, Albertine J. ; Orho-Melander, Marju ; Ouwehand, Willem H. ; Padmanabhan, Sandosh ; Palmer, Nicholette D. ; Palsson, Runolfur ; Penninx, Brenda W. J. H. ; Perls, Thomas ; Perola, Markus ; Pirastu, Mario ; Pirastu, Nicola ; Pistis, Giorgio ; Podgornaia, Anna I. ; Polasek, Ozren ; Ponte, Belen ; Porteous, David J. ; Poulain, Tanja ; Pramstaller, Peter P. ; Preuss, Michael H. ; Prins, Bram P. ; Province, Michael A. ; Rabelink, Ton J. ; Raffield, Laura M. ; Raitakari, Olli T. ; Reilly, Dermot F. ; Rettig, Rainer ; Rheinberger, Myriam ; Rice, Kenneth M. ; Ridker, Paul M. ; Rivadeneira, Fernando ; Rizzi, Federica ; Roberts, David J. ; Robino, Antonietta ; Rossing, Peter ; Rudan, Igor ; Rueedi, Rico ; Ruggiero, Daniela ; Ryan, Kathleen A. ; Saba, Yasaman ; Sabanayagam, Charumathi ; Salomaa, Veikko ; Salvi, Erika ; Saum, Kai-Uwe ; Schmidt, Helena ; Schmidt, Reinhold ; Ben Schottker ; Schulz, Christina-Alexandra ; Schupf, Nicole ; Shaffer, Christian M. ; Shi, Yuan ; Smith, Albert V. ; Smith, Blair H. ; Soranzo, Nicole ; Spracklen, Cassandra N. ; Strauch, Konstantin ; Stringham, Heather M. ; Stumvoll, Michael ; Svensson, Per O. ; Szymczak, Silke ; Tai, E-Shyong ; Tajuddin, Salman M. ; Tan, Nicholas Y. Q. ; Taylor, Kent D. ; Teren, Andrej ; Tham, Yih-Chung ; Thiery, Joachim ; Thio, Chris H. L. ; Thomsen, Hauke ; Thorleifsson, Gudmar ; Toniolo, Daniela ; Tonjes, Anke ; Tremblay, Johanne ; Tzoulaki, Ioanna ; Uitterlinden, Andre G. ; Vaccargiu, Simona ; Van Dam, Rob M. ; Van der Harst, Pim ; Van Duijn, Cornelia M. ; Edward, Digna R. Velez ; Verweij, Niek ; Vogelezang, Suzanne ; Volker, Uwe ; Vollenweider, Peter ; Waeber, Gerard ; Waldenberger, Melanie ; Wallentin, Lars ; Wang, Ya Xing ; Wang, Chaolong ; Waterworth, Dawn M. ; Bin Wei, Wen ; White, Harvey ; Whitfield, John B. ; Wild, Sarah H. ; Wilson, James F. ; Wojczynski, Mary K. ; Wong, Charlene ; Wong, Tien-Yin ; Xu, Liang ; Yang, Qiong ; Yasuda, Masayuki ; Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M. ; Zhang, Weihua ; Zonderman, Alan B. ; Rotter, Jerome I. ; Bochud, Murielle ; Psaty, Bruce M. ; Vitart, Veronique ; Wilson, James G. ; Dehghan, Abbas ; Parsa, Afshin ; Chasman, Daniel I. ; Ho, Kevin ; Morris, Andrew P. ; Devuyst, Olivier ; Akilesh, Shreeram ; Pendergrass, Sarah A. ; Sim, Xueling ; Boger, Carsten A. ; Okada, Yukinori ; Edwards, Todd L. ; Snieder, Harold ; Stefansson, Kari ; Hung, Adriana M. ; Heid, Iris M. ; Scholz, Markus ; Teumer, Alexander ; Kottgen, Anna ; Pattaro, Cristian
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is responsible for a public health burden with multi-systemic complications. Through transancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and independent replication (n = 1,046,070), we identified 264 associated loci (166 new). Of these,147 were likely to be relevant for kidney function on the basis of associations with the alternative kidney function marker blood urea nitrogen (n = 416,178). Pathway and enrichment analyses, including mouse models with renal phenotypes, support the kidney as the main target organ. A genetic risk score for lower eGFR was associated with clinically diagnosed CKD in 452,264 independent individuals. Colocalization analyses of associations with eGFR among 783,978 European-ancestry individuals and gene expression across 46 human tissues, including tubulo-interstitial and glomerular kidney compartments, identified 17 genes differentially expressed in kidney. Fine-mapping highlighted missense driver variants in 11 genes and kidney-specific regulatory variants. These results provide a comprehensive priority list of molecular targets for translational research.
Abdo, A. A. ; Ackermann, Margit ; Ajello, M. ; Allafort, A. J. ; Baldini, L. ; Ballet, J. ; Barbiellini, G. ; Baring, M. G. ; Bastieri, D. ; Bechtol, K. C. ; Bellazzini, R. ; Berenji, B. ; Blandford, R. D. ; Bloom, E. D. ; Bonamente, E. ; Borgland, A. W. ; Bouvier, A. ; Brandt, T. J. ; Bregeon, Johan ; Brez, A. ; Brigida, M. ; Bruel, P. ; Buehler, R. ; Buson, S. ; Caliandro, G. A. ; Cameron, R. A. ; Cannon, A. ; Caraveo, P. A. ; Carrigan, Svenja ; Casandjian, J. M. ; Cavazzuti, E. ; Cecchi, C. ; Celik, O. ; Charles, E. ; Chekhtman, A. ; Cheung, C. C. ; Chiang, J. ; Ciprini, S. ; Claus, R. ; Cohen-Tanugi, J. ; Conrad, Jan ; Cutini, S. ; Dermer, C. D. ; de Palma, F. ; do Couto e Silva, E. ; Drell, P. S. ; Dubois, R. ; Dumora, D. ; Favuzzi, C. ; Fegan, S. J. ; Ferrara, E. C. ; Focke, W. B. ; Fortin, P. ; Frailis, M. ; Fuhrmann, L. ; Fukazawa, Y. ; Funk, S. ; Fusco, P. ; Gargano, F. ; Gasparrini, D. ; Gehrels, N. ; Germani, S. ; Giglietto, N. ; Giordano, F. ; Giroletti, M. ; Glanzman, T. ; Godfrey, G. ; Grenier, I. A. ; Guillemot, L. ; Guiriec, S. ; Hayashida, M. ; Hays, E. ; Horan, D. ; Hughes, R. E. ; Johannesson, G. ; Johnson, A. S. ; Johnson, W. N. ; Kadler, M. ; Kamae, T. ; Katagiri, H. ; Kataoka, J. ; Knoedlseder, J. ; Kuss, M. ; Lande, J. ; Latronico, L. ; Lee, S. -H. ; Lemoine-Goumard, M. ; Longo, F. ; Loparco, F. ; Lott, B. ; Lovellette, M. N. ; Lubrano, P. ; Madejski, G. M. ; Makeev, A. ; Max-Moerbeck, W. ; Mazziotta, Mario Nicola ; McEnery, J. E. ; Mehault, J. ; Michelson, P. F. ; Mitthumsiri, W. ; Mizuno, T. ; Moiseev, A. A. ; Monte, C. ; Monzani, M. E. ; Morselli, A. ; Moskalenko, I. V. ; Murgia, S. ; Naumann-Godo, M. ; Nishino, S. ; Nolan, P. L. ; Norris, J. P. ; Nuss, E. ; Ohsugi, T. ; Okumura, A. ; Omodei, N. ; Orlando, E. ; Ormes, J. F. ; Paneque, D. ; Panetta, J. H. ; Parent, D. ; Pavlidou, V. ; Pearson, T. J. ; Pelassa, V. ; Pepe, M. ; Pesce-Rollins, M. ; Piron, F. ; Porter, T. A. ; Raino, S. ; Rando, R. ; Razzano, M. ; Readhead, A. ; Reimer, A. ; Reimer, O. ; Richards, J. L. ; Ripken, J. ; Ritz, S. ; Roth, M. ; Sadrozinski, H. F. -W. ; Sanchez, D. ; Sander, A. ; Scargle, J. D. ; Sgro, C. ; Siskind, E. J. ; Smith, P. D. ; Spandre, G. ; Spinelli, P. ; Stawarz, L. ; Stevenson, M. ; Strickman, M. S. ; Sokolovsky, K. V. ; Suson, D. J. ; Takahashi, H. ; Takahashi, T. ; Tanaka, T. ; Thayer, J. B. ; Thayer, J. G. ; Thompson, D. J. ; Tibaldo, L. ; Torres, F. ; Tosti, G. ; Tramacere, A. ; Uchiyama, Y. ; Usher, T. L. ; Vandenbroucke, J. ; Vasileiou, V. ; Vilchez, N. ; Vitale, V. ; Waite, A. P. ; Wang, P. ; Wehrle, A. E. ; Winer, B. L. ; Wood, K. S. ; Yang, Z. ; Ylinen, T. ; Zensus, J. A. ; Ziegler, M. ; Aleksic, J. ; Antonelli, L. A. ; Antoranz, P. ; Backes, Michael ; Barrio, J. A. ; Gonzalez, J. Becerra ; Bednarek, W. ; Berdyugin, A. ; Berger, K. ; Bernardini, E. ; Biland, A. ; Blanch Bigas, O. ; Bock, R. K. ; Boller, A. ; Bonnoli, G. ; Bordas, Pol ; Tridon, D. Borla ; Bosch-Ramon, Valentin ; Bose, D. ; Braun, I. ; Bretz, T. ; Camara, M. ; Carmona, E. ; Carosi, A. ; Colin, P. ; Colombo, E. ; Contreras, J. L. ; Cortina, J. ; Covino, S. ; Dazzi, F. ; de Angelis, A. ; del Pozo, E. De Cea ; De Lotto, B. ; De Maria, M. ; De Sabata, F. ; Mendez, C. Delgado ; Ortega, A. Diago ; Doert, M. ; Dominguez, A. ; Prester, Dijana Dominis ; Dorner, D. ; Doro, M. ; Elsaesser, D. ; Ferenc, D. ; Fonseca, M. V. ; Font, L. ; Lopen, R. J. Garcia ; Garczarczyk, M. ; Gaug, M. ; Giavitto, G. ; Godinovi, N. ; Hadasch, D. ; Herrero, A. ; Hildebrand, D. ; Hoehne-Moench, D. ; Hose, J. ; Hrupec, D. ; Jogler, T. ; Klepser, S. ; Kraehenbuehl, T. ; Kranich, D. ; Krause, J. ; La Barbera, A. ; Leonardo, E. ; Lindfors, E. ; Lombardi, S. ; Lopez, M. ; Lorenz, E. ; Majumdar, P. ; Makariev, E. ; Maneva, G. ; Mankuzhiyil, N. ; Mannheim, K. ; Maraschi, L. ; Mariotti, M. ; Martinez, M. ; Mazin, D. ; Meucci, M. ; Miranda, J. M. ; Mirzoyan, R. ; Miyamoto, H. ; Moldon, J. ; Moralejo, A. ; Nieto, D. ; Nilsson, K. ; Orito, R. ; Oya, I. ; Paoletti, R. ; Paredes, J. M. ; Partini, S. ; Pasanen, M. ; Pauss, F. ; Pegna, R. G. ; Perez-Torres, M. A. ; Persic, M. ; Peruzzo, J. ; Pochon, J. ; Moroni, P. G. Prada ; Prada, F. ; Prandini, E. ; Puchades, N. ; Puljak, I. ; Reichardt, T. ; Reinthal, R. ; Rhode, W. ; Ribo, M. ; Rico, J. ; Rissi, M. ; Ruegamer, S. ; Saggion, A. ; Saito, K. ; Saito, T. Y. ; Salvati, M. ; Sanchez-Conde, M. ; Satalecka, K. ; Scalzotto, V. ; Scapin, V. ; Schultz, C. ; Schweizer, T. ; Shayduk, M. ; Shore, S. N. ; Sierpowska-Bartosik, A. ; Sillanpaa, A. ; Sitarek, J. ; Sobczynska, D. ; Spanier, F. ; Spiro, S. ; Stamerra, A. ; Steinke, B. ; Storz, J. ; Strah, N. ; Struebig, J. C. ; Suric, T. ; Takalo, L. O. ; Tavecchio, F. ; Temnikov, P. ; Terzic, T. ; Tescaro, D. ; Teshima, M. ; Vankov, H. ; Wagner, R. M. ; Weitzel, Q. ; Zabalza, V. ; Zandanel, F. ; Zanin, R. ; Acciari, V. A. ; Arlen, T. ; Aune, T. ; Benbow, W. ; Boltuch, D. ; Bradbury, S. M. ; Buckley, J. H. ; Bugaev, V. ; Cannon, A. ; Cesarini, A. ; Ciupik, L. ; Cui, W. ; Dickherber, R. ; Errando, M. ; Falcone, A. ; Finley, J. P. ; Finnegan, G. ; Fortson, L. ; Furniss, A. ; Galante, N. ; Gall, D. ; Gillanders, G. H. ; Godambe, S. ; Grube, J. ; Guenette, R. ; Gyuk, G. ; Hanna, D. ; Holder, J. ; Huang, D. ; Hui, C. M. ; Humensky, T. B. ; Kaaret, P. ; Karlsson, N. ; Kertzman, M. ; Kieda, D. ; Konopelko, A. ; Krawczynski, H. ; Krennrich, F. ; Lang, M. J. ; Maier, G. ; McArthur, S. ; McCann, A. ; McCutcheon, M. ; Moriarty, P. ; Mukherjee, R. ; Ong, R. ; Otte, N. ; Pandel, D. ; Perkins, J. S. ; Pichel, A. ; Pohl, M. ; Quinn, J. ; Ragan, K. ; Reyes, L. C. ; Reynolds, P. T. ; Roache, E. ; Rose, H. J. ; Rovero, A. C. ; Schroedter, M. ; Sembroski, G. H. ; Senturk, G. D. ; Steele, D. ; Swordy, S. P. ; Tesic, G. ; Theiling, M. ; Thibadeau, S. ; Varlotta, A. ; Vincent, S. ; Wakely, S. P. ; Ward, J. E. ; Weekes, T. C. ; Weinstein, A. ; Weisgarber, T. ; Williams, D. A. ; Wood, M. ; Zitzer, B. ; Villata, M. ; Raiteri, C. M. ; Aller, H. D. ; Aller, M. F. ; Arkharov, A. A. ; Blinov, D. A. ; Calcidese, P. ; Chen, W. P. ; Efimova, N. V. ; Kimeridze, G. ; Konstantinova, T. S. ; Kopatskaya, E. N. ; Koptelova, E. ; Kurtanidze, O. M. ; Kurtanidze, S. O. ; Lahteenmaki, A. ; Larionov, V. M. ; Larionova, E. G. ; Larionova, L. V. ; Ligustri, R. ; Morozova, D. A. ; Nikolashvili, M. G. ; Sigua, L. A. ; Troitsky, I. S. ; Angelakis, E. ; Capalbi, M. ; Carraminana, A. ; Carrasco, L. ; Cassaro, P. ; de la Fuente, E. ; Gurwell, M. A. ; Kovalev, Y. Y. ; Kovalev, Yu. A. ; Krichbaum, T. P. ; Krimm, H. A. ; Leto, Paolo ; Lister, M. L. ; Maccaferri, G. ; Moody, J. W. ; Mori, Y. ; Nestoras, I. ; Orlati, A. ; Pagani, C. ; Pace, C. ; Pearson, R. ; Perri, M. ; Piner, B. G. ; Pushkarev, A. B. ; Ros, E. ; Sadun, A. C. ; Sakamoto, T. ; Tornikoski, M. ; Yatsu, Y. ; Zook, A.
We report on the gamma-ray activity of the blazar Mrk 501 during the first 480 days of Fermi operation. We find that the average Large Area Telescope (LAT) gamma-ray spectrum of Mrk 501 can be well described by a single power-law function with a photon index of 1.78 +/- 0.03. While we observe relatively mild flux variations with the Fermi-LAT (within less than a factor of two), we detect remarkable spectral variability where the hardest observed spectral index within the LAT energy range is 1.52 +/- 0.14, and the softest one is 2.51 +/- 0.20. These unexpected spectral changes do not correlate with the measured flux variations above 0.3 GeV. In this paper, we also present the first results from the 4.5 month long multifrequency campaign (2009 March 15-August 1) on Mrk 501, which included the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), Swift, RXTE, MAGIC, and VERITAS, the F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, and other collaborations and instruments which provided excellent temporal and energy coverage of the source throughout the entire campaign. The extensive radio to TeV data set from this campaign provides us with the most detailed spectral energy distribution yet collected for this source during its relatively low activity. The average spectral energy distribution of Mrk 501 is well described by the standard one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model. In the framework of this model, we find that the dominant emission region is characterized by a size less than or similar to 0.1 pc (comparable within a factor of few to the size of the partially resolved VLBA core at 15-43 GHz), and that the total jet power (similar or equal to 10(44) erg s(-1)) constitutes only a small fraction (similar to 10(-3)) of the Eddington luminosity. The energy distribution of the freshly accelerated radiating electrons required to fit the time-averaged data has a broken power-law form in the energy range 0.3 GeV-10 TeV, with spectral indices 2.2 and 2.7 below and above the break energy of 20 GeV. We argue that such a form is consistent with a scenario in which the bulk of the energy dissipation within the dominant emission zone of Mrk 501 is due to relativistic, proton-mediated shocks. We find that the ultrarelativistic electrons and mildly relativistic protons within the blazar zone, if comparable in number, are in approximate energy equipartition, with their energy dominating the jet magnetic field energy by about two orders of magnitude.
Russell, C. M. P. ; Corcoran, M. F. ; Cuadra, J. ; Owocki, S. P. ; Wang, Q. D. ; Hamaguchi, K. ; Sugawara, Y. ; Pollock, A. M. T. ; Kallman, T. R.
Colliding Wolf-Rayet (WR) winds produce thermal X-ray emission widely observed by X-ray telescopes. In wide WR+O binaries, such as WR 140, the X-ray flux is tied to the orbital phase, and is a direct probe of the winds’ properties. In the Galactic center, ~30 WRs orbit the super massive black hole (SMBH) within ~10”, leading to a smorgasbord of wind-wind collisions. To model the X-ray emission of WR 140 and the Galactic center, we perform 3D hydrodynamic simulations to trace the complex gaseous flows, and then carry out 3D radiative transfer calculations to compute the variable X-ray spectra. The model WR 140 RXTE light curve matches the data well for all phases except the X-ray minimum associated with periastron, while the model spectra agree with the RXTE hardness ratio and the shape of the Suzaku observations throughout the orbit. The Galactic center model of the Chandra flux and spectral shape match well in the region r ≤ 3”, but the model flux falls off too rapidly beyond this radius.
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