Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (183)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (183) (remove)
Language
- English (183) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (183)
Keywords
- football (15)
- adolescents (10)
- balance (10)
- youth (10)
- resistance training (9)
- stretch-shortening cycle (9)
- training (9)
- athletic performance (8)
- exercise (8)
- strength training (7)
- Exercise (6)
- Gait (6)
- children (6)
- electromyography (6)
- monitoring (6)
- performance (6)
- postural control (6)
- strength (6)
- training load (6)
- young athletes (6)
- Electromyography (5)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (5)
- injury risk (5)
- power (5)
- EMG (4)
- Ground reaction force (4)
- aging (4)
- elite athletes (4)
- gait (4)
- periodization (4)
- Aging (3)
- Balance (3)
- Resistance training (3)
- Seniors (3)
- Walking (3)
- Youth (3)
- agility (3)
- change of direction (3)
- force (3)
- ground reaction force (3)
- injury (3)
- jumping (3)
- loading rate (3)
- movement (3)
- muscle strength (3)
- physiology (3)
- plyometric training (3)
- postural stability (3)
- recovery (3)
- soccer (3)
- speed (3)
- sport-specific performance (3)
- striking combat sports (3)
- working memory (3)
- Body composition (2)
- COVID-19 (2)
- Cognitive/motor interference (2)
- Crossover (2)
- DXA (2)
- Detraining (2)
- EEG (2)
- Fatigue (2)
- Jump height (2)
- Muscle power (2)
- Muscle strength (2)
- Performance (2)
- Physical fitness (2)
- Postural stability (2)
- Power (2)
- Proactive/reactive balance (2)
- Single/dual tasking (2)
- Steady-state balance (2)
- Team sports (2)
- Trunk muscle strength (2)
- apoptosis (2)
- attentional demand (2)
- biomechanics (2)
- cardiomyopathy (2)
- cognitive performance (2)
- cognitive-postural dual task (2)
- cross-education (2)
- diabetes (2)
- drop jump (2)
- elderly (2)
- fatigue (2)
- gait analysis (2)
- global positioning system (2)
- ground reaction forces (2)
- high-intensity-interval training (2)
- hospitalization (2)
- human physical conditioning (2)
- inertial measurement unit (2)
- jumps (2)
- knee joint angle (2)
- matched time (2)
- maturity (2)
- miRNAs (2)
- modality compatibility (2)
- motor skills (2)
- muscle (2)
- muscle power (2)
- musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (2)
- oarsmen (2)
- on-water performance (2)
- overreaching (2)
- overtraining (2)
- peak height velocity (2)
- physical fitness (2)
- physical performance (2)
- plyometric exercise (2)
- plyometrics (2)
- postural sway (2)
- range of motion (2)
- rate of perceived exertion (2)
- rate of torque development (2)
- reliability (2)
- rolling averages (2)
- running (2)
- running mechanics (2)
- sensitivity (2)
- somatic variables (2)
- sprint (2)
- sprints (2)
- talent (2)
- validity (2)
- weight loss (2)
- weighted moving averages (2)
- youth soccer (2)
- youth sports (2)
- ACWR (1)
- Acceleration (1)
- Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS) (1)
- Alpha-2 (1)
- Association (1)
- Attention (1)
- Balance Tests (1)
- Biomechanics (1)
- Bow leg (1)
- Cardiorespiratory endurance (1)
- Central activation (1)
- Children (1)
- Cognition motor (1)
- Cognitive enhancer (1)
- Cognitive fatigue (1)
- Cognitive interference (1)
- Cognitive skills (1)
- Cohort study (1)
- Computer Software (1)
- Conditioning activity (1)
- Core stability (1)
- Core strength (1)
- Countermovement jump (1)
- Cross-over fatigue (1)
- Crossover fatigue (1)
- Daily life (1)
- Dual tasks (1)
- EMOTIKON (1)
- EXERCISE (1)
- Elderly (1)
- Electric stimulation (1)
- Electroencephalography (EEG) (1)
- Electromyography (EMG) (1)
- Elite sports (1)
- Endurance (1)
- Executive function (1)
- Exertion (1)
- Exhaustion (1)
- Explosive force production (1)
- Fall risk assessment (1)
- Falls (1)
- Flat feet (1)
- Flexibility (1)
- Football (1)
- Footwear (1)
- Force production (1)
- Free moment (1)
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (1)
- Gait kinematics (1)
- Gait kinetics (1)
- Ginkgo biloba extract (1)
- Gym-based/home-based training (1)
- Health care (1)
- Healthy aging (1)
- ICA (1)
- Injury risk (1)
- Instability (1)
- Intensity Dose -response relationship (1)
- Isokinetic (1)
- Judo-specific pulling movement (1)
- Jugendliche (1)
- Jumping height (1)
- Kinder (1)
- Kindergarten (1)
- Kinematics (1)
- Knee valgus (1)
- Knee valgus motion (1)
- Lateral jumps (1)
- Linear mixed models (1)
- Linear regression analysis (1)
- Loading rate (1)
- MUSCLE (1)
- Maturation (1)
- Maximal isometric force (1)
- Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) (1)
- Maximalkraft (1)
- Mental fatigue (1)
- Mild cognitive impairment (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Motion (1)
- Motor function (1)
- Motor performance (1)
- Motor skills (1)
- Movement velocity (1)
- Multiple sclerosis (1)
- Muscle (1)
- Muscle contraction (1)
- Muscle mass (1)
- Muscle torque (1)
- Neural inhibition (1)
- OptoGait (1)
- Optojump system (1)
- Overhead athletes (1)
- Paediatrics (1)
- Parkinson's disease (1)
- Pediatric gait (1)
- Performance gains (1)
- Physical performance (1)
- Physiology (1)
- Plyometric exercise (1)
- Plyometrics (1)
- Post-activation potentiation (1)
- Postactivation potentiation (1)
- Postural Control (1)
- Postural balance (1)
- Postural control (1)
- Primary school (1)
- Principal component analysis (1)
- Quadriceps muscle (1)
- Quadriceps strength (1)
- Quarantine (1)
- RGB-D cameras (1)
- RPE (1)
- Reactive movement (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Repeated sprint (1)
- Sars-CoV-2 (1)
- Scanning electron microscopy (1)
- Schnellkraft (1)
- Sensorimotor training (1)
- Short‐term effect (1)
- Shoulder (1)
- Speed (1)
- Sport-specific performance (1)
- Stress (1)
- Stress levels (1)
- Sway (1)
- Swimming performance (1)
- Theraband training (1)
- Theta (1)
- Tiredness (1)
- Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation (TMS) (1)
- Velocity (1)
- Vertec device (1)
- WALKING (1)
- Walking speed (1)
- Widerstandstraining (1)
- Work ability (1)
- Young swimmers (1)
- Zebris (1)
- academy (1)
- activities (1)
- acute chronic workload ratio (1)
- adolescent (1)
- adolescent athletes (1)
- aerobic exercise (1)
- aerobic metabolism (1)
- aerobic power (1)
- age (1)
- allometry (1)
- alpha-2 (1)
- ankles (1)
- annual training (1)
- anterior cruciate ligament (1)
- anthropometry (1)
- anxiety (1)
- assessment (1)
- athlete testing (1)
- athlete. (1)
- athletes (1)
- athletic (1)
- attention (1)
- balance strategy (1)
- balance training (1)
- ball speed (1)
- ballistic training (1)
- barbell velocity (1)
- biological age (1)
- biological maturation (1)
- blood (1)
- blood lactate; (1)
- blood sample (1)
- body density (1)
- body limbs (1)
- body shape (1)
- bone (1)
- calcaneal eversion (1)
- canoe racing (1)
- cardiorespiratory fitness (1)
- causal mediation analysis (1)
- change of direction speed (1)
- change-of-direction speed (1)
- child (1)
- cognitive function (1)
- cognitive interference (1)
- cognitive skills (1)
- cognitive/muscular fatigue (1)
- combat sports (1)
- comparison of devices (1)
- concurrent training (1)
- conditioning activity (1)
- conditioning exercise (1)
- congested calendar (1)
- core (1)
- core strength (1)
- data pipeline (1)
- deconditioning (1)
- depression (1)
- detraining (1)
- diabetes mellitus (1)
- diabetic (1)
- digital health (1)
- directed acyclic graphs (1)
- dominant limb (1)
- dose response (1)
- dual task (1)
- dual-task costs (1)
- early sport specialization (1)
- eccentric-plyometric (1)
- electroencephalography (1)
- elite (1)
- endurance (1)
- endurance performance (1)
- energetic systems (1)
- evaluation (1)
- exercise intervention (1)
- exercise prescription (1)
- exercise test (1)
- exercise training (1)
- exhaustion (1)
- explosive force production (1)
- external load (1)
- external training load (1)
- eyedness (1)
- fMRI (1)
- feet (1)
- field test (1)
- fitness (1)
- fitness tests (1)
- flat feet (1)
- flat foot (1)
- flexibility (1)
- footedness (1)
- footwear (1)
- free moment (1)
- function (1)
- functional performance (1)
- gait analysis algorithm (1)
- gait speed (1)
- gender (1)
- gender differences (1)
- hamstring muscles (1)
- hearing loss (1)
- heart rate (1)
- hematocrit (1)
- high-intensity interval training (1)
- hip (1)
- hormones (1)
- human motion (1)
- immune system (1)
- impact loading (1)
- infection (1)
- intermittent sport (1)
- internal load (1)
- intervention (1)
- jump (1)
- jump height (1)
- jump height/power (1)
- jump performance (1)
- jump performances (1)
- jump training (1)
- jumping ability (1)
- kindergarten (1)
- kinetics (1)
- knee (1)
- knee flexion angle (1)
- knee osteoarthritis (1)
- knee valgus angle (1)
- knee valgus motion (1)
- knees (1)
- late childhood (1)
- latency (1)
- laterality (1)
- limb overuse conditions (1)
- linear sprint (1)
- load carriage (1)
- load-velocity (1)
- long-term (1)
- low-back-pain (1)
- lower limb mechanics (1)
- lower-extremity kinematics (1)
- martial arts (1)
- material fatigue (1)
- maturation (1)
- maximal isometric contraction (1)
- maximal isometric torque (1)
- maximum voluntary contraction (1)
- medial longitudinal arch (1)
- mental imagery (1)
- meta-analysis (1)
- methodological quality (1)
- mitochondrial adaptation (1)
- mobility disability (1)
- motion capture (1)
- motor-performance (1)
- muscle activation (1)
- muscle activity (1)
- muscle coactivation (1)
- muscle fitness (1)
- muscle metabolism (1)
- muscular power (1)
- muscular strength (1)
- myofascial (1)
- neuromuscular rolling (1)
- non-dominant limb (1)
- of daily living (1)
- of-direction speed (1)
- optimal load (1)
- oxygen consumption (1)
- passive stretching (1)
- patients (1)
- peak torque (1)
- pelvic alignment (1)
- pervasive healthcare (1)
- physical activity (1)
- physical activity program (1)
- physical conditioning human (1)
- physical fitness expertise (1)
- physiological strain (1)
- postural balance (1)
- power training (1)
- preactivation (1)
- pressure (1)
- prevention (1)
- progression (1)
- proprioception (1)
- public dataset (1)
- race (1)
- race time (1)
- randomized controlled-trial (1)
- rate of force development (1)
- rating of perceived exertion (1)
- region/point elastic gym floor (1)
- relationship (1)
- relationships (1)
- resistance (1)
- responses (1)
- return-to-sport (1)
- rotation (1)
- rugby league players (1)
- running velocity (1)
- schedule (1)
- scholastic demands (1)
- school baseball players (1)
- sedentary (1)
- self massage (1)
- self-massage therapy (1)
- self-myofascial release (1)
- sensorimotor training (1)
- sensory input (1)
- sex-differences (1)
- shoe (1)
- short latency response (1)
- shoulder strength (1)
- skeletal joints (1)
- ski jumping (1)
- soccer players (1)
- specific assessment (1)
- specificity (1)
- sport profile (1)
- sports (1)
- sprinting (1)
- stability (1)
- standing position (1)
- static/dynamic postural control (1)
- stroke (1)
- structured (1)
- taekwondo electronic scoring system (1)
- taekwondo-specific testing (1)
- task difficulty (1)
- tasks (1)
- team sport (1)
- tendon stiffness (1)
- test-retest reliability (1)
- theta (1)
- time (1)
- time-efficient exercise (1)
- torque (1)
- track and field (1)
- training adaptation (1)
- training intensity (1)
- training intervention (1)
- training specificity (1)
- twitch torque (1)
- unstable walkway (1)
- vertical jump height (1)
- vestibular (1)
- virus (1)
- virus infection (1)
- walking capacity (1)
- walking speed (1)
- water sports (1)
- weight training (1)
- weightlifting (1)
- whole-body vibratoin (1)
- women (1)
- work (1)
- work-rate distribution (1)
- young (1)
- young adults (1)
- young soccer players (1)
- youth athletes (1)
- youth sport (1)
Institute
- Department Sport- und Gesundheitswissenschaften (101)
- Strukturbereich Kognitionswissenschaften (53)
- Extern (16)
- Department Psychologie (6)
- Humanwissenschaftliche Fakultät (6)
- Hasso-Plattner-Institut für Digital Engineering GmbH (3)
- Fakultät für Gesundheitswissenschaften (2)
- Fachgruppe Soziologie (1)
Sequencing Effects of Neuromuscular Training on Physical Fitness in Youth Elite Tennis Players
(2018)
Fernandez-Fernandez, J, Granacher, U, Sanz-Rivas, D, Sarabia Marin, JM, Hernandez-Davo, JL, and Moya, M. Sequencing effects of neuromuscular training on physical fitness in youth elite tennis players. J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 849-856, 2018-The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a 5-week neuromuscular training (NMT) implemented before or after a tennis session in prepubertal players on selected components of physical fitness. Sixteen high-level tennis players with a mean age of 12.9 +/- 0.4 years participated in this study, and were assigned to either a training group performing NMT before tennis-specific training (BT; n = 8) or a group that conducted NMT after tennis-specific training (AT; n = 8). Pretest and posttest included: speed (5, 10, and 20 m); modified 5-0-5 agility test; countermovement jump (CMJ); overhead medicine ball throw (MBT); and serve velocity (SV). Results showed that the BT group achieved positive effects from pretest to posttest measures in speed (d = 0.52, 0.32, and 1.08 for 5, 10, and 20 m respectively), 5-0-5 (d = 0.22), CMJ (d = 0.29), MBT (d = 0.51), and SV (d = 0.32), whereas trivial (10 m, 20 m, CMJ, SV, and MBT) or negative effects (d = -0.19 and -0.24 for 5 m and 5-0-5, respectively) were reported for the AT group. The inclusion of an NMT session before the regular tennis training led to positive effects from pretest to posttest measures in performance-related variables (i.e., jump, sprint, change of direction capacity, as well as upper-body power), whereas conducting the same exercise sessions after the regular tennis training was not accompanied by the same improvements.
This study aimed at examining the effects of nine weeks of sand-based plyometric jump training (PJT) combined with endurance running on either outdoor or treadmill surface on measures of physical fitness. Male participants (age, 20.1 +/- 1.7 years) were randomly assigned to a sand-based PJT combined with endurance running on outdoor surface (OT, n = 25) or treadmill surface (TT, n = 25). The endurance miming intervention comprised a mixed training method, i.e., long slow distance, tempo, and interval running drills. A control group was additionally included in this study (CG, n = 25). Participants in CG followed their regular physical activity as OT and TT but did not receive any specific intervention. Individuals were assessed for their 50-m linear sprint time, standing long jump (SLJ) distance, cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., Cooper test), forced vital capacity (FVC), calf girth, and resting heart rate (RHR). A three (groups: OT, TT, CG) by two (time: pre, post) ANOVA for repeated measures was used to analyze the exercise-specific effects. In case of significant group-by-time interactions, Bonferroni adjusted paired (within-group) and independent (between-group comparisons at post) t-tests were used for post-hoc analyses. Significant group-by-time interactions were found for all dependent variables (p < 0.001 - 0.002, eta(2)(p) = 0.16 - 0.78). Group-specific post-hoc tests showed improvements for all variables after OT (p < 0.001, Hedges'g effect size [g] = 0.05 - 1.94) and TT (p < 0.001, g = 0.04 - 2.73), but not in the CG (p = 0.058 - 1.000, g = 0.00 - 0.34). Compared to CG, OT showed larger SLJ (p = 0.001), cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.004), FVC (p = 0.008), and RHR (p < 0.001) improvements. TT showed larger improvements in SLJ (p = 0.036), cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001), and RHR (p < 0.001) compared with CG. Compared to OT, TT showed larger improvements for SLJ (p = 0.018). In conclusion, sand-based PJT combined with either OT or TT similarly improved most measures of physical fitness, with greater SLJ improvement after TT. Coaches may use both concurrent exercise regimes based on preferences and logistical constrains (e.g., weather; access to treadmill equipment).
Background:
Social isolation through quarantine represents an effective means to prevent COVID-19 infection. A negative side-effect of quarantine is low physical activity.
Research question:
What are the differences of running kinetics and muscle activities of recreational runners with a history of COVID-19 versus healthy controls?
Methods:
Forty men and women aged 20-30 years participated in this study and were divided into two experimental groups. Group 1 (age: 24.1 +/- 2.9) consisted of participants with a history of COVID-19 (COVID group) and group 2 (age: 24.2 +/- 2.7) of healthy age and sex-matched controls (controls). Both groups were tested for their running kinetics using a force plate and electromyographic activities (i.e., tibialis anterior [TA], gastrocnemius medialis [Gas-M], biceps femoris [BF], semitendinosus [ST], vastus lateralis [VL], vastus medialis [VM], rectus femoris [RF], gluteus medius [Glut-M]).
Results:
Results demonstrated higher peak vertical (p = 0.029; d=0.788) and medial (p = 0.004; d=1.119) ground reaction forces (GRFs) during push-off in COVID individuals compared with controls. Moreover, higher peak lateral GRFs were found during heel contact (p = 0.001; d=1.536) in the COVID group. COVID-19 individuals showed a shorter time-to-reach the peak vertical (p = 0.001; d=3.779) and posterior GRFs (p = 0.005; d=1.099) during heel contact. Moreover, the COVID group showed higher Gas-M (p = 0.007; d=1.109) and lower VM activity (p = 0.026; d=0.811) at heel contact.
Significance:
Different running kinetics and muscle activities were found in COVID-19 individuals versus healthy controls. Therefore, practitioners and therapists are advised to implement balance and/or strength training to improve lower limbs alignment and mediolateral control during dynamic movements in runners who recovered from COVID-19.
Associations between measures of physical fitness and cognitive performance in preschool children
(2022)
Background:
Given that recent studies report negative secular declines in physical fitness, associations between fitness and cognition in childhood are strongly discussed. The preschool age is characterized by high neuroplasticity which effects motor skill learning, physical fitness, and cognitive development. The aim of this study was to assess the relation of physical fitness and attention (including its individual dimensions (quantitative, qualitative)) as one domain of cognitive performance in preschool children. We hypothesized that fitness components which need precise coordination compared to simple fitness components are stronger related to attention.
Methods:
Physical fitness components like static balance (i.e., single-leg stance), muscle strength (i.e., handgrip strength), muscle power (i.e., standing long jump), and coordination (i.e., hopping on one leg) were assessed in 61 healthy children (mean age 4.5 +/- 0.6 years; girls n = 30). Attention was measured with the "Konzentrations-Handlungsverfahren fur Vorschulkinder" [concentration-action procedure for preschoolers]). Analyses were adjusted for age, body height, and body mass.
Results:
Results from single linear regression analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.05) association between physical fitness (composite score) and attention (composite score) (standardized ss = 0.40), showing a small to medium effect (F-2 = 0.14). Further, coordination had a significant relation with the composite score and the quantitative dimension of attention (standardized ss = 0.35; p < 0.01; standardized ss = - 0.33; p < 0.05). Coordination explained about 11% (composite score) and 9% (quantitative dimension) of the variance in the stepwise multiple regression model.
Conclusion:
The results indicate that performance in physical fitness, particularly coordination, is related to attention in preschool children. Thus, high performance in complex fitness components (i.e., hopping on one leg) tends to predict attention in preschool children. Further longitudinal studies should focus on the effectiveness of physical activity programs implementing coordination and complex exercises at preschool age to examine cause-effect relationships between physical fitness and attention precisely.
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of combined resistance and plyometric/sprint training with plyometric/sprint training or typical soccer training alone on muscle strength and power, speed, change-of-direction ability in young soccer players. Thirty-one young (14.5 ± 0.52 years; tanner stage 3–4) soccer players were randomly assigned to either a combined- (COMB, n = 14), plyometric-training (PLYO, n = 9) or an active control group (CONT, n = 8). Two training sessions were added to the regular soccer training consisting of one session of light-load high-velocity resistance exercises combined with one session of plyometric/sprint training (COMB), two sessions of plyometric/sprint training (PLYO) or two soccer training sessions (CONT). Training volume was similar between the experimental groups. Before and after 7-weeks of training, peak torque, as well as absolute and relative (normalized to torque; RTDr) rate of torque development (RTD) during maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors (KE) were monitored at time intervals from the onset of contraction to 200 ms. Jump height, sprinting speed at 5, 10, 20-m and change-of-direction ability performances were also assessed. There were no significant between–group baseline differences. Both COMB and PLYO significantly increased their jump height (Δ14.3%; ES = 0.94; Δ12.1%; ES = 0.54, respectively) and RTD at mid to late phases but with greater within effect sizes in COMB in comparison with PLYO. However, significant increases in peak torque (Δ16.9%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.58), RTD (Δ44.3%; ES = 0.71), RTDr (Δ27.3%; ES = 0.62) and sprint performance at 5-m (Δ-4.7%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.73) were found in COMB without any significant pre-to-post change in PLYO and CONT groups. Our results suggest that COMB is more effective than PLYO or CONT for enhancing strength, sprint and jump performances.
Background: Cross-sectional studies detected associations between physical fitness, living area, and sports participation in children. Yet, their scientific value is limited because the identification of cause-and-effect relationships is not possible. In a longitudinal approach, we examined the effects of living area and sports club participation on physical fitness development in primary school children from classes 3 to 6.
Methods: One-hundred and seventy-two children (age: 9-12 years; sex: 69 girls, 103 boys) were tested for their physical fitness (i.e., endurance [9-min run], speed [50-m sprint], lower- [triple hop] and upper-extremity muscle strength [1-kg ball push], flexibility [stand-and-reach], and coordination [star coordination run]). Living area (i.e., urban or rural) and sports club participation were assessed using parent questionnaire.
Results: Over the 4 year study period, urban compared to rural children showed significantly better performance development for upper- (p = 0.009, ES = 0.16) and lower-extremity strength (p < 0.001, ES = 0.22). Further, significantly better performance development were found for endurance (p = 0.08, ES = 0.19) and lower-extremity strength (p = 0.024, ES = 0.23) for children continuously participating in sports clubs compared to their non-participating peers.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sport club programs with appealing arrangements appear to represent a good means to promote physical fitness in children living in rural areas.
The purpose of this study was to assess intrasession and intersession reliability of maximal and explosive isometric torque production of the elbow flexors and its respective neuromuscular activation pattern. Subjects (13 men, age: 24.8 +/- 3.1 years, height: 1.9 +/- 0.1 m, body mass: 83.7 +/- 12.7 kg; and 6 women, age: 26.5 +/- 1.4 years, height: 1.7 +/- 0.1 m, body mass: 62.7 +/- 7.0 kg) were tested and retested 2-7 days later performing unilateral maximal isometric elbow flexions. Absolute (coefficient of variation[CV], test-retest variability[TRV], Bland-Altman plots with 95% limits of agreement) and relative reliability statistics (intraclass correlation coefficient) were calculated for various mechanical (i.e., maximal isometric torque, rate of torque development, impulse) and electromyographical measures (i.e., mean average voltage) at different time intervals relative to onset of torque (i. e., 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 100-200 ms). Intraclass correlation coefficient values were >= 0.61 for all mechanical and electromyographical measures and time intervals indicating good to excellent intrasession and intersession reliability. BlandAltman plots confirmed these findings by showing that only 0-2 (<= 3.3%) data points were beyond the limits of agreement. Regarding torque and electromyographic measures, CV (11.9-32.3%) and TRV (18.4-53.8%) values were high during the early intervals of torque development (<= 100 ms) indicating high variability. During the later intervals (>100 ms), lower CV (i. e., 5.0-29.9%) and TRV values (i.e., 5.4-34.6%) were observed indicating lower variability. The present study revealed that neuromuscular performance during explosive torque production of the elbow flexors is reproducible in time intervals >100 ms after onset of isometric actions, whereas during earlier time intervals variability is high.
Validation of two accelerometers to determine mechanical loading of physical activities in children
(2015)
The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of accelerometers using force plates (i.e., ground reaction force (GRF)) during the performance of different tasks of daily physical activity in children. Thirteen children (10.1 (range 5.4-15.7)years, 3 girls) wore two accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X+ (ACT), GENEA (GEN)) at the hip that provide raw acceleration signals at 100Hz. Participants completed different tasks (walking, jogging, running, landings from boxes of different height, rope skipping, dancing) on a force plate. GRF was collected for one step per trial (10 trials) for ambulatory movements and for all landings (10 trials), rope skips and dance procedures. Accelerometer outputs as peak loading (g) per activity were averaged. ANOVA, correlation analyses and Bland-Altman plots were computed to determine validity of accelerometers using GRF. There was a main effect of task with increasing acceleration values in tasks with increasing locomotion speed and landing height (P<0.001). Data from ACT and GEN correlated with GRF (r=0.90 and 0.89, respectively) and between each other (r=0.98), but both accelerometers consistently overestimated GRF. The new generation of accelerometer models that allow raw signal detection are reasonably accurate to measure impact loading of bone in children, although they systematically overestimate GRF.
The purpose of this study was to compare static balance performance and muscle activity during one-leg standing on the dominant and nondominant leg under various sensory conditions with increased levels of task difficulty. Thirty healthy young adults (age: 23 +/- 2 years) performed one-leg standing tests for 30 s under three sensory conditions (ie, eyes open/firm ground; eyes open/foam ground [elastic pad on top of the balance plate]; eyes closed/firm ground). Center of pressure displacements and activity of four lower leg muscles (ie, m. tibialis anterior [TA], m. soleus [SOL], m. gastrocnemius medialis [GAS], m. peroneus longus [PER]) were analyzed. An increase in sensory task difficulty resulted in deteriorated balance performance (P < .001, effect size [ES] = .57-2.54) and increased muscle activity (P < .001, ES = .50-1.11) for all but two muscles (ie, GAS, PER). However, regardless of the sensory condition, one-leg standing on the dominant as compared with the nondominant limb did not produce statistically significant differences in various balance (P > .05, ES = .06-.22) and electromyographic (P > .05, ES = .03-.13) measures. This indicates that the dominant and the nondominant leg can be used interchangeably during static one-leg balance testing in healthy young adults.
Physical Fitness Percentiles of German Children Aged 9-12 Years: Findings from a Longitudinal Study
(2015)
Background
Generating percentile values is helpful for the identification of children with specific fitness characteristics (i. e., low or high fitness level) to set appropriate fitness goals (i. e., fitness/ health promotion and/or long-term youth athlete development). Thus, the aim of this longitudinal study was to assess physical fitness development in healthy children aged 9-12 years and to compute sex-and age-specific percentile values.
Methods
Two-hundred and forty children (88 girls, 152 boys) participated in this study and were tested for their physical fitness. Physical fitness was assessed using the 50-m sprint test (i. e., speed), the 1-kg ball push test, the triple hop test (i. e., upper-and lower-extremity muscular power), the stand-and-reach test (i. e., flexibility), the star run test (i. e., agility), and the 9-min run test (i. e., endurance). Age-and sex-specific percentile values (i. e., P-10 to P-90) were generated using the Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Adjusted (for change in body weight, height, and baseline performance) age-and sex-differences as well as the interactions thereof were expressed by calculating effect sizes (Cohen's d).
Results
Significant main effects of Age were detected for all physical fitness tests (d = 0.40-1.34), whereas significant main effects of Sex were found for upper-extremity muscular power (d = 0.55), flexibility (d = 0.81), agility (d = 0.44), and endurance (d = 0.32) only. Further, significant Sex by Age interactions were observed for upper-extremity muscular power (d = 0.36), flexibility (d = 0.61), and agility (d = 0.27) in favor of girls. Both, linear and curvilinear shaped curves were found for percentile values across the fitness tests. Accelerated (curvilinear) improvements were observed for upper-extremity muscular power (boys: 10-11 yrs; girls: 9-11 yrs), agility (boys: 9-10 yrs; girls: 9-11 yrs), and endurance (boys: 9-10 yrs; girls: 9-10 yrs). Tabulated percentiles for the 9-min run test indicated that running distances between 1,407-1,507 m, 1,479-1,597 m, 1,423-1,654 m, and 1,433-1,666 m in 9-to 12-year-old boys and 1,262-1,362 m, 1,329-1,434 m, 1,392-1,501 m, and 1,415-1,526 m in 9-to 12-year-old girls correspond to a "medium" fitness level (i. e., P-40 to P-60) in this population.
Conclusions
The observed differences in physical fitness development between boys and girls illustrate that age- and sex-specific maturational processes might have an impact on the fitness status of healthy children. Our statistical analyses revealed linear (e. g., lower-extremity muscular power) and curvilinear (e. g., agility) models of fitness improvement with age which is indicative of timed and capacity-specific fitness development pattern during childhood. Lastly, the provided age-and sex-specific percentile values can be used by coaches for talent identification and by teachers for rating/ grading of children's motor performance.